FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bailey, DB Hatton, DD Mesibov, G Ament, N Skinner, M AF Bailey, DB Hatton, DD Mesibov, G Ament, N Skinner, M TI Early development, temperament, and functional impairment in autism and fragile X syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE fragile X; autism ID DSM-III-R; ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; YOUNG-CHILDREN; DOWN-SYNDROME; MALES; TRAJECTORIES; DISABILITIES; PROFILES; INDEX AB We compared the developmental status, functional abilities, and temperament of 31 young boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS) who did not have autism, matched on chronological age, gender, and race, with 31 boys with autism but no FXS. Children with autism exhibited a more variable profile of development in comparison with a relatively flat profile for children with FXS. Children with autism were significantly more delayed in social skills and were rated by observers as exhibiting a greater degree of impairment in cognitive, communication, and social skills. On temperament ratings, both groups were slower to adapt, less persistent, and more withdrawing than the reference group. Boys with FXS were rated as more active than the referent group, whereas boys with autism were rated as less intense, more distractible, having a higher threshold for response, and less rhythmic than the reference group. A smaller three-group analysis compared boys with FXS, boys with autism, and boys with both FXS and autism. Children with both autism and FXS were substantially more delayed than children with autism or FXS alone. C1 Univ N Carolina, Frank Porter Graham Child Dev Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychiat, Div TEACCH, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Bailey, DB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Frank Porter Graham Child Dev Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. CR Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BAILEY D, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P499 Bailey DB, 1995, MENT RETARD DEV D R, V1, P238, DOI 10.1002/mrdd.1410010403 Bailey DB, 1998, AM J MENT RETARD, V103, P29, DOI 10.1352/0895-8017(1998)103<0029:EDTOMW>2.0.CO;2 BAILEY DB, 1993, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V35, P806 BAILY J, 1995, WORLD MUSIC, V37, P4 BAUMGARDNER T, 1995, PEDIATRICS, V45, P744 Behl D. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 49 EP 59 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 305ND UT WOS:000086546000006 PM 10819120 ER PT J AU Persson, B AF Persson, B TI Brief report: A longitudinal study of quality of life and independence among adult men with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Lund, Autism Ctr, Dept Appl Psychol, Cty Council Kronoberg, S-35188 Vaxjo, Sweden. RP Persson, B (reprint author), Univ Lund, Autism Ctr, Dept Appl Psychol, Cty Council Kronoberg, S-35188 Vaxjo, Sweden. CR ASTRAND B, 1990, SKORA BARNEN OM BARN ASTRAND B, 1988, SKRADDARSYDD PEDAGOG BOHMAN M, 1988, BARNDOMSPSYKOS ATT K LANSING MD, 1989, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AUTISM, P151 LORD C, 1991, BEHAV DISORDERS ADOL, P155 MARCUS L, 1987, INT J ADOLESCENT MED, V3, P145 Mesibov G., 1992, HIGH FUNCTIONING IND, P143 Mesibov G. 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PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 61 EP 66 DI 10.1023/A:1005464128544 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 305ND UT WOS:000086546000007 PM 10819121 ER PT J AU Klaeger, D Haute, T McDougle, CJ AF Klaeger, D Haute, T McDougle, CJ TI Secretin in autism - A parent's perspective SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter CR *NAT I MENT HLTH, 1999, RES UN PED PSYCH AUT NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 72 EP 73 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 305ND UT WOS:000086546000010 PM 10819124 ER PT J AU Plioplys, AV AF Plioplys, AV TI Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID CHILDREN C1 Mercy Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Neurol, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Plioplys, AV (reprint author), Mercy Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Neurol, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. CR Coleman M, 1985, BIOL AUTISTIC SYNDRO DelGiudice-Asch G, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P157, DOI 10.1023/A:1023096728131 Gupta S, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P439, DOI 10.1007/BF02172828 PLIOPLYS AV, 1994, ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED, V148, P220 Plioplys AV, 1998, J CHILD NEUROL, V13, P79 Plioplys AV, 1999, J CHILD NEUROL, V14, P203 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 73 EP 74 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 305ND UT WOS:000086546000011 PM 10819125 ER PT J AU Shoenfeld, Y Aron-Maor, A AF Shoenfeld, Y Aron-Maor, A TI Vaccination and autoimmunity - 'Vaccinosis': A dangerous liasion? SO JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY LA English DT Article DE vaccine; autoimmunity; autoantibodies; measles; hepatitis; Guillain-Barre syndrome; rheumatoid arthritis; SLE; multiple sclerosis; autism ID SYSTEMIC LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; HEPATITIS-B VACCINATION; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; SENSORINEURAL HEARING-LOSS; MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; RUBELLA VACCINE; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES AB The question of a connection between vaccination and autoimmune illness (or phenomena) is surrounded by controversy. A heated debate is going on regarding the causality between vaccines, such as measles and anti-hepatits B virus (HBV), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Brain antibodies as well as clinical symptoms have been found in patients vaccinated against those diseases. Other autoimmune illnesses have been associated with vaccinations. Tetanus toroid, influenza vaccines, polio vaccine, and others, have been related to phenomena ranging from autoantibodies production to full-blown illness (such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)). Conflicting data exists regarding also the connection between autism and vaccination with measles vaccine. So far only one controlled study of an experimental animal model has been published, in which the possible causal relation between vaccines and autoimmune findings has been examined: in healthy puppies immunized with a variety of commonly given vaccines, a variety of autoantibodies have been documented but no frank autoimmune illness was recorded. The findings could also represent a polyclonal activation (adjuvant reaction). The mechanism (or mechanisms) of autoimmune reactions following immunization has not yet been elucidated. One of the possibilities is molecular mimicry; when a structural similarity exists between some viral antigen (or other component of the vaccine) and a self-antigen. This similarity may be the trigger to the autoimmune reaction. Other possible mechanisms are discussed. Even though the data regarding the relation between vaccination and autoimmune disease is conflicting, it seems that some autoimmune phenomena are clearly related to immunization (e.g. Guillain-Barre syndrome). The issue of the risk of vaccination remains a philosophical one, since to date the advantages of this policy have not been refuted, while the risk for autoimmune disease has not been irrevocably proved. We discuss the pros and cons of this issue (although the temporal relationship (i.e. always 2-3 months following immunization) is impressive). (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med B, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Res Unit Autoimmune Dis, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Shoenfeld, Y (reprint author), Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med B, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. 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An open, retrospective clinical study with venlafaxine evaluated its effect on core symptoms of autism as well as associated features of ADHD. Ten consecutive subjects meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), criteria for an autism spectrum disorder were treated with venlafaxine, initiated at 12.5 mg per day and adjusted on a flexible basis. Six of 10 completers were judged to be sustained treatment responders, by scoring 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) on the Clinical Global Impressions improvement scale. Venlafaxine was effective in low dosages (mean, 24.37 mg/day; range, 6.25 to 50 mg/day) and was well tolerated. Improvement was noted in repetitive behaviors and restricted interests, social deficits, communication and language function, inattention, and hyperactivity. Controlled treatment trials with venlafaxine are warranted in autism spectrum disorders. C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA. 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PD FEB PY 2000 VL 41 IS 2 BP 271 EP 271 DI 10.1017/S0021963099215089 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 293AA UT WOS:000085828300016 ER PT J AU Constantino, JN Przybeck, T Friesen, D Todd, RD AF Constantino, JN Przybeck, T Friesen, D Todd, RD CA Charles A Dana Fdn Work Grp Perv TI Reciprocal social behavior in children with and without pervasive developmental disorders SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE pervasive developmental disorder; autism; social behavior; latent class analysis; diagnosis; Social Reciprocity Scale ID DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; AUTISTIC DISORDER; YOUNG-CHILDREN; FAMILY HISTORY; CLASSIFICATION; RISPERIDONE; TRIAL; INDIVIDUALS; RELIABILITY; PHENOTYPE AB An invariant feature of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) is a relative deficit in the capacity for reciprocal social behavior (RSB). The authors acquired teacher reports of RSB in 287 schoolchildren and parent reports of RSB in 158 child psychiatric patients using a new research instrument, the Social Reciprocity Scale. Total scores on this measure of RSB were continuously distributed in all groups of subjects; children with PDDs scored significantly higher for the degree of deficits in RSB than did clinical or nonclinical controls. Latent class analysis and factor analysis failed to demonstrate separate categories of deficiency for core autistic symptomatology and more general impairments in RSB, consistent with the notion of a "broader autism phenotype." Assessments of RSB on a continuous scale may be useful clinically for characterizing the behavior of children whose social deficits fall below the threshold for a full diagnosis of autism. They may also be useful in genetic-linkage studies of autistic spectrum disorders. C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. 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I., 1992, INFANCY EARLY CHILDH Jocelyn LJ, 1998, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V19, P326, DOI 10.1097/00004703-199810000-00002 LeCouteur A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P785 LESLIE AM, 1987, PSYCHOL REV, V94, P412, DOI 10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Mahoney WJ, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P278, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00012 McBride PA, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P980 McDougle CJ, 1998, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V55, P633, DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.633 McDougle CJ, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P685, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00020 Nicolson R, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P372, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199804000-00014 OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x Perry R, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P113, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199801000-00024 PICKLES A, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V57, P717 Piven J, 1999, AM J PSYCHIAT, V156, P557 Piven J, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P185 Roy MA, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P1726 SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 SIEGEL B, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P275, DOI 10.1007/BF01531660 SMALLEY SL, 1995, AM J MED GENET, V60, P19, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320600105 SZATMARI P, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P216, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199502000-00017 SZATMARI P, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P213, DOI 10.1007/BF02211842 Tanguay PE, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P271, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00011 TRAD PV, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P361, DOI 10.1007/BF01046225 Waterhouse L, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P59, DOI 10.1007/BF02276235 WOLFF S, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P143, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00699.x WOLFF S, 1979, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V20, P29, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1979.tb01704.x YIRMIYA N, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02172227 NR 36 TC 154 Z9 155 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0196-206X J9 J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR JI J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 2 EP 11 PG 10 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 286DF UT WOS:000085427800002 PM 10706343 ER PT J AU Beadle-Brown, J Murphy, G Wing, L Gould, J Shah, A Holmes, N AF Beadle-Brown, J Murphy, G Wing, L Gould, J Shah, A Holmes, N TI Changes in skills for people with intellectual disability: a follow-up of the Camberwell Cohort SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autism; changes in skills; longitudinal study; social impairment ID ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; AGE; COMMUNITY; ADULTS AB The skills of a total population of children with severe intellectual disability and/or autism from Camberwell, South London, UK, and the initial follow-up data. taken when the subjects were adolescents and young adults (Shah 1986), are described in the present study. Changes in skills over time are presented within the categories of communication, self-care, and educational and cognitive skills, as assessed by the Handicaps, Behaviours and Skills schedule. The results indicated that skills had improved in many areas between times 1 and 2, but that this improvement was more noticeable for the children who had been youngest at time 1. The implications of these results and predictions for a further follow-up study are discussed. C1 Univ Kent, Tizrad Ctr, Canterbury CT2 7LZ, Kent, England. Natl Autist Soc, Bromley, Kent, England. Kingston & Dist NHS Trust, Dept Clin Psychol, Ditton, Surrey, England. RP Beadle-Brown, J (reprint author), Univ Kent, Tizrad Ctr, Canterbury CT2 7LZ, Kent, England. CR Bayley N., 1969, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT Carr J, 1995, DOWNS SYNDROME CHILD CARR J, 1975, YOUNG CHILDREN DOWNS Conroy J. W., 1985, PENNHURST LONGITUDIN CORNWELL AC, 1969, AM J MENT DEF, V74, P341 CRAYTON L, 1998, J APPL RES INTELLECT, V2, P255 Edgerton R. 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Intell. Disabil. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 44 BP 12 EP 24 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00245.x PN 1 PG 13 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 285BC UT WOS:000085367500002 PM 10711646 ER PT J AU Kerbeshian, J Burd, L AF Kerbeshian, J Burd, L TI Comorbid Down's syndrome, Tourette syndrome and intellectual disability: registry prevalence and developmental course SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chromosome 2I; comorbidity; Down's syndrome; prevalence; Tourette syndrome ID BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE-DISORDER; CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER; CHILDREN; AUTISM; IMPROVEMENT; MANIA; PHENOTYPE; DEMENTIA; ADULTS AB The co-occurrence of Tourette syndrome (TS) and Down's syndrome (DS) has been previously reported in the literature. In the present study, a retrospective record review was conducted using the North Dakota TS registry in order to ascertain the number of cases of TS and DS, and to develop case descriptions. We identified five cases from North Dakota. Two of these patients were simply comorbid for TS and DS. One was additionally comorbid for bipolar disorder, another for childhood disintegrative disorder and a third had a D/G group translocation. The association between DS and TS occured in 2% of TS patients. Contrary to the situation in patients with pervasive developmental disorders, the presence of TS in DS may be a negative prognostic indicator. C1 Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Burd, L (reprint author), Child Evaluat & Treatment Program, 1300 S Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. CR ALLEN AJ, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P307, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199503000-00015 American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARABAS G, 1986, J CHILD NEUROL, V1, P358, DOI 10.1177/088307388600100407 BURD L, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P162, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198703000-00006 Burd L, 1998, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V40, P702 BURD L, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P609 CARR J, 1970, J MENT DEFIC RES, V14, P205 CARR J, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P407, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00734.x Collacott RA, 1998, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V172, P85, DOI 10.1192/bjp.172.1.85 COLLACOTT RA, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P671, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.5.671 COLLINS EA, 1988, J RHEOL, V32, P163, DOI 10.1122/1.550003 COOK EH, 1987, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V150, P249, DOI 10.1192/bjp.150.2.249 COOPER SA, 1993, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V162, P739, DOI 10.1192/bjp.162.6.739 CRADDOCK N, 1994, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V164, P507, DOI 10.1192/bjp.164.4.507 CRADDOCK N, 1994, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V38, P613 DICKSMIR.MJ, 1972, AM J MENT DEF, V77, P26 DINAN TG, 1990, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V157, P131, DOI 10.1192/bjp.157.1.131 DUVIVIER A, 1975, BRIT MED J, V1, P191 FISHER W, 1988, J MENT DEFIC RES, V32, P357 GATH A, 1986, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V149, P156, DOI 10.1192/bjp.149.2.156 Ghaziuddin M, 1997, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V41, P87, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1997.tb00681.x GHAZIUDDIN M, 1992, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V36, P449 HARRIS JC, 1995, DEV NEUROPSYCHIATRY, V2, P272 HAW CM, 1996, MOVEMENT DISORD, V2, P395 Holland AJ, 1998, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V172, P493, DOI 10.1192/bjp.172.6.493 HOLLAND AJ, 1995, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V59, P111, DOI 10.1136/jnnp.59.2.111 HOWLAND RH, 1994, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V164, P422 HOWLIN P, 1995, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V37, P406 KANO Y, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P937, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)65955-4 KERBESHIAN J, 1990, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V32, P642 KERBESHIAN J, 1988, NEUROSCIENCE BIOBEHA, V12, P280 KERBESHIAN J, 1992, ADV NEUROL, P67 KERBESHIAN J, 1995, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P1646 Kerbeshian J, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P681, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199605000-00024 MANI C, 1988, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V153, P102, DOI 10.1192/bjp.153.1.102 MCLAUGHLIN M, 1987, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V151, P116, DOI 10.1192/bjp.151.1.116 Mouridsen SE, 1998, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V172, P263, DOI 10.1192/bjp.172.3.263 Rupp SN, 1999, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V38, P7, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199901000-00011 SHAPIRO BL, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P84 STRAUB RE, 1994, NAT GENET, V8, P291, DOI 10.1038/ng1194-291 VERBOV J, 1993, ARCH DIS CHILD, V68, P702 VISNIEWSKI KE, 1998, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V396, P179 VOLKMAR FR, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1092, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199508000-00020 NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 44 BP 60 EP 67 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00254.x PN 1 PG 8 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 285BC UT WOS:000085367500007 PM 10711651 ER PT J AU Sabaratnam, M AF Sabaratnam, M TI Pathological and neuropathological findings in two males with fragile-X syndrome SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autism; cerebellum; FMRP; fragile-X syndrome; mitral valve disease; neuropathology; Purkinje cell; sudden death ID ABNORMALITIES; AUTISM AB The present paper addresses post mortem pathological and neuropathological findings in two males with fragile-X syndrome, aged 67 and 87 years. Both subjects died from sudden, unexpected cardiovascular causes, and both showed abnormalities of the mitral valve, ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomegaly. Both cases demonstrated macrocephaly characteristic of the classical Martin-Bell phenotype in FRAXA. There was increased brain weight in both cases: macroscopically, both cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres appeared normal, but dilated lateral ventricles were seen; and microscopic examination of the brain in case 2 showed normal hexalaminar architecture and no gross neuronal dropout The hippocampus showed mild CA4 pyramidal cell loss and associated gliosis. The cerebellum showed focal Purkinje cell loss and corresponding Bergmann gliosis. Whilst there is a need to delineate the microscopic features of fragile-X syndrome from those of the ageing process, there is an urgent need for more systematic neuropathological studies of fragile-X syndrome; the increased brain weight and Purkinje cell loss in autism and fragile-X syndrome reopens the debate on these two conditions. The case for further research into the cardiac anomalies in fragile-X syndrome is also strengthened by the findings. Finally, the present report confirms the role of interstitial cell hyperplasia as the major cause of megalo-testes in this condition. C1 Houndslow & Spelthorne Community & Mental Hlth Tr, Hounslow, England. RP Sabaratnam, M (reprint author), 62 Green Lane, London W7 2PB, England. CR BAILEY A, 1993, LANCET, V341, P1225, DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91065-T BAUMAN ML, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P791 DESAI HB, 1990, NEUROLOGY, V40, P378 de Vries BBA, 1998, J MED GENET, V35, P579, DOI 10.1136/jmg.35.7.579 DUNN HG, 1963, AM J MENT DEF, V67, P827 Hagerman RJ, 1996, FRAGILE X SYNDROME D, P3 Harris J. C, 1995, DEV NEUROPSYCHIATRY, VII Murray A, 1996, HUM MOL GENET, V5, P727, DOI 10.1093/hmg/5.6.727 OOSTRA BA, 1996, FRAGILE X SYNDROME D, P139 REISS AL, 1995, NAT MED, V1, P159, DOI 10.1038/nm0295-159 REISS AL, 1991, ANN NEUROL, V29, P26, DOI 10.1002/ana.410290107 RUDELLI RD, 1985, ACTA NEUROPATHOL, V67, P289 SABARATNAM M, 1994, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V38, P27 SREERAM N, 1989, BRIT HEART J, V61, P289 Turner G, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V64, P196, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<196::AID-AJMG35>3.0.CO;2-G WALDSTEIN G, 1988, AM J MED GENET, V30, P83, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320300107 NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 44 BP 81 EP 85 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00261.x PN 1 PG 5 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 285BC UT WOS:000085367500009 PM 10711653 ER PT J AU Verri, A Uggetti, C Vallero, E Ceroni, M Federico, A AF Verri, A Uggetti, C Vallero, E Ceroni, M Federico, A TI Oral self-mutilation in a patient with rhombencephalosynapsys SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE oral self mutilation; rhomboencephalosynapsis ID COMPULSIVE DISORDER ONSET; INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; BRAIN-TUMOR; POSTERIOR; CEREBELLUM; REMOVAL; VERMIS AB Rhombencephalosynapsis (RS) is a rare cerebellar malformation. Its essential features are the absence of the incisura cerebelli posterior, fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, the absence of the velum medullare anterius and nuclei fastigii, and fusion of the dentate nuclei. which are shifted towards the mid-line. Clinically, affected patients present with signs of cerebellar and motor disturbances. The present report describes a new patient affected by RS. The subject first presented at the age of 22 years because of a psychiatric symptomatology which was characterized by obsessive oral self-mutilation associated with an intellectual disability. Objective evaluation documented dysmorphic features, while neurological examination showed only a slight truncal ataxia. The subject's IQ was 74 on the Wechsler Scale (verbal IQ = 79, performance IQ = 74). Psychiatric evaluation with DSM-IV criteria documented an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder associated with emotional instability and oral self-mutilation. The typical picture of rhombencephalosynapsis was evident on magnetic resonance imaging. Both chromosomal analysis and routine biochemical investigations were normal. The relationship between oral self-injurious behaviour and cerebellar malformations is discussed with particular regard to the behavioural aspects of cerebellar congenital pathology in affective disorders and in autism. C1 Univ Pavia, Neurol Inst C, Mondino Fdn, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Univ Siena, Res Ctr Neurohandicap, Unit Neurometab Dis, I-53100 Siena, Italy. RP Verri, A (reprint author), Univ Pavia, Neurol Inst C, Mondino Fdn, Via Palestro 3, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. CR Allen G, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P1940, DOI 10.1126/science.275.5308.1940 ALTMAN NR, 1992, AM J NEURORADIOL, V13, P691 ALTOM RL, 1989, ORAL SURG ORAL MED O, V67, P374 AMAN M, 1985, AM J MENT DEFIC, V69, P485 American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BROWN L, 1987, ADAPTIVE BEHAV INVEN Deb S, 1998, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V172, P385, DOI 10.1192/bjp.172.5.385 DEMAEREL P, 1995, NEURORADIOLOGY, V37, P72 Ghelarducci B, 1997, ARCH ITAL BIOL, V135, P369 GROSS H, 1959, EUR ARCH PSY NEUR SC, V199, P537 Gross H, 1959, MALFORMATIONS CONGEN, P287 HASHIMOTO T, 1989, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V20, P142, DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1071280 HYMAN S L, 1990, Pediatrics, V85, P437 LESH M, 1964, AM J MED, V36, P561 LEWINSOHN L, 1997, SOC NEUR ABSTR, V23, P496 LEWIS MH, 1996, STEREOTYPIES BRAINBE, P1 MARTIN P, 1995, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V21, P241 MORIARTY J, 1993, J NERV MENT DIS, V181, P331, DOI 10.1097/00005053-199305000-00012 Mostofsky SH, 1998, NEUROLOGY, V50, P121 Nyhan WL, 1996, NEW ENGL J MED, V334, P1602, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199606133342411 OBERSTEINER H, 1916, ARB NEUROL I U WIEN, V21, P124 OLIVER C, 1987, J MENT DEFIC RES, V31, P147 PARADIS CM, 1992, J NERV MENT DIS, V180, P535, DOI 10.1097/00005053-199208000-00011 Sanavio E., 1986, CBA 2 0 SCALE PRIMAR SAVOLAINE ER, 1991, CLIN IMAG, V15, P125, DOI 10.1016/0899-7071(91)90161-N SCHACHENMAYR W, 1982, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V24, P178 Schahmann JD, 1998, BRAIN, V121, P561 Sergi C, 1997, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V19, P426, DOI 10.1016/S0387-7604(97)00050-8 SHAH SA, 1992, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V85, P474, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03214.x TRUWIT CL, 1991, AM J NEURORADIOL, V12, P957 Wechsler D., 1974, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 44 BP 86 EP 90 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00242.x PN 1 PG 5 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 285BC UT WOS:000085367500010 PM 10711654 ER PT J AU Herlihy, WC AF Herlihy, WC TI Secretin: Cure or snake oil for autism in the new millennium? (Response) SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Letter C1 RepliGen Corp, Needham, MA 02494 USA. RP Herlihy, WC (reprint author), RepliGen Corp, Needham, MA 02494 USA. CR Horvath K, 1999, J PEDIATR-US, V135, P559, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70052-1 LIGHTDALE, 1999, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V116, pG2433 LIGHTDALE, 1998, J ASSOC ACAD MINOR P, V9, P9 LIGHTDALE, 1999, J PEDIAT GASTROENTER, V29, P114 REICHELT KL, 1994, DEV BRAIN DYSFUNCT, V7, P71 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 1996, ACTA PEDIAT, V85, P1076 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 112 EP 113 DI 10.1097/00005176-200002000-00003 PG 2 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 286PX UT WOS:000085455300003 PM 10697126 ER PT J AU Toppelberg, CO Shapiro, T AF Toppelberg, CO Shapiro, T TI Language disorders: A 10-year research update review SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE child language; language disorders/delays; specific language impairment ID SEMANTIC PRAGMATIC DISORDER; FAMILIAL AGGREGATION; BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS; NORMAL-CHILDREN; IMPAIRMENT; SPEECH; AUTISM; PREVALENCE; DEVIANCE; DELAY AB Objective: To review the past 10 years of research in child language or communication disorders, which are highly prevalent in the general population and comorbid with childhood psychiatric disorders. Method: A literature search of 3 major databases was conducted. The child language literature, describing the domains of language development-phonology, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics-is reviewed. Results: Disorders of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, but not phonology, overlap significantly with childhood psychiatric disorders. Receptive language disorders have emerged as high-risk indicators, often undiagnosed. Language disorders and delays are psychiatric risk factors and have implications for evaluation. therapy, and research. However, they are often undiagnosed in child mental health and community settings. The research has focused mostly on monolingual English-speaking children. Conclusion: Awareness of basic child language development, delay, and deviance is crucial for the practicing child and adolescent psychiatrist, who must diagnose and refer relevant cases for treatment and remediation. Future research needs to address the growing language diversity of our clinical populations. 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PD FEB PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 123 EP 145 DI 10.1111/1468-0017.00126 PG 23 WC Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Psychology GA 333VD UT WOS:000088150700005 ER PT J AU Kim, SJ Veenstra-VanderWeele, J Hanna, GL Gonen, D Leventhal, BL Cook, EH AF Kim, SJ Veenstra-VanderWeele, J Hanna, GL Gonen, D Leventhal, BL Cook, EH TI Mutation screening of human 5-HT2B receptor gene in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE HTR2B; obsessive-compulsive disorder; mutation; polymorphism; linkage; marker ID DOUBLE-BLIND; RISPERIDONE AUGMENTATION; SEROTONIN; ADOLESCENTS; CHILDREN; PLACEBO; FLUVOXAMINE; EFFICACY; RAT AB The serotonin receptor 2B gene (HTR2B; MIM 601122) is a pharmacological and positional candidate gene in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sequences of a putative promoter region and splice regions were first elucidated, then sequenced along with HTR2B coding regions. Probands from seven families included in a previous genome scan in which one of the strongest linkage findings was to a region including HTR2B, along with two genomic DNA pools of 10 unrelated control subjects and 10 unrelated autism probands were screened. One single nucleotide polymorphism was found in intron 1, that may be useful as a marker in genetic linkage and association studies. It does not appear likely to affect splicing. No evidence for functional mutation was found in the sequenced regions of HTR2B. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat MC3077, Lab Dev Neurosci Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Psychiat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Cook, EH (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat MC3077, Lab Dev Neurosci Child & Adolescent Psychiat, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. 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To sort out this heterogeneity in autism, we investigated whether specific neurobiological markers vary in parallel to cove symptomatology. Specifically, we assessed growth hormone response to the 5-HT Id agonist, sumatriptan, and linked this measure of serotonergic function to the severity of repetitive behaviors in adult autistic patients. Eleven adult patients with autism or Asperger's disorder were randomized to single dose sumatriptan (6 mg SQ) and placebo challenges, separated by a one-week interval. In adult autistic disorders, severity of repetitive behaviors at baseline, as measured by YBOCS-compulsion score, significantly positively correlated with both peak delta growth hormone response and area under the curve growth hormone response to sumatriptan. Thus, the severity of a specific behavioral dimension in autism (repetitive behaviors) parallels the sensitivity of the 5-HT Id receptor,. as manifest by sumatriptan elicited GH response. (C)1999 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Seaver Autism Res Ctr, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA. RP Hollander, E (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Seaver Autism Res Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Box 1230,1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. 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The present study is a microanalsis of the communicative behaviour of 10 autistic children with their parents and a therapist. Protests, appropriate initiation and responses of the children were analysed in relation to demands and the specific feedback of the adults. After 20 months of structured therapy changes in the communicative behaviour of the participants were demonstrated. Autistic children showed different communicative pattern with their parents compared to a therapist. The non-verbal group exhibited significantly more protests and decreased responsivity with their parents compared to the therapist. The verbal group interacted with their parents predominantly by echolalia. After 20 months a significant reduction in protests, increased compliance and responsivity were obvious in the non-verbal group. The verbal group showed a reduction in echolalia as well as increased responsive and spontaneous communication. The results demonstrate that even non-verbal autistic children are sensitive towards different interaction partners. Over the observation period participants showed a reduction in behaviour problems and positive developments of communicative behaviour. C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Social Work & Psychol, Singapore 119260, Singapore. RP Bernard-Opitz, V (reprint author), Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Social Work & Psychol, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore. 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PD FEB PY 2000 VL 282 IS 2 BP 56 EP 63 PG 8 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 277UJ UT WOS:000084951700024 PM 10710787 ER PT J AU Sass, LA Whiting, J Parnas, J AF Sass, LA Whiting, J Parnas, J TI Mind, self and psychopathology - Reflections on philosophy, theory and the study of mental illness SO THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autism; dissociation; philosophy; psychopathology; schizophrenia; self AB The past decade has seen a significant rapprochement between philosophy and the study of psychopathology in the English-speaking world. There is encouraging evidence of genuine dialogue: many philosophers, psychiatrists and psychologists are interested not only in how recent philosophical work on mind and self can increase our understanding of anomalous and paradoxical aspects of various disorders, but also in the ways these disorders challenge theoretical constructs in philosophy of mind and other areas. 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CR STIRLING A, 1999, OPENING DOOR Taylor B, 1999, LANCET, V353, P2026, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01239-8 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 29 PY 2000 VL 355 IS 9201 BP 409 EP 409 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74033-2 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 280UL UT WOS:000085122100051 PM 10665582 ER PT J AU Taylor, B Miller, E Farrington, P AF Taylor, B Miller, E Farrington, P TI Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Comm Child Hlth, London NW3 2PT, England. Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Immunisat Div, London, England. Open Univ, Dept Stat, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. RP Taylor, B (reprint author), UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Comm Child Hlth, London NW3 2PT, England. 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We compared the sleep of eight patients with AS with that of participants matched for age and gender. Patients with AS showed decreased sleep rime in the first two-thirds of the night, increased number of shifts into REM sleep from a waking epoch, and all but one patient showed signs of REM sleep disruption. EEG sleep spindles were significantly decreased while K complexes and REM sleep rapid eye movements were normal. Three patients with AS, but none of the comparison participants, showed a pathological index of periodic leg movements in sleep. These observations show that sleep disorders are associated with AS and suggest that defective sleep control systems may be associated with the clinical picture of AS. NeuroReport 11:127-130 (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Hop Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine, Ctr Rech Fernand Seguin, Montreal, PQ H1N 3V2, Canada. Hop Riviere Prairies, Clin Specialisee Autisme, Montreal, PQ, Canada. 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RP Bunk, S (reprint author), The Scientist, 3600 Market St,Suite 450, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. CR Barrett S, 1999, AM J MED GENET, V88, P609 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU SCIENTIST INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 MARKET ST SUITE 450, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD JAN 10 PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 16 EP 16 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 275PJ UT WOS:000084828300021 ER PT J AU Hultman, CM Cnattingius, S Sparen, P AF Hultman, CM Cnattingius, S Sparen, P TI Intra-uterine growth and risk of schizophrenia, affective psychosis, reactive psychosis, infantile autism and anorexia nervosa SO SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Karolinska Inst, Dept Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-9964 J9 SCHIZOPHR RES JI Schizophr. Res. 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S., 1996, PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATME, P573, DOI 10.1037/10196-022 STRAIN PS, 1994, PRESCHOOL ED PROGRAM, P225 WARREN SF, 1988, EARLY INTERVENTION I, P89 Wolery M., 1988, EFFECTIVE TEACHING P 1997, NATL EARLY CHILDHOOD NR 54 TC 8 Z9 8 PU AMER ORTHOPSYCHIATRIC ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 330 SEVENTH AVE, 18TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10001 USA SN 0002-9432 J9 AM J ORTHOPSYCHIAT JI Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 70 IS 1 BP 82 EP 94 DI 10.1037/h0087826 PG 13 WC Psychiatry; Social Work SC Psychiatry; Social Work GA 286VQ UT WOS:000085469900009 PM 10702853 ER PT J AU Stevenson, CL Krantz, PJ McClannahan, LE AF Stevenson, CL Krantz, PJ McClannahan, LE TI Social interaction skills for children with autism: A script-fading procedure for nonreaders SO BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS LA English DT Article ID PHOTOGRAPHIC ACTIVITY SCHEDULES; TEACHING-CHILDREN; ACQUISITION; ECHOLALIA; DELAY AB Although children with autism often learn to answer questions and make requests, many do not initiate or pursue conversation with others. In this study, audiotaped scripts were introduced and then systematically faded to teach four boys with autism to converse with a target adult. A multiple-probe design across participants was used to assess the number of scripted and unscripted interactions during Baseline I, Baseline II, Teaching, and Maintenance phases. The intervention procedures increased unscripted interaction and the effects were maintained for 10-92 sessions. Previous research has documented the favorable effects of fading written scripts for children with reading skills. The current investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of audiotaped scripts and script fading for children with autism who are nonreaders. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Princeton Child Dev Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP McClannahan, LE (reprint author), Princeton Child Dev Inst, 300 Cold Soil Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bijou S. W., 1993, BEHAV ANAL CHILD DEV CHADSEYRUSCH J, 1991, HDB MENTAL RETARDATI, P424 CHARLOP MH, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P155, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-155 CHARLOP MH, 1983, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V16, P111, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1983.16-111 CHARLOP MH, 1989, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V22, P275, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1989.22-275 COOPER JO, 1987, APPL BEHAV ANAL, P315 ETZEL BC, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P361, DOI 10.1007/BF01531445 GOLDSTEIN H, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P265, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-265 HALLE JW, 1981, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V14, P389, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1981.14-389 Krantz PJ, 1998, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V31, P191, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-191 KRANTZ PJ, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P137, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-137 KRANTZ PJ, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P121, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-121 KRANTZ PJ, 1981, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V1, P259, DOI 10.1016/0270-4684(81)90003-3 Leung JP, 1997, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V30, P59, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1997.30-59 MACDUFF GS, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P89, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-89 McClannahan L. E., 1997, ENVIRON BEHAV, P271 McClannahan L. E., 1999, ACTIVITY SCHEDULES C MCGEE GG, 1983, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V16, P329, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1983.16-329 MCGEE GG, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P17, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-17 PIERCE WD, 1995, BEHAV ANAL LEARNING Risley T. R., 1999, SOCIAL WORLD CHILDRE STOKES TF, 1977, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V10, P349, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349 Sundberg M. L., 1999, AUTISM BEHAV ANAL PE, P139 NR 24 TC 40 Z9 40 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1072-0847 J9 BEHAV INTERVENT JI Behav. Intervent. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(200001/03)15:1<1::AID-BIN41>3.0.CO;2-V PG 20 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 300AE UT WOS:000086230000001 ER PT J AU Braithwaite, KL Richdale, AL AF Braithwaite, KL Richdale, AL TI Functional communication training to replace challenging behaviors across two behavioral outcomes SO BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS LA English DT Article ID OPERANT EXTINCTION; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; SETTINGS; INTERVENTION; TOPOGRAPHIES; AUTISM AB The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention that included extinction and functional communication training for the reduction of multiply controlled, self-injurious, and aggressive behaviors in a boy with autism, in a school setting. Analysis of behavioral antecedents and consequences suggested that self-injury and aggression served the dual behavioral outcomes of escape from difficult tasks, and access to preferred objects. Treatment consisted of teaching the boy an alternate request, while challenging behaviors were concurrently placed on extinction. Acquisition of the alternate requests was associated with a decrease to zero levels of self-injury and aggression across the two behavioral outcomes, which was maintained when a 5 second delay was implemented. Results indicate that challenging behaviors with different behavioral outcomes can be replaced with functionally equivalent communication. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 RMIT Univ, Dept Psychol & Intellectual Disabil Studies, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. RP Richdale, AL (reprint author), RMIT Univ, Dept Psychol & Intellectual Disabil Studies, POB 71, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BLANCHARD EB, 1988, BEHAV ASSESS, V10, P171 DAY HM, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P279, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-279 DUCHARME JM, 1994, BEHAV MODIF, V18, P139, DOI 10.1177/01454455940182001 DURAND VM, 1991, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V24, P251, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-251 Durant V. M., 1993, COMMUNICATIVE ALTERN, P317 HORNER RH, 1991, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V24, P719, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-719 Howlin P, 1993, Acta Paedopsychiatr, V56, P75 ZARCONE JR, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P307, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-307 Kazdin A. E., 1982, SINGLE CASE RES DESI Kern L, 1997, RES DEV DISABIL, V18, P275, DOI 10.1016/S0891-4222(97)00009-7 Koegel R. 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PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 21 EP 36 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(200001/03)15:1<21::AID-BIN45>3.3.CO;2-R PG 16 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 300AE UT WOS:000086230000002 ER PT J AU Brace, R Guerin, B AF Brace, R Guerin, B TI Functional independence of appropriate giving and appropriate asking for socially isolated and nondisabled children SO BEHAVIOUR CHANGE LA English DT Article ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR; REQUESTS; SKILLS; AUTISM; RULES AB Sharing is an important social behaviour for promoting reciprocal interaction and interactive play among peers, but previous studies have only trained giving and accepting behaviours. We trained appropriate asking in addition to giving, and tested for functional independence. Three socially isolated children were first trained either to ask appropriately for their turn with a toy, or else to offer the toy to a confederate child, and this was reversed after stability. There was an immediate increase in whichever behaviour was trained, but the other behaviour showed no increase until it was directly trained. This was replicated with two nondisabled children. Follow-up assessments on all five children showed some maintenance up to a month after training. These studies demonstrate that appropriate giving and asking are functionally independent, at least in this experimental setting; that this is not restricted to socially isolated children; and that asking does not emerge from training giving alone. It was argued that, while these results could be due to instructional control rather than the more natural consequences of sharing, such social rules or norms are typically taught as instructions from teachers and parents. C1 Univ Waikato, Dept Psychol, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Guerin, B (reprint author), Univ Waikato, Dept Psychol, Hamilton, New Zealand. RI Guerin, Bernard/F-4043-2013 OI Guerin, Bernard/0000-0002-2773-0746 CR BARTON EJ, 1981, BEHAV MODIF, V5, P386, DOI 10.1177/014544558153007 BARTON EJ, 1979, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V12, P417, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1979.12-417 BARTON EJ, 1981, BEHAV MODIF, V5, P503, DOI 10.1177/014544558154004 BARTON EJ, 1986, CHILDRENS SOCIAL BEH, P331 Beck W. 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K., 1982, CARNIVOROUS MARSUPIA, V1, P1 LEE VL, 1981, J EXP ANAL BEHAV, V35, P227, DOI 10.1901/jeab.1981.35-227 MEYER LH, 1985, BEHAV RES THER, V23, P127, DOI 10.1016/0005-7967(85)90021-X ODOM SL, 1986, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V19, P59, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1986.19-59 Patterson G. R., 1970, BEHAV MODIFICATION C, P133 PETERSON L, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P451, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-451 Phillips W, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1383, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01670.x Read Barbara K., 1978, DISCOURSE PROCESS, V1, P233 ROGERSWARREN A, 1976, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V9, P335, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1976.9-335 Shafer E., 1994, ANAL VERBAL BEHAV, V12, P53 STAUB E, 1970, CHILD DEV, V41, P249 Strain P. S., 1981, UTILIZATION CLASSROO, P101 STRAIN PS, 1977, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V8, P526 TREMBLAY A, 1981, BEHAV MODIF, V5, P237, DOI 10.1177/014544558152006 WARREN SF, 1976, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V9, P491, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1976.9-491 ZELAZO PD, 1991, CHILD DEV, V62, P719, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01565.x NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 PU AUSTRALIAN ACAD PRESS PI BOWEN HILLS PA 32 JEAYS ST, BOWEN HILLS, QLD 4006, AUSTRALIA SN 0813-4839 J9 BEHAV CHANGE JI Behav. Change PY 2000 VL 17 IS 4 BP 235 EP 250 DI 10.1375/bech.17.4.235 PG 16 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 448ZZ UT WOS:000169661000002 ER PT J AU Lawrence, RM AF Lawrence, RM TI Is the finding of obsessional behaviour relevant to the differental diagnosis of Vascular Dementia of the Binswanger Type? SO BEHAVIOURAL NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article DE vascular dementia; Binswanger's Disease; obsessional behaviour ID LA-TOURETTE-SYNDROME; CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; COMPULSIVE DISORDER; MENTAL STATE; TOMOGRAPHY; SYMPTOMS; DISEASE; AUTISM AB Whilst carrying out a pilot study with a structured questionnaire examining the difference in insight between a group of patients with Alzheimer's Disease and a second group with Vascular Dementia of the Binswanger Type, the incidental observation was made that the group of patients with Vascular Dementia of the Binswanger Type demonstrated more obsessional behaviour than the group of patients with Alzheimer's Disease. The obsessional behaviour differed from classical obsessive compulsive disorder insofar as the subjects were unaware of it whilst at the same time resisting change. C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Neurodegenerat Res Grp, London SW17 0RE, England. 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Neurol. PY 2000 VL 12 IS 3 BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 383FD UT WOS:000165871700006 ER PT J AU Berney, TP AF Berney, TP TI Autism - an evolving concept SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BRAIN-STEM; CHILDHOOD; CEREBELLAR; ADULTS; CLASSIFICATION; ABNORMALITIES; COMMUNICATION AB Background The rapid increase in research endeavour has not kept pace with the advent of well-publicised theories and treatments for autism. Aims To explore some of the newer developments in biological research into autism. Method A review of recent publications and presentations. Results The concept is shifting from the narrow perception of aloof autism, described by Kanner, to a wider one that includes a spectrum extending to a broader, subclinical phenotype. The genetic basis has been established; now we need to discover the location and interaction of the relevant sites. There is considerable interest in the bowel as a pathogenetic agent. particularly in the effects of exogenous opioids and multiple viral infection (the tatter posing a public health problem). Also of concern is the role of(potentially treatable) epilepsy, analogous to the Laudau-Kleffner syndrome. Conclusions In the absence of a cure, the implementation of ideas will continue to outstrip factual evidence. Clinicians are challenged by the availability of information (and misinformation), particularly on the internet. C1 Prudhoe Hosp, Northgate & Prudhoe NHS Trust, Prudhoe NE42 5NT, Northd, England. RP Berney, TP (reprint author), Prudhoe Hosp, Northgate & Prudhoe NHS Trust, Prudhoe NE42 5NT, Northd, England. 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J. Psychiatry PD JAN PY 2000 VL 176 BP 20 EP 25 DI 10.1192/bjp.176.1.20 PG 6 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 274GZ UT WOS:000084759100005 PM 10789321 ER PT J AU Afzal, MA Minor, PD Schild, GC AF Afzal, MA Minor, PD Schild, GC TI Clinical safety issues of measles, mumps and rubella vaccines SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article DE measles vaccine, adverse effects; mumps vaccine, adverse effects; rubella vaccine, adverse effects; vaccines, attenuated, adverse effects and genetics ID INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; CROHNS-DISEASE; CHRONIC ARTHROPATHY; VIRUS INFECTION; VACCINATION; ABSENCE; WOMEN; TISSUES; RISK AB The clinical safety of measles and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines has been questioned in recent reports that propose a possible link between measles virus or measles vaccines and the occurrence of juvenile Crohn disease and autism. This article reviews the outcomes of several laboratory investigations which were carried out independently to identify the presence or absence of measles virus in the intestinal tissues derived from cases of inflammatory bowel disease. One research group reported the presence of measles virus particles and genomic RNA in inflammatory bower disease tissues, but this could not be confirmed by other groups, despite use of techniques that are highly specific and sensitive for the detection of measles virus nucleic acid in clinical specimens down to the molecular level, Based on the published data reviewed here, it can be concluded that there is no direct association between measles virus or measles vaccines and the development of Crohn disease, a conclusion which is supported by most epidemiological findings. C1 Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Virol, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. RP Afzal, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Div Virol, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. 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World Health Organ. PY 2000 VL 78 IS 2 BP 199 EP 204 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 291EY UT WOS:000085722200008 PM 10743285 ER PT J AU McDougle, CJ Scahill, L McCracken, JT Aman, MG Tierney, E Arnold, LE Freeman, BJ Martin, A McGough, JJ Cronin, P Posey, DJ Riddle, MA Ritz, L Swiezy, NB Vitiello, B Volkmar, FR Votolato, NA Walson, P AF McDougle, CJ Scahill, L McCracken, JT Aman, MG Tierney, E Arnold, LE Freeman, BJ Martin, A McGough, JJ Cronin, P Posey, DJ Riddle, MA Ritz, L Swiezy, NB Vitiello, B Volkmar, FR Votolato, NA Walson, P TI Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) autism network - Background and rationale for an initial controlled study of risperidone SO CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; DOUBLE-BLIND; MENTAL-RETARDATION; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS; FENFLURAMINE TREATMENT; BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS; TARDIVE-DYSKINESIA; INFANTILE-AUTISM; BLOOD SEROTONIN AB This article reviews the background and rationale for the choice of the atypical antipsychotic agent risperidone as the first drug to be studied by the RUPP Autism Network. Risperidone has potent effects on serotonin and dopamine neuronal systems, which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of autism. Unlike typical antipsychotics, such as haloperidol and pimozide, which have been shown to be effective for reducing many of the maladaptive behaviors associated with autism, the unique ratio of serotonin to dopamine receptor blockade for risperidone seems to produce a lower risk of acute and chronic extrapyramidial side effects and enhanced efficacy for the negative symptoms of autism. Indirect clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the use of risperidone to treat impaired social behavior, interfering repetitive phenomena and aggressions as targets of pharmacotherapy for patients with autism are reviewed. The safety and tolerability of risperidone also are summarized. C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Yale Child Study Ctr, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. 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Psychiatr. N. Am. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 201 EP + PG 25 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 281AU UT WOS:000085136600012 PM 10674197 ER PT J AU Abell, F Happe, F Frith, U AF Abell, F Happe, F Frith, U TI Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development SO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE triangles; mental states; animated shapes ID 2ND-ORDER BELIEFS; MIND; CHILDREN; PERCEPTION; AUTISM AB Computer-presented animations were used to elicit attributions of actions, interactions and mental states. Two triangles moved around the screen according to one of three conditions, Descriptions of the animations were rated according to accuracy and type of description. Adults predominantly used action descriptions for Random animations (e.g. bouncing), interaction descriptions for Goal-directed (G-D) sequences (fighting), and mentalising descriptions for Theory of Mind (ToM) sequences (tricking). High-functioning children with autism used mentalising descriptions less often than normally developing 8-year-olds, but as often as did children with general intellectual impairment. However, the autism group frequently referred to mental states that were inappropriate to the animation. Even those children with autism who passed standard false belief tasks showed inappropriate descriptions of ToM animations, revealing continuing impairments in mentalising on-line. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England. Univ London, Inst Psychiat, SGDP Res Ctr, London, England. RP Frith, U (reprint author), UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, 17 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3AR, England. EM u.frith@ucl.ac.uk RI Frith, Uta/C-1757-2008; Happe, Francesca/D-5544-2012 OI Frith, Uta/0000-0002-9063-4466; CR American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1986, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V4, P113 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Bowler D, 2000, AUTISM, V4, P147, DOI 10.1177/1362361300004002004 Ellis HD, 1999, TRENDS COGN SCI, V3, P192, DOI 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01315-7 Frith U., 1994, SOCIAL DEV, V3, P108, DOI DOI 10.1111/J.1467-9507.1994.TB00031.X HAPPE FGE, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P129, DOI 10.1007/BF02172093 HAPPE FGE, 1995, CHILD DEV, V66, P843, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00909.x Heider F, 1944, AM J PSYCHOL, V57, P243, DOI 10.2307/1416950 LESLIE AM, 1992, COGNITION, V43, P225, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90013-8 Montgomery DE, 1999, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V17, P245, DOI 10.1348/026151099165258 OATLEY K, 1985, BRIT J SOC PSYCHOL, V24, P115 PERNER J, 1985, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V39, P437, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x RIME P, 1985, MOTIV EMOTION, V9, P241 RUSSELL J, 1998, ATUISM EXECUTIVE DIS Springer K, 1996, J NONVERBAL BEHAV, V20, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF02248673 SULLIVAN K, 1994, DEV PSYCHOL, V30, P395, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.30.3.395 Wechsler D., 1986, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL Wechsler D, 1991, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC, V3rd NR 21 TC 140 Z9 142 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0885-2014 J9 COGNITIVE DEV JI Cogn. Dev. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0885-2014(00)00014-9 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 368WQ UT WOS:000090140800001 ER PT J AU Jarrold, C Butler, DW Cottington, EM Jimenez, F AF Jarrold, C Butler, DW Cottington, EM Jimenez, F TI Linking theory of mind and central coherence bias in autism and in the general population SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; CHILDS THEORY; PRETEND PLAY; MENTAL-RETARDATION; SEX-DIFFERENCES; VERBAL-ABILITY; INDIVIDUALS; ADULTS; TASK; PERFORMANCE AB Three experiments investigated whether 2 characteristic aspects of the psychological profile of autism, theory-of-mind deficits and weak central coherence, might be functionally related. Experiment 1 showed that in the general population, performance on a proposed test of theory of mind was inversely related to speed on the Embedded Figures Test, a measure of central coherence bias. Experiments 2 and 3 confirmed that poor theory-of-mind performance was linked to weak central coherence among typically developing children and among children with autism; however, the correlations between these measures were reliable only after accounting for differences in individuals' verbal mental ages. This pattern of results is interpreted in terms of a relationship between individual differences in theory of mind and central coherence bias, a relationship that is separate from any developmental differences in these domains. C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Expt Psychol, Bristol BS8 1TN, Avon, England. RP Jarrold, C (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Expt Psychol, 8 Woodland Rd, Bristol BS8 1TN, Avon, England. 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A., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS, P57 VOYER D, 1995, PSYCHOL BULL, V117, P250, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250 Wechsler D, 1974, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC Wechsler D, 1981, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL Wellman H. M., 1990, CHILDS THEORY MIND WELLMAN HM, 1988, COGNITION, V30, P239, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(88)90021-2 WHITE BW, 1954, J EXP PSYCHOL, V48, P234, DOI 10.1037/h0053738 WIMMER H, 1983, COGNITION, V13, P103, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 Witkin H. A., 1981, COGNITIVE STYLES ESS Witkin HA, 1971, MANUAL EMBEDDED FIGU WITKIN HA, 1967, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V7, P291, DOI 10.1037/h0025070 Yirmiya N, 1998, PSYCHOL BULL, V124, P283, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.283 Yirmiya N, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P1003, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01497.x NR 92 TC 78 Z9 78 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0012-1649 J9 DEV PSYCHOL JI Dev. Psychol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 126 EP 138 DI 10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.126 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 275CR UT WOS:000084802300011 PM 10645750 ER PT J AU Bolte, S Crecelius, K Poustka, F AF Bolte, S Crecelius, K Poustka, F TI The Questionnaire on Behaviour and Social Communication (VSK): An autism screening instrument for research and practice SO DIAGNOSTICA LA German DT Article DE autism; ASQ; ADI-R; questionnaire; screening ID DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; CHILDHOOD-AUTISM; RATING-SCALE; CLASSIFICATION; RELIABILITY; INDIVIDUALS; CHECKLIST; VALIDITY; DISORDER; SAMPLE AB The psychometric properties of the Questionnaire on Behaviour. and Social Communication (VSK), a German adaptation of the Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ), were investigated in this study. It is a 40-item parent-report instrument derived from the Autism Diagnostic interview-Revised (ADI-R) to screen for autism. In a sample of 83 subjects showing autism or autistic features the instrument had an internal consistency of alpha=.85, with items mostly being average in difficulty and all item-total correlations exceeding r=.40. Stability after an interval of 12-24 months in a small subsample of 17 subjects was r(ii)=.74. The convergence with thc ADI-R reached r=.66. The total score of the questionnaire discriminated highly significantly between 72 autistic subjects, 20 non-autistic/cognitive impaired subjects (IQ<85), 26 mixed-clinical subjects and 22 normal controls. A cut-off of 17 had a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 92%. Data suggest that the Questionnaire on Behaviour and Social Communication is a valuable tool to generate suspicion of autism For different clinical or research purposes. C1 Univ Frankfurt Klinikum, Klin Psychiat & Psychotherapie Kindes & Jugendalt, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany. RP Bolte, S (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt Klinikum, Klin Psychiat & Psychotherapie Kindes & Jugendalt, Deutschordenstr 50, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany. 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RP Mallory, BL (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Grad Sch, Thompson Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. CR Berk L. E., 1995, SCAFFOLDING CHILDREN Corsaro W., 1985, FRIENDSHIP PEER CULT Horton M, 1990, WE MAKE ROAD WALKING MALLORY BL, 1994, J SPEC EDUC, V28, P322 SELMEOLSEN I, 1993, INT PLAY J, V1, P191 Wolfberg P. J., 1999, PLAY IMAGINATION CHI NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0885-2006 J9 EARLY CHILD RES Q JI Early Childhood Res. Q. PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 583 EP 586 DI 10.1016/S0885-2006(01)00076-X PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research; Psychology, Developmental SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology GA 422EW UT WOS:000168106400009 ER PT J AU Chabane, N Leboyer, M Mouren-Simeoni, MC AF Chabane, N Leboyer, M Mouren-Simeoni, MC TI Opiate antagonists in children and adolescents SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE naltrexone; children; autism; mental retardation; alcohol dependance; eating disorders ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; YOUNG AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; DOUBLE-BLIND; BETA-ENDORPHIN; NALTREXONE TREATMENT; INFANTILE-AUTISM; ANOREXIA-NERVOSA; DOSE NALTREXONE; NALOXONE; OPIOIDS AB Naltrexone a pure opioid antagonist, well tolerated in young patients, has been found to be an interesting treatment in some disorders in children and adolescents. Naltrexone has been first tried in mental retardation and autism disorders in children and adolescents. Symptoms like self-injury behaviours, hyperactivity, stereotyped and ritualistic conducts appear to be improved in a subgroup of children with the opiate antagonist. But new controlled studies still need to be done before recommending naltrexone in autism. Preliminary results in the treatment of alcoholic adolescents seem to support the efficacy of naltrexone on abstinence when combined with a supportive psychotherapy. In adults, results found with the use of naltrexone in eating disorders are different, when considering the duration and the dosage of the treatment and the kind of eating disorder (bulimia, binge eating or anorexia nervosa). Studies in children and adolescents are needed before proposing naltrexone in eating disorders. We resumed here the results found with this treatment in these indications. C1 Hop Robert Debre, Serv Psychopathol Enfant & Adolescent, F-75019 Paris, France. Hop Albert Chenevier, Serv Psychiat Adulte, F-94000 Creteil, France. RP Chabane, N (reprint author), Hop Robert Debre, Serv Psychopathol Enfant & Adolescent, 48 BD Serurier, F-75019 Paris, France. 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Child Adolesc. Psych. PY 2000 VL 9 SU 1 BP 44 EP 50 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 382RQ UT WOS:000165836600006 ER PT J AU Buitelaar, JK Willemsen-Swinkels, SHN AF Buitelaar, JK Willemsen-Swinkels, SHN TI Medication treatment in subjects with autistic spectrum disorders SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE autism; drug treatment; atypical neuroleptic; SSRI ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; RESONANCE-IMAGING EVIDENCE; PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DOUBLE-BLIND; MENTAL-RETARDATION; BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS; HOMOVANILLIC-ACID; BLOOD SEROTONIN; BRAIN-STEM AB Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is aetiologically and clinically heterogeneous. Twin and family genetic studies provide evidence for strong genetic components.An international consortium using an affected sib pair strategy has found a promising linkage to a region on chromosome 7. In 10-15 % of the cases autism is due to associated medical conditions that affect normal brain functioning. Post-mortem studies on small case series report cellular abnormalities in the limbic system and cerebellum. Between 10 and 20 % of subjects with autism have macrocephalia, which is in accordance with MRI findings of an increased total brain tissue volume and enlargement most prominent in the occipital and parietal lobes. The most robust and well-replicated neurobiological abnormality in autism is an elevation of whole blood serotonin found in over 30 % of the patients. Pharmacological interventions with serotonin reuptake blockers or with atypical neuroleptics that block both dopamine (D-2) and serotonin (5-HT2) receptors seem to offer clinical benefit and merit further study. C1 Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Child Psychiat, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Buitelaar, JK (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Med Ctr, Dept Child Psychiat, B01324,POB 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. 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Child Adolesc. Psych. PY 2000 VL 9 SU 1 BP 85 EP 97 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 382RQ UT WOS:000165836600010 ER PT J AU Noterdaeme, M Sitter, S Mildenberger, K Amorosa, H AF Noterdaeme, M Sitter, S Mildenberger, K Amorosa, H TI Diagnostic assessment of communicative and interactive behaviours in children with autism and receptive language disorder SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE infantile autism; receptive language disorder; ADOS; diagnostic assessment ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; OUTCOMES AB Children with autism and children with a severe specific receptive language disorder both show clear deficits in communicative language skills and in social relationships. In this study the usefulness of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in the differential diagnosis between these two groups of developmentally impaired children is assessed. II children with early infantile autism and 20 children with a specific receptive language disorder participated in the study. 18 children with an expressive language disorder were used as a control group. The ADOS was individually administered to all children by the same examiner. The results showed that on most of the ADOS measures the autistic children were clearly more deviant than the language impaired children. There were no significant differences between the two groups of language impaired children. Eight out of 11 autistic children reached the defined cut-off values on the measures "language and communication" and "social interaction" of the ADOS algorithm, whereas only three autistic children did so on the measure "stereotyped behaviour". None of the language-impaired children reached the cut-off values on more than one measure. The ADOS allowed for good assessment of certain types of behaviour. 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PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 295 EP 300 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 389DU UT WOS:000166224000008 PM 11202105 ER PT J AU Rouquette, S AF Rouquette, S TI Babies at risk for autism SO EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE LA French DT Book Review CR DELION P, 1998, BEBES RISQUE AUTISTI NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0014-3855 J9 EVOL PSYCHIATR JI Evol. Psychiatr. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 65 IS 1 BP 204 EP 204 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 304KY UT WOS:000086483800066 ER PT J AU Lamb, JA Moore, J Bailey, A Monaco, AP AF Lamb, JA Moore, J Bailey, A Monaco, AP TI Autism: recent molecular genetic advances SO HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS LA English DT Article ID SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER 5-HTT; ANGELMAN-SYNDROME; LINKAGE-DISEQUILIBRIUM; MEDICAL CONDITIONS; GENOMIC SCREEN; FAMILY HISTORY; DISORDER; CHROMOSOME; EPILEPSY; ASSOCIATION AB Autism (MIM 209850) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder of unknown aetiology with profound consequences for patients and their families. Strong evidence from twin and family studies indicates the importance of genetic factors in the development of idiopathic autism, although it is clear that these influences are complex. This review focuses on recent molecular investigations to identify susceptibility loci implicated in autistic disorder. C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England. 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Mol. Genet. PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 SI SI BP 861 EP 868 DI 10.1093/hmg/9.6.861 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 308DV UT WOS:000086696000001 PM 10767308 ER PT J AU Stoltenberg, SF Burmeister, M AF Stoltenberg, SF Burmeister, M TI Recent progress in psychiatric genetics - some hope but no hype SO HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS LA English DT Review ID SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER GENE; CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; CARDIO-FACIAL SYNDROME; FAMILY-BASED ASSOCIATION; DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; REGULATORY REGION POLYMORPHISM; MANIC-DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS; DOPAMINE-RECEPTOR GENE; TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE POLYMORPHISM; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AB The reputation of the field of psychiatric genetics has recently become tarnished in the view of many human geneticists. Too many linked loci were claimed and withdrawn, too many association studies published and not confirmed and, more recently, too many new and different chromosomal regions have been implicated for the same disorder, Here, we summarize recent trends, focusing on research that moves away from traditional linkage studies. Some promising strategies include pychopharmacogenetics, and consideration of endophenotypes such as neurophysiological and behavioral markers in addition to the clinical diagnosis. Utilization of rapid and automated methods for scoring genetic variants in large-scale association studies followed by multivariate analyses, which include environmental as well as genetic data, will likely fare better than traditional linkage analysis in disentangling the complex genetics of psychiatric disorders. Some notable areas of recent progress include quantification of the genetic complexity of autism, identification of genetic variants protecting individuals from alcoholism, and the description of several polymorphisms likely to be relevant to behavior and psychiatry. The most notable example may be a common variant that affects the transcription rate in the promoter for the serotonin transporter gene that may be relevant for individual differences in the response to common anti-depressants. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Psychiat, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. Univ Michigan, Mental Hlth Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA. RP Burmeister, M (reprint author), 1026 MHRI 0720,205 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. 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Mol. Genet. PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 SI SI BP 927 EP 935 DI 10.1093/hmg/9.6.927 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 308DV UT WOS:000086696000009 PM 10767316 ER PT J AU Connellan, J Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S Batki, A Ahluwalia, J AF Connellan, J Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S Batki, A Ahluwalia, J TI Sex differences in human neonatal social perception SO INFANT BEHAVIOR & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; AUTISM; MIND AB Sexual dimorphism in sociability has been documented in humans. The present study aimed to ascertain whether the sexual dimorphism is a result of biological or socio-cultural differences between the two sexes. 102 human neonates, who by definition have nor yet been influenced by social and cultural factors, were tested to see if there was a difference in looking time at a face (social object) and a mobile (physical-mechanical object). Results showed that the male infants showed a stronger interest in the physical-mechanical mobile while the female infants showed a stronger interest in the face. The results of this research clearly demonstrate that sex differences are in part biological in origin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Addenbrookes Hosp, Neonatal Intens Care Unit, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Autism Res Ctr, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994, DSM 4 DIAGN STAT MAN Baron-Cohen S, 1997, ADV INFANCY RES, V11, P193 Baron-Cohen S, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P407, DOI 10.1023/A:1023035012436 BARONCOHEN S, 2000, COGNITIVE NEUROSCIEN BaronCohen S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x Baron-Cohen Simon, 2000, UNDERSTANDING OTHER FANTZ RL, 1963, SCIENCE, V140, P296, DOI 10.1126/science.140.3564.296 Hall J. 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PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 113 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0163-6383(00)00032-1 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 398AJ UT WOS:000166731300007 ER PT J AU O'Connor, N Cowan, R Samella, K AF O'Connor, N Cowan, R Samella, K TI Calendrical calculation and intelligence SO INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article ID CALENDAR CALCULATION ABILITY; IDIOT SAVANT; MEMORY; PERFORMANCE; AUTISM AB Naming the days of the week for dates in the past and future is a rare talent observed in people with low measured intelligence. The talent and other savant skills are more common in the autistic population, suggesting features of autistic cognition such as obsessive preoccupation and weak central coherence may facilitate development of savant skills. This study describes the date calculation skills and performance on other calendar tasks by 10 calendrical savants whose WAIS IQs range from 50 to 97. Their Block Design scores were unexceptional, contrary to the weak central coherence explanation. Accuracy in date calculation and knowledge of calendrical regularities correlated with full scale IQ, indicating that the talent depends on intelligence. Accuracy, range and latency of date calculation and latency for other calendrical tasks showed marked associations with Digit Symbol subscale scores. C1 Univ London, Inst Educ, London WC1H 0AL, England. RP Cowan, R (reprint author), Univ London, Inst Educ, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, England. CR Anderson M., 1992, INTELLIGENCE DEV COG Baddeley A. D., 1986, WORKING MEMORY Chi M. T. 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The present study used a totally fret: story-telling method to assess if narratives produced by children with autism or Asperger Syndrome (AS) contained fewer imaginative events. Method: In Condition 1. children were offered an imaginary theme and asked to elaborate a story. In Condition 2, they were offered a reality-based theme with the same instructions. Comparison groups included 13 children with autism. 14 children with AS, 15 children with moderate learning difficulties (MLD), and 14 normally developing children. The non-autistic controls had a verbal mental age (VMA) either equivalent or lower than the autism and AS groups. Results: Both the children with autism and AS were less likely to introduce imaginary elements into their stories in Condition 2, though the children with AS were more able to produce imaginative narratives than children with autism in Condition 1. Conclusions: This study provides experimental evidence fur imaginative impairments in story-telling in children with autism spectrum conditions. These are discussed in terms of two cognitive theories: executive dysfunction and theory of mind. Limitations: In this study it was not possible to march the children with autism and AS with each other on VMA, as the children with autism were not as high-functioning. Future research could examine VMA matched groups of autism and AS. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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J. Psychiatr. Relat. Sci. PY 2000 VL 37 IS 1 BP 64 EP 70 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 320CW UT WOS:000087384700011 PM 10857274 ER PT J AU Dawson, G Osterling, J Meltzoff, AN Kuhl, P AF Dawson, G Osterling, J Meltzoff, AN Kuhl, P TI Case study of the development of an infant with autism from birth to two years of age SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; ATTENTION; IMITATION; MEMORY AB This report describes a case study of the development of an infant with autism who was observed closely by professionals from birth and to whom a comprehensive psychological evaluation was administered at approximately 1 and 2 years of age. During the first 6 months of life I this infant displayed difficulties in oral motor coordination and muscle tone that fluctuated between hypotonia and hypertonia. He startled easily, had poor state regulation, and was hypersensitive to touch. Notably, however, during the first 6 months, this infant vocalized and responded socially to others by smiling and cooing. During the second half of the first year, he continued to demonstrate diffuse sensorimotor difficulties and diminished oral motor control. Hypersensitivity now extended to a wider range of stimuli. He had problems in sleep regulation. Motor stereotypies, including rocking, head banging, and toe walking, were observed. Difficulties in the domain of social interaction began to emerge during the second 6 months, including poor eye contact, failure to engage in imitative games, and lack of imitative vocal responses. By a little over 1 pear of age, this infant met diagnostic criteria for autism based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview. There were several domains in which this toddler with autism did not show impairments. In the areas of immediate memory for actions, working memory, response inhibition, and speech perception, this 1-year old with autism displayed no evidence of significant impairment on the tests administered. This case study offers clues regarding the nature of autism at its earliest stages. Understanding early development in autism will be important for developing early screening and diagnostic tools. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Human Dev & Disabil, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Dawson, G (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr Human Dev & Disabil, Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CR BUTTERWORTH G, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P55 CHUGANI HT, 1994, HUMAN BEHAV DEV BRAI, P152 Dawson G., 1998, CHILD DEV, V69, P1277 Dawson G., 1991, ROCHESTER S DEV PSYC, V3, P207 Dawson G, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P479, DOI 10.1023/A:1026043926488 DIAMOND A, 1989, EXP BRAIN RES, V74, P24 DILAVORE PC, 1995, UNPUB PRELINGUISTIC Klinger LG, 1992, CAUSES EFFECTS COMMU, P157 Kuhl P. 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PY 2000 VL 21 IS 3 BP 299 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0193-3973(99)00042-8 PG 15 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 328AU UT WOS:000087827300004 ER PT J AU Emerson, E Robertson, J Gregory, N Hatton, C Kessissoglou, S Hallam, A Hillery, J AF Emerson, E Robertson, J Gregory, N Hatton, C Kessissoglou, S Hallam, A Hillery, J TI Treatment and management of challenging behaviours in residential settings SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID LEARNING-DISABILITIES; MENTAL-RETARDATION; INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; PEOPLE; ADULTS; INDIVIDUALS; MEDICATION; POPULATION; CHECKLIST; VALIDITY AB Aspects of the treatment and management of challenging behaviour were investigated among 500 adults with intellectual disabilities receiving various forms of residential supports. The present results indicated that: (1) 53% of participants were reported to have shown at least one 'moderately serious' or 'severe' form of challenging behaviour in the previous month; (2) the most commonly employed management strategies were physical restraint (used with 44% of people showing challenging behaviour), sedation (35%), seclusion (20%) and mechanical restraint (3%); (3) the most commonly employed 'treatment strategies' were goal setting within individual programme plans (used with 62% of people showing challenging behaviour), antipsychotic medication (49%), written intervention programmes (23%) and written behaviourally orientated intervention programmes (15%); and (4) factors identified through logistic regression analyses to be associated with the use of specific treatment and management strategies included personal characteristics of the person with intellectual disabilities (e.g. age and diagnosis of autism), resources (e.g. type of accommodation, cost of provision and staffing levels), the organization of resources (e.g, planning of support to residents) and the nature of the challenging behaviour (e.g. more sustained episodes of challenging behaviour). 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PY 2000 VL 13 IS 4 BP 197 EP 215 DI 10.1046/j.1468-3148.2000.00036.x PG 19 WC Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 384YJ UT WOS:000165974600001 ER PT J AU Stevens, MC Fein, D Waterhouse, LH AF Stevens, MC Fein, D Waterhouse, LH TI Season of birth effects in autism SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; CLASSIFICATION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; DISORDERS; CHILDREN AB This study examined a sample of preschool-age children with autism in an attempt to identify patterns of birth dates that deviated from expected frequencies by month or season. Birth dates of children with autism and those of a non-autistic sibling control group were compared to the number of total live births gathered from U.S. Census data. Analyses included two types of chi-square analyses and a seasonal harmonic trend analysis. Previously unmentioned in the literature is a seasonal effect finding for females within the entire sample, and both a seasonal and monthly effect for children classified as socially Passive by the Wing system. A significant elevation was also found in March within the Boston sub-sample (n = 37). This sample largely comprised low-functioning boys with autism, a finding consistent with previous findings in the literature. Peri-natal complications and early life development of the subjects from the Boston site are detailed. C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Psychiat, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT USA. Coll New Jersey, Ewing, NJ USA. RP Stevens, MC (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Psychiat, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. 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PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 399 EP 407 DI 10.1076/1380-3395(200006)22:3;1-V;FT399 PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical; Clinical Neurology; Psychology SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 327UB UT WOS:000087811000009 PM 10855047 ER PT J AU Jones, W Bellugi, U Lai, Z Chiles, M Reilly, J Lincoln, A Adolphs, R AF Jones, W Bellugi, U Lai, Z Chiles, M Reilly, J Lincoln, A Adolphs, R TI Hypersociability in Williams syndrome SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BRAIN; COGNITION; AUTISM AB Studies of abnormal populations provide a rare opportunity for examining relationships between cognition, genotype and brain neurobiology, permitting comparisons across these different levels of analysis. In our studies, we investigate individuals with a rare, genetically based disorder called Williams syndrome (WMS) to draw links among these levels. A critical component of such a cross-domain undertaking is the clear delineation of the phenotype of the disorder in question. Of special interest in this paper is a relatively unexplored unusual social phenotype in WMS that includes an overfriendly and engaging personality. Four studies measuring distinct aspects of hypersocial behavior in WMS are presented, each probing specific aspects in WMS infants, toddlers, school age children, and adults. The abnormal profile of excessively social behavior represents an important component of the phenotype that may distinguish WMS from other developmental disorders. Furthermore, the studies show that the profile is observed across a wide range of ages, and emerges consistently across multiple experimental paradigms. These studies of hypersocial behavior in WMS promise to provide the ground-work for crossdisciplinary analyses of gene-brain-behavior relationships. C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Cognit Neurosci Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Calif Sch Profess Psychol, San Francisco, CA 94109 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Bellugi, U (reprint author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Cognit Neurosci Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. CR Adolphs R, 1998, NATURE, V393, P470, DOI 10.1038/30982 Bayley N., 1969, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT Bayley N, 1993, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT Bellugi U, 1999, TRENDS NEUROSCI, V22, P197, DOI 10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01397-1 Bellugi U., 1999, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL D, P111 BELLUGI U, 1998, CND9801 U CAL SAN DI Bellugi U., 1990, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V2, P367, DOI DOI 10.1017/S0954579400005782 Bellugi U., 1999, NEUROREPORT, V10, P1 CHILES M, 1998, UNPUB SOCIABILITY QU COURCHESNE E, 1994, NEUROLOGY, V44, P214 COURCHESNE E, 1995, GENETIC COUNSELING, V6, P144 COURCHESNE E, 1994, AM J ROENTGENOL, V162, P123 Einfeld SL, 1997, AM J MENT RETARD, V102, P45, DOI 10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0045:BAEDII>2.0.CO;2 EWART AK, 1993, NAT GENET, V5, P11, DOI 10.1038/ng0993-11 GALABURDA A, 1994, NEUROREPORT, V5, P758 GOLDSMITH H, 1992, UNPUB LAB TEMPERAMEN Goldsmith H.H., 1991, EXPLORATIONS TEMPERA, P249, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0643-4_16 HARRIS EL, 1995, BAS CLIN ON, V6, P181 JERNIGAN TL, 1993, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V50, P186 JONES W, 1998, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V4, P56 JONES W, 1999, UNPUB DEV NEUROPSYCH JONES W, 1999, J INT NEUROPSYCH SOC, V5, P152 JONES W, 1995, M SOC RES CHILD DEV Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Konstantareas M. 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S., 1996, INTERACTION SOCIAL C, P329 Schmahmann JD, 1998, BRAIN, V121, P561, DOI 10.1093/brain/121.4.561 SCHMAHMANN SD, 1997, CEREBELLUM COGNITION SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 Singer-Harris N., 1997, DEV NEUROPSYCHOL, V13, P345 TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1996, 7 INT PROF C WILL SY van Lieshout CFM, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P699, DOI 10.1017/S002196309800256X WANG PP, 1992, NEUROLOGY, V42, P1999 NR 42 TC 216 Z9 218 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PY 2000 VL 12 SU 1 BP 30 EP 46 DI 10.1162/089892900561968 PG 17 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 326GV UT WOS:000087725700003 PM 10953232 ER PT J AU Muller, RA Pierce, K Ambrose, JB Allen, G Courchesne, E AF Muller, RA Pierce, K Ambrose, JB Allen, G Courchesne, E TI Atypical cerebral motor activations in autism: An fMRI study SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cognit Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PY 2000 SU S MA 109C BP 85 EP 85 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 292UQ UT WOS:000085813800371 ER PT J AU Goldberg, MC Landa, R AF Goldberg, MC Landa, R TI Language and memory impairment in autism SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PY 2000 SU S MA 69D BP 99 EP 99 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 292UQ UT WOS:000085813800449 ER PT J AU Pierce, K Muller, R Ambrose, J Allen, G Courchesne, E AF Pierce, K Muller, R Ambrose, J Allen, G Courchesne, E TI Abnormal neurofunctional response to faces in autism. SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cognit Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PY 2000 SU S MA 86D BP 102 EP 102 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 292UQ UT WOS:000085813800466 ER PT J AU Bettison, S AF Bettison, Sue TI Toilet training for individuals with autism & related disorders. A comprehensive guide for parents & teachers SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY LA English DT Book Review CR BETTISON S, 1986, INT REV RES MENT RET, V14, P319, DOI 10.1016/S0074-7750(08)60083-X WHEELER M, 1998, TOILET TRAINING INDI NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1366-8250 J9 J INTELLECT DEV DIS JI J. Intellect. Dev. Dis. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 80 EP 82 PG 3 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA V25WS UT WOS:000208508700009 ER PT J AU Roberts, J AF Roberts, Jacqueline TI Topics in autism. Activity schedules for children with autism. Teaching independent behaviour SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY LA English DT Book Review C1 [Roberts, Jacqueline] Austism Assoc NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Roberts, J (reprint author), Austism Assoc NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia. CR MCCLANNAHAN LE, 1999, TOPICS AUTISM ACTIVI NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1366-8250 J9 J INTELLECT DEV DIS JI J. Intellect. Dev. Dis. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 167 EP 168 PG 2 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA V25WT UT WOS:000208508800011 ER PT J AU Arnold, A Semple, RJ Beale, I Fletcher-Flinn, CM AF Arnold, Angela Semple, Randye J. Beale, Ivan Fletcher-Flinn, Claire M. TI Eye contact in children's social interactions: What is normal behaviour? SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY LA English DT Article AB Most remediation programmes for children with autism include training of eye contact behaviours, yet little data exist regarding levels of gaze behaviours in the social interactions of children without developmental disorders. Three behaviours were conventionally defined: (a) eye gaze, (b) joint attention, and (c) object engagement. Normative data were collected from children aged 5 to 10, who were observed in child-to-child social interactions (small playgroups). Joint attention was positively related to age and type of activity engaged in. Object engagement was consistently high across all age groups. Eye gaze was low relative to joint attention and object engagement, and was not significantly related to age. Eye gaze, as observed in small group interactions, was found to be significantly less than what has been reported for adult-child and adult-adult dyads. The implications of these findings for remedial training are discussed. Eye Contact in Children's Social Interactions: What is Normal Behaviour? C1 [Arnold, Angela] Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Strong Ctr Dev Disabil, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. [Semple, Randye J.; Beale, Ivan; Fletcher-Flinn, Claire M.] Univ Auckland, Auckland 1, New Zealand. RP Arnold, A (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Strong Ctr Dev Disabil, 601 Elmwood Ave,Box 671, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. EM Angela_Arnold@URMC.Rochester.edu CR ASHEAR V, 1971, DEV PSYCHOL, V4, P479, DOI 10.1037/h0030974 ASTINGTON JW, 1995, COGNITION EMOTION, V9, P151, DOI 10.1080/02699939508409006 BaronCohen S, 1997, CHILD DEV, V68, P48 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Cooper J., 1987, APPL BEHAV ANAL Flavell J. 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L., 1995, HDB PEDIAT PSYCHOL, P655 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1366-8250 J9 J INTELLECT DEV DIS JI J. Intellect. Dev. Dis. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1080/13668250020006303 PG 10 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA V25WU UT WOS:000208508900003 ER PT J AU Stip, E Black, N Ekoe, JM Mottron, L AF Stip, E Black, N Ekoe, JM Mottron, L TI Fahr's disease and Asperger's syndrome in a patient with primary hypoparathyroidism SO JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Letter ID VISUAL AGNOSIA; AUTISM; CHILD C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Psychiat, Hop LH Lafontaine, Ctr Rech Fernand Seguin, Montreal, PQ H1N 3V2, Canada. RP Stip, E (reprint author), Univ Montreal, Dept Psychiat, Hop LH Lafontaine, Ctr Rech Fernand Seguin, 7331 Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, PQ H1N 3V2, Canada. CR Fahr T, 1930, ZBL ALLG PATH PATH A, V50, P129 Jambaque I, 1998, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V65, P555, DOI 10.1136/jnnp.65.4.555 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 Minshew N. J., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P344 Mottron L, 1997, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V39, P699 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0022-3050 J9 J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS JI J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry PD JAN PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 115 EP 116 DI 10.1136/jnnp.68.1.115 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Surgery SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Surgery GA 270AL UT WOS:000084513200041 PM 10671127 ER PT J AU Kemner, C Verbaten, MN Van Engeland, H AF Kemner, C Verbaten, MN Van Engeland, H TI Don't touch my head! Electrophysiological research into autism SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Psychopharmacol, Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Utrecht, Netherlands. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS PI GOTTINGEN PA ROHNSWEG 25, D-37085 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SN 0269-8803 J9 J PSYCHOPHYSIOL JI J. Psychophysiol. PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 262 EP 262 PG 1 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 415YG UT WOS:000167750700023 ER PT J AU Tierney, E Nwokoro, NA Kelley, RI AF Tierney, E Nwokoro, NA Kelley, RI TI Behavioral phenotype of RSH/Smith Lemli-Opitz syndrome SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE cholesterol; genetic disorder; autistic disorder; Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R); Sensory Profile ID DEFECTIVE CHOLESTEROL-BIOSYNTHESIS; SENSORY PROFILE; CHILDREN; AUTISM; DISABILITIES; PERFORMANCE AB Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, RSH/SLO syndrome, MIM 270400) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation/mental retardation syndrome initially described by Smith et al. [1964] that is due to a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis. The behavioral phenotype of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome demonstrates cognitive abilities from borderline intellectual functioning to profound mental retardation, sensory hyperreactivity, irritability, language impairment, sleep cycle disturbance, self-injurious behavior, and autism spectrum behaviors. In a recent study of 28 subjects, 14 subjects (50%) with SLOS also exhibited the behavior of throwing themselves backward in a characteristic upper body movement ("opisthokinesis") and 2 adolescents had a stretching motion of the upper body accompanied by hand flicking [Tierney et al., 1999]. In that same study, 6 of 13 subjects (46%) met the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) algorithm criteria (Lord et al. [1993] infant Mental Health 14:234-252; Lord et al. [1994] J Autism Dev Disord 24:659-685) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (APA [1994] DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a metabolic disorder that is associated with autism. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NICHHD, Heritable Disorders Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Div Intermediary Metab, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Tierney, E (reprint author), Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Psychiat, 1750 E Fairmount Ave, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 2000 VL 6 IS 2 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:2<131::AID-MRDD7>3.0.CO;2-R PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 321JB UT WOS:000087451400007 PM 10899806 ER PT J AU Davidson, RJ Slagter, HA AF Davidson, RJ Slagter, HA TI Probing emotion in the developing brain: Functional neuroimaging in the assessment of the neural substrates of emotion in normal and disordered children and adolescents SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE emotion; affective neuroscience; affective style; functional neuroimaging; development; amygdala; prefrontal cortex ID CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; METHODOLOGICAL CONUNDRUMS; OXYGEN-METABOLISM; ASYMMETRY; DEPRESSION AB Virtually all developmental neuropsychiatric disorders involve some dysfunction or dysregulation of emotion. Moreover, many psychiatric disorders with adult onset have early subclinical manifestations in children. This essay selectively reviews the literature on the neuroimaging of affect and disorders of affect in children. Some critical definitional and conceptual issues ate first addressed, including the distinctions between the perception and production of emotion and between emotional states and traits. Developmental changes in morphometric measures of brain structure are then discussed and the implications of such findings for studies of functional brain activity are considered. Data on functional neuroimaging and childhood depression are then reviewed. While the extant data in this area are meager, they are consistent with studies in adults that have observed decreased left-sided anterolateral prefrontal cortex activation in depression. Studies in children on the recognition of emotion and affective intent in faces using functional magnetic resonance imaging are then reviewed. These findings indicate that the amygdala plays an important role in such affective face processing in children, similar to the patterns of activation observed in adults. Moreover, one study has reported abnormalities in amygdala activation during a task requiring the judgment of affective intent from the eye region of the face in subjects with autism. Some of the methodological complexities of developmental research in this area are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Lab Affect Neurosci, Dept Psychol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Waisman Ctr, WM Keck Lab Funct Brain Imaging & Behav, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Utrecht, Dept Psychol, Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Davidson, RJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Lab Affect Neurosci, Dept Psychol, 1202 W Johnson St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. 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PY 2000 VL 6 IS 3 BP 166 EP 170 DI 10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:3<166::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-O PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 349ZM UT WOS:000089075600003 PM 10982493 ER PT J AU Rumsey, JM Ernst, M AF Rumsey, JM Ernst, M TI Functional neuroimaging of autistic disorders SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE autism; autistic disorder; Asperger's disorder; functional neuroimaging; PET; SPECT; MRS; MEG; FMRI ID POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY; CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; SEROTONIN SYNTHESIS CAPACITY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; IN-VIVO; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PATTERNS; EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY AB Functional neuroimaging methods hold promise for elucidating the neurobiology of autistic disorders, yet they present difficult practical and scientific challenges when applied to these complex and heterogeneous syndromes. Single-state studies of brain metabolism and blood flow thus far have failed to yield consistent findings, but suggest considerable variability in regional patterns of cerebral synaptic activity. Patients with idiopathic autism are less likely to show abnormalities than are patients with comorbid illness or epilepsy. Activation studies have begun to suggest alterations in brain organization for language and cognition. Neurotransmitter studies using positron emission tomography (PET) suggest abnormalities of serotonergic acid dopaminergic function. Studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have begun to document metabolic deficits in the frontal cortex and cerebellum. A single study using magnetoencephalography suggests a high incidence of epileptiform activity in children with autistic regression. Research needs include well-controlled developmental studies, particularly of young subjects and relatively homogeneous subgroups, which balance scientific rigor with ethical constraints. Investigations of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, limbic-based memory and emotional systems, and the role of epileptiform activity in autism represent priorities for future research. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger) C1 NIMH, Clin Neurosci Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIDA, Brain Imaging Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Rumsey, JM (reprint author), NIMH, Clin Neurosci Branch, 6001 Execut Blvd,Room 7175,MSC 9639, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. 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PY 2000 VL 6 IS 3 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:3<171::AID-MRDD4>3.0.CO;2-N PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 349ZM UT WOS:000089075600004 PM 10982494 ER PT J AU Ballaban-Gil, K Tuchman, R AF Ballaban-Gil, K Tuchman, R TI Epilepsy and epileptiform EEG: Association with autism and language disorders SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE epilepsy; EEG abnormalities; autism; pervasive developmental disability; Landau-Kleffner syndrome; acquired epileptic aphasia; electrical status epilepticus in sleep; developmental dysphasia ID LANDAU-KLEFFNER-SYNDROME; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; ELECTRICAL STATUS EPILEPTICUS; MULTIPLE SUBPIAL TRANSECTION; SLOW-WAVE SLEEP; TERM FOLLOW-UP; ACQUIRED APHASIA; DISINTEGRATIVE PSYCHOSIS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES AB The relationship between epilepsy, language, behavior, and cognition is not well understood. Developmental and acquired disabilities such as autistic spectrum disorders, Landau-Kleffner Syndrome, electrical status epilepticus in sleep. and developmental dysphasias have been associated with epileptiform abnormalities. These disorders share many common features and raise important questions regarding this intricate relationship. This article reviews these disorders and discusses the proposed interaction between epileptiform abnormalities and cognitive dysfunciton. Diagnostic and treatment issues will also be reviewed. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss. Inc. C1 Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Montefiore AECOM Epilepsy Management Unit, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Miami Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Miami, FL USA. RP Ballaban-Gil, K (reprint author), Montefiore Med Ctr, 3351 Steuben Ave, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. 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To explore this issue, we cloned the human 5HTT promoter region from a PAC genomic library(4) and now describe an unreported 381-bp insert between the polymorphic region and the transcription start site. We verified the presence of this novel sequence by Southern hybridization of genomic digests and PCR amplifications from multiple unrelated individuals. Sequence analysis of the novel region reveals a number of canonical transcription factor binding sites (eg AP1, Elk1, NF kappa B) that may be important in controlling the response of the 5HTT gene to regulatory factors. PCR studies of genomic templates reveal a low level of amplification of a deleted template matching the size of the originally reported 5HTT promoter. This deleted template is absent from PAC amplifications, suggesting that the human 5HTT promoter may exhibit in vivo instability. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Neurosci, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. 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PD JAN PY 2000 VL 5 IS 1 BP 110 EP 115 DI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000585 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 281MX UT WOS:000085165600021 PM 10673778 ER PT J AU Taylor, DC AF Taylor, DC TI Cerebral lesions, psychoses, and epilepsy: Disease versus illness SO NEOCORTICAL EPILEPSIES SE ADVANCES IN NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY; SURGICAL-TREATMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; DISORDERS; AUTISM; SURGERY; ACCOUNT C1 Inst Child Hlth, Neurosci Unit, London WC1N 2AP, England. Great Ormond St Hosp Children, Wolfson Ctr, London WC1N 2AP, England. RP Taylor, DC (reprint author), Inst Child Hlth, Neurosci Unit, Mecklenburgh Sq, London WC1N 2AP, England. 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PY 2000 VL 84 BP 463 EP 477 PG 15 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA BT72X UT WOS:000173887800037 PM 11091889 ER PT J AU Kulman, G Lissoni, P Rovelli, F Roselli, MG Brivio, F Sequeri, P AF Kulman, G Lissoni, P Rovelli, F Roselli, MG Brivio, F Sequeri, P TI Evidence of pineal endocrine hypofunction in autistic children. SO NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE autism; melatonin; pineal gland ID SERUM MELATONIN AB OBJECTIVE: The pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) has been proven to play a fundamental physiological regulatory role on both biological and psychic functions and alterations of the light/dark circadian rhythm of MLT have been described in several chronic immunoinflammatory diseases and in psychic disorders. Aim of the present biological explanatory study was the evaluation of MLT circadian rhythm in autistic children, in order to preliminary assess the pineal endocrine function in the autistic syndrome. METHODS: The study included 14 children suffering from classical infantile autism, who were investigated for the whole 24-hour circadian rhythm by collecting venous blood samples at 4-hour intervals. Serum levels of MLT were measured by the RIA method. The control group consisted of 20 age-matched healthy children. RESULTS: No autistic patient showed a normal MLT circadian rhythm. Moreover, autistic children showed significantly lower mean concentrations of MLT, mainly during the dark phase of the day, with respect to the values observed in the controls. CONCLUSION: The results of this preliminary study suggest the existence of a pineal endocrine hypofunction in autistic children, whose pathophysiological significance needs to be thoroughly investigated in successive clinical studies. C1 Osped S Gerardo, Div Radioterapia, I-20052 Monza, Milan, Italy. Osped S Gerardo, Div Infant Neuropsychiat, I-20052 Monza, Milan, Italy. Osped S Gerardo, Lab Serv, I-20052 Monza, Milan, Italy. No Italy Theol Fac, Milan, Italy. RP Lissoni, P (reprint author), Osped S Gerardo, Div Radioterapia, I-20052 Monza, Milan, Italy. 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Lett. PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 31 EP 34 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Neurosciences SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 378KN UT WOS:000165583700004 ER PT J AU Liakos, AM Bradley, NK Magram, C Muszynski, C AF Liakos, AM Bradley, NK Magram, C Muszynski, C TI Hydrocephalus and the reproductive health of women: The medical implications of maternal shunt dependency in 70 women and 138 pregnancies SO NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hydrocephalus; maternal; obstetric; pregnancy; prognosis; revision; shunt ID VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNT; NEUROSURGICAL SHUNTS; MALFUNCTION; MANAGEMENT AB An increasing number of women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts are surviving to child-bearing age, and are making independent decisions in regard to planning their families. As a result, a broad range of interdisciplinary health care professionals will require information about the management of these patients, especially during pregnancy and delivery. The purpose of this ongoing study is to gather comprehensive data from shunted women regarding their clinical history during pregnancy and within the six-month post-partum period. As part of this study, the following questions were addressed: 1. How does maternal shunt dependency influence the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes? 2. What neurosurgical complications characterize this population of patients! 3. What complications of shunt dependency influence obstetrical management including pre-natal testing and delivery? 4. What are the implications of shunt dependency with respect to general reproductive health concerns within this population! A total of 70 respondents, 18-41 years old and accounting for 138 pregnancies, completed a questionnaire providing information on maternal background, medical history, shunt performance during pregnancy, management of delivery, pregnancy outcomes, and unusual complications. One hundred three (103) pregnancies resulted in 105 live births including two surviving sets of twins. of these, 84 occurred in women with ventriculoperitoneal shunts (including both mothers who gave bi;th to live twins). Four women underwent therapeutic abortions, five delivered pre-term, one mother delivered a stillborn infant, and 16 experienced 32 miscarriages (including two ectopic pregnancies, and 33 fetal losses). Three women had seizures during pregnancy. Nine mothers reported an increase in headache activity during pregnancy. Twelve described abdominal pains during the course of pregnancy with anecdotal reports of increased frequency of painful episodes during the first and third trimesters. Twelve babies were diagnosed with congenital defects, including one pair of fraternal twins individually diagnosed with symmetric parietal foramina. Seven additional children were diagnosed with developmental disabilities including attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pervasive developmental delay (PDD), and autism. Shunt malfunctions and revisions occurred seven times (four women) during pregnancy, and in 24 pregnancies (13 women) within six months of delivery. One malfunction and revision followed the miscarriage of twins at 12 gestational weeks. No acute malfunctions requiring immediate revision occurred during delivery, although two women reported severe headaches during labor. Transient signs of raised intracranial pressure occurred in 15 mothers over the course of 19 pregnancies which did not require surgical revision of the shunt following delivery or termination of pregnancy. No signs of shunt malfunction were identified in 100 of the pregnancies described in this series; 3 1 of these resulting in miscarriage and 69 resulting in live births. This study extends observations made previously to a larger population of shunt dependent mothers, and nearly doubles the amount of data available in our last publication. The results suggest that maternal shunt dependency carries a relatively high incidence of complications for some patients, but that proper management of these patients can lead to normal pregnancy and delivery. C1 Hydrocephalus Res Fdn, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Liakos, AM (reprint author), Hydrocephalus Res Fdn Inc, 1670 Green Oaks Circle, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA. 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Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 22 IS 1 BP 69 EP 88 PG 20 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 281HF UT WOS:000085152300010 PM 10672583 ER PT J AU Knecht, T AF Knecht, T TI Pica - appetite going astray SO NEUROPSYCHIATRIE LA German DT Review DE pica; eating disorder; history; aetiology; ethology ID CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR; DETOXIFICATION; INGESTIONS; GEOPHAGY; DISORDER; AUTISM AB Pica is the latin term for qualitative disorders of appetite. Because of its worldwide prevalence. Pica must be considered as a medical problem of paramount importance. This phenomenon is widely known since antiquity, but during the centuries, it ran through a changeable conceptual evolution which is recapitulated briefly by the author. DSM IV-Diagnostic-Criteria build a wide framework containing a broad variety of subtypes and special forms. The biological and behavioral roots of Pica can best be elucidated by animal observations. 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Background: The artistic savant syndrome has been recognized for centuries, although its neuroanatomic basis remains a mystery. Methods: The cardinal features, strengths, and weaknesses of the work of these six savants were analyzed and compared with those of children with autism in whom artistic talent was absent. An anatomic substrate for these behaviors was considered in the context of newly emerging theories related to paradoxical functional facilitation, visual thinking, and multiple intelligences. Results: The artists had features of "pervasive developmental disorder," including impairment in social interaction and communication as well as restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interest, and activities. All six demonstrated a strong preference for a single art medium and showed a restricted variation in artistic themes. None understood art theory. Some autistic features contributed to their success, including attention to visual detail, a tendency toward ritualistic compulsive repetition, the ability to focus on one topic at the expense of other interests, and intact memory and visuospatial skills. Conclusions: The artistic savant syndrome remains rare and mysterious in origin. Savants exhibit extraordinary visual talents along with profound linguistic and social impairment. The intense focus on and ability to remember visual detail contributes to the artistic product of the savant. The anatomic substrate for the savant syndrome may involve loss of function in the left temporal lobe with enhanced function of the posterior neocortex. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Mt Zion Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Neurol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat & Biobehav Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Miller, BL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Mt Zion Med Ctr, 1600 Divisadero St,Box 1697, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA. 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PD JAN PY 2000 VL 13 IS 1 BP 29 EP 38 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Psychology GA 273BZ UT WOS:000084688500005 PM 10645734 ER PT J AU Gallagher, HL Happe, F Brunswick, N Fletcher, PC Frith, U Frith, CD AF Gallagher, HL Happe, F Brunswick, N Fletcher, PC Frith, U Frith, CD TI Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks SO NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE medial prefrontal cortex; functional magnetic resonance imaging; theory of mind ID POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; FUNCTIONAL-ANATOMY; RIGHT-HEMISPHERE; BRAIN; ACTIVATION; RETRIEVAL; AUTISM; EYE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; RECOGNITION AB Previous functional imaging studies have explored the brain regions activated by tasks requiring 'theory of mind'-the attribution of mental states. 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Participants also carried out a set of non-social neuropsychological tests. Those with left anterior brain lesions (n = 6) showed impairment relative to those with right anterior (n = 13), left (n = 4) and right (n = 8) posterior lesions and healthy participants (n = 60) in story comprehension, and their errors commonly involved failure to make non-literal interpretations. The left anterior lesion participants also showed impairment on some measures of executive function. The implications of the findings for our understanding of impairments in story comprehension after brain injury are discussed in terms of models of executive function and theory of mind. (C) 2000 Elsevier science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 UCL, Dept Psychol, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Channon, S (reprint author), UCL, Dept Psychol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England. 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A., 1987, BEHAV INATTENTION TE Winner E, 1998, BRAIN LANG, V62, P89, DOI 10.1006/brln.1997.1889 WISLON BA, 1996, BEHAV ASSESSMENT DYS NR 38 TC 92 Z9 94 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0028-3932 J9 NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA JI Neuropsychologia PY 2000 VL 38 IS 7 BP 1006 EP 1017 DI 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00154-2 PG 12 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 316HC UT WOS:000087160700011 PM 10775711 ER PT J AU Humble, M AF Humble, M TI Enlightened polypharmacy: Serotonergic cocktail useful in autism SO NORDIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mora Lasarett, SE-79285 Mora, Sweden. RI Humble, Mats/B-3119-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA CORT ADELERSGT 17, PO BOX 2562, SOLLI, 0202 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0803-9488 J9 NORD J PSYCHIAT JI Nord. J. Psychiatr. PY 2000 VL 54 SU 43 BP 19 EP 19 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 349FY UT WOS:000089034000075 ER PT J AU Cade, R Privette, M Fregly, M Rowland, N Sun, ZJ Zele, V Wagemaker, H Edelstein, C AF Cade, R Privette, M Fregly, M Rowland, N Sun, ZJ Zele, V Wagemaker, H Edelstein, C TI Autism and schizophrenia: Intestinal disorders SO NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gluten; casein; schizophrenia; autism; gliadorphin; beta-casomorphin; diet ID CELIAC-DISEASE; ANTIBODIES; HEMODIALYSIS; PASSAGE; DIETARY; BLOOD; MILK AB We examined Dohan's hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with the absorption of "exorphins" contained in gluten and casein. In addition, because of the work of Reichelt ct al. (Reichelt, K.L., Saelid, G., Lindback, J. and Orbeck, H. (1986) Biological Psychiatry 21: 1279-1290) and Rodriguez et al. (Rodriguez, Trav, A.L., Barreiro Marin, P., Galvez, Borrero, I.M., del Olmo Romero-Nieva, E and Diaz Alvarez, A. (1994) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Aug; 182(8): 478-479), we carried out similar studies on a group of children with autism. In both syndromes we found similar patterns of peptide containing peaks (Ninhydrin positive) after molecular screening with Sephadex G-15. Immunoglobulin assay of IgA and IgG against gliadin and casein in serum was done. High titer IgG antibodies to gliadin were found in 87% of autistic and 86% of schizophrenic patients and high titer IgG antibodies to bovine casein were found in 90% of autistic and in 93% of schizophrenic patients. High titer IgA antibodies to gluten or casein were found in 30% of children with autism while in schizophrenic patients 86% had elevated IgA antibodies to gluten and 67% to casein; some normal children and adults have these antibodies but only in trace amounts. When schizophrenic patients were treated with dialysis or a gluten-casein free diet, or both (Cade, R., Wagemaker, H., Privette, R.M., Fregly, M., Rogers, J. and Orlando, J. (1990) Psychiatry:A World Prespective 1: 494-500) peptiduria and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scores fell while abnormal behavior diminished. A gluten-casein free diet was accompanied by improvement in 81% of autistic children within 3 months in most of the behavior categories. Our data provide support for the proposal that many patients with schizophrenia or autism suffer due to absorption of exorphins formed in the intestine from incomplete digestion of gluten and casein. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Physiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Psychol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Psychiat, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. RP Cade, R (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Med, POB 100204, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. 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Neurosci. PY 2000 VL 3 IS 1 BP 57 EP 72 PG 16 WC Neurosciences; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 378KQ UT WOS:000165583900006 ER PT J AU Skuse, DH AF Skuse, DH TI Imprinting, the X-chromosome, and the male brain: Explaining sex differences in the liability to autism SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; EMBEDDED FIGURES TEST; TURNER-SYNDROME; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS; PHENOTYPE; COMPLEX; EPIDEMIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; INDIVIDUALS AB Males are at least four times more likely to develop autism than females. Among relatives with a broader autistic phenotype, males predominate too. Autism is a highly heritable disorder, yet genome scans have not revealed any predisposing loci on the sex chromosomes. A nongenetic explanation for male vulnerability, such as exposure to prenatal androgens, is unlikely for a variety of reasons. A novel genetic mechanism that resolves many of the outstanding difficulties is outlined here. The imprinted-X liability threshold model hypothesizes that the threshold for phenotypic expression of many autistic characteristics is influenced by an imprinted X-linked gene(s) that is protective in nature. Imprinted genes are known to play an important role in normal fetal and behavioral development. The gene is expressed only on the X-chromosome that is inherited from the father and raises the threshold for phenotypic expression. It is normally silenced when transmitted maternally. Because only females have a paternal X-chromosome, the threshold for phenotypic expression is higher in them than in males. Evidence for the existence of the genetic locus was found in a study of females with X-monosomy (Turner's syndrome) in which females had either a single paternal or maternal X-chromosome. 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Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1203/00006450-200001000-00006 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 268MD UT WOS:000084419400006 PM 10625077 ER PT J AU Spencer, J O'Brien, J Braddick, J Atkinson, O Wattam-Bell, J Riggs, K AF Spencer, J. O'Brien, J. Braddick, J. Atkinson, O. Wattam-Bell, J. Riggs, K. TI Form and motion processing in autism SO PERCEPTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 [Spencer, J.] London Guildhall Univ, Dept Psychol, London E1 7NT, England. [O'Brien, J.; Braddick, J.; Atkinson, O.; Wattam-Bell, J.] UCL, Dept Psychol, Visual Dev Unit, London WC1E 6BT, England. [Riggs, K.] Univ Birmingham, Dept Psychol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. EM jspencer@lgu.ac.uk NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0301-0066 J9 PERCEPTION JI Perception PY 2000 VL 29 SU S BP 98 EP 99 PG 2 WC Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA V17AR UT WOS:000207910600297 ER PT J AU Hochmann, J Machabert, R Andre, A Cleyet-Marrel, F Redon, MN AF Hochmann, J Machabert, R Andre, A Cleyet-Marrel, F Redon, MN TI An experiment of group therapy with autistic children who can speak: A contribution to a study of the development of the interpersonal representation of the self SO PSYCHIATRIE DE L ENFANT LA French DT Article ID TEACHING THEORY; MIND; ABILITY AB Five mentally retarded autistic children with speech capacities have been meeting for two years, four rimes a week with three therapists. The exchanges within the group allow all the participants to coproduce a narrative which facilitates the emergence of empathy and of an interpersonal self concept. This contrasts to the inability of these children to pass "theory of mind" tests. The disparity here Is attributed to the difference between an experimental and a therapeutic situation. The latter provides a shared feeling of pleasure which fosters the children's cathexis of their mental apparatus and that of their peers. The paper compares the psychoanalytical and cognitive approaches to autism and discusses the use of psychoanalytical theory in the cart! of autistic children. C1 ITTAC, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France. Univ Lyon 1, Fac Med Lyon Nord, Lyon, France. RP Hochmann, J (reprint author), ITTAC, 9 Rue Teinturiers,BP 2116, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY BETTELHEIM B, 1969, EMPTY FORTRESS BICK E, 1968, INT J PSYCHOANAL, V49, P484 Bion W., 1962, LEARNING EXPERIENCE BION WR, 1961, RECHERCHES PETITS GR Buber M., 1958, I THOU Dennett D, 1987, INTENTIONAL STANCE Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN GERLAND F, 1999, AUTISM, V3, P309 Haag G, 1984, Psychiatr Enfant, V27, P293 Hadwin J, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P519, DOI 10.1023/A:1025826009731 Hobson R. 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Enfant PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 127 EP 173 PG 47 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 360BP UT WOS:000089646800005 ER PT J AU Goeb, JL Jacquemain, F Coste, J Golse, B AF Goeb, JL Jacquemain, F Coste, J Golse, B TI Elements of maternal psychopathology and child psychosis SO PSYCHIATRIE DE L ENFANT LA French DT Article ID MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTION; POSTNATAL DEPRESSION; AFFECTIVE-DISORDERS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; AUTISM; PARENTS; DEFICITS AB The chidren of parents with psychiatric disorders present high risks of developing psychiatric pathological states. although these difficulties are benign in most cases. a fortunately small but real risk exists for the children to develop a psychotic pathology. A strong association between the psychopathological elements, notably maternal, but more generally familial and child autism has long been established : clinical cases have been reported and epidemiological studies have supported these findings. BS means of a preliminary case-control study, we proposed to verify the existence of such a link among a sample of psychotic but not autistic children. These children were taken from the population in diagnostic evaluation at the Dnr-unit of Saint Vincent de Paul hospital in Paris (Professor B. Golse). Sixteen mothers whose children were later hospitalized and sixteen mothers of control children, matched for age and sex, were interviewed with a structured interview tin accordance with the DSM (IV). We looked for past psychopathological elements with particular attention devoted to the period of pregnancy and early post-partum in the course of the clinical interview. Thirteen children were diagnosed psychotic aut not autistic. In fact, over the life span, twelve mothers of the hospitalized children (92.3 %) presented at least one psychopathological disorder (principally depressive disorders) versus 5 (38.5 %) in the control group (p = 0.01). It was also shown that before the pregnancy, there were 9 (69.2 %) versus 1 (7.7 %) psychopathological disorders respectively diagnosed in, the two groups (p = 0.003). During the pregnancy and the first year the child's life, the rates were 61.5 % (n = 8) versus 15.4 % (n = 2) (p = 0.04). Moreover, three manic-depressive disorders were found in the mothers of hospitalized children, but none in the control group. Our research therefore gives evidence of a large epidemiological relationship between, on one hand maternal pathology (primarily affective disorders after and surprisingly even before the birth of the child) and, on the other hand, non autistic psychosis of the child. Several hypotheses are confronted in trying to explain this relationship, but first of all, we would like to propose a multifactorial model of pervasive developmental disorders. In this concept, there exist both a complex genetic vulnerability and also a disturbance of the interrelations between the child and his caregivers. This disturbance prevents compensation and may even perpetuate the difficulties of a particularly vulnerable child. Finally, we would like to insist importance of identifying and beginning treatment of these maternal psychopathological elements, particularly the ones manifested in the course of the pregnancy and at post-partum. This work is in a perspective of public health and prevention. C1 Hop St Vincent de Paul, Serv Pr Golse, F-75674 Paris, France. Hop Cochin, Serv Biostat Informat & Med, F-75674 Paris, France. Hop St Vincent de Paul, Serv Pedopsychiat, F-75674 Paris, France. RP Goeb, JL (reprint author), 82 Rue Dessous des Berges, F-75013 Paris, France. CR Adrien J. L., 1996, AUTISME JEUNE ENFANT Ainsworth M. 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W., 1969, PEDIAT PSYCHANALYSE WRATE RM, 1985, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V146, P622, DOI 10.1192/bjp.146.6.622 ZAHNWAXLER C, 1984, AM J PSYCHIAT, V141, P236 NR 70 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PRESSES UNIV FRANCE PI EVRY CEDEX PA DEPT DES REVUES 14, AVENUE DU BOIS-DE-L EPINE B P 90, 91003 EVRY CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0079-726X J9 PSYCHIAT ENFANT JI Psychiatr. Enfant PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 207 EP 253 PG 47 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 360BP UT WOS:000089646800007 ER PT J AU Beauquier-Maccotta, B AF Beauquier-Maccotta, B TI Research in genetics and psychiatry: Several reflections about the diffusion of results SO PSYCHIATRIE DE L ENFANT LA French DT Article ID AUTISM; WORKSHOP AB The development of genetical research has brought to the fore a certain number of questions for clinicians concerning the links which exist between. fundamental research and clinical experience. The ambiguity of the term "heritability" and questions about genetical screening and the evolution of research on autism allow us to illustrate several of the possible repercussions of scientific discoveries in genetics upon the practice of psychiatry. C1 Hop St Vincent de Paul, Serv Psychiat Infantile Pr B Golse, F-75674 Paris 14, France. RP Beauquier-Maccotta, B (reprint author), Hop St Vincent de Paul, Serv Psychiat Infantile Pr B Golse, 74-82 Ave Denfert Rochereau, F-75674 Paris 14, France. CR BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 Craddock N, 1999, AM J MED GENET, V88, P244, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990618)88:3<244::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-1 *ET CONS ET, 1999, LOIS BIOETH 5 APR FOLSTEIN S, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P297, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x Geddes JR, 1997, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V171, P220, DOI 10.1192/bjp.171.3.220 Geddes JR, 1996, QUAL HEALTH CARE, V5, P215, DOI 10.1136/qshc.5.4.215 Hallmayer J, 1999, AM J MED GENET, V88, P219, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990618)88:3<219::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-K Holden JJA, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V64, P399, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960809)64:2<399::AID-AJMG33>3.0.CO;2-8 Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 Jackson RT, 1996, BRIT MED J, V313, P64 JORDE LB, 1991, AM J HUM GENET, V49, P932 KAHN A, 2000, HOMME TOUT CA PLAIDO LENOIR N, 1998, NORMES INT BIOETHIQU MALAFOSSE A, 2000, CONSEIL GENETIQUE MULROW CD, 1994, BRIT MED J, V309, P597 Rutter M, 2000, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V28, P3, DOI 10.1023/A:1005113900068 Rutter M, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P169, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098003461 Rutter M, 1997, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V171, P209, DOI 10.1192/bjp.171.3.209 ELLIS J, 1995, LANCET, V346, P407 Summers A, 1996, LANCET, V347, P409, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90596-6 Vincent JB, 1996, MOL PSYCHIATR, V1, P227 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PRESSES UNIV FRANCE PI EVRY CEDEX PA DEPT DES REVUES 14, AVENUE DU BOIS-DE-L EPINE B P 90, 91003 EVRY CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0079-726X J9 PSYCHIAT ENFANT JI Psychiatr. Enfant PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 399 EP 406 PG 8 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 419NE UT WOS:000167954500002 ER PT J AU Happe, F AF Happe, F TI Adults with autism: A guide to theory and practice. SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Book Review CR MORGAN H, 1996, ADULTS AUTISM GUIDE NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0033-2917 J9 PSYCHOL MED JI Psychol. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 231 EP 233 DI 10.1017/S003329179921166X PG 3 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 294PF UT WOS:000085919100027 ER PT J AU Happe, F AF Happe, F TI Autism and autistic-like conditions in mental retardation. SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Book Review CR KRAIJER D, 1999, AUTISM AUTISTIC COND NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0033-2917 J9 PSYCHOL MED JI Psychol. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 30 IS 1 BP 231 EP 233 DI 10.1017/S003329179921166X PG 3 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 294PF UT WOS:000085919100026 ER PT J AU Sabbagh, MA Taylor, M AF Sabbagh, MA Taylor, M TI Neural correlates of theory-of-mind reasoning: An event-related potential study SO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BRAIN; CHILDREN AB Everyday understanding of human behavior rests on having a theory of mind-the ability to relate people's actions to underlying mental states such as beliefs and desires. It has been suggested that an impaired theory of mind may lie at the heart of psychological disorders that are characterized by deficits in social understanding, such as autism. In this study, we employed the event-related potential methodology to index the activity of neural systems that are engaged during theory-of-mind reasoning in adults. Specifically, neural activity elicited by tasks that required thinking about mental as compared with nonmental representations (i.e., beliefs vs. photographs) was characterized by a focally enhanced positivity over left frontal areas, which was diminished over left parietal areas. These findings provide an important perspective on both children's theory-of-mind development and the neurobiology of disorders in which theory of mind seems to be impaired. C1 Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Sabbagh, MA (reprint author), Dev Psychol, 525 E Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1994, CAH PSYCHOL COGN, V13, P513 BROTHERS L, 1992, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V4, P107, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.2.107 Carlson SM, 1998, CHILD DEV, V69, P672, DOI 10.2307/1132197 CARRUTHERS P, 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI Chung G, 1996, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, V33, P218, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb00419.x DAWSON G, 1995, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V23, P569, DOI 10.1007/BF01447662 DAWSON G, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P269, DOI 10.1007/BF01531566 FLETCHER PC, 1995, COGNITION, V57, P109, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-R GOEL V, 1995, NEUROREPORT, V6, P1741, DOI 10.1097/00001756-199509000-00009 Grafman J., 1995, STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS HJORTH B, 1982, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V54, P654, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(82)90119-5 Karmiloff-Smith A., 1992, MODULARITY DEV PERSP KEIFER M, 1998, NEUROREPORT, V9, P765 Klein S B, 1998, Pers Soc Psychol Rev, V2, P228, DOI 10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_1 LECKAM SR, 1991, COGNITION, V40, P203 LESLIE AM, 1992, COGNITION, V43, P225, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90013-8 LINCOLN AJ, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P37, DOI 10.1007/BF01066417 MINSHEW NJ, 1992, HDB NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V7, P401 OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x Perner Josef, 1991, UNDERSTANDING REPRES PERRIN F, 1989, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V72, P184, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(89)90180-6 Slaughter V, 1998, CHILD DEV, V69, P321, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06191.x TUCKER DM, 1993, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V87, P154, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(93)90121-B Wellman H. M., 1990, CHILDS THEORY MIND WIMMER H, 1988, CHILD DEV, V59, P386, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb01474.x NR 25 TC 87 Z9 91 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0956-7976 J9 PSYCHOL SCI JI Psychol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 11 IS 1 BP 46 EP 50 DI 10.1111/1467-9280.00213 PG 5 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 291ZU UT WOS:000085770300008 PM 11228842 ER PT J AU Gerdtz, J AF Gerdtz, J TI Evaluating behavioral treatment of disruptive classroom behaviors of an adolescent with autism SO RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; INDIVIDUALS; ADULTS AB Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate on-site, behavioral treatment of the disruptive classroom behaviors of a 16-year-old male high school student diagnosed as having autism. Method: A descriptive analysis of the problem behaviors was conducted. A number of behavioral treatments, including environmental modification, relaxation training, and self-monitoring, were introduced under the direction of a social worker. Results: Seriously disruptive behaviors were reduced to zero frequency, and the frequency of less severe disruptive behaviors was also reduced. Outcomes remained positive during I year of intervention. Conclusion: Descriptive assessment and on-site behavioral interventions are potentially effective interventions for social workers treating disruptive behaviors of clients with autism and related developmental disabilities. C1 St Marys Coll, Sch Educ, Dept Special Educ, Moraga, CA 94575 USA. RP Gerdtz, J (reprint author), St Marys Coll, Sch Educ, Dept Special Educ, POB 4350, Moraga, CA 94575 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BREGMAN JD, 1995, DEV DISABILITIES HDB, P160 Didden R, 1997, AM J MENT RETARD, V101, P387 DUKER PC, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P449, DOI 10.1007/BF02212942 FIGUEROA RG, 1992, J BEHAV THER EXP PSY, V23, P133, DOI 10.1016/0005-7916(92)90011-7 FOSTER B, 1993, AM LAB, V25, P44 Frea W. D., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU, P53 GERDTZ J, 1998, HDB EMPIRICAL SOCIAL, V1, P28 Girden ER, 1996, EVALUATING RES ARTIC Hall JA, 1997, RES SOCIAL WORK PRAC, V7, P187 Iwata B. A., 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON, P301 Koegel R. L., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU, P67 Koegel R. L., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU, P1 LINDSAY WR, 1989, RES DEV DISABIL, V10, P129, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(89)90002-4 MATSON JL, 1997, PREVENTION TREATMENT, P217 REPP AC, 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON, P331 SMITH MD, 1990, AUTISM LIFE COMMUNIT *SPECTR CTR, STUD TEACH INT PROF *SPECTR CTR, 1996, FOC CLASSR DEC IND S UNDERWOOD LA, 1989, BEHAV MODIF, V13, P471, DOI 10.1177/01454455890134006 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-7315 J9 RES SOCIAL WORK PRAC JI Res. Soc. Work. Pract. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 98 EP 110 PG 13 WC Social Work SC Social Work GA 271UA UT WOS:000084610800007 ER PT J AU Dellve, L Cernerud, L Hallberg, LRM AF Dellve, L Cernerud, L Hallberg, LRM TI Harmonizing dilemmas - Siblings of children with DAMP and Asperger syndrome's experiences of coping with their life situations SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF CARING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE siblings; coping; attention deficits; Asperger syndrome; qualitative method ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; CHRONIC ILLNESS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ADOLESCENCE; POPULATION; ATTACHMENT; ADJUSTMENT; DISORDERS; AUTISM; RISK AB The aim of this qualitative study was to describe, from their own perspective and experiences, how siblings of children with deficits in attention. motor control and perception (DAMP) and Asperger syndrome cope with their life situations in their families. Fifteen adolescent females 12-18 years old, siblings of buys with DAMP (8 subjects) and Asperger syndrome (7 subjects), were interviewed. The method used in sampling and analysis of interview protocols was the constant comparative method for grounded theory. The inductive categorization of data produced two core concepts, one about the siblings' life situations in DAMP and Asperger syndrome ('dilemma of requirements and concerns') and one about the siblings' coping processes ('harmonizing'). Of the six categories identified, four were categories of the processes of coping ('gaining understanding', 'gaining independence', 'following a bonding responsibility' and 'balancing'). The qualitative differences between coping processes were related to the two categories of context to cope within the experienced dilemma 'requirements' and 'concerns'. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the siblings' life situations, and may be important for health personnel in encounter families and for identifying siblings with special needs. The findings may also aid in the development of preventive programs for siblings of children with DAMP and Asperger syndrome. C1 Nord Sch Publ Hlth, S-40242 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Dellve, L (reprint author), Nord Sch Publ Hlth, Box 121 33, S-40242 Gothenburg, Sweden. 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PY 2000 VL 14 IS 3 BP 172 EP 178 DI 10.1080/028393100750018797 PG 7 WC Nursing SC Nursing GA 368BK UT WOS:000090097600005 PM 12035268 ER PT J AU Badenes, LV Estevan, RAC Bacete, FJG AF Badenes, LV Estevan, RAC Bacete, FJG TI Theory of mind and peer rejection at school SO SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE theory of mind; peer rejection; sociocultural point of view; figurative language ID SOCIAL COGNITION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR; INFORMATION; DECEPTION; FEELINGS; FRIENDS; BELIEFS; ADULTS AB Little research into children's theory of mind has focused on links with social deficits, with exception of research into the rare condition of autism. However other studies have analysed theory of mind ability in less severe and less rare social deficits, such as children with conduct disorders of bullying at school. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether and how social experiences within the peer system are linked to understanding of mind, adopting a sociocultural view of theory of mind development. Peer-rejected children, 4-6 years old, lacking positive social experiences with their peers, are compared with popular and average children in theory of mind task performance. Results showed that peer-rejected children presented a similar performance to average children in all theory of mind tasks, with the exception of some figurative language tasks (White Lie), and the presence of socio-cognitive aggressive biases. It cannot be said from these results that peer-rejected children showed a deficit in the ability of mentalizing. However, a kind of theory of 'nasty minds ' may be present in these rejected children. C1 Univ Jaume 1, Dev Psychol Dept, Castellon de La Plana 12080, Spain. 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Dev. PY 2000 VL 9 IS 3 BP 271 EP 283 DI 10.1111/1467-9507.00125 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 346JG UT WOS:000088866800001 ER PT J AU Baving, L Schmidt, MH AF Baving, L Schmidt, MH TI Care requirements of children with autism SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE PSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE LA German DT Article ID PARENTS; STRESS AB Parents of autistic children have been found to suffer from emotional and physical problems including depression or states of exhaustion. Within the "Long-term Care Insurancec"* program in the FRG it is possible to offer some relief to such families since autistic children are entitled to insurance coverage under this plan. Ideally child treatment and family intervention measures would thus be facilitated. Examining a sample of 10 autistic boys from age 4 to 9 we attempted to answer the following two questions: 1) Which of the 3 levels of care would the boys be assigned re, on the basis of their required care in the areas of personal hygiene, mobility and nutrition and 2) which specific behavior problems of autistic children require additional attention beyond the fulfilment of basic needs. It became clear that 1) autistic children need much more support, training and monitoring in the areas of personal hygiene, mobility and nutrition than healthy peers and that 2) autistic children require additional care beyond the areas of personal hygiene, mobility and nutrition due to their specific pathology: in particular special attention must be given to prevent harming of the self and others. Unfortunately, this is not a part of Long-term Care Insurance policy. C1 Otto Von Guericke Univ, Kinder & Jugendpsychiat Klin, D-39112 Magdeburg, Germany. RP Baving, L (reprint author), Otto Von Guericke Univ, Kinder & Jugendpsychiat Klin, E Larisch Weg 117, D-39112 Magdeburg, Germany. RI Baving, Lioba/B-2206-2010 CR *BUND HILF AUT KIN, 1999, BEG MENSCH FRUHK AUT FISMAN S, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P199 FISMAN SN, 1989, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V34, P519 GOLD N, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P147, DOI 10.1007/BF01066424 KLICPERA C, 1999, VERHALTENSTHERAPIE V KONSTANTAREAS MM, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P459, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00259.x MOES D, 1992, PSYCHOL REP, V71, P1272, DOI 10.2466/PR0.71.8.1272-1274 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 PU VERLAG FERDINAND SCHONINGH PI PADERBORN PA POSTFACH 2540, W-4790 PADERBORN, GERMANY SN 0723-6557 J9 Z KLIN PSYCHOL PSYCH JI Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychopath. Psychother. PY 2000 VL 48 IS 4 BP 392 EP 405 PG 14 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 373ME UT WOS:000165292600005 ER PT J AU Kozlovskaya, GV Klyushnik, TP Goryunova, AV Turkova, IL Kalinina, MA Sergienko, NS AF Kozlovskaya, GV Klyushnik, TP Goryunova, AV Turkova, IL Kalinina, MA Sergienko, NS TI Autoantibodies to nerve growth factor in children with different forms of psychic dysontogenesis and from schizophrenia high-risk group SO ZHURNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII IMENI S S KORSAKOVA LA Russian DT Article ID RECEPTOR; SYSTEM; SERUM AB The level of autoantibodies (AAb) to nerve growth factor was evaluated in blood serum of 163 children with different forms of mental dysontogenesis of endogenic, residual-organic, psychogenic and deprivative origin, Significant elevation of the level of AAb was found in all forms of psychic dysontogenesis. The most significant elevation of the level of AAb (p<0.01), as compared with the controls (45 children), was characteristic for endogenic forms of dysontogenesis (schizophreniz, early children's autism, schizotypic diathesis), The level of AAb was also found as an indicator of the acuteness of the pathologic state. Besides, its elevation was observed 1-2 weeks prior to the onset of the clinical exacerbation. Elevation of AAb level was also found in psychic dysontogenesis of residual-organic nature (children with perinatal encephalopathy), but it was nor so significant as compared with the controls (p<0,05%). The analysis in the age dynamics of children from this group revealed,that AAb level may serve as some prognostic index of the severity of psychic dysontogenesis. The level of AAb differs some states in schizotypic diathesis and deprivative dysontogenesis, which are clinically quite similar. The method for the estimation of serum AAb level may be proposed as screening in prophylactic medical examination of children from the first year of life under conditions of pediatric outpatient service for identification of riskgroups by psychic dysontogenesis to perform early special psychoprophylaxis. C1 Russian Acad Med Sci, Mental Hlth Res Ctr, Moscow 109801, Russia. Russian Acad Med Sci, Children Hlth Res Ctr, Moscow, Russia. RP Kozlovskaya, GV (reprint author), Russian Acad Med Sci, Mental Hlth Res Ctr, Moscow 109801, Russia. 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Psikhiatrii Im. S S Korsakova PY 2000 VL 100 IS 3 BP 50 EP 52 PG 3 WC Clinical Neurology; Pathology; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology; Psychiatry GA 297UJ UT WOS:000086100800011 PM 10758649 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI Autism hope premature, study says SO CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY LA English DT News Item NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU SOC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PI LONDON PA 14 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PS, ENGLAND SN 0009-3068 J9 CHEM IND-LONDON JI Chem. Ind. PD DEC 20 PY 1999 IS 24 BP 954 EP 954 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA 272MP UT WOS:000084654500010 ER PT J AU Ahmad, K AF Ahmad, K TI Secretin may not be effective in treatment of autism SO LANCET LA English DT News Item RI Ahmad, Khabir/G-3903-2012 OI Ahmad, Khabir/0000-0002-1569-0628 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 18 PY 1999 VL 354 IS 9196 BP 2140 EP 2140 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77047-1 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 266UG UT WOS:000084318200028 ER PT J AU Vaquerizo-Madrid, J AF Vaquerizo-Madrid, J TI Sylvian arachnoid cysts, temporal lobe hypoplasia and epileptic encephalopathy SO REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA LA Spanish DT Article DE arachnoid cysts; autism; epilepsy; temporal lobe AB Clinical case. The authors describes 14-year-old boy with bilateral arachnoid cysts of the sylvian area and temporal lobe hypoplasia. Also showed vermis and brainstem hypoplasia. Clinically manifest a severe encephalopathy with tetraparesia, autism and late onset polymorphic epilepsy. He presented a favorable outcome with valproate and vigabatrine. To the best of our knowledge only one case like ours has been reported [REV NEUROL 1999; 29: 1188-9]. C1 Univ Extremadura, Unidad Neurol, Dept & Catedra Pediat, Hosp Reg Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain. CR AICARDI J, 1992, DIS NERVOUS SYSTEM C, P780 Artigas J, 1995, Rev Neurol, V23, P153 GARCIAPENAS JJ, 1995, REV NEUROL, V23, P1250 HOFFMANN GF, 1995, INBORN METABOLIC DIS, P229 MARTINEZLAGE JF, 1993, J CHILD NEUROL, V8, P383 PASCUALCASTROVIEJO I, 1994, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V25, P42, DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1071581 Prats Viñas J M, 1993, An Esp Pediatr, V38, P343 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 PU REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA PI BARCELONA PA C/O CESAR VIGUERA, EDITOR, APDO 94121, 08080 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0210-0010 J9 REV NEUROLOGIA JI Rev. Neurologia PD DEC 16 PY 1999 VL 29 IS 12 BP 1188 EP 1189 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 275HE UT WOS:000084814100021 PM 10652748 ER PT J AU Barrett, S Beck, JC Bernier, R Bisson, E Braun, TA Casavant, TL Childress, D Folstein, SE Garcia, M Gardiner, MB Gilman, S Haines, JL Hopkins, K Landa, R Meyer, NH Mullane, JA Nishimura, DY Palmer, P Piven, J Purdy, J Santangelo, SL Searby, C Sheffield, V Singleton, J Slager, S Struchen, T Svenson, S Vieland, V Wang, K Winklosky, B AF Barrett, S Beck, JC Bernier, R Bisson, E Braun, TA Casavant, TL Childress, D Folstein, SE Garcia, M Gardiner, MB Gilman, S Haines, JL Hopkins, K Landa, R Meyer, NH Mullane, JA Nishimura, DY Palmer, P Piven, J Purdy, J Santangelo, SL Searby, C Sheffield, V Singleton, J Slager, S Struchen, T Svenson, S Vieland, V Wang, K Winklosky, B CA Collaborative Linkage Study Autism TI An autosomal genomic screen for autism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE affected sib-pair; linkage; autism ID MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; LOD SCORES; DISORDER; INDIVIDUALS; INHERITANCE; 15Q11-13; FAMILIES; BEHAVIOR AB Autism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder defined by social and communication deficits and ritualistic-repetitive behaviors that are detectable in early childhood. The etiology of idiopathic autism is strongly genetic, and oligogenic transmission is likely. The first stage of a two-stage genomic screen for autism was carried out by the Collaborative Linkage Study of Autism on individuals affected with autism from 75 families ascertained through an affected sib-pair. The strongest multipoint results were for regions on chromosomes 13 and 7. The highest maximum multipoint heterogeneity LOD (MMLS/het) score is 3.0 at D13S800 (approximately 55 cM from the telomere) under the recessive model, with an estimated 35% of families linked to this locus. The next highest peak is an MMLS/het score of 2.3 at 19 cM, between D13S217 and D13S1229. Our third highest MMLS/het score of 2.2 is on chromosome 7 and is consistent with the International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium report of a possible susceptibility locus somewhere within 7q31-33. These regions and others will be followed up in the second stage of our study by typing additional markers in both the original and a second set of identically ascertained autism families, which are currently being collected. By comparing results across a number of studies, we expect to be able to narrow our search for autism susceptibility genes to a small number of genomic regions. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:609-615, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Iowa City, IA USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Folstein, SE (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, 750 Washington St,1007, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Slager, Susan/B-6756-2009; Haines, Jonathan/C-3374-2012; Gilman, Stephen/E-7632-2010 OI Gilman, Stephen/0000-0002-8331-6419 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ANDERSON MA, 1984, IN VITRO CELL DEV B, V20, P856 BAILLY C, 1995, MED MALADIES INFECT, V25, P1 BAKER P, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P529, DOI 10.1007/BF02172133 BASSAM BJ, 1991, ANAL BIOCHEM, V196, P80, DOI 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90120-I BLACKWELDER W C, 1985, Genetic Epidemiology, V2, P85, DOI 10.1002/gepi.1370020109 Cook EH, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P1077, DOI 10.1086/301832 Cook EH, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P247 Durner M, 1999, AM J HUM GENET, V64, P281, DOI 10.1086/302181 Ebers GC, 1996, NAT GENET, V13, P472, DOI 10.1038/ng0896-472 Fisher SE, 1998, NAT GENET, V18, P168, DOI 10.1038/ng0298-168 GREENBERG DA, 1989, AM J MED GENET, V34, P480, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320340406 GREENBERG DA, 1994, AM J HUM GENET, V55, P834 Haines JL, 1996, NAT GENET, V13, P469, DOI 10.1038/ng0896-469 Hauser ER, 1996, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V13, P117, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2272(1996)13:2<117::AID-GEPI1>3.0.CO;2-5 Haynes C., 1995, American Journal of Human Genetics, V57, pA193 HODGE SE, 1994, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V11, P329, DOI 10.1002/gepi.1370110403 Hodge SE, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P217 *INT MOL GEN STUD, 1998, AM J HUM GENET S, V63, pA298 Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 Klauck SM, 1997, HUM MOL GENET, V6, P2233, DOI 10.1093/hmg/6.13.2233 KNAPP M, 1994, HUM HERED, V44, P44, DOI 10.1159/000154188 Kruglyak L, 1996, AM J HUM GENET, V58, P1347 Kuokkanen S, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, P1379, DOI 10.1086/301637 LATHROP GM, 1985, AM J HUM GENET, V37, P482 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 Lord C., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P195 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 PERICAKVANCE MA, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, P208 Raven JC., 1956, COLOURED PROGR MATRI RITVO ER, 1989, AM J PSYCHIAT, V146, P1032 SANTANGELO SL, 1999, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL D, P431 Sawcer S, 1996, NAT GENET, V13, P464, DOI 10.1038/ng0896-464 SCHEETZ TE, 1998, J PARALLEL COMPUTING Schroer RJ, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V76, P327, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<327::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-M SHEFFIELD VC, 1995, HUM MOL GENET, V4, P1837, DOI 10.1093/hmg/4.10.1837 SMITH CAB, 1963, ANN HUM GENET, V27, P175, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1963.tb00210.x SPARROW SS, 1985, J PEDIATR PSYCHOL, V10, P215, DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/10.2.215 Suarez BK, 1994, GENETIC APPROACHES M, P23 VIELAND VJ, 1992, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V9, P45, DOI 10.1002/gepi.1370090106 Vieland VJ, 1996, AM J HUM GENET, V58, P1072 WANG K, IN PRESS GENETIC EPI NR 42 TC 264 Z9 271 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 6 BP 609 EP 615 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 261KE UT WOS:000084007700007 PM 10581478 ER PT J AU Mbarek, O Marouillat, S Martineau, J Barthelemy, C Muh, JP Andres, C AF Mbarek, O Marouillat, S Martineau, J Barthelemy, C Muh, JP Andres, C TI Association study of the NF1 gene and autistic disorder SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; neurofibromatosis; neurofibromin; microsatellite; association study ID PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; POLYMORPHISM; DELETIONS AB Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is increased about 150-fold in autistic patients, The aim of this study was to test for an association between the NF1 locus and autistic disorder, The allele distributions of three markers of the NF1 gene were studied in 85 autistic patients and 90 controls, No differences in allele distributions were observed. However, we found a new allele (allele 5) of the GXAlu marker in four autistic patients, Allele 5 was absent in a larger control population (213 individuals). The patients with allele 5 had a more severe clinical picture, mainly in the fields of motility and tonus, Our preliminary results suggest that the NF1 region is not a major susceptibility locus for autism. However, the GXAlu marker of the NF1 gene appears as a possible candidate for a susceptibility locus in a small subgroup of severely affected autistic patients. Am. J, Med. Genet, (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:729-732, 1999, (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Fac Med Tours, INSERM, U316, Lab Biochim & Biol Mol, F-37032 Tours, France. Serv Univ Explorat Fonct & Neurophysiol Pedopsych, INSERM, U316, Tours, France. RP Andres, C (reprint author), Fac Med Tours, INSERM, U316, Lab Biochim & Biol Mol, BP 3223, F-37032 Tours, France. 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J. Med. Genet. PD DEC 15 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 6 BP 729 EP 732 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<729::AID-AJMG26>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 261KE UT WOS:000084007700026 PM 10581497 ER PT J AU Maddox, LO Menold, MM Bass, MP Rogala, AR Pericak-Vance, MA Vance, JM Gilbert, JR AF Maddox, LO Menold, MM Bass, MP Rogala, AR Pericak-Vance, MA Vance, JM Gilbert, JR TI Autistic disorder and chromosome 15q11-q13: Construction and analysis of a BAC/PAC contig SO GENOMICS LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-5 GENE-CLUSTER; ALLELE-SPECIFIC REPLICATION; RECEPTOR SUBUNIT BETA-3; MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION; PROXIMAL 15Q; HUMAN GENOME; HUMAN DNA; REGION; DUPLICATION; MAP AB Autistic disorder (AD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 2-10/10,000 individuals. Chromosome 15q11-q13 has been implicated in the genetic etiology of AD based on (1) cytogenetic abnormalities; (2) increased recombination frequency in this region in AD versus non-AD families; (3) suggested linkage with markers D15S156, D15S219, and D15S217; and (4) evidence for significant association with polymorphisms in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit B3 gene (GABRB3), To isolate the putative 15q11-q13 candidate AD gene, a genomic contig and physical map of the approximately 1.2-Mb region from the GABA receptor gene cluster to the OCA2 locus was generated. Twenty-one bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, 32 Pi-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones, and 2 P1 clones have been isolated using the markers D15S540, GABRB3, GABRA5, GABRG3, D15S822, and D15S217, as well as 34 novel markers developed from the end sequences of BAC/ PAC clones. In contrast to previous findings, the markers D15S822 and D15S975 have been localized within the GABRG3 gene, which we have shown to be approximately 250 kb in size. NotI and numerous EagI restriction enzyme cut sites were identified in this region. The BAG/PAC genomic contig can be utilized for the study of genomic structure and the identification and characterization of genes and their methylation status in this autism candidate gene region on human chromosome 15q11-q13. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Ctr Human Genet, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Genet, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Gilbert, JR (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Ctr Human Genet, Box 2903, Durham, NC 27710 USA. 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Background: Neuropathologic studies of the limbic system in autism have found decreased neuronal size, increased neuronal packing density, and decreased complexity of dendritic arbors in hippocampus, amygdala, and other limbic structures. These findings are suggestive of a developmental curtailment in the maturation of the neurons and neuropil. Methods: Measurement of hippocampus, amygdala, and total brain volumes from 1.5-mm coronal, spoiled gradient-recalled echo MRI scans in 14 non-mentally retarded autistic male adolescents and young adults and 14 individually matched, healthy community volunteers. Results: Amygdala volume was significantly smaller in the autistic subjects, both with (p = 0.006) and without (p = 0.01) correcting for total brain volume. Total brain volume and absolute hippocampal volume did not differ significantly between groups, but hippocampal volume, when corrected for total brain volume, was significantly reduced (p = 0.04) in the autistic subjects. Conclusions: There is a reduction in the volume of amygdala and hippocampus in people with autism, particularly in relation to total brain volume. The histopathology of autism suggests that these volume reductions are related to a reduction in dendritic tree and neuropil development, and likely reflect the underdevelopment of the neural connections of limbic structures with other parts of the brain, particularly cerebral cortex. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Div Psychiat Neuroimaging, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. VA Pittsburgh Healthcare Syst, Highland Dr Div, Pittsburgh, PA USA. RP Aylward, EH (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CR ADOLPHS R, 1994, NATURE, V372, P669, DOI 10.1038/372669a0 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Aylward EH, 1998, NEUROLOGY, V50, P252 BACHEVALIER J, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P627, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90025-6 Bailey A, 1998, BRAIN, V121, P889, DOI 10.1093/brain/121.5.889 BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Bauman ML, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM, P119 Bauman ML, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF02172012 Bennetto L, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P1816, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x BOUCHER J, 1976, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V67, P73 Breiter HC, 1996, NEURON, V17, P875, DOI 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80219-6 Happe F, 1996, NEUROREPORT, V8, P197, DOI 10.1097/00001756-199612200-00040 Honeycutt NA, 1998, PSYCHIAT RES-NEUROIM, V83, P85, DOI 10.1016/S0925-4927(98)00035-3 HORWITZ B, 1988, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V45, P749 Kemper TL, 1998, J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR, V57, P645, DOI 10.1097/00005072-199807000-00001 Lainhart JE, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P282, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199702000-00019 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 MASONBROTHERS A, 1990, PEDIATRICS, V86, P514 Minshew N. 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After recent publicity about a child with autism whose condition markedly improved after a single dose of secretin, thousands of children with autistic disorders may have received secretin injections. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a single intravenous dose of synthetic human secretin in 60 children (age, 3 to 14 years) with autism or pervasive developmental disorder. The children were randomly assigned to treatment with an intravenous infusion of synthetic human secretin (0.4 microg per kilogram of body weight) or saline placebo. We used standardized behavioral measures of the primary and secondary features of autism, including the Autism Behavior Checklist, to assess the degree of impairment at base line and over the course of a four-week period after treatment. Results: Of the 60 children, 4 could not be evaluated -- 2 received secretin outside the study, and 2 did not return for follow-up. Thus, 56 children (28 in each group) completed the study. As compared with placebo, secretin treatment was not associated with significant improvements in any of the outcome measures. Among the children in the secretin group, the mean total score on the Autism Behavior Checklist at base line was 59.0 (range of possible values, 0 to 158, with a larger value corresponding to greater impairment), and among those in the placebo group it was 63.2. The mean decreases in scores over the four-week period were 8.9 in the secretin group and 17.8 in the placebo group (mean difference, -8.9; 95 percent confidence interval, -19.4 to 1.6; P = 0.11). None of the children had treatment-limiting adverse effects. After they were told the results, 69 percent of the parents of the children in this study said they remained interested in secretin as a treatment for their children. Conclusions: A single dose of synthetic human secretin is not an effective treatment for autism or pervasive developmental disorder. (N Engl J Med 1999;341:1801-6.) (C)1999, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Thoms Rehabil Hosp, Olson Huff Ctr Child Dev, Asheville, NC 28803 USA. Western Carolina Ctr, Human Dev Res & Training Inst, Morganton, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychiat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Sandler, AD (reprint author), Thoms Rehabil Hosp, Olson Huff Ctr Child Dev, 68 Sweeten Creek Rd, Asheville, NC 28803 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ANDERSON GM, 1987, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V28, P885, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00677.x ANDERSON LT, 1984, AM J PSYCHIAT, V141, P1195 BECK G, 1998, UNLOCKING POTENTIAL Bimbrauer J. 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PD DEC 9 PY 1999 VL 341 IS 24 BP 1801 EP 1806 DI 10.1056/NEJM199912093412404 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 262NU UT WOS:000084074000004 PM 10588965 ER PT J AU Assumpcao, FB Sprovieri, MH Kuczynski, E Farinha, V AF Assumpcao, FB Sprovieri, MH Kuczynski, E Farinha, V TI Facial recognizing and autism SO ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA LA Portuguese DT Article DE autism; facial recognizing; prosopagnosy ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDREN; MIND AB Through the presentation of four facial expressions' illustrations, we evaluate the capacity of autistic childrens recognition, comparing with normal intelligence children and adults. The comparison of results was accomplished through the qui-square test. The differences observed were significant, showing that a disturbance of the facial expressions' perception is present in autistic children, and that it interferes directly in the social relationships. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Hosp Clin, Inst Psiquiatria,Serv Psiquiatria Infancia & Adol, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Hosp Clin, Inst Psiquiatria,Programa Familia & Desenvolvimen, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Hosp Clin, Inst Psiquiatria,Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. 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Neuro-Psiquiatr. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 57 IS 4 BP 944 EP 949 DI 10.1590/S0004-282X1999000600008 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 260XD UT WOS:000083978000008 PM 10683684 ER PT J AU Diomedi, M Curatolo, P Scalise, A Placidi, F Caretto, F Gigli, GL AF Diomedi, M Curatolo, P Scalise, A Placidi, F Caretto, F Gigli, GL TI Sleep abnormalities in mentally retarded autistic subjects: Down's syndrome with mental retardation and normal subjects SO BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE autism; sleep; Down syndrome; mental retardation; REM sleep ID BUTOCTAMIDE HYDROGEN SUCCINATE; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DISORDER; CHILDREN; MEMORY AB We compared sleep parameters in mentally retarded infantile autism (MRIA) and mentally retarded Down's syndrome (MRDS) by means of polysomnography, evaluating traditional analysis with particular attention to the phasic components in each disorder. Data were compared with those obtained in normal subjects matched for age and sex. Mental age, Intellectual Quotient and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale were performed to obtain an estimation of the neuropsychological deficit. Abnormalities of phasic components of sleep and the presence of REM sleep components into non-REM sleep were observed in both MRIA and MRDS even if in different ways. In fact, MRDS subjects presented a reduction of REM sleep percentage and R index (number of high frequency REMs against number of low frequency REMs) and this was positively correlated to a low IQ. Unlike MRDS subjects, MRIA subjects did not show any parallelism between intellectual abilities and REM sleep deficit. In addition, the presence of undifferentiated sleep in autistic subjects implies a maturational deficit that is still present in adulthood. Finally, a high R index in MRIA was observed. This finding, which is not present in MRDS, could represent an estimation of the disorganized arrival of information caused by a dyscontrol or a reduction of inhibitor pathway. With reference to sleep mechanisms, our results suggest that the cognitive deficit in MRIA may differ from that of MRDS subjects. A maturational deficit of CNS with a dysfunction of brainstem monoaminergic neurons could represent the underlying mechanism. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Neurosci, Rome, Italy. Assoc Anni Verdi, Ctr Ric Disabil Mentale & Motoria, Rome, Italy. Osped S Maria Misericordia, UO Neurol Neurofisiopatol, Udine, Italy. RP Diomedi, M (reprint author), Osped S Eugenio, Neurol Clin, Piazzale Umanesimo 10, I-00144 Rome, Italy. 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PD DEC PY 1999 VL 21 IS 8 BP 548 EP 553 DI 10.1016/S0387-7604(99)00077-7 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 259CM UT WOS:000083876400007 PM 10598057 ER PT J AU Scourfield, J Martin, N Lewis, G McGuffin, P AF Scourfield, J Martin, N Lewis, G McGuffin, P TI Heritability of social cognitive skills in children and adolescents SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS; ADULT; ANNOTATION; CHILDHOOD; DISORDER; BEHAVIOR; TWINS AB Background Social cognitive skills are those which enable understanding of social situations; they are relevant to a variety of psychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia and externalising behaviour problems in children. Aims To examine the heritability of social cognitive skills. Method Using a population-based sample of twins aged 5-17, the genetic and environmental influences on social cognitive skills were examined. Results Male scores were higher than female scores (P < 0.001), indicating poorer social cognition among males. A heritability of 0.68 (95% CI 0.43-0.78) was found, with shared environmental influences accounting for only 0.05 of the variance (95% CI 0.00-0.28). This could be removed from the model without worsening the fit. There were no significant differences in genetic effects between the genders, but age-related changes were found, with younger twins shaving greater genetic influence on social cognition. Conclusions Social cognition appears to be under considerable genetic influence in the population and shows significant male-female differences. No gender differences in genetic influences on the variance of scores were found, but the effects of age were significant. C1 Univ Wales Coll Med, Dept Psychol Med, Cardiff CF4 4XN, S Glam, Wales. SGDP Res Ctr, Inst Psychiat, London, England. 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J. Psychiatry PD DEC PY 1999 VL 175 BP 559 EP 564 DI 10.1192/bjp.175.6.559 PG 6 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 265VN UT WOS:000084266800011 PM 10789354 ER PT J AU Buitelaar, JK Van der Wees, M Swaab-Barneveld, H Van der Gaag, RJ AF Buitelaar, JK Van der Wees, M Swaab-Barneveld, H Van der Gaag, RJ TI Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children SO DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; BRAIN POTENTIALS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; PERCEPTION; BEHAVIOR; EXPRESSIONS; DEFICITS; CLASSIFICATION AB The hypothesis was tested that weak theory of mind (ToM) and/or emotion recognition (ER) abilities are specific to subjects with autism. Differences in ToM and ER performance were examined between autistic (n = 20), pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (n = 20), psychiatric control (n = 20), and normal children (n = 20). The clinical groups were matched person-to-person on age and verbal IQ. We used tasks for the matching and the context recognition of emotional expressions, and a set of first- and second-order ToM tasks. Autistic and PDD-NOS children could not be significantly differentiated from each other, nor could they be differentiated from the psychiatric controls with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 9). The psychiatric controls with conduct disorder or dysthymia performed about as well as normal children. The variance in second-order ToM performance contributed most to differences between diagnostic groups. C1 Univ Utrecht, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Buitelaar, JK (reprint author), Dept Child Psychiat, POB 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. 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PD WIN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1 BP 39 EP 58 DI 10.1017/S0954579499001947 PG 20 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 180TU UT WOS:000079401900003 PM 10208355 ER PT J AU Bax, M AF Bax, M TI Diagnoses made too late SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID AUTISM CR BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 DAHLGREN SO, 1989, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V238, P169 GILLBERG C, 2000, IN PRESS CLIN DEV ME, V153 GILLBERG C, 1992, CLIN DEV MED, V126, P49 Howlin P, 1999, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V41, P834, DOI 10.1017/S0012162299001656 LEONARD A, 1994, RIGHT START NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0012-1622 J9 DEV MED CHILD NEUROL JI Dev. Med. Child Neurol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 41 IS 12 BP 795 EP 795 DI 10.1017/S0012162299001590 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 263NJ UT WOS:000084130500001 PM 10619276 ER PT J AU Howlin, P Asgharian, A AF Howlin, P Asgharian, A TI The diagnosis of autism and Asperger syndrome: findings from a survey of 770 families SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; RECOGNITION; POPULATION; DISORDERS; INFANCY; PARENTS; AGE; 1ST AB As part of a wider survey of parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders in the UK, the diagnostic experiences of 614 parents of children with autism and 156 with Asperger syndrome were compared, Although the ages of the children in the two groups were very similar at the time of the survey, parents of children given a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome had experienced significantly longer delays and greater frustration in obtaining a diagnosis than those with a child with autism. In the 'autism group' the average age when diagnosis was confirmed was around 5.5 years; in the 'Asperger group' it was 11 gears. Parents of children with a diagnosis of autism were generally aware of problems in their child's development by 18 months of age; in the Asperger group concerns emerged later, at around 30 months of age. Initial worries in both groups centred around abnormal social development but parents of children with Asperger syndrome were less likely to have noted communication problems. Stereotyped or repetitive behaviours were not prominent in the early years in either group. Despite the problems inherent in data collected by postal survey, many of the findings of this study are supported by other research. The practical implications of delayed diagnosis, especially in the case of more able children with Asperger syndrome are discussed. C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London, England. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 41 IS 12 BP 834 EP 839 DI 10.1017/S0012162299001656 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 263NJ UT WOS:000084130500007 PM 10619282 ER PT J AU Zaw, FKM Bates, GDL Murali, V Bentham, P AF Zaw, FKM Bates, GDL Murali, V Bentham, P TI Catatonia, autism, and ECT SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADOLESCENTS; CHILDREN; ZOLPIDEM; SCALE AB We describe the clinical presentation, course, and treatment response of a 14-year-old boy with catatonic stupor. This patient, with a preexisting diagnosis of autism, displayed mutism, akinesia, and an extreme level of rigidity, waxy flexibility, posturing, including the psychological pillow, facial grimacing, and other involuntary movements of his upper extremities. In addition he had symptoms suggestive of a depressive disorder as well as some non-specific psychotic symptoms. Intravenous injection of sodium amytal failed to resolve any motor symptoms, although he showed a good response to the zolpidem test. A course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) caused dramatic and sustained relief of catatonic stupor without a change in the symptoms of autism. The presentation of catatonia in autism and the use of ECT in children are discussed, and the available literature reviewed. This is the first description of the use of ECT in the treatment of catatonia coinciding with autism and we confirm its efficacy. C1 Diana Princess Wales Childrens Hosp, Birmingham Childrens Hosp NHS Trust, Dept Psychiat, Birmingham B4 6NH, W Midlands, England. Queen Elizabeth Psychiat Hosp, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. RP Zaw, FKM (reprint author), Diana Princess Wales Childrens Hosp, Birmingham Childrens Hosp NHS Trust, Dept Psychiat, Steel House Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, W Midlands, England. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 41 IS 12 BP 843 EP 845 DI 10.1017/S001216229900167X PG 3 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 263NJ UT WOS:000084130500009 PM 10619284 ER PT J AU Bock, SJ Myles, BS AF Bock, SJ Myles, BS TI An overview of characteristics of Asperger syndrome SO EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Research to Practice in the 21st Century CY FEB, 1999 CL MAUI, HAWAII ID SCHIZOID PERSONALITY; AUTISM; CHILDREN; MIND; VIOLENCE; HEMISPHERE; CLUMSINESS; DISORDERS AB Asperger Syndrome (AS), although not a new disability is receiving increased attention in the United States and throughout the world. Researchers and practitioners are just beginning to understand this exceptionality that may impact more individuals than autism. This article overviews the behavior, socialization, language, cognition, motor, and sensory characteristics of individuals with Asperger Syndrome. In addition, it highlights some of the controversies associated with the identifying characteristics of AS. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Special Educ, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. RP Myles, BS (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Special Educ, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. 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Train. Mental Retard. Dev. Disabil. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 511 EP 520 PG 10 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 346WW UT WOS:000088894900013 ER PT J AU Serra, M Minderaa, RB van Geert, PLC Jackson, AE AF Serra, M Minderaa, RB van Geert, PLC Jackson, AE TI Social-cognitive abilities in children with lesser variants of autism: skill deficits or failure to apply skills? SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE social cognition; lesser variants of autism; PDD-NOS ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; MIND; EXPRESSIONS; EXPLORATION; APPRAISAL; KNOWLEDGE; EMOTION; DELAY AB The present study re-examined the ability of children with lesser variants of autism (classified as PDD-NOS) to infer emotions of other people and to describe others in terms of inner, psychological characteristics. It also explores the hypothesis that these children may have the skill to infer mental states of other people: but fail to use these skills spontaneously. Children with lesser variants of autism and normal control children matched for age, sex and intelligence were given three structured emotional role-taking tasks and asked to give two spontaneous descriptions of peers. The results showed that both groups did not differ with respect to their ability to infer other people's emotions in the structured role-taking tasks. In contrast, significant differences were found on the free person descriptions: the children with PDD-NOS used fewer inner, psychological characteristics to describe peers. C1 Univ Groningen, Ctr Child & Adolescent Psychiat, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands. State Univ Groningen, Dept Dev Psychol, Groningen, Netherlands. RP Serra, M (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Ctr Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands. 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PD DEC PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 301 EP 311 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 272AN UT WOS:000084628300008 PM 10654124 ER PT J AU Wing, L AF Wing, L TI Autism and pervasive developmental disorders SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review CR Volkmar F. R., 1998, AUTISM PERVASIVE DEV NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1018-8827 J9 EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY JI Eur. Child Adolesc. Psych. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 8 IS 4 BP 328 EP 328 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 272AN UT WOS:000084628300014 ER PT J AU Sartawi, AM AF Sartawi, AM TI Educational and behavioural characteristics of autistic children in the United Arab Emirates SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autistic children; behavioral characteristics; United Arab Emirates ID INFANTILE-AUTISM C1 United Arab Emirates Univ, Fac Educ, Dept Special Educ, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. RP Sartawi, AM (reprint author), United Arab Emirates Univ, Fac Educ, Dept Special Educ, POB 17551, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. 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J. Rehabil. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 337 EP 339 DI 10.1097/00004356-199912000-00014 PG 3 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 270FQ UT WOS:000084525100014 PM 10669987 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, M AF Fitzgerald, M TI Differential diagnosis of adolescent and adult pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorders (PDD/ASD): a not uncommon diagnostic dilemma SO IRISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; LEARNING-DISABILITIES; SCHIZOID PERSONALITY; SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA; RIGHT-HEMISPHERE; CHILDHOOD; CHILDREN; AUTISM C1 Trinity Coll, Henry Marsh Chair Child Psychiat, Dublin 2, Ireland. RP Fitzgerald, M (reprint author), Trinity Coll, Henry Marsh Chair Child Psychiat, Dublin 2, Ireland. 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PD DEC PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 145 EP 148 PG 5 WC Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 263VG UT WOS:000084145500007 ER PT J AU McMillin, DL Richards, DG Mein, EA Nelson, CD AF McMillin, DL Richards, DG Mein, EA Nelson, CD TI The abdominal brain and enteric nervous system SO JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID IRRITABLE-BOWEL-SYNDROME; REFRACTORY EPILEPSY; FOOD SENSITIVITY; MIGRAINE; STIMULATION; CHILDREN; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; DIET; ETIOLOGY AB Conventional medical treatment for neurologic disorders such as epilepsy, migraine, and autism focuses on the brain. Although standard medical treatment is often helpful, the underlying causes of these disorders are not well understood. Furthermore, some individuals respond poorly or not at all to regular medicine. Evidence is accumulating in the medical literature that the enteric nervous system (ENS)-that part of the nervous system associated with the alimentary canal-also plays a role in these disorders. Historically, the concept of an autonomous abdominal nervous system was advocated by Byron Robinson, Johannis Langley, and Edgar Cayce. The work of these three prominent historical figures is considered along with modern viewpoints on the abdominal nervous system. Complementary therapies that address the nervous system of the abdomen have potential as useful adjuncts to conventional treatment for certain neurologic disorders. C1 Meridian Inst, Virginia Beach, VA 23454 USA. RP McMillin, DL (reprint author), Meridian Inst, 1853 Old Donat Pkwy,Suite 1, Virginia Beach, VA 23454 USA. 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Altern. Complement Med. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 5 IS 6 BP 575 EP 586 DI 10.1089/acm.1999.5.575 PG 12 WC Integrative & Complementary Medicine SC Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 269CK UT WOS:000084458000010 PM 10630351 ER PT J AU Bristol-Power, MM Spinella, G AF Bristol-Power, MM Spinella, G TI Research on screening and diagnosis in autism: A work in progress SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE screening; diagnosis; autism ID DISORDERS; INFANTS AB In June 1998, the National Institutes of Health Autism Coordinating Committee (NIH/ACC) invited representatives of 13 major medical and other professional academies and associations and six national autism parent research organizations to review research data on screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Ten review papers and more than 4,000 publications were consulted in this effort. This paper highlights some promising areas for research identified in this process. One of the highest priorities is the search for the ultimate diagnostic indicator, a biological marker(s), for example, genetic, metabolic, immunologic, neurologic, that will distinguish autism unequivocally from other developmental disabilities. In the interim, research on infant screening and diagnosis might lower the threshold age for diagnosis to 8-12 months. The role of sensory-motor disorders in early diagnosis needs further research. Earlier and better diagnosis of co-occurring, potentially treatable disorders, including epileptic and epileptiform disorders, has implications both for diagnosis and treatment. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic research strategies could help diagnose subtypes and responders versus nonresponders to potential treatments. Better endpoints and outcome measures are needed, including improved procedures for cognitive and neuropsychological testing, more knowledge about verbal and nonverbal communication milestones, and less invasive and more sensitive neuroimaging measures. Critical questions remain regarding regression after apparently normal development, and about possible environmental precipitants. Finally, field trials of the reliability and validity of screening and diagnosis using the newly developed practice guidelines are needed. C1 NICHHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Bristol-Power, MM (reprint author), NICHD, MRDD, CRMC, Room 4B09,6100 Execut Blvd MSC 7150, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. CR BROWN E, 1998, EARLY IDENTIFICATION Charman T, 1997, DEV PSYCHOL, V33, P781, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.33.5.781 COX A, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC FILIPEK PA, 1999, NEUROLOGY Fombonne E, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P113, DOI 10.1023/A:1023036509476 Mars AE, 1998, J PEDIATR-US, V132, P500, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70027-7 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 Stone WL, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P219, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098003370 Volkmar Fred, 1999, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, V38, p32S VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 VOLKMAR FR, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P127, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199001000-00020 NR 11 TC 31 Z9 32 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 435 EP 438 DI 10.1023/A:1021991718423 PG 4 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 268EV UT WOS:000084402100002 PM 10638458 ER PT J AU Filipek, PA Accardo, PJ Baranek, GT Cook, EH Dawson, G Gordon, B Gravel, JS Johnson, CP Kallen, RJ Levy, SE Minshew, NJ Prizant, BM Rapin, I Rogers, SJ Stone, WL Teplin, S Tuchman, RF Volkmar, FR AF Filipek, PA Accardo, PJ Baranek, GT Cook, EH Dawson, G Gordon, B Gravel, JS Johnson, CP Kallen, RJ Levy, SE Minshew, NJ Prizant, BM Rapin, I Rogers, SJ Stone, WL Teplin, S Tuchman, RF Volkmar, FR TI The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Review DE practice parameters diagnosis and evaluation of autism; dual-level approach ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; UTAH EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY; HIGH-FUNCTIONING AUTISM; FRAGILE-X-SYNDROME; CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER; NONVERBAL LEARNING-DISABILITIES; SEMANTIC-PRAGMATIC DISORDER; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS; LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME; BRAIN-STEM RESPONSES AB The Child Neurology Society and American Academy of Neurology recently proposed to formulate Practice Parameters for the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Autism for their memberships. This endeavor was expanded to include representatives from nine professional organizations and four parent organizations, with liaisons from the National Institutes of Health. This document was written by this multidisciplinary Consensus Panel after systematic analysis of over 2,500 relevant scientific articles in the literature. The Panel concluded that appropriate diagnosis of autism requires a dual-level approach: (a) routine developmental surveillance, and (b) diagnosis and evaluation of autism. Specific detailed recommendations for each level have been established in this document, which are intended to improve the rate of early suspicion and diagnosis of, and therefore early intervention for, autism. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. New York Med Coll, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Filipek, PA (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Coll Med, Dept Pediat, UCI Med Ctr, Route 81-4482,101 City Dr S, Orange, CA 92868 USA. 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PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 439 EP 484 DI 10.1023/A:1021943802493 PG 46 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 268EV UT WOS:000084402100003 PM 10638459 ER PT J AU Waller, SA Armstrong, KJ McGrath, AM Sullivan, CL AF Waller, SA Armstrong, KJ McGrath, AM Sullivan, CL TI A review of the diagnostic methods reported in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Review DE diagnostic criteria; autism ID DSM-III-R; INTERVIEW; CRITERIA; BEHAVIOR; ISSUES AB This review summarizes subject selection and diagnostic procedures documented in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. One hundred forty-two empirical articles published between February 1993 and April 1997 were examined. Reviewers independently evaluated articles using a coding instrument developed by the authors. Results indicated that a majority of researchers reported the use of one or more standard diagnostic criteria in classifying their subjects. However, numerous studies did not report the methods by which the diagnostic criteria were quantified or applied. Additionally, there was a lack of clear specification of inclusion and exclusion criteria for comorbid disorders. Improving the documentation of diagnostic practices in research on autism will benefit researchers and practitioners. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Psychol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. RP Armstrong, KJ (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Psychol, POB 6161, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT CHARMAN T, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P209, DOI 10.1007/BF02172097 COHEN DJ, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P158, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60221-1 DENCKLA MB, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P221, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60229-6 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KISTNER J, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P77, DOI 10.1007/BF01531580 Klinger Laura Grofer, 1996, P311 KRUG DA, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P221, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 Lord C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P501, DOI 10.1023/A:1025873925661 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 Lord C., 1993, COMPREHENSIVE HDB PS, P791 RUTTER M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF01495054 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SZATMARI P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P507, DOI 10.1007/BF01046325 VOLKMAR FR, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P483, DOI 10.1007/BF01046323 VOLKMAR FR, 1988, AM J PSYCHIAT, V145, P1404 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 World Health Organization, 1993, INT CLASS DIS REL HL NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 485 EP 490 DI 10.1023/A:1022262619331 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 268EV UT WOS:000084402100004 PM 10638460 ER PT J AU Malhotra, S Gupta, N AF Malhotra, S Gupta, N TI Childhood disintegrative disorder SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE childhood disintegrative disorder; autism ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DSM-IV; ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; FIELD TRIAL; FOLLOW-UP; PSYCHOSIS; AUTISM; CHILDREN; CLASSIFICATION AB Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by disintegration of mental functions and regression of acquired language and intellectual functions after a period of normal development typically of 3 to 4 years. Although recognized for many years, research on this condition is less advanced than that in autism. Epidemiological data are limited but the condition is much less common than autism. The relationship of this condition to autism remains the topic of debate. Neuropathological and other medical conditions are sometimes associated with the disorder but contrary to earlier belief this is not typical. Collaborative research would facilitate our understanding of this condition. C1 Postgrad Inst Med Educ & Res, Dept Psychiat, Chandigarh 160012, India. RP Malhotra, S (reprint author), Postgrad Inst Med Educ & Res, Dept Psychiat, Chandigarh 160012, India. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Arnsten AFT, 1999, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V38, P220 BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 Burd L, 1998, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V40, P702 BURD L, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P700, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198709000-00014 BURD L, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P155, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00700.x CORBETT J, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P211, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00433.x CREAK EM, 1963, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V109, P84, DOI 10.1192/bjp.109.458.84 EVANSJONES LG, 1978, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V20, P462 Gelly F, 1997, ENCEPHALE, V23, P385 GILLBERG C, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P273, DOI 10.1007/BF01495061 GILLBERG C, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P520 GILLBERG C, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P389, DOI 10.1007/BF01531783 GILLBERG C, 1990, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V12, P88 HELLER T, 1969, MODERN PERSPECTIVE I Heller T, 1908, Z ERFORSCHUNG BEHAND, V2, P141 Heller T, 1930, Z KINDERFORSCH, V37, P661 HILL AE, 1986, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V28, P34 Jacobsen LK, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P101, DOI 10.1017/S002196309700173X Jaydeokar S, 1997, Indian J Psychiatry, V39, P85 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KOLVIN I, 1971, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V118, P381, DOI 10.1192/bjp.118.545.381 KURITA H, 1988, JPN J PSYCHIAT NEUR, V42, P785 Mahler MS, 1952, PSYCHOANAL STUD CHIL, V7, P286 Mahler MS, 1955, PSYCHOANAL STUD CHIL, V10, P195 MALAMUD N, 1959, AM J PSYCHIAT, V116, P215 Malhotra S, 1993, Acta Paedopsychiatr, V56, P37 Mouridsen SE, 1998, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V172, P263, DOI 10.1192/bjp.172.3.263 NAGY J, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P351, DOI 10.1007/BF01531664 RAPIN I, 1965, MED ASPECTS MENTAL R, P760 Reynell J., 1990, REYNELL DEV LANGUAGE RIVINUS TM, 1975, ARCH DIS CHILD, V50, P115 ROGERS SJ, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P863, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00004 RUSSEL AT, 1992, THESIS ACAD ZICKENHU RUTTER M, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P459, DOI 10.1007/BF01046322 RUTTER M, 1969, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V10, P41, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1969.tb02067.x Rutter M., 1985, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, P545 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE SZATMARI P, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P709 Volkmar F. 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PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 491 EP 498 DI 10.1023/A:1022247903401 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 268EV UT WOS:000084402100005 PM 10638461 ER PT J AU Klin, A Sparrow, SS de Bildt, A Cicchetti, DV Cohen, DJ Volkmar, FR AF Klin, A Sparrow, SS de Bildt, A Cicchetti, DV Cohen, DJ Volkmar, FR TI A normed study of pace recognition in autism and related disorders SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; PDD; face perception ID FACE RECOGNITION; PERCEPTION; CHILDREN; MEMORY; CORTEX AB Although the interpretation of studies of face recognition in older children, adolescents, and adults with autism is complicated by the fact that participating samples and adopted methodologies vary significantly, there is nevertheless strong evidence indicating processing peculiarities even when task performance is not deficient. Much less is known about face recognition abilities in younger children with autism. This study employed a well-normed task of face recognition to measure this ability in 102 young children with autism, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS), and non-PDD disorders (mental retardation and language disorders) matched on chronological age and nonverbal mental age, and in a subsample of 51 children divided equally in the same three groups matched on chronological age and verbal mental age. There were pronounced deficits of face recognition in the autistic group relative to the other nonverbally matched and verbally matched groups. Performance on two comparison tasks did not reveal significant differences when verbal ability was adequately controlled. We concluded that young children with autism have face recognition deficits that cannot be attributed to overall cognitive abilities or task demands. In contrast to controls, there was a lower correlation between performance on face recognition and nonverbal intelligence, suggesting that in autism face recognition is less correlated with general cognitive capacity. Contrary to our expectation, children with PDDNOS did not show face recognition deficits. C1 Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Klin, A (reprint author), Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, 230 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. CR BOUCHER J, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P843, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01960.x BRYANT PE, 1991, NATURE, V354, P19, DOI 10.1038/354019a0 BUSHNELL IWR, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P3 Celani G, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P57, DOI 10.1023/A:1025970600181 CICCHETTI DV, 1981, AM J MENT DEF, V86, P127 DAMASIO AR, 1990, ANNU REV NEUROSCI, V13, P89, DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.13.1.89 DAVIES S, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1033, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01808.x Ellis H. 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M., 1953, STAT INFERENCE World Health Organization, 1993, INT CLASS DIS NR 32 TC 203 Z9 205 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 499 EP 508 DI 10.1023/A:1022299920240 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 268EV UT WOS:000084402100006 PM 10638462 ER PT J AU Volkmar, FR AF Volkmar, FR TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID AUTISM CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th FILIPEK PA, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORDE, V29 Gillberg C, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P191 Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x Lord C., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P460 RUTTER M, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P311, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x Volkmar F. R., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P5 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 509 EP 510 DI 10.1023/A:1022252004310 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 268EV UT WOS:000084402100007 PM 10638463 ER PT J AU Posey, DJ Walsh, KH Wilson, GA McDougle, CJ AF Posey, DJ Walsh, KH Wilson, GA McDougle, CJ TI Risperidone in the treatment of two very young children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AB This report describes the use of risperidone in the treatment of two very young children with autistic disorder, a 29-month-old boy and a 23-month-old boy, respectively. These children presented with severe and persistent symptoms of aggression and irritability that had not responded to previous treatment. In both cases, risperidone significantly reduced aggression and improved social relatedness. One patient's treatment with risperidone was complicated by persistent tachycardia and QT(C) interval prolongation that was dose-related. Consideration should be given to the appropriate use of medication in the treatment of very young children with autism when other interventions do not prove helpful. C1 James Whitcomb Riley Hosp Children, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP McDougle, CJ (reprint author), James Whitcomb Riley Hosp Children, 702 Barnhill Dr,Room 3701, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ANDERSON LT, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P227, DOI 10.1007/BF02211843 Campbell M, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P835, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199706000-00022 Feeney DJ, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P1421, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00006 FERRETTI A, 1989, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, V28, P87 Fisman S, 1996, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V6, P177, DOI 10.1089/cap.1996.6.177 Kumra S, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P701, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00022 MANDOKI MW, 1995, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V5, P49, DOI 10.1089/cap.1995.5.49 McDougle CJ, 1998, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V55, P633, DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.633 McDougle CJ, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P685, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00020 NICHOLSON R, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V37, P372 Ravin DS, 1997, ANN PHARMACOTHER, V31, P867 Schwam JS, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P572, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199806000-00005 NR 13 TC 43 Z9 47 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1044-5463 J9 J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP JI J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 273 EP 276 DI 10.1089/cap.1999.9.273 PG 4 WC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 267WF UT WOS:000084381700006 PM 10630457 ER PT J AU Blew, P Luiselli, JK Thibadeau, S AF Blew, P Luiselli, JK Thibadeau, S TI Beneficial effects of clonidine on severe self-injurious behavior in a 9-year-old girl with pervasive developmental disorder SO JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; NALTREXONE TREATMENT; DOUBLE-BLIND; ADULTS; FLUOXETINE; PLACEBO; AUTISM AB We report the successful treatment of persistent self-injurious behavior (SIB) in a 9-year-old girl with pervasive developmental disorder. The girl had inflicted severe tissue damage to her face, neck, and inner thighs due to pinching, scratching, and rubbing of her skin. Using a rating scale to quantify surface tissue damage produced by SIB, the number of bodily injuries, the intensity of skin trauma, and the projected risk of further physical harm decreased dramatically following the administration of clonidine that was titrated to a maximum dose of 0.4 mg daily. The girl's SIB showed marked improvement over a 24-month period of observation. Issues related to pharmacotherapy of SIB using alpha adrenergic agonists are discussed. C1 May Inst Inc, May Ctr Appl Res, Norwood, MA 02062 USA. RP Luiselli, JK (reprint author), May Inst Inc, May Ctr Appl Res, 220 Norwood Pk S, Norwood, MA 02062 USA. CR BARRETT RP, 1990, AM J MENT RETARD, V29, P644 Bodfish JW, 1997, J DEV PHYS DISABIL, V9, P135, DOI 10.1023/A:1024977719165 Cantwell DP, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P539, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199704000-00017 CONNOR DF, 1994, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V4, P101, DOI 10.1089/cap.1994.4.101 FANKHAUSER MP, 1992, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V53, P77 GARBER HJ, 1992, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V31, P1157, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199211000-00027 Iwata B. A., 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON, P301 JASELSKIS CA, 1992, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V12, P322 MARKOWITZ PI, 1992, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V12, P27 RATEY JJ, 1991, METNAL RETARDATION D RICKETTS RW, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P865, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00024 RUEDRICH SL, 1990, AM J MENT RETARD, V95, P110 SCHROEDER SR, 1990, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY D SINGH NN, 1992, SELF INJURIOUS BEHAV, P286 THOMPSON T, 1994, AM J MENT RETARD, V99, P85 WALTERS AS, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P169, DOI 10.1007/BF02284716 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1044-5463 J9 J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP JI J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. PD WIN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1089/cap.1999.9.285 PG 7 WC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 267WF UT WOS:000084381700008 PM 10630459 ER PT J AU Matson, JL Bamburg, JW AF Matson, JL Bamburg, JW TI A descriptive study of pica behavior in persons with mental retardation SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSICAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article DE mental retardation; pica AB Individual variables of 45 persons residing in an institutional setting who displayed pica behavior were studied. Included in the analysis were the demographics of the sample, the types of materials being ingested, the sample's psychiatric diagnoses, and social skills deficits in persons with pica. Pica was prevalent in all age ranges of lower functioning clients with mental retardation. Furthermore, subjects in the study engaged in pica for predominantly nonsocial reasons (automatic reinforcement). Persons who displayed the mental disorders of pica, autism, and stereotypic movement disorder were more likely to exhibit pica. Implications of these results are discussed. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Matson, JL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. 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L., 1995, QUESTIONS BEHAV FUNC MATSON JL, IN PRESS BEHAV MOD MATSON JL, 1996, 1996 ANN CONV ASS BE MCALPINE C, 1986, J MENT DEFIC RES, V30, P171 Mulick J A, 1980, Appl Res Ment Retard, V1, P241, DOI 10.1016/0270-3092(80)90007-7 Paisey T. J. H., 1989, BEHAV RESIDENTIAL TR, V4, P191, DOI 10.1002/bin.2360040304 NR 20 TC 25 Z9 25 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1056-263X J9 J DEV PHYS DISABIL JI J. Dev. Phys. Disabil. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 353 EP 361 DI 10.1023/A:1021870925227 PG 9 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 259AE UT WOS:000083871200005 ER PT J AU Bowler, DM Briskman, JA Grice, S AF Bowler, DM Briskman, JA Grice, S TI ]Experimenter effects on children's understanding of false drawings and false beliefs SO JOURNAL OF GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONCEPTUAL DEFICIT; MIND; REPRESENTATION; DECEPTION; AUTISM AB Two experiments were conducted in which a variant of J. McGarrigle and M. Donaldson's (1975) "Naughty Teddy" intervention was applied to children's understanding of false drawings and false beliefs. The results showed that preschool children's understanding of the contents of an out-of-date drawing improved when the drawing was made by a capricious agent ("Naughty Snakey" glove puppet) rather than by the experimenter. The children's performance on a false belief task also improved when the events that set up the false belief were the result of the actions of the glove puppet.:The results are discussed in terms of the role of children's sensitivity to the pragmatics of interactions in their development of a theory of mind. C1 City Univ London, Dept Psychol, London EC1V 0HB, England. Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London, England. UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Neurocognit Dev Unit, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Bowler, DM (reprint author), City Univ London, Dept Psychol, Northampton Sq, London EC1V 0HB, England. EM d.m.bowler@city.ac.uk CR ASTINGTON JW, 1995, HUM DEV, V38, P179 BOWLER DM, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x BRUNER JS, 1976, RECENT ADV PSYCHOL L, P199 CHANDLER M, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P1263, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb04001.x CHARMAN T, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1105, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00929.x CLEMENTS WA, 1994, COGNITIVE DEV, V9, P377, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(94)90012-4 DOCKRELL J, 1980, INT J BEHAV DEV, V3, P423 HUGHES M, 1979, EDUC REV, V31, P133, DOI 10.1080/0013191790310207 FODOR JA, 1992, COGNITION, V44, P283, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90004-2 FREEMAN NH, 1995, COGNITION, V56, P31, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)00654-4 Grice H. P., 1968, FDN LANGUAGE, V4, P225 LEEKAM SR, 1991, COGNITION, V40, P203, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90025-Y Leslie A. M., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P83 LESLIE AM, 1992, COGNITION, V43, P225, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90013-8 LEWIS C, 1990, CHILD DEV, V61, P1514, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02879.x LEWIS C, 1994, COGNITIVE DEV, V9, P397, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(94)90013-2 LIGHT P, 1983, DEV THINKING APPROAC, P67 LIGHT P, 1917, CHILDREN SOCIAL WORL MCGARRIGLE J, 1975, COGNITION, V3, P341, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(74)90003-1 MITCHELL P, 1991, COGNITION, V39, P107, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90040-B NIELSON I, 1982, SOCIAL COGNITION STU, P213 PERNER J, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P125 PERNER J, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P112 PERNER J, 1992, HUM DEV, V35, P146 Perner Josef, 1991, UNDERSTANDING REPRES Piaget J, 1969, PSYCHOL CHILD Piaget J., 1952, CHILDS CONCEPTION NU Piaget J., 1956, CHILDS CONCEPTION SP SIEGAL M, 1991, COGNITION, V38, P1, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90020-5 SULLIVAN K, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P159 Vygotsky L., 1962, LANGUAGE WIMMER H, 1983, COGNITION, V13, P103, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 ZAITCHIK D, 1990, COGNITION, V35, P41, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90036-J NR 33 TC 3 Z9 4 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0022-1325 J9 J GENET PSYCHOL JI J. Genet. Psychol. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 160 IS 4 BP 443 EP 460 PG 18 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 258UY UT WOS:000083858600007 PM 10584322 ER PT J AU Garner, C Callias, M Turk, J AF Garner, C Callias, M Turk, J TI Executive function and theory of mind performance of boys with fragile-X syndrome SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autism; executive functions; fragile-X syndrome; theory of mind ID CARD SORTING TEST; MENTAL-RETARDATION; AUTISM; INDIVIDUALS; BEHAVIOR; MALES; POPULATION; PHENOTYPE; SKILLS; CHILD AB Fragile-X syndrome is the most common genetically inherited cause of intellectual disability: People with this syndrome typically show a behavioural profile of abnormal social interactions which are similar in some ways to those seen in people with autism. The present study investigated whether cognitive processes which have been hypothesized to underlie social abnormalities associated with autism are also impaired in boys with fragile-X syndrome without autistic spectrum disorders. Eight boys with fragile-X syndrome and eight with intellectual disability of unknown aetiology, matched on receptive verbal ability, age and with no diagnosis of autism, were tested on a battery of theory of mind and executive function tasks. Significantly more boys with fragile-X syndrome failed the simplest theory of mind task. However, this could be attributed to overall level of ability rather than group membership. No differences were found between the groups on any other measures used. A proportion of both groups failed first- and second-order false belief tasks. The performance of bath groups on the executive function measure was at the floor of the tear. At low levels of overall ability, the performance of boys with fragile-X syndrome and boys with intellectual disability of unknown aetiology may be more similar than they are different. The implication of this result for clinical interventions is discussed. C1 S London & Maudsley NHS Trust, Childrens Dept, Maudsley Hosp, London SE5 8AZ, England. Pathfinder Mental Hlth NHS Trust, Dept Clin Psychol, Child & Adolescent Serv, St Georges Hosp, London, England. Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Gen Psychiat, London SW17 0RE, England. RP Garner, C (reprint author), S London & Maudsley NHS Trust, Childrens Dept, Maudsley Hosp, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, England. CR American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th APA, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BARONCOHEN S, 1992, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BENSON G, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P427 CHELUNE GJ, 1986, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V8, P219, DOI 10.1080/01688638608401314 COHEN IL, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P845, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00286.x Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL ELLIOT CD, 1982, BRIT ABILITY SCALES GILLBERG C, 1986, J MENT DEFIC RES, V30, P27 Hagerman R. J, 1996, FRAGILE X SYNDROME D, P3 HAPPE FGE, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P215, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01159.x HAPPE FGE, 1993, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P385 Heaton RK, 1993, WISCONSIN CARD SORTI JACOBS PA, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P454, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.6.454 KARMILOFFSMITH A, 1995, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V7, P196, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1995.7.2.196 KERBY DS, 1994, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P455 MAZZOCCO MMM, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P473, DOI 10.1007/BF02172129 MAZZOCCO MMM, 1993, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V14, P328 NELSON HE, 1976, CORTEX, V12, P313 ORIORDAN MA, 1999, IN PRESS J AUSTISM D OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x Pennington BF, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x PERNER J, 1985, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V39, P437, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x REISS AL, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P885, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00007 Sherman SL, 1996, FRAGILE X SYNDROME D, P165 SIMON EW, 1995, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V39, P326 Sobesky WE, 1996, FRAGILE X SYNDROME D, P332 Taylor E, 1994, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, P666 TURK J, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P105 TURK J, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V160, P24, DOI 10.1192/bjp.160.1.24 TURK J, 1995, CLIN DYSMORPHOL, V4, P105 TURK J, 1995, THESIS U LONDON LOND Turner G, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V64, P196, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<196::AID-AJMG35>3.0.CO;2-G Wechsler D., 1992, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC WELSH MC, 1990, CHILD DEV, V61, P1697, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb03560.x WING L, 1980, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V62, P241, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb07696.x WOLFF PH, 1989, AM J MENT RETARD, V93, P406 Yirmiya N, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P1003, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01497.x Zelazo PD, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P479, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01429.x NR 42 TC 29 Z9 29 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 43 BP 466 EP 474 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00207.x PN 6 PG 9 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 268UE UT WOS:000084433300005 PM 10622362 ER PT J AU Grosso, S Cioni, M Pucci, L Morgese, G Balestri, P AF Grosso, S Cioni, M Pucci, L Morgese, G Balestri, P TI Selective mutism, speech delay, dysmorphisms, and deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18: a distinct entity? SO JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Letter ID AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; ELECTIVE MUTISM; DISORDERS; CHILDREN C1 Univ Siena, Ist Clin Pediat, I-53100 Siena, Italy. RP Grosso, S (reprint author), Univ Siena, Ist Clin Pediat, Via M Bracci, I-53100 Siena, Italy. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th GHAZIUDDIN M, 1993, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V37, P313 Gillberg C, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P415, DOI 10.1023/A:1026004505764 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Simons D, 1997, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V6, P112 Steinhausen HC, 1997, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V6, P107 *WHO, 1992, IDC 10 CLASS MENT BE WILKINS R, 1985, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V146, P198, DOI 10.1192/bjp.146.2.198 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0022-3050 J9 J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS JI J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry PD DEC PY 1999 VL 67 IS 6 BP 830 EP 831 DI 10.1136/jnnp.67.6.830 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Surgery SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Surgery GA 260CH UT WOS:000083930400035 PM 10617386 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE autism; practice parameters; guidelines; developmental disorders; pervasive developmental disorders; children; adolescents; adults ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MENTAL-RETARDATION; DOUBLE-BLIND; DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER; DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR; STRESS PROFILES; RETT-SYNDROME; FIELD TRIAL AB Autism and the related pervasive developmental disorders are characterized by patterns of delay and deviance in the development of social, communicative, and cognitive skills, which arise in the first years of life. 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PD DEC PY 1999 VL 38 IS 12 SU S BP 32S EP 54S PG 23 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 262FB UT WOS:000084054000003 ER PT J AU Peral, M Alcami, M Gilaberte, I AF Peral, M Alcami, M Gilaberte, I TI Fluoxetine in children with autism SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Letter C1 SS Mental Vallecas, Dept Psychiat, Madrid, Spain. Dept Clin Res, Madrid, Spain. RP Peral, M (reprint author), Hosp Nino Jesus, Dept Child Psychiat, Madrid, Spain. CR COOK EH, 1992, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V31, P739, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199207000-00024 DeLong GR, 1998, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V40, P551 MEHLINGER R, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P985, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00032 Riddle MA, 1991, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V1, P193 TOOD R, 1991, AM J PSYCHIAT, V148, P8 NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1472 EP 1473 DI 10.1097/00004583-199912000-00005 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 260UF UT WOS:000083971300005 PM 10596244 ER PT J AU Volkmar, F Cook, E Pomeroy, J Realmuto, G Tanguay, P AF Volkmar, F Cook, E Pomeroy, J Realmuto, G Tanguay, P TI Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Child-and-Adolescent-Psychiatry CY OCT 27-NOV 01, 1998 CL ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Acad Child & Adolescent Psychiat DE autism; practice parameters; guidelines; developmental disorders; pervasive developmental disorders; children; adolescents; adults AB This summary provides an overview of the assessment and treatment recommendations contained in the Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children, Adolescents, and Adults With Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders. The parameters were written to aid clinicians in the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism and the related pervasive developmental disorders are characterized by patterns of delay and deviance in the development of social, communicative, and cognitive skills, which arise in the first years of life, Although frequently associated with mental retardation,:these conditions are distinctive in terms of their course and treatment. These conditions have a wide range of syndrome expression, and their management presents particular challenges for clinicians. Individuals with these conditions can present for clinical care at any point in development. The multiple developmental and behavioral problems associated with these conditions often require the care of multiple providers; coordination of services and advocacy for individuals and their families is important. Early sustained intervention is indicated, as is the use of various treatment modalities (e.g., pharmacotherapy, special education, speech/communication therapy, and behavior modification). C1 AACAP, Dept Commun, Washington, DC 20016 USA. RP Volkmar, F (reprint author), AACAP, Dept Commun, 3615 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. CR American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V38, p32S NR 1 TC 17 Z9 18 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 38 IS 12 BP 1611 EP 1615 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 260UF UT WOS:000083971300027 PM 10596264 ER PT J AU Bernabei, P Palli, FG Levi, G Mazzoncini, B Cannoni, E AF Bernabei, P Palli, FG Levi, G Mazzoncini, B Cannoni, E TI Disturbance of imagination and symbolization in pervasive developmental disorders: Preliminary study utilizing the Rorschach inkblot test SO PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS LA English DT Article ID THOUGHT-DISORDER AB Two clinical cases of children of 6 and 7 years are presented with their respective Rorschach records. The first case had a diagnosis of autism, the second of Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The modes of elaboration and responses to the ambiguous stimuli of the Rorschach test were compared with the clinical symptoms of the two subjects, which are centered on the two opposite poles of absence of imagination in the first case and distortion of the imaginative processes in the second. C1 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Sci Neurol & Psichiat Evolut, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RP Bernabei, P (reprint author), Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Sci Neurol & Psichiat Evolut, Via Sabelli 108, I-00185 Rome, Italy. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOKEN S, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY DYKENS E, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P291, DOI 10.1007/BF02207326 Exner J. E., 1995, RORSCHACH COMPREHENS, V3 Exner J. E., 1993, RORSCHACH COMPREHENS, V1 EXNER JE, 1990, RORSCHACH WORKBOOK C GHAZIUDDIN M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P311, DOI 10.1007/BF02179292 KLIN A, 1995, DEV BEHAV PEDIAT, V16, pS7 LEVI G, 1989, 4 WORLD C INF PSYCH MAYES L, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P450 MURRAY JF, 1992, J PERS ASSESS, V58, P494, DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa5803_5 RIZZO C, 1980, MANUALE RACCOLTA LOC TOGNAZZO DP, 1982, NORME RORSCHACH EVOL Towbin KE, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P123 WOLFF S, 1980, PSYCHOL MED, V10, P85 World Health Organization, 1993, MENT DIS GLOSS GUID NR 16 TC 0 Z9 1 PU PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS PI MISSOULA PA PO BOX 9229, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA SN 0031-5125 J9 PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL JI Percept. Mot. Skills PD DEC PY 1999 VL 89 IS 3 BP 917 EP 930 DI 10.2466/PMS.89.7.917-930 PN 1 PG 14 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 275VT UT WOS:000084841400030 PM 10665026 ER PT J AU Garaizar, C Sobradillo, I Martinez-Gonzalez, MJ Prats, JM AF Garaizar, C Sobradillo, I Martinez-Gonzalez, MJ Prats, JM TI Telephone consultations in child neurology practice: Number and contents SO REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA LA Spanish DT Article DE child neurology practice; clinical workload; telephone consultations ID GENERAL-PRACTICE; HOURS WORKLOAD; CARE; SERVICE AB Introduction. The workload of telephone consultations has been scarcely studied except at the Emergency Units, in spite of the considerable amount of time consumed by the task in normal practice. Objective. To asses the workload of telephone consultations in a Neuropediatric Unit, during normal working hours. Methods. A prospective analysis of all calls recieved during a year, at the out-patient hospital-based neuropediatric clinic. Results. 150-200 telephone consultations were recieved every month, decreasing during the holiday seasons. They amount to two thirds of the face-to-face contacts at the clinic, during the same period of time, and require about 10% of our day-time working hours. Disorders more likely to produce the calls: epilepsy (40%), mental retardation (19%), cerebral palsy (11%), all others with a frequency lower than 5%. These percentages, and those of hydrocephalus, autism and spina bifida, are similar to those encountered in normal practice, while headaches, speech delay, hyperactivity, syncopes, etc. produced half the number of calls expected; myopathies doubled the number of calls expected. The monthly frequency of calls varied significantly, along the year, for epilepsy, mental retardation, hyperactivity, migraine and autism. Calls were made especially by the family (49%), but it depends of the purpose and the patient's diagnosis. The purpose was most frequently to consult about the symptomatology of the illness; treatments produced 7% of calls; and discussion about citations, 19.5%, regardless of the diagnosis. Conclusion. In neuropediatric practice, telephone consultations should be recognized and provide for in order to manage effectively the clinical demand [REV NEUROL 1999; 29: 999-1002]. C1 Hosp Cruces, Unidad Neuropediat, E-489 Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain. 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Neurologia PD DEC 1 PY 1999 VL 29 IS 11 BP 999 EP 1002 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 263JQ UT WOS:000084121900002 PM 10637856 ER PT J AU Klein, SB Chan, RL Loftus, J AF Klein, SB Chan, RL Loftus, J TI Independence of episodic and semantic self-knowledge: The case from autism SO SOCIAL COGNITION LA English DT Review ID RETROGRADE-AMNESIA; TRAIT JUDGMENTS; AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; FUNCTIONAL ROLES; FRONTAL LOBES; BRAIN-REGIONS; FREE-RECALL; CHILDREN; RETRIEVAL AB Knowledge of one's traits and personal recollections of specific events involving those traits are assumed to reflect the operations of two distinct, neurally dissociable types of memory: Semantic personal memory and episodic personal memory (e.g., Conway, 1992; Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, 1996; Tulving, 1993b). The present study offers support for this conclusion by examining the semantic and episodic self-knowledge of RJ., a high-functioning autistic individual. 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One possibility would be that their 'mirror neuron' system, which matches action execution and observation, does not function properly. To test this hypothesis we compared action-viewing related motor cortex functions in an AS group (one autistic and four AS subjects) acid eight control subjects. In both groups viewing hand actions modified the neuromagnetic similar to 20 Hz oscillatory activity in the primary motor cortex to the same extent. Thus impaired mindreading and imitation skills found in AS and autism do not seem to result from dysfunction of the motor cortex part of the action execution/observation system. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, Brain Res Unit, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Dept Child Neurol, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Dept Psychiat, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Dept Clin Neurosci, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland. RP Avikainen, S (reprint author), Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, Brain Res Unit, Otakaari 3A,POB 2200, FIN-02015 Espoo, Finland. 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A rudimentary form of this ability may be seen in great apes, but in humans it is developed to a high Level. Specific impairments of mentalizing in both developmental and acquired disorders suggest that this ability depends on a dedicated and circumscribed brain system. Functional imaging studies implicate medial prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) as components of this system. Clues to the specific function of these components in mentalizing come from single cell recording studies: STS is concerned with representing the actions of others through the detection of biological motion; medial prefrontal regions are concerned with explicit representation of states of the self. These observations suggest that the ability to mentalize has evolved from a system for representing actions. C1 UCL, Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, London WC1N 3BG, England. UCL, Dept Psychol, London WC1N 3AR, England. UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England. RP Frith, CD (reprint author), UCL, Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, 12 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England. EM cfrith@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk RI Frith, Uta/C-1757-2008; Frith, Chris/A-2171-2009 OI Frith, Uta/0000-0002-9063-4466; Frith, Chris/0000-0002-8665-0690 CR Astington JW, 1988, DEV THEORIES MIND ATTWOOD A, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P241, DOI 10.1007/BF02211950 Baron-Cohen S., 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN, P233 BARONCOHEN S, 1996, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V168, P158, DOI DOI 10.1192/BJP.168.2.158 BARONCOHEN S, 1986, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V4, P113 Blakemore SJ, 1998, NAT NEUROSCI, V1, P635, DOI 10.1038/2870 Butterworth G., 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN, P223 Byrne R. 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We describe three new cases with subtle interstitial deletions in the q24-q26 region of the long arm of chromosome 6. The karyotypes were analyzed at a 550 band level. Patient1 is a 9-month-old boy with an interstitial deletion, del(6)(q24.2q25.1), developmental delay, low birth weight, hypotonia, heart murmur, respiratory distress, craniofacial and genital anomalies. This is the first report of a case with deletion del(6)(q24.2q25.1). Patient 2 is a 17-year-old young man with an interstitial deletion del(6)(q25.1q25.3), developmental delay, short stature, mental retardation, autism, head, face, chest, hand and feet anomalies and a history of seizures. For the first time autism was described as a manifestation in 6q deletions. Patient 3 is baby boy with a de novo interstitial deletion, del(6)(q25.1q26), anomalies of the brain, genital organs, limbs and feet. This is the first report of a case with deletion, del(6)(q25.1q26). In all three patients, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome 6 painting probe ruled out an insertion. The ESR (6q25.1) and TBP (6q27) probes were used to confirm the breakpoints. Since TBP signal is present in all cases, it confirmed an interstitial deletion proximal to this probe. Patient 1 has a deletion of the ESR locus; Patient 2 and 3 have signals for the ESR locus on both chromosomes 6. Therefore the deletion in Patients 2 and 3 are between ESR and TBP loci distal to that of Patient 1. FISH validated the deletion breakpoints assessed by conventional cytogenetics. Am. J. Med. Genet. 87:17-22, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Quest Diagnost Inc, Dept Cytogenet, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690 USA. Childrens Clin SW Louisiana, Lake Charles, LA USA. Casa Blanca Clin, Mesa, AZ USA. Mary Bridge Childrens Hlth Ctr, Tacoma, WA USA. Childrens Hosp & Reg Med Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. 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PD NOV 5 PY 1999 VL 87 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991105)87:1<17::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-G PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 252EW UT WOS:000083490000004 PM 10528241 ER PT J AU Malvy, J Ducrocq-Damie, D Zakian, A Roux, S Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Sauvage, D AF Malvy, J Ducrocq-Damie, D Zakian, A Roux, S Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Sauvage, D TI Early signs of infantile autism and clinical approach: review of research (1989-1999) SO ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES LA French DT Article DE infantile autism; early signs; joint attention; imitation; CHAT; IBSE ID EARLY INTERVENTION; CHILDREN; RECOGNITION; POPULATION; DISORDERS; SYMPTOMS; INFANCY; PROJECT; AGE AB Infantile autism is now considered as a developmental disorder with onset before three years of age, The review of the literature of the past ten years enabled to define the signs in infants under one year later diagnosed as autistic on the basis of family interviews and screening of home videos; and also the age and patterns of onset. The impairments involve social interactions and attention. The second year of life is confirmed as a period when the signs of autistic syndrome appear including contact, communication attention and imitation disorders. The instruments for detection and evaluation are presented and also the results of papers based on the differential diagnosis with other pervasive developmental disorders. The implications for treatment are discussed. C1 CHU Bretonneau, Serv Univ Pedopsychiat, F-37044 Tours, France. CHU Bretonneau, Serv Univ Explorat Fonctionnelles & Neurophysiol, F-37044 Tours, France. RP Malvy, J (reprint author), CHU Bretonneau, Serv Univ Pedopsychiat, 2 Blvd Tonnelle, F-37044 Tours, France. 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Med.-Psychol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 157 IS 9 BP 585 EP 593 PG 9 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry; Psychology GA 258LM UT WOS:000083840700001 ER PT J AU Lamar, M Jackson, WT AF Lamar, M Jackson, WT TI OCD and atypical autism in a young man with tuberous sclerosis. SO ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0887-6177 J9 ARCH CLIN NEUROPSYCH JI Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 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In 1991, a new type of genetic mutation was discovered, known as a dynamic or expansion mutation, in which the number of triplets in a repeat increases and the length becomes unstable. During the past decade, nearly 20 diseases-including Huntington disease, 2 forms of the fragile X syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy-caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions have been identified. The unstable nature of the expanded repeat. leads to remarkable patterns of inheritance in these diseases, distinctly at odds with traditional notions of mendelian genetics. We review the clinical and genetic features of these disorders, with a particular emphasis on their psychiatric manifestations, We also critically examine the hypothesis that expansion mutations may have an etiologic role in psychiatric diseases such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Div Neurobiol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. 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Gen. Psychiatry PD NOV PY 1999 VL 56 IS 11 BP 1019 EP 1031 DI 10.1001/archpsyc.56.11.1019 PG 13 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 252EY UT WOS:000083490200010 PM 10565502 ER PT J AU Berument, SK Rutter, M Lord, C Pickles, A Bailey, A AF Berument, SK Rutter, M Lord, C Pickles, A Bailey, A TI Autism screening questionnaire: diagnostic validity SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; INDIVIDUALS; INTERVIEW AB Background Good interview and diagnostic measures for autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are available but there is a lack of a good screening questionnaire. Aims To develop and test a screening questionnaire based on items in the best available diagnostic interview - the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R). Method A 40-item scale, the Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ), was developed and tested on a sample of 160 individuals with PDD and 40 with non PDD diagnoses. Results The ASQ has good discriminative validity with respect to the separation of PDD from non-PDD diagnoses at all IQ levels, with a cut-off of 15 proving most effective. The differentiation between autism and other varieties of PDD was weaker: Conclusions The ASQ is an effective screening questionnaire for PDD. Declaration of interest The study was supported by the Medical Research Council. C1 Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Rutter, M (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, De Crespigny Pk, London SE5 8AF, England. RI Pickles, Andrew/A-9625-2011; Rutter, Michael/C-8570-2013; Bailey, Anthony/J-2860-2014 OI Pickles, Andrew/0000-0003-1283-0346; Bailey, Anthony/0000-0003-4257-972X CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x DAHLGREN SO, 1989, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V238, P169 DILAVORE PC, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P355, DOI 10.1007/BF02179373 FOMBONNE E, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P677, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00343.x HANLEY JA, 1982, RADIOLOGY, V143, P29 ICD-10, 1992, ICD10 WHO Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KRUG DA, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P221, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Mullen E., 1989, MULLEN SCALES EARLY Parks S. L., 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT, P123 RAVEN JC, 1990, COLOURED PROGRESSIVE Rimland B., 1964, INFANTILE AUTISM SYN Rutter M, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P537, DOI 10.1017/S0021963099003935 Schopler E, 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT VOLKMAR FR, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02211820 Wechsler D., 1989, WECHSLER PRESCHOOL P WECHSLER D, 1909, MANUAL WECHSLER CHIL NR 22 TC 535 Z9 540 PU ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS PI LONDON PA BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PG, ENGLAND SN 0007-1250 J9 BRIT J PSYCHIAT JI Br. J. Psychiatry PD NOV PY 1999 VL 175 BP 444 EP 451 DI 10.1192/bjp.175.5.444 PG 8 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 257TG UT WOS:000083797400010 PM 10789276 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S AF Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S TI 'Obsessions' in children with autism or Asperger syndrome - Content analysis in terms of core domains of cognition SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID DISORDER; DEFICIT AB Background We report a survey of the content of obsessions in children with autism spectrum conditions. We use the term 'obsessions' narrowly. to indicate strong. repetitive interests. We predicted that obsessions would not cluster randomly, but rather would occur significantly more often in the domain of 'folk physics' tan interest in how things work). and significantly less often in the domain of 'folk psychology' tan interest in how people work). These predictions were tested relative to a control group of 33 children with Tourette syndrome. Aims To examine the content of autistic obsessions. and to test the theory that these reflect an evolved cognitive style of good folk physics alongside impaired folk psychology Method Ninety-two parents returned a questionnaire designed to determine the subject of their child's obsessional interests. The results were analysed in terms of core domains of cognition. Results Both predictions were confirmed. Conclusions These results suggest that impaired folk psychology and superior folk physics are part of the cognitive phenotype of autism. A content-free theory of obsessions is inadequate. Declaration of interest The authors were supported by the Medical Research Council during the period of this work. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BARONCOHEN S, 1999, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, V2 BARONCOHEN S, 1999, IN PRESS NEUROSCASE BaronCohen S, 1997, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V9, P548, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.548 Baron-Cohen S., 1998, AUTISM, V2, P296, DOI 10.1177/1362361398023008 BARONCOHEN S, 1986, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V4, P113 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J CLIN PSYCHOL, V28, P193 Baron-Cohen S, 1997, AUTISM INT J RES PRA, V1, P153 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Berument SK, 1999, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V175, P444, DOI 10.1192/bjp.175.5.444 Bettelheim B, 1968, EMPTY FORTRESS CHELUNE GJ, 1986, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D, V16, P221, DOI 10.1007/BF00706479 CHRISTENSEN KJ, 1992, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V31, P4, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90003-I ELLIOTT R, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P581 HART C, 1989, WITHOUT REASON HATANO GY, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P171, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90027-2 HUGHES C, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P477, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 HUTT SJ, 1968, HUM DEV, V11, P277 LEEKAM SR, 1991, COGNITION, V40, P203, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90025-Y LESLIE AM, 1987, COGNITION, V25, P265, DOI 10.1016/S0010-0277(87)80006-9 Luria A. R., 1969, HDB CLINICAL NEUROLO, P725 OWEN A, 1991, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V10, P99 Pinker Steven, 1997, MIND WORKS Rachman S, 1980, OBSESSIONS COMPULSIO Rochat P., 1997, COGNITIVE DEV, V12, P537, DOI [10.1016/S0885-2014(97)90022-8, DOI 10.1016/S0885-2014(97)90022-8] Russell J., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS Shallice T., 1988, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY MENT Wellman H. M., 1990, CHILDRENS THEORIES M WING L, 1988, ASPECTS AUTISM BIOL, pR5 NR 30 TC 65 Z9 65 PU ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS PI LONDON PA BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PG, ENGLAND SN 0007-1250 J9 BRIT J PSYCHIAT JI Br. J. Psychiatry PD NOV PY 1999 VL 175 BP 484 EP 490 DI 10.1192/bjp.175.5.484 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 257TG UT WOS:000083797400019 PM 10789283 ER PT J AU Tarplee, C Barrow, E AF Tarplee, C Barrow, E TI Delayed echoing as an interactional resource: a case study of a 3-year-old child on the autistic spectrum SO CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS LA English DT Article DE echolalia; childhood autism; conversation analysis ID ECHOLALIA AB An analysis is presented of instances of delayed echoing produced in interactions occurring between a 3-year-old child with an autistic disorder and his mother at home. The study draws on the techniques of conversation analysis to explore the interactional work accomplished by these delayed echoes. Consideration is given to the social directedness of the child's echoes, the manner in which they are received by his conversational partner, and the extent to which they can be seen to solicit specific responses. It is argued that the child's echoes serve him in important ways as a resource for engaging in reciprocal talk with his mother. Furthermore, these echoes are a resource which is also drawn upon by the child's mother, to particular interactional ends. Delayed echoes, for this dyad, have an important part to play in the construction of intersubjectivity. C1 UCL, Dept Human Commun Sci, London WC1N 1PJ, England. St Marys Hosp, London, England. RP Tarplee, C (reprint author), UCL, Dept Human Commun Sci, Chandler House,2 Wakefield St, London WC1N 1PJ, England. EM clare.tarplee@ucl.ac.uk CR Atkinson J. 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J., 1989, CONVERSATION INTERDI, P238 WOOTTON AJ, 1997, C DIS ORD TALK CONV WOOTTON AJ, IN PRESS 1 LANGUAGE NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0269-9206 J9 CLIN LINGUIST PHONET JI Clin. Linguist. Phon. PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 13 IS 6 BP 449 EP 482 PG 34 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 253XD UT WOS:000083581500003 ER PT J AU Bruneau, N Roux, S Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C AF Bruneau, N Roux, S Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C TI Auditory associative cortex dysfunction in children with autism: evidence from late auditory evoked potentials (N1 wave-T complex) SO CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autism; mental retardation; children; late auditory evoked potentials; N1 wave; T complex; auditory modulation; stimulus intensity ID DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDER; BRAIN-STEM; DIPOLE MODEL; BLOOD-FLOW; RESPONSES; SCALP; INDIVIDUALS; COMPONENTS; STIMULI AB Objectives: Auditory processing at the cortical level was investigated with late auditory evoked potentials (N1 wave-T complex) in 4-8-year-old autistic children with mental retardation and compared to both age-matched normal and mentally retarded children (16 children in each group). Methods: Two negative peaks which occurred in the 80-200 ms latency range were analyzed according to stimulus intensity level (50 to 80 dB SPL): the first culminated at fronto-central sites (N1b) and the second at bitemporal sites (N1c, equivalent to Tb of the T complex). The latter wave was the most prominent and reliable response in normal children at this age. Results: Our results in autistic children indicated abnormalities of this wave with markedly smaller amplitude at bitemporal sites and pronounced peak latency delay (around 20 ms). Moreover, in both reference groups the intensity effect was found on both sides whereas in autistic children it was absent on the left side but present on the right. Conclusion: These findings in autistic children showing very disturbed verbal communication argue for dysfunction in brain areas involved in N1c generation i.e., the auditory associative cortex in the lateral part of the superior temporal gyrus, with more specific left side defects when auditory stimulus have to be processed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 INSERM, U316, Serv Univ Explorat Fonct & Neurophysiol Pedopsych, F-37044 Tours, France. RP Bruneau, N (reprint author), INSERM, U316, Serv Univ Explorat Fonct & Neurophysiol Pedopsych, 2 Bd Tonnelle, F-37044 Tours, France. 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PD NOV PY 1999 VL 110 IS 11 BP 1927 EP 1934 DI 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00149-2 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 248RJ UT WOS:000083288900012 PM 10576489 ER PT J AU Froese, P Richardson, M Romer, LT Swank, M AF Froese, P Richardson, M Romer, LT Swank, M TI Comparing opinions of people with developmental disabilities and significant persons in their lives using the Individual Supports Identification System (ISIS) SO DISABILITY & SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NEEDS; SATISFACTION; FAMILY AB Fifty-two people with developmental disabilities were interviewed using the Individual Supports Identification System (ISIS). This study reports on persons with developmental disabilities, served by the State of Washington Division of Developmental Disabilities, and includes persons whose onset of disability was prior to 18 To be eligible for services, an Individual must have a disability that falls within one of the following categories: (1) mental retardation; (2) cerebral palsy; (3) epilepsy; (4) autism; and (5) other types of central nervous system impairment closely related to mental retardation. Interviews were conducted with two groups. The first comprised individuals with developmental disabilities and the second, significant persons in the life of each participant in the first group. A significant person was considered to be someone known by the individual with disabilities for more than 6 months, spending more time with him or her than others. In addition, the significant person must like the individual with disabilities, and have his or her best interests in mind. Seventy-five per cent of significant persons interviewed were parents. Significant persons also responded to a series of ISIS questions. Responses from the individual with disabilities and from the significant person in his or her life were compared in order to determine similarities and differences an perspective. Comparisons focus on issues pertaining to friends and relationships, living environment and daily care needs. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Disabil Policy, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Froese, P (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr Disabil Policy, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Box 358852, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CR BAILEY DB, 1988, J SPEC EDUC, V22, P117 BAILEY DB, 1992, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P1 BLUM RW, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V88, P280 Booth T, 1996, DISABIL SOC, V11, P55, DOI 10.1080/09687599650023326 Brown M. 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Soc. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 14 IS 6 BP 831 EP 843 PG 13 WC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 265LA UT WOS:000084244700008 ER PT J AU Thomas, NS Browne, CE Oley, C Healey, S Crolla, JA AF Thomas, NS Browne, CE Oley, C Healey, S Crolla, JA TI Investigation of a cryptic interstitial duplication involving the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome critical region SO HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID ANGELMAN-SYNDROME PATIENTS; PROXIMAL 15Q; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; AUTISM; MECHANISMS AB A 3-year-old female referred with developmental delay, hypotonia and seizures was found to have a cryptic interstitial duplication of the Prader-Willi/Angelman critical region (PWACR). Her clinical features form part of a common phenotype characteristic of PWACR duplications including developmental delay, behavioural problems and speech difficulties. Microsatellite analysis showed that the duplication had arisen de novo,was maternal in origin and involved the entire 4-Mb PWACR between the common deletion breakpoints. The existence of cryptic rearrangements emphasises the need for molecular tests alongside conventional cytogenetics when investigating abnormalities involving this imprinted region. C1 Salisbury Dist Hosp, Wesses Reg Genet Lab, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, Wilts, England. Royal Childrens Hosp, Queensland Clin Genet Serv, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia. Royal Brisbane Hosp, Mol Genet Lab, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia. RP Crolla, JA (reprint author), Salisbury Dist Hosp, Wesses Reg Genet Lab, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, Wilts, England. 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Genet. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 105 IS 5 BP 384 EP 387 DI 10.1007/s004390051120 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 261VB UT WOS:000084029400002 PM 10598802 ER PT J AU Folstein, SE AF Folstein, SE TI Autism SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID UTAH EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; TOTAL POPULATION; FAMILY HISTORY; AFFECTIVE-DISORDERS; INDIVIDUALS; PREVALENCE; SEROTONIN; CHILDREN; TWIN C1 New England Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Folstein, SE (reprint author), New England Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, 750 Washington St,NEMC 1007, Boston, MA 02111 USA. 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Rev. Psych. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 269 EP 277 DI 10.1080/09540269974168 PG 9 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 267LY UT WOS:000084360500001 ER PT J AU Lainhart, JE AF Lainhart, JE TI Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; FAMILY HISTORY; SCHIZOID PERSONALITY; MENTAL-RETARDATION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; THOUGHT-DISORDER; YOUNG-ADULTS; CHILDREN; CATATONIA AB The objective of this paper is to review psychiatric problems in children and adults with autism and related disorders and their first-degree relatives, with a focus on: (1) why they present with psychiatric problems; (2) rates of psychiatric disorders; (3) clinical features important in diagnosis and differential diagnosis; (4) treatment. The data come from published reports of psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, Asperger's disorder, or Pervasive Developmental Disorder Nor Otherwise Specified and their relatives and the clinical experience of the author and other experts. Children and adults with autism may present with psychiatric problems because of the core defining features of autism, cognitive impairments, medical disorders, other psychiatric symptoms and disorders, and life experiences related to having autism. The data suggest that depression, anxiety, impairing compulsive behaviours, attentional problems, hyperactivity, and sleep problems occur commonly in individuals with autism. Ties and Tourette's disorder appears to occur in a substantial minority. Schizophrenia occurs infrequently. Clinical features of autism and the inapplicability of subjective diagnostic criteria make the diagnosis of other psychiatric disorders difficult in many autistic individuals. Rates of major depression and social phobia are increased in first-degree relatives of autistic probands. The burden of raising an autistic child may also contribute to the development of psychiatric problems in parents and siblings. Future studies need to determine if the risk of developing particular psychiatric disorders and problems is truly increased In individuals with autism and related disorders above the risk in the general population and in individuals with other developmental disorders. If risk is increased, potential risk factors of a genetic, neurologic, cognitive, and environmental nature will need to be identified and understood. In order to measure risk and identify risk factors, reliable, valid methods for diagnosing psychiatric disorders and problems in autistic children and adults must be developed. C1 Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Lainhart, JE (reprint author), Red Butte Hlth Ctr, Utah Autism Res Project, Suite 2204,546 Chipeta Way,Box 896, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. 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Rev. Psych. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 278 EP 298 DI 10.1080/09540269974177 PG 21 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 267LY UT WOS:000084360500002 ER PT J AU Piven, J AF Piven, J TI Genetic liability for autism: the behavioural expression in relatives SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID FAMILY HISTORY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; PARENTS; INDIVIDUALS; CHILDREN; DISORDERS; SIBLINGS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; DEFICITS AB Twin and family studies have suggested that, in addition to causing the full syndrome of autism, the genetic liability for autism may also cause milder, but qualitatively similar behavioural characteristics in non-autistic relatives. Together these characteristics have been referred to as constituting a broad autism phenotype and include such phenomena as rigid and aloof personality and language abnormalities. Clarification of the the type and range of characteristics that make up the broad autism phenotype are important for studies aimed at elucidating the biological basis of autism. In particular further defining the full phenotypic expression of the genes that cause autism may aid in teasing apart gene-behaviour relationships as well as brain-behaviour relationships. In this paper the pattern of behaviours which define the broad autism phenotype is reviewed, as well as the potential importance of further characterizing this phenotype for future studies of the biological basis of this disorder. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, N Carolina Mental Retardat Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Piven, J (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Neurosci Hosp, CB 7250, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. 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Rev. Psych. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1080/09540269974186 PG 10 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 267LY UT WOS:000084360500003 ER PT J AU Joseph, RM AF Joseph, RM TI Neuropsychological frameworks for understanding autism SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review ID EARLY INFANTILE-AUTISM; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; CENTRAL COHERENCE; NONRETARDED-CHILDREN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; FRONTAL-CORTEX; MIND; PERFORMANCE; DEFICITS; MEMORY AB Neuropsychological theories have traditionally attempted to provide a unifying account of the complex and diverse behavioural manifestations of autism in terms of their underlying psychological mechanisms and associated brain bases. This article reviews three competing neuropsychological theories of autism: the executive dysfunction hypothesis, the weak central coherence hypothesis, and the limbic system hypothesis. 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PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 309 EP 324 DI 10.1080/09540269974195 PG 16 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 267LY UT WOS:000084360500004 PM 16467917 ER PT J AU Tager-Flusberg, H AF Tager-Flusberg, H TI A psychological approach to understanding the social and language impairments in autism SO INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; SYNDROME CHILDREN; JOINT ATTENTION; DOWNS-SYNDROME; MIND; INDIVIDUALS; COMMUNICATION; DISCOURSE; PARENTS AB This paper surveys current research on the social and communicative impairments in autism. In diagnostic schemes, the criteria for identifying autism in these domains include overlapping features. One approach to interpreting this overlap is to consider that social and communicative impairments reflect the same underlying cognitive deficit, referred to as the 'theory of mind' hypothesis of autism. 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R., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P5 Volkmar FR, 1998, AUTISM, V2, P45, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361398021005 WELLMAN H, 1999, UNDERSTANDING OTHER WETHERBY AM, 1984, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V27, P364 WETHERBY AM, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P295, DOI 10.1007/BF01531661 World Health Organization, 1993, INT CLASS DIS DIAGN NR 80 TC 58 Z9 59 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-0261 J9 INT REV PSYCHIATR JI Int. Rev. Psych. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 325 EP 334 DI 10.1080/09540269974203 PG 10 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 267LY UT WOS:000084360500005 PM 16467907 ER PT J AU Smead, VS AF Smead, VS TI Personal accounts of exceptionality: An untapped resource for child services professionals SO INTERVENTION IN SCHOOL AND CLINIC LA English DT Article AB First-person nonfiction accounts of exceptionality as a supplement to research-based accounts can be valuable to clinicians and teachers who are working with exceptional children. In this article, an annotated bibliography of 24 book-length accounts is provided. Content areas include gifts and talents, physical health impairments, autism, emotional disorders, learning disabilities, and making the transition to adulthood. Potential limitations and misuses of such narratives also are discussed, along with suggestions for future research on their utility. C1 Western Illinois Univ, Macomb, IL 61455 USA. RP Smead, VS (reprint author), Waggoner 118,1 Univ Circle, Macomb, IL 61455 USA. CR ARENSON KW, 1997, MEMOIR WRITING CLASS AULL F, 1997, ILLNESS NARRATIVE PA BUFORD B, 1996, NEW YORKER, V72, P11 BUSSELLE R, 1989, EXPOSURE HEART Dillard A, 1987, AM CHILDHOOD Dillard A., 1990, PILGRIM TINKER CREEK GRACER BL, 1989, SHHH, P26 QUACKENBUSH RL, 1991, PSYCHOTHER, V28, P671, DOI 10.1037/0033-3204.28.4.671 RIORDAN RJ, 1991, PSYCHOL REP, V68, P306, DOI 10.2466/PR0.68.1.306-306 Taylor SE, 1996, J PERS, V64, P873, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00947.x NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PRO-ED INC PI AUSTIN PA 8700 SHOAL CREEK BLVD, AUSTIN, TX 78757-6897 USA SN 1053-4512 J9 INTERV SCH CLIN JI Interv. Sch. Clin. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 79 EP + DI 10.1177/105345129903500203 PG 9 WC Education, Special SC Education & Educational Research GA 252KH UT WOS:000083500300003 ER PT J AU Passwell, JH AF Passwell, JH TI MMR vaccination, Crohn's disease and autism: A real or imagined "stomach ache/headache?" SO ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material DE MMR vaccination; autism; measles; immunization ID INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; MEASLES; PERTUSSIS; RUBELLA; MUMPS C1 Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Passwell, JH (reprint author), Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. CR Afzal MA, 1998, LANCET, V351, P646, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78429-4 [Anonymous], 1998, MMWR MORB MORTAL WKL, V47, P1 Casasnovas JM, 1999, EMBO J, V18, P2911, DOI 10.1093/emboj/18.11.2911 Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Engelking O, 1999, J GEN VIROL, V80, P1599 Gans HA, 1999, J IMMUNOL, V162, P5569 Gans HA, 1998, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V280, P527, DOI 10.1001/jama.280.6.527 Metcalf J, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P166 PEABODY RG, 1998, LANCET, V316, P1745 PELTOLA H, 1994, NEW ENGL J MED, V331, P1397, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199411243312101 Peltola H, 1998, LANCET, V351, P1327, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)24018-9 RITTER M, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P370 Robbins JB, 1998, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V452, P207 ROBBINS JB, 1993, PEDIATR INFECT DIS J, V12, P795, DOI 10.1097/00006454-199310000-00001 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 Wakefield AJ, 1999, ISR MED ASSOC J, V1, P183 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 PU ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOC JOURNAL PI RAMAT GAN PA 2 TWIN TOWERS, 11TH FL, 35 JABOTINSKY ST, PO BOX 3604, RAMAT GAN 52136, ISRAEL SN 1565-1088 J9 ISRAEL MED ASSOC J JI Isr. Med. Assoc. J. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 176 EP 177 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 305BF UT WOS:000086518400013 PM 10731330 ER PT J AU Wakefield, AJ Montgomery, SM AF Wakefield, AJ Montgomery, SM TI Autism, viral infection and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination SO ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE autism; measles-mumps-rubella; Crohn's disease; inflammatory bower disease; ulcerative colitis; phenotype ID INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS; INTENSIVE EXPOSURE; INFANT-MORTALITY; DISORDER; ASSOCIATION; CHILDHOOD; EUROPE; NORTH; SOUTH C1 UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Med, London NW3 2QG, England. RP Wakefield, AJ (reprint author), UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Med, Royal Free Campus,Pond St, London NW3 2QG, England. EM awakefield@rfc.ucl.ac.uk CR AABY P, 1984, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V120, P49 AABY P, 1984, REV INFECT DIS, V6, P239 Alm JS, 1999, LANCET, V353, P1485, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09344-1 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Anthony A, 1999, GUT, V44, pA127 Burnet M, 1972, NATURAL HIST INFECT DETELS R, 1973, LANCET, V2, P11 DEYKIN EY, 1979, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V109, P628 EKBOM A, 1991, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V134, P876 Furlano RI, 1999, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V116, pA550 GENT AE, 1994, LANCET, V343, P766, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91841-4 Gupta S, 1998, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V85, P106, DOI 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00021-6 HILLEMAN MR, 1992, AIDS RES HUM RETROV, V8, P1743, DOI 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1743 Kirsner JB, 1995, INFLAMM BOWEL DIS, V1, P2, DOI 10.1002/ibd.3780010103 KNIVSBERG A-M, 1990, Brain Dysfunction, V3, P315 LennardJones JE, 1997, EUR J GASTROEN HEPAT, V9, P353 Montgomery SM, 1997, LANCET, V349, P472, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61183-X MONTGOMERY SM, 1999, GUT, V44, pA29 Montgomery SM, 1999, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V116, P796, DOI 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70062-4 Montgomery SM, 1997, GUT, V41, pA175 Montgomery SM, 1998, GUT, V42, pA41 Montgomery SM, 1999, EUR J GASTROEN HEPAT, V11, P543, DOI 10.1097/00042737-199905000-00013 Murch SM, 1999, GUT, V44, pA127 PROBERT CSJ, 1992, GUT, V33, P687, DOI 10.1136/gut.33.5.687 RING A, 1997, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, V4, P1485 RONNE T, 1985, LANCET, V1, P1 RUTTER M, 1994, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, P581 SHAHEEN SO, 1995, CLIN EXP ALLERGY, V25, P1034 Shirakawa T, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P77, DOI 10.1126/science.275.5296.77 Shivananda S, 1996, GUT, V39, P690, DOI 10.1136/gut.39.5.690 Singh VK, 1998, CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP, V89, P105, DOI 10.1006/clin.1998.4588 SOFFER D, 1976, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V103, P67 SUBHANI J, 1998, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V114, pA778 Taylor B, 1999, LANCET, V353, P2026, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01239-8 VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P717, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00784.x Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 Wakefield AJ, 1998, GUT, V42, pA86 Weibel RE, 1998, PEDIATRICS, V101, P383, DOI 10.1542/peds.101.3.383 NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 PU ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOC JOURNAL PI RAMAT GAN PA 2 TWIN TOWERS, 11TH FL, 35 JABOTINSKY ST, PO BOX 3604, RAMAT GAN 52136, ISRAEL SN 1565-1088 J9 ISR MED ASSOC J JI Isr. Med. Assoc. J. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 183 EP 187 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 305BF UT WOS:000086518400015 PM 10731332 ER PT J AU Ropar, D Mitchell, P AF Ropar, D Mitchell, P TI Are individuals with autism and Asperger's syndrome susceptible to visual illusions? SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; Asperger's syndrome; weak central coherence; illusions ID CENTRAL COHERENCE; PERFORMANCE; ABILITIES; CHILDREN AB A recent finding that individuals with autism are not susceptible to illusions has been explained by Happe (1996) as a sign of "weak central coherence" at lower levels of processing. We investigated the phenomenon with a more sophisticated measure. In Experiment 1, individuals with autism, Asperger's syndrome, moderate learning difficulties, and typical development adjusted certain comparison lines and circles to make them appear to be the same size in four visual illusions. With a minor exception, the participants with autism and Asperger's syndrome evinced a systematic bias in their judgements in the illusion condition. The extent of this was no different from control participants. In a second experiment, a similar finding was obtained in a task where participants made verbal judgements about the stimuli. The results suggest that lower-level coherence in visual processing in autism is intact. C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Psychol, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Ropar, D (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Psychol, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. CR AGLIOTI S, 1995, CURR BIOL, V5, P679, DOI 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00133-3 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Baron-Cohen S., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P85 Brian JA, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P865, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01482.x Bruce V., 1996, VISUAL PERCEPTION PH DAY RH, 1972, SCIENCE, V175, P1335, DOI 10.1126/science.175.4028.1335 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL Fagot J, 1997, J EXP PSYCHOL HUMAN, V23, P429, DOI 10.1037/0096-1523.23.2.429 Frith U., 1983, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V1, P329, DOI 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1983.tb00906.x Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN Grandin T., 1995, THINKING PICTURES OT Happe FGE, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P873, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x HOBSON RP, 1988, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V79, P441 Jarrold C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P25, DOI 10.1023/A:1025817121137 Jolliffe T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P527, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x JOLLIFFE T, 1992, COMMUNICATION, V26, P12 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 MOTTRON L, 1993, BRAIN COGNITION, V23, P279, DOI 10.1006/brcg.1993.1060 Mottron L, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P203, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098003333 NAVON D, 1977, COGNITIVE PSYCHOL, V9, P353, DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(77)90012-3 Robinson J. O., 1972, PSYCHOL VISUAL ILLUS Selfe L., 1978, NADIA CASE EXTRAORDI SHAH A, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P613, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x Williams D., 1992, NOBODY NOWHERE WILTSHIRE S, 1991, AM DREAMS NR 26 TC 66 Z9 67 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 40 IS 8 BP 1283 EP 1293 DI 10.1017/S0021963099004667 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 262YL UT WOS:000084095800014 PM 10604406 ER PT J AU Copeland, DR deMoor, C Moore, BD Ater, JL AF Copeland, DR deMoor, C Moore, BD Ater, JL TI Neurocognitive development of children after a cerebellar tumor in infancy: A longitudinal study SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHOLE-BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; POSTOPERATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MENTAL SKILLS; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; CHILDHOOD; SURVIVAL; QUALITY AB Purpose: To assess the lang-term neuropsychologic effects experienced by children who have tumors in the cerebellum that are diagnosed and created during infancy. Patients and Methods: Twenty-seven children with posterior fossa tumors diagnosed at less than 36 months of age were assessed prospectively with a comprehensive set of age-appropriate tests. Group means and SDs are reported for assessments conducted at diagnosis (analysis 1) and at the most recent follow-up appointment (analysis 2), Cognitive developmental growth curves were derived from the prospective data (analysis 3) using mixed model regression analyses and controlling for age at diagnosis and socioeconomic status. Results: In the first analysis, eight of 11 infants at diagnosis scored within normal limits on all neuropsychologic domains, except for motor skills, which were impaired. In the second analysis, mean scores at the mast recent follow-up of 21 of 27 patients were mostly in the normal range; however, group comparisons between those who had (n = 7) and herd not (n = 14) been treated with cranial radiation therapy (CRT) showed that patients in the irradiated (CRT) group scored significantly lower than those in the nonirradiated (No-CRT) group on verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) and in the motor domain. In the third analysis (growth curves of CRI and No-CRT groups), statistically significant differences in slope were found on verbal IQ, performance IQ, perceptual-motor skills, language, and attention/executive skills, Slopes on the fine-motor domain were similar; both groups declined at approximately the same rate, Conclusion: Neurocognitive development and outcome of children with cerebellar tumors diagnosed in infancy is very positive among those who were treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Declines in performance across rime were minimal, and scores tended to remain within normal limits. By itself, a cerebellar tumor in infancy does not seem to have a significant impact on children. However, those who received CRT as part of their treatment are likely to have neurocognitive and psychosocial deficits that require remediational interventions. (C) 1999 by American Society of Clinical Oncology. C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Copeland, DR (reprint author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1515 Holcombe Blvd,Box 87, Houston, TX 77030 USA. CR ACHENBACK TM, 1983, CHILD BEHAV CHECKJLI AKSHOOMOFF NA, 1992, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V106, P731, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.106.5.731 AKSHOOMOFF NA, 1992, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V30, P315, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(92)90105-U APPOLLONIO IM, 1993, NEUROLOGY, V43, P1536 Ater JL, 1996, J CHILD NEUROL, V11, P462 Ater JL, 1997, J NEURO-ONCOL, V32, P243, DOI 10.1023/A:1005744527443 BARAM TZ, 1987, CANCER, V60, P173, DOI 10.1002/1097-0142(19870715)60:2<173::AID-CNCR2820600209>3.0.CO;2-F Bayley N, 1993, BAYLEY SCALE INFANT Beery KE, 1967, DEV TEST VISUAL MOTO Benton A. 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Clin. Oncol. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 17 IS 11 BP 3476 EP 3486 PG 11 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 251YJ UT WOS:000083473700017 PM 10550145 ER PT J AU Accardo, P Bostwick, H AF Accardo, P Bostwick, H TI Zebras in the living room: The changing faces of autism SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 New York Med Coll, Westchester Inst Human Dev, Dept Pediat, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. New York Med Coll, Dept Pediat, Div Gastroenterol, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP Accardo, P (reprint author), New York Med Coll, Westchester Inst Human Dev, Dept Pediat, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. CR Alexander D, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P117, DOI 10.1007/BF02172001 Fernell E, 1999, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V41, P270, DOI 10.1017/S0012162299000572 Gerlach E. K., 1996, AUTISM TREATMENT GUI Gillberg C, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P415, DOI 10.1023/A:1026004505764 Gutierrez GC, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P97, DOI 10.1023/A:1026032413811 Horvath K, 1998, J Assoc Acad Minor Phys, V9, P9 Horvath K, 1999, J PEDIATR-US, V135, P559, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70052-1 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Kent L, 1999, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V41, P153, DOI 10.1017/S001216229900033X Lightdale JR, 1999, J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR, V29, P114, DOI 10.1097/00005176-199908000-00002 *NEW YORK STAT DEP, 1999, PUBL NEW YORK STAT D, V4215 Wing L, 1997, LANCET, V350, P1761, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09218-0 WOOLF SH, 1994, CLIN PRACTICE GUIDEL NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 135 IS 5 BP 533 EP 535 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70045-4 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 252TY UT WOS:000083519400001 PM 10547235 ER PT J AU Horvath, K Papadimitriou, JC Rabsztyn, A Drachenberg, C Tildon, JT AF Horvath, K Papadimitriou, JC Rabsztyn, A Drachenberg, C Tildon, JT TI Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS; EXPRESSION; DISEASE; MUCOSA AB Objectives: Our aim was tb evaluate the structure and function of the upper gastrointestinal tract in a group of patients with autism who had gastrointestinal symptoms. Study design: Thirty-six children (age: 5.7 +/- 2 years, mean It SD) with autistic disorder underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies, intestinal and pancreatic enzyme analyses, and bacterial and fungal cultures. The most frequent gastrointestinal complaints were chronic diarrhea, gaseousness, and abdominal discomfort and distension. Results: Histologic examination in these 36 children revealed grade I or II reflux esophagitis in 25 (69.4%), chronic gastritis in 15, and chronic duodenitis in 24. The number of Paneth's cells in the duodenal crypts was significantly elevated in autistic children compared with non-autistic control subjects. Low intestinal carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity was reported in 21 children (58.3%), although there was no abnormality found in pancreatic function. Seventy-five percent of the autistic children (27/36) had an increased pancreatico-biliary fluid output after intravenous secretin administration. Nineteen of the 21 patients with diarrhea had significantly higher fluid output than those without diarrhea. Conclusions: Unrecognized gastrointestinal disorders, especially reflux esophagitis and disaccharide malabsorption, may contribute to the behavioral problems of the non-verbal autistic patients. The observed increase in pancreatico-biliary secretion after secretin infusion suggests an upregulation of secretin receptors in the pancreas and liver. Further studies are required to determine the possible association between the brain and gastrointestinal dysfunctions in children with autistic disorder. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Horvath, K (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, 22 S Greene St,N5W70,Box 140, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BALAS D, 1980, DIGESTION, V20, P157 CHUNG I, 1994, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V107, P1751 DEufemia P, 1996, ACTA PAEDIATR, V85, P1076, DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14220.x DVORAK AM, 1980, HUM PATHOL, V11, P561 GOODWIN MS, 1971, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V1, P48, DOI 10.1007/BF01537742 Horvath K, 1998, J Assoc Acad Minor Phys, V9, P9 LEAPE LL, 1981, J PEDIATR SURG, V16, P379, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3468(81)80699-9 MOLMENTI EP, 1993, J CLIN INVEST, V92, P2022, DOI 10.1172/JCI116797 Ouellette AJ, 1997, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V113, P1779, DOI 10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9352884 Porter EM, 1997, INFECT IMMUN, V65, P2396 SCHMITZMOORMANN P, 1980, PATHOL RES PRACT, V167, P313 SCOTT H, 1981, GUT, V22, P812, DOI 10.1136/gut.22.10.812 SENEGASBALAS F, 1982, DIGEST DIS SCI, V27, P917, DOI 10.1007/BF01316576 STAMP GWH, 1992, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V103, P532 VANDENPLAS Y, 1994, J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR, V18, P413, DOI 10.1097/00005176-199405000-00001 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 WALKERSM.J, 1972, LANCET, V2, P883 Wienbeck M, 1989, Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, V156, P7 NR 19 TC 201 Z9 206 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 135 IS 5 BP 559 EP 563 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70052-1 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 252TY UT WOS:000083519400008 PM 10547242 ER PT J AU Nilsson, EW Gillberg, C Gillberg, IC Rastam, M AF Nilsson, EW Gillberg, C Gillberg, IC Rastam, M TI Ten-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: personality disorders SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE anorexia nervosa; outcome; controlled; personality disorders; autism ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; TORONTO-ALEXITHYMIA-SCALE; EATING DISORDERS; BULIMIA-NERVOSA; ASPERGER SYNDROME; COMORBIDITY; POPULATION; FEATURES; PREVALENCE; CHILDREN AB Objective: To study the development of personality disorders, especially those involving obsessions, compulsions, and social interaction problems, in a representative group of anorexia nervosa (AN) cases. Method: The prevalence of personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorders at mean age 24 years (10 years after reported onset) was examined in 51 adolescent-onset AN cases recruited after community screening and 51 comparison cases matched for age, sex, and school. All 102 cases had originally been examined at age 16 years and followed up at 21 years. At 24 years, structured and validated psychiatric diagnostic interviews were performed by a psychiatrist who was blind to original diagnosis. The majority of AN cases (94%) were weight-restored. Results: Personality disorders, particularly cluster C, and autism spectrum disorders were overrepresented in the AN group. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and/or autism spectrum disorder was diagnosed in a subgroup of AN cases in all 3 studies. This subgroup had a very poor psychosocial outcome. Conclusions: Persistent problems with obsessions, compulsions, and social interaction characterized a substantial minority of weight-restored AN cases at 10-year follow-up. These problems appear to be constitutional rather than a result of AN, and they may warrant a different treatment approach. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Nilsson, EW (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. 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Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1389 EP 1395 DI 10.1097/00004583-199911000-00013 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 250BU UT WOS:000083369800013 PM 10560225 ER PT J AU Wilson, PN AF Wilson, PN TI The 'Comforts of Madness. Autism' - Durian-008-2 (Hinteregger, Kazuhisa, Turner) SO NEUE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR MUSIK LA German DT Record Review CR HINTEREGGER H, REC COMFORTS OF MADN NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU VERLAG B SCHOTTS SOHNE PI MAINZ PA POSTFACH 3640 WEIHERGARTEN, 55026 MAINZ, GERMANY SN 0945-6945 J9 NEUE Z MUSIK JI Neue Z. Musik PD NOV-DEC PY 1999 VL 160 IS 6 BP 72 EP 72 PG 1 WC Music SC Music GA 275AD UT WOS:000084796500047 ER PT J AU Heaton, P Hermelin, B Pring, L AF Heaton, P Hermelin, B Pring, L TI Can children with autistic spectrum disorders perceive affect in music? An experimental investigation SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EMOTION; EXPRESSIONS; PERCEPTION; APPRAISAL; ABILITY; FACES AB Background. Children with autistic spectrum disorders typically show impairments in processing affective information within social and interpersonal domains. It has yet to be established whether such difficulties persist in the area of music; a domain which is characteristically rich in emotional content. Methods. Fourteen children with autism and Asperger syndrome and their age and intelligence matched controls were tested for their ability to identify the affective connotations of melodies in the major or minor musical mode. They were required to match musical fragments with schematic representations of happy and sad faces. Results. The groups did not differ in their ability to ascribe the musical examples to the two affective categories. Conclusions. In contrast to their performance within social and interpersonal domains, children with autistic disorders showed no deficits in processing affect in musical stimuli. C1 Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Heaton, P (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, 111 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. 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The sample is composed of 26 children aged 18 months to 5 or 6 years at the first consultation. The methodology used in the observation of home movies includes: (7) application of the ERC-A-III scale for recognizing the precocious symptoms of autism; (2) analysis of the coming out and coming off of social, emotional and cognitive competences. The authors, starting from the analysis of these data, describe three kinds of onset and courses of PDD: progressive, regressive and fluctuating. The authors present some conclusive considerations on the different age of PDD onset in home movies, in anamnestic reconstruction and in recall for diagnosis. Copyright (C) 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 Univ Pisa, INPE, IRCCS Stella Maris, I-56018 Pisa, Italy. IUPG, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Muratori, F (reprint author), Univ Pisa, INPE, IRCCS Stella Maris, Via Giacinti 2, I-56018 Pisa, Italy. 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The usefulness of the schedule in the differentiation between children with autism and children with a severe specific receptive language disorder is examined. Method: Eight boys with early infantile autism and eight age- and IQ-matched buys with a specific receptive Language disorder were examined with the ADOS. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using the ratings of eight pairs of raters. The agreement between diagnostic classification based on the ADOS ICD-IO algorithm and the independent clinical psychiatric diagnosis of two expert was used as the measure of validity. Results: The reliability of the different ADOS items proved to be good among experienced raters. Various ADOS items clearly discriminate both groups. Using the ADOS ICD-IO algorithm, the clinical diagnosis of infantile autism could be confirmed fur five of the eight children in this group. None of the children with the clinical diagnosis of a receptive language disorder was identified as autistic according to the algorithm. Conclusions: In the hands of experienced raters the ADOS is a reliable diagnostic instrument. It can support the differentiation between autism and specific receptive language disorder, but additional parent information is needed to confirm the diagnosis. C1 Heckscher Klin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, Arztin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, Abt Munchen Solln Teilleist & Verhaltensg Kinder, D-81479 Munich, Germany. Univ Munich, Inst Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, D-80539 Munich, Germany. RP Noterdaeme, M (reprint author), Heckscher Klin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, Arztin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, Abt Munchen Solln Teilleist & Verhaltensg Kinder, Wolfratshauser Str 350, D-81479 Munich, Germany. CR AMOROSA H, 1992, AKTUELLE ENTWICKLUNG, P61 BARTAK L, 1975, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V126, P127, DOI 10.1192/bjp.126.2.127 Beitchman JH, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P815, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199606000-00022 BEITCHMAN JH, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P528, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60013-1 Beitchman JH, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P804, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199606000-00021 BERGER F, 1990, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V18, P71 CANTWELL DP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P19, DOI 10.1007/BF02212715 COHEN J, 1960, EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS, V20, P37, DOI 10.1177/001316446002000104 COX RD, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A GRIMM H, 1978, HEIDELBERGER SPRACHE KAUFMAN AS, 1991, KAUFM ASS BATT CHILD LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 PAUL R, 1983, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V22, P525, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198311000-00002 RUTTER M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF01495054 RUTTER M, 1992, SPECIFIC SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN : CORRELATES, CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES, P63 World Health Organization, 1991, INT KLASS PSYCH STOR NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 1422-4917 J9 Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH JI Z. Kinder-und Jugendpsy. Psychother. PD NOV PY 1999 VL 27 IS 4 BP 251 EP 257 DI 10.1024//1422-4917.27.4.251 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 269LR UT WOS:000084479500003 PM 10637975 ER PT J AU Annett, M AF Annett, M TI The theory of an agnosic right shift gene in schizophrenia and autism SO SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE agnosic mutant; autism; right shift theory; RS plus gene; schizophrenia ID CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION; BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS; PLANUM TEMPORALE; HAND SKILL; HYPOTHESIS; ASYMMETRY; ASSOCIATIONS; DOMINANCE; PATHOLOGY; PROGRAM AB The right shift (RS) theory (Annett, M., 1972. The distribution of manual asymmetry. Pr. J. Psychol. 63, 343-358; Annett, M., 1985. Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory. Lawrence Erlbaum, London) suggests that the typical pattern of human cerebral and manual asymmetries depends on a single gene (RS +) which impairs speech-related cortex of the right hemisphere. The theory offers solutions to several puzzles, including the distribution of handedness in families (Annett, M., 1978. A Single Gene Explanation of Right and Left Handedness and Brainedness. Lanchester Polytechnic, Coventry; Annett, M., 1996. In defense of the right shift theory. Percept. Motor Skills 82, 115-137), relations between handedness and cerebral speech laterality (Annett, M., 1975. Hand preference and the laterality of cerebral speech. Cortex 11, 305-328; Annett, M., Alexander, M.P., 1996. Atypical cerebral dominance: predictions and tests of the right shift theory. Neuropsychologia 34, 1215-1227) and handedness and dyslexia (Annett, M. et al., 1996. Types of dyslexia and the shift to dextrality. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 37, 167-180). If Crow's (Crow, T.J. et al., 1989. Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 1145-1150; Crow, T.J., 1997. Is schizophrenia the price that Homo sapiens pays for language? Schizophr. Res. 28, 127-141) theory that schizophrenia is due to an anomaly of cerebral dominance is correct, and if the RS theory is correct, schizophrenia could be due to an anomaly of the RS + gene. If the RS + gene were at risk for a mutation which caused a loss of directional coding, the mutant could be described as 'agnosic' for left and right. Such a gene would impair either hemisphere at random. When paired with another RS + gene, both hemispheres would be impaired in 50% of cases. The other 50% and people in whom the agnosic gene is paired with an RS-allele (neutral for asymmetry and not giving hemisphere impairment) would have one unaffected hemisphere and, thus, normal development. Quantitative predictions based on the RS genetic theory as previously developed, plus an agnosic mutant with frequency required to give schizophrenia in 1% of the population, are consistent with estimates of concordance for schizophrenia in relatives. Homozygotes of the agnosic mutant would occur at about the rate estimated for autism. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. Ail rights reserved. C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Psychol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RP Annett, M (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Psychol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. 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T., 1937, READING WRITING SPEE Palmer RE, 1996, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V87, P609 Resch F, 1997, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V88, P621 RITVO ER, 1985, AM J PSYCHIAT, V142, P187 Rutter M., 1991, NEW GENETICS MENTAL, P223 SHAM P, 1997, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH, V2, P219 Steinmetz H, 1996, NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV R, V20, P587, DOI 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00071-2 NR 36 TC 36 Z9 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-9964 J9 SCHIZOPHR RES JI Schizophr. Res. PD OCT 19 PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 177 EP 182 DI 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00072-9 PG 6 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 239HB UT WOS:000082761800003 PM 10507510 ER PT J AU Saugstad, LF AF Saugstad, LF TI A lack of cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia is within the normal variation in brain maturation but indicates late, slow maturation SO SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE brain maturation; cerebral lateralization; developmental dyslexia; handedness; infantile autism; multifactoral inheritance; optimal nutrition; planum temporale bias; schizophrenia ID PLANUM TEMPORALE ASYMMETRY; SEX-DIFFERENCES; DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA; CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT; ADULT SCHIZOPHRENIA; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; MENTAL-ILLNESS; FED INFANTS; SIZE; COGNITION AB The planum temporale (PT) bias, PT leftward, PT symmetry, and PT rightward reversal and sidedness preference, consistent right-handedness, ambilaterality, and consistent left-handedness are placed on a continuum mirroring the normal Variation in rate of brain maturation. Maturational rate declines as we pass from PT leftward bias and consistent right-handedness to PT reversal and consistent left-handedness. Concomitantly, we expect an increased prevalence of males due to their pubertal age being about 2 years later than that of females, and a shift in cognitive profile from higher Verbal scores than performance scores on the WAIS to higher performance than verbal scores. Three disorders fulfilling the criteria of late CNS maturation apart from the corresponding cognitive profile were studied: infantile autism (IA), schizophrenia (S), and developmental dyslexia (DD). These disorders have in common deficits in cognition, perception, and somatomotor function. The deficits range from an arrest in brain development (which is evident in infancy superimposed on late maturation in IA) to overall delayed brain and somatic development in S (culminating in postpubertal psychotic episodes and persistent and generalized residual deficits). Finally, reading inability, problems in perception (vision and hearing) and in motor coordination, particularly between the two hemispheres, characterize DD. Enhancing brain maturation and the prevalence of 'normal' cerebral asymmetry-laterality is preferable if we want to reduce the risk of developing the above-mentioned disorders. It is suggested that in the past environmental challenges have favored early maturation, with its abundant neuronal population, arborization and excessive density of synapses and cerebral excitability which has powered evolution through the mechanism of natural selection. Early maturation is obtainable through optimal nutrition, including a satisfactory amount of marine fat (PUFA), before and during pregnancy and later in life. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oslo, Inst Basic Med Sci, Dept Anat, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. RP Saugstad, LF (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Inst Basic Med Sci, Dept Anat, POB 1105 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. 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PD OCT 19 PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 183 EP 196 DI 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00073-0 PG 14 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 239HB UT WOS:000082761800004 PM 10507511 ER PT J AU Lassig, JP Vachirasomtoon, K Hartzell, K Leventhal, M Courchesne, E Courchesne, R Lord, C Leventhal, BL Cook, EH AF Lassig, JP Vachirasomtoon, K Hartzell, K Leventhal, M Courchesne, E Courchesne, R Lord, C Leventhal, BL Cook, EH TI Physical mapping of the serotonin 5-HT7 receptor gene (HTR7) to chromosome 10 and pseudogene (HTR7P) to chromosome 12, and testing of linkage disequilibrium between HTR7 and autistic disorder SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE HTR7; serotonin receptors; autism; mapping; polymorphism; pseudogene ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DOUBLE-BLIND; CLONING; PLACEBO; RISPERIDONE; EXPRESSION; PLASMA; FAMILY; ADULTS AB The gene encoding the serotonin 5-HT7 receptor (HTR7) has been considered as a candidate locus in several neuropsychiatric disorders, based on pharmacological evidence and ligand-binding studies. After determining over 3 kb of previously unpublished sequence from introns 1 and 2 of HTR7, a single base (C/T) polymorphism in the second intron of HTR7 was found. Allele-specific PCR was used to genotype the HTR7 marker in 53 trios consisting of subjects with autistic disorder and both parents. Using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), no evidence of preferential transmission of either allele was found (TDT chi(2) 0.252, p = 0.602), Sequence data obtained from both intron 1 and intron 2 of HTR7, and from the 5-HT7 pseudogene (HTR7P), was used to confirm localization of HTR7 to 10q23 and HTR7P to 12p13 using radiation hybrid analyses.. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Lab Dev Neurosci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Childrens Hosp, Res Ctr, Autism & Brain Dev Res Lab, La Jolla, CA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. 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PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 5 BP 472 EP 475 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<472::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-G PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 239QQ UT WOS:000082781500007 PM 10490701 ER PT J AU Maestrini, E Lai, C Marlow, A Matthews, N Wallace, S Bailey, A Cook, EH Weeks, DE Monaco, AP AF Maestrini, E Lai, C Marlow, A Matthews, N Wallace, S Bailey, A Cook, EH Weeks, DE Monaco, AP CA Int Molecular Genetic Study Autism Consortium TI Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta 3 (GABRB3) gene polymorphisms are not associated with autism in the IMGSA families SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE autism; association; serotonin transporter; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor; 15q11-q13 ID LINKAGE-DISEQUILIBRIUM; BLOOD SEROTONIN; PROXIMAL 15Q; DOUBLE-BLIND; DISORDER; DUPLICATION; 15Q11-13; REGION; MICROSATELLITES; ORGANIZATION AB Previous studies have suggested that the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene and the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta 3 (GABRB3) gene, or other genes in the 15q11-q13 region, are possibly involved in susceptibility to autism, To test this hypothesis we performed an association study on the collection of families from the International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism (IMGSA) Consortium, using the transmission disequilibrium test, Two polymorphisms in the 5-HTT gene (a functional insertion-deletion polymorphism in the promoter and a variable number tandem repeat in the second intron) were examined in 90 families comprising 174 affected individuals. Furthermore, seven microsatellite markers spanning the 15q11-q13 region were studied in 94 families with 182 affected individuals. No significant evidence of association or linkage was found at any of the markers tested, indicating that the 5-HTT and the GABRB3 genes are unlikely to play a major role in the aetiology of autism in our family data set. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England. Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London, England. Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Lab Dev Neurosci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat, Lab Dev Neurosci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Human Genet, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RP Maestrini, E (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England. RI Monaco, Anthony/A-4495-2010; Weeks, Daniel/B-2995-2012; Bolton, Patrick/E-8501-2010; Maestrini, Elena/K-7508-2012; Bailey, Anthony/J-2860-2014 OI Monaco, Anthony/0000-0001-7480-3197; Bolton, Patrick/0000-0002-5270-6262; Bailey, Anthony/0000-0003-4257-972X CR ABRAMSON RK, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P397, DOI 10.1007/BF02212938 ANDERSON GM, 1987, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V28, P885, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00677.x BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BAKER P, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P529, DOI 10.1007/BF02172133 BECKMANN JS, 1993, HUM MOL GENET, V2, P2019, DOI 10.1093/hmg/2.12.2019 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Browne CE, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, P1342, DOI 10.1086/301624 BUNDEY S, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P736 Cook EH, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P1077, DOI 10.1086/301832 Cook EH, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P247 Cook EH, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P928 CROLLA JA, 1995, HUM GENET, V95, P161 Dib C, 1996, NATURE, V380, P152, DOI 10.1038/380152a0 Flejter WL, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V61, P182, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<182::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-Q Glatt K, 1997, GENOMICS, V41, P63, DOI 10.1006/geno.1997.4639 GLATT K, 1994, GENOMICS, V19, P157, DOI 10.1006/geno.1994.1027 GORDON CT, 1993, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V50, P441 Heils A, 1996, J NEUROCHEM, V66, P2621 HOLMANS P, 1993, AM J HUM GENET, V52, P362 HOTOPF M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P41, DOI 10.1007/BF02178166 HUDSON TJ, 1992, GENOMICS, V13, P622, DOI 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90133-D Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 Klauck SM, 1997, HUM MOL GENET, V6, P2233, DOI 10.1093/hmg/6.13.2233 LESCH KP, 1994, J NEURAL TRANSM-GEN, V95, P157, DOI 10.1007/BF01276434 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 McDougle CJ, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P1001 Morris AP, 1997, ANN HUM GENET, V61, P49 MUTIRANGURA A, 1992, HUM MOL GENET, V1, P67, DOI 10.1093/hmg/1.1.67 SCHAIN RJ, 1961, J PEDIATR-US, V58, P315, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(61)80261-8 Schroer RJ, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V76, P327, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<327::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-M Smalley SL, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P1276, DOI 10.1086/515485 Spielman RS, 1996, AM J HUM GENET, V59, P983 SPIELMAN RS, 1993, AM J HUM GENET, V52, P506 STEFFENBURG S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P405, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00254.x TERWILLIGER JD, 1992, HUM HERED, V42, P337, DOI 10.1159/000154096 Waldman ID, 1997, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V14, P699, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2272(1997)14:6<699::AID-GEPI25>3.0.CO;2-K NR 36 TC 111 Z9 116 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 5 BP 492 EP 496 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<492::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-X PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 239QQ UT WOS:000082781500011 PM 10490705 ER PT J AU El Abd, S Patton, MA Turk, J Hoey, H Howlin, P AF El Abd, S Patton, MA Turk, J Hoey, H Howlin, P TI Social, communicational, and behavioral deficits associated with ring X Turner syndrome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE ring X; Turner syndrome; X inactivation; behavior phenotype; obsessive compulsive disorder; autism ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; CHROMOSOMES; PHENOTYPES; CHILDREN; GIRLS AB We describe the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of five individuals with a ring X chromosome. All subjects had a small active (early replicating) ring X chromosome. The X inactive specific transcript (XIST) locus was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) to be present in all ring X chromosomes. Mental retardation was present in four individuals. All patients with or without mental retardation had a characteristic profile of aggression toward self and others, episodes of screaming, attentional problems, and impulsiveness. Autistic-like features were also present in all individuals and included limited communication, obsessive compulsive behavior, and social difficulties. In some cases the obsessive behavior was extreme and incapacitating. This characteristic behavioral profile may aid the diagnosis and future understanding of ring X, (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Gen Psychiat, London SW17 0RE, England. Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med Genet, London SW17 0RE, England. Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London SW17 0RE, England. Adelaide & Meath Hosp, Natl Childrens Hosp, Dublin, Ireland. RP El Abd, S (reprint author), Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Gen Psychiat, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, England. RI Howlin, Patricia/A-7622-2011 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th DENNIS NR, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P482, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.6.482 Einfeld S., 1992, MANUAL DEV BEHAV CHE ElAbd S, 1997, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V39, P119 ELABD S, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1109 Flint J, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V81, P235, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<235::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-V GROMPE M, 1992, AM J MED GENET, V42, P39, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320420110 JANI MM, 1995, GENOMICS, V27, P182, DOI 10.1006/geno.1995.1022 KUSHNICK T, 1987, AM J MED GENET, V28, P567, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320280304 LINDGREN V, 1992, HUM GENET, V88, P393, DOI 10.1007/BF00215672 MCCAULEY E, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P105, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60606-3 McGinniss MJ, 1997, AM J MED GENET, V70, P37, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970502)70:1<37::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-O POLANI PE, 1956, LANCET, V2, P118 ROVET J, 1994, J PEDIATR PSYCHOL, V19, P779, DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/19.6.779 SKUSE D, 1994, GROWTH STATURE ADAPT Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE STUTSMAN R, 1948, GUIDE ADM MERRILL PA SWILLEN A, 1993, GENET COUNSEL, V4, P7 TEMPLE CM, 1993, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V35, P691 Turner HH, 1938, ENDOCRINOLOGY, V23, P566 VANDYKE DL, 1991, J PEDIATR-US, V118, P415, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)82159-6 VANDYKE DL, 1992, AM J MED GENET, V43, P996, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320430617 Wechsler D., 1992, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC Wechsler D., 1981, WAIS R MANUAL WILLARD HF, 1976, AM J HUM GENET, V28, P213 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. 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PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 5 BP 510 EP 516 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 239QQ UT WOS:000082781500014 PM 10490708 ER PT J AU Salmon, B Hallmayer, J Rogers, T Kalaydjieva, L Petersen, PB Nicholas, P Pingree, C McMahon, W Spiker, D Lotspeich, L Kraemer, H McCague, P Dimiceli, S Nouri, N Pitts, T Yang, J Hinds, D Myers, RM Risch, N AF Salmon, B Hallmayer, J Rogers, T Kalaydjieva, L Petersen, PB Nicholas, P Pingree, C McMahon, W Spiker, D Lotspeich, L Kraemer, H McCague, P Dimiceli, S Nouri, N Pitts, T Yang, J Hinds, D Myers, RM Risch, N TI Absence of linkage and linkage disequilibrium to chromosome 15q11-q13 markers in 139 multiplex families with autism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chromosome 15; autism ID PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; DISORDER; REGION; DUPLICATION; TWIN; INDIVIDUALS; CHILDREN; TRAITS AB Chromosomal region 15q11-q13 has been implicated to harbor a susceptibility gene or genes underlying autism. Evidence has been derived from the existence of cytogenetic anomalies in this region associated with autism, and the report of linkage in a modest collection of multiplex families. Most recently, linkage disequilibrium with the marker GABRB3-155CA2 in the candidate locus GABRB3, located in this region, has been reported. We searched for linkage using eight microsatellite markers located in this region of chromosome 15 in 147 affected sib-pairs from 139 multiplex autism families. We also tested for linkage disequilibrium in the same set of families with the same markers. We found no evidence for excess allele sharing (linkage) for the markers in this region. Also, we found no evidence of linkage disequilibrium, including for the locus GABRB3-155CA2. Thus, it appears that the role of this region of chromosome 15 is minor, at best, in the majority of individuals with autism. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Western Australia, Ctr Clin Res Neuropsychiat, Graylands Hosp, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Edith Cowan Univ, Ctr Human Genet, Perth, WA, Australia. Univ Utah, Dept Psychiat, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Spiker, D (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. 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J. Med. Genet. PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 5 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<551::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-# PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 239QQ UT WOS:000082781500021 PM 10490715 ER PT J AU Sabbagh, MA AF Sabbagh, MA TI Communicative intentions and language: Evidence from right-hemisphere damage and autism SO BRAIN AND LANGUAGE LA English DT Article ID BRAIN-DAMAGE; INDIRECT REQUESTS; EMOTIONAL CONTENT; COMPREHENSION; CHILDREN; APPRECIATION; ACQUISITION; DISORDERS; DEFICITS; INFANTS AB In this review article, it is argued that the wide range of communicative deficits that have been noted in both individuals with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere (RHD) and high-functioning individuals with autism may stem from difficulties appreciating the importance of their interlocutor's communicative intentions (CIs). 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PD OCT 15 PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 29 EP 69 DI 10.1006/brln.1999.2139 PG 41 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 250XP UT WOS:000083415800003 PM 10534371 ER PT J AU Hornig, M Weissenbock, H Horscroft, N Lipkin, WI AF Hornig, M Weissenbock, H Horscroft, N Lipkin, WI TI An infection-based model of neurodevelopmental damage SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BORNA-DISEASE VIRUS; RAT; AUTISM; BRAIN; ABNORMALITIES; CYTOKINES; CELL; IDENTIFICATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SCHIZOPHRENIA AB Perinatal exposure to infectious agents and toxins is linked to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, but the mechanisms by which environmental triggers interact with developing immune and neural elements to create neurodevelopmental disturbances are poorly understood. We describe a model for investigating disorders of central nervous system development based on neonatal rat infection with Borna disease virus, a neurotropic noncytolytic RNA virus. Infection results in abnormal righting reflexes, hyperactivity. inhibition of open-field exploration, and stereotypic behaviors. Architecture is markedly disrupted in hippocampus and cerebellum, with reduction in granule and Purkinje cell numbers. Neurons are lost predominantly by apoptosis, as supported by increased mRNA levels for pro-apoptotic products (Fas, caspase-1), decreased mRNA levels for the anti-apoptotic bcl-x, and in situ labeling of fragmented DNA. Although inflammatory infiltrates are observed transiently in frontal cortex, glial activation (microgliosis z astrocytosis) is prominent throughout the brain and persists for several weeks in concert with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs (interleukins 1 alpha, 1 beta, and 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and progressive hippocampal and cerebellar damage. The resemblance of these functional and neuropathologic abnormalities to human neurodevelopmental disorders suggests the utility of this model for defining cellular, biochemical, histologic, and functional outcomes of interactions of environmental influences with the developing central nervous system. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Emerging Dis Lab, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Emerging Dis Lab, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Emerging Dis Lab, Dept Neurol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Vet Med, Inst Pathol & Forens Vet Med, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. RP Lipkin, WI (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Emerging Dis Lab, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. 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Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 12 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 21 BP 12102 EP 12107 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.21.12102 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 246MD UT WOS:000083166800076 PM 10518583 ER PT J AU Deutsch, CK Folstein, S Tager-Flusberg, H Gordon-Vaughn, KG AF Deutsch, CK Folstein, S Tager-Flusberg, H Gordon-Vaughn, KG TI Macrocephaly in autism pedigrees. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat Inc, Psychobiol Program, Waltham, MA 02154 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125 USA. RI Tager-Flusberg, Helen/D-5265-2009 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 793 BP A147 EP A147 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879800796 ER PT J AU Gavrilov, DK Takahashi, N Muskopf, A Wang, C Miles, JH Hillman, RE AF Gavrilov, DK Takahashi, N Muskopf, A Wang, C Miles, JH Hillman, RE TI Elevated 1-methyl histidine in a subgroup of autism patients. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Child Hlth & Neurol, Columbia, MO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 1310 BP A236 EP A236 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879801310 ER PT J AU Maestrini, E AF Maestrini, E TI Search for autism susceptibility loci: genome screen fellow-up and fine mapping of a candidate region on chromosome 7q. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr, Oxford, England. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 560 BP A106 EP A106 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879800560 ER PT J AU Michaelis, RC Copeland-Yates, SA Sossey-Alaoui, K Skinner, C Friez, MJ Longshore, JW Schroer, RJ Stevenson, FE AF Michaelis, RC Copeland-Yates, SA Sossey-Alaoui, K Skinner, C Friez, MJ Longshore, JW Schroer, RJ Stevenson, FE TI The HOPA gene dodecamer duplication is not a significant etiological factor in autism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Greenwood Genet Ctr, JC Self Res Inst, Greenwood, SC 29646 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 2615 BP A461 EP A461 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879802618 ER PT J AU Miles, JH Takahashi, N Jones, C Hillman, RE AF Miles, JH Takahashi, N Jones, C Hillman, RE TI Autism: family histories concordant for alcoholism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, Hosp & Clin, Columbia, MO USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 1889 BP A335 EP A335 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879801891 ER PT J AU Nimmakayalu, MA Henegariu, O Bray-Ward, P Ward, DC AF Nimmakayalu, MA Henegariu, O Bray-Ward, P Ward, DC TI A simple fluornucleotide coupling method for M-FISH analysis of patients associated with MR and Autism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Yale Univ, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 1988 BP A352 EP A352 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879801990 ER PT J AU Semrud-Clikeman, M Cody, JD Kaye, CI Leach, RJ AF Semrud-Clikeman, M Cody, JD Kaye, CI Leach, RJ TI Incidence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with deletions of chromosome 18q. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Texas, Dept Educ Psychol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Struct & Cellular Biol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 1940 BP A344 EP A344 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879801941 ER PT J AU Stodgell, CJ Figlewicz, DA Hyman, SL Rodier, PM AF Stodgell, CJ Figlewicz, DA Hyman, SL Rodier, PM TI A structural mutation of HOXA1 may be associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Rochester, NY USA. RI Stodgell, Christopher/A-1161-2007 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 2097 BP A371 EP A371 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879802099 ER PT J AU Sutcliffe, JS Nurmi, EL Haines, JL Piven, J Folstein, SE AF Sutcliffe, JS Nurmi, EL Haines, JL Piven, J Folstein, SE CA The Collaborative Linkage Study TI A potential autism susceptibility marker on chromosome 15 includes a genomic deletion at D15S822. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Ctr Med, Program Human Genet, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dev Disabil Res Ctr, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 565 BP A107 EP A107 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879800567 ER PT J AU Wang, CH Villaca-Norat, E Miller, MB Papendick, BD Gavrilov, DK Hillman, RE Miles, JH AF Wang, CH Villaca-Norat, E Miller, MB Papendick, BD Gavrilov, DK Hillman, RE Miles, JH TI Identification of a recombination hotspot on chromosome 15q11-13 in children with autism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 2677 BP A471 EP A471 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879802679 ER PT J AU Wassink, TH Piven, J Sheffield, VC Folstein, SE Haines, JL Patil, SR AF Wassink, TH Piven, J Sheffield, VC Folstein, SE Haines, JL Patil, SR TI Chromosomal abnormalities in autism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Dept Psychiat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Dept Pediat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Program Human Genet, Nashville, TN USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 2049 BP A362 EP A362 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879802048 ER PT J AU Yamagata, T Aradhya, S Mori, M Momoi, MY Nelson, DL AF Yamagata, T Aradhya, S Mori, M Momoi, MY Nelson, DL TI Secretin gene structure, chromosome localization and mutation analysis on autism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Jichi Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Minami Kawachi, Tochigi, Japan. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 SU S MA 2688 BP A473 EP A473 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 241JQ UT WOS:000082879802688 ER PT J AU Berney, TP Ireland, M Burn, J AF Berney, TP Ireland, M Burn, J TI Behavioural phenotype of Cornelia de Lange syndrome SO ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD LA English DT Article DE Cornelia de Lange syndrome; behaviour; mental retardation; autism ID BRACHMANN-DELANGE SYNDROME; INDIVIDUALS; AUTISM; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHILDREN AB A postal questionnaire was used to study 49 individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (including both the classical and the mild forms) to ascertain behavioural phenotype. Ages ranged from early childhood to adulthood (mean age, 10.2 years; SD, 7.8) and the degree of mental retardation from borderline (10%), through mild (8%), moderate (18%), and severe (20%) to profound (43%). A wide variety of symptoms occurred frequently, notably hyperactivity (40%), self injury (44%), daily aggression (49%), and sleep disturbance (55%). These correlated closely with the presence of an autistic like syndrome and with the degree of mental retardation. The frequency and severity of disturbance, continuing beyond childhood, is important when planning the amount and duration of support required by parents. C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Human Genet, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Fleming Nutfield Child Psychiat Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 3AE, Tyne & Wear, England. RP Berney, TP (reprint author), Fleming Nutfield Child Psychiat Unit, Burden Terrace, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 3AE, Tyne & Wear, England. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 81 IS 4 BP 333 EP 336 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 242KD UT WOS:000082939100012 PM 10490439 ER PT J AU Boucher, J AF Boucher, J TI Time and the implicit-explicit continuum SO BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material AB Dienes & Perner's target article contains numerous but unsystematic references to the implicit or explicit knowledge of the temporal context of a known state of affairs such as may constitute the content of a propositional attitude. In this commentary, the forms of cognition that, according to D&P, require only implicit knowledge of time are contrasted with those for which explicit temporal knowledge is needed. It is suggested that the explicit representation of time may have been important in human evolution and that certain developmental disorders including autism may be (partly) caused by defective ability to represent time. C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Psychol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 758 EP + DI 10.1017/S0140525X99262188 PG 9 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 274QX UT WOS:000084777500006 ER PT J AU Graff, RB Lineman, GT Libby, ME Ahearn, WH AF Graff, RB Lineman, GT Libby, ME Ahearn, WH TI Functional analysis and treatment of screaming in a young girl with severe disabilities SO BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Conference of the Berkshire-Association-for-Applied-Behavior-Analysis-and-Therapy CY 1998 CL AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS SP Berkshire Assoc Appl Behav Anal & Therapy AB Descriptive assessments suggested that the screaming of a 6-year-old girl with autism and severe mental retardation was maintained by automatic reinforcement. During two phases of a functional analysis, differentiation across experimental conditions was not achieved. Levels of screaming decreased across sessions in all experimental conditions. A. time-out treatment procedure led to a rapid decrease in screaming. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Northeastern Univ, New England Ctr Children, EK Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat, Southborough, MA 01772 USA. RP Graff, RB (reprint author), Northeastern Univ, New England Ctr Children, EK Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat, 33 Turnpike Rd, Southborough, MA 01772 USA. CR Cameron MJ, 1996, RES DEV DISABIL, V17, P203, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(96)00004-2 FISHER W, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P491, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-491 IWATA BA, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P197, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197 IWATA BA, 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON, P302 Kazdin A. E., 1982, SINGLE CASE RES DESI MCMORROW MJ, 1987, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V20, P11, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1987.20-11 NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1072-0847 J9 BEHAV INTERVENT JI Behav. Intervent. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 14 IS 4 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(199910/12)14:4<233::AID-BIN39>3.0.CO;2-P PG 7 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 268VN UT WOS:000084437400005 ER PT J AU Morris, RG Rowe, A Fox, N Feigenbaum, JD Miotto, EC Howlin, P AF Morris, RG Rowe, A Fox, N Feigenbaum, JD Miotto, EC Howlin, P TI Spatial working memory in Asperger's syndrome and in patients with focal frontal and temporal lobe lesions SO BRAIN AND COGNITION LA English DT Article DE Asperger's syndrome; spatial working memory ID NONVERBAL LEARNING-DISABILITIES; HIPPOCAMPAL-FORMATION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DEFICITS; IMPAIRMENTS; EXCISIONS; DISORDER; DISEASE; MIND; MRI AB Spatial working memory (SWM) was investigated in 15 patients with Asperger's syndrome (AS) comparing their performance to 18 age- and IQ-matched control subjects. An additional comparison was made with 20 unilateral frontal excision patients [9 right (RFL); II left (LFL)] and with 38 unilateral temporal lobectomy patients [18 right(RTL); 18 left (LTL)], the frontal and temporal lobe patients having separate matched control groups. SWM was tested using the Executive Golf Task, a test that also measures spatial strategy formation. The AS group showed a substantial deficit on SWM, but no impairment in strategy formation. The Ln showed the same pattern of impairment, but with a less substantial deficit. The Rn group showed a large deficit, but some of this was accounted for by a strategy formation impairment. Of the temporal lobe lesions groups, only the RTL group was impaired on SWM, but this group showed normal strategy formation. It was concluded that the SWM deficit in AS may reflect a more general difficulty in accessing different types of representations in order to guide voluntary behavior, providing at least a partial explanation for the executive deficits found in AS. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Inst Psychiat, Neuropsychol Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, Dept Psychol, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, Dept Clin Psychol, London SE5 8AF, England. Univ London St Georges Hosp, Dept Psychol, London, England. RP Morris, RG (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Neuropsychol Unit, De Crespigny Pk, London SE5 8AF, England. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 9 EP 26 DI 10.1006/brcg.1999.1093 PG 18 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 245PF UT WOS:000083116800002 PM 10536083 ER PT J AU Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T AF Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T TI The natural history of somatic morbidity in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: a validation study SO BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE disintegrative psychosis; infantile autism; validity; somatic morbidity ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; MEDICAL CONDITIONS; DSM-IV; ISSUES; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; VALIDITY; CHILD AB In order to study the validity of disintegrative psychosis (DP) as defined in ICD-9, we compared the natural history of somatic morbidity of 13 patients given this diagnosis in childhood with a control group of 39 patients with infantile autism (IA) matched for gender, age, IQ and social class. Average follow-up time was 22 and 23 (11-33) years, respectively. Significantly more DP patients (85 versus 41%) had been admitted to a non-psychiatric hospital during the follow-up period. They also had significantly more admissions (3.6 versus 1.0) and stayed longer in hospital (78 versus 4 days) than patients with IA. Three of the DP individuals had an associated medical disorder and made extensive use of somatic services during the follow-up period. Altogether the DP group had utilised the medical health care system more than patients with IA suggesting that they had more medical symptoms than the IA group. On the whole our findings suggest that individuals with DP and IA should be conceptualised as essentially distinct and should be studied separately as regards aetiology, pathophysiology, course and treatment. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. Roskilde Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 21 IS 7 BP 447 EP 452 DI 10.1016/S0387-7604(99)00045-5 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 243VJ UT WOS:000083017900003 PM 10522520 ER PT J AU Goldberg, J Szatmari, P Nahmias, C AF Goldberg, J Szatmari, P Nahmias, C TI Imaging of autism: Lessons from the past to guide studies in the future SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE LA English DT Review DE autism; infantile; tomography; emission computed; magnetic resonance imaging ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; POSTERIOR-FOSSA STRUCTURES; BRAIN-STEM INVOLVEMENT; CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CORPUS-CALLOSUM; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS AB Objective: To review the scientific literature on the imaging of autism with a view to understanding how imaging can contribute to future studies. Methods: Medline was searched, and bibliographies from retrieved articles were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of autism according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria, third edition or later and a control group without autism. Results: The field suffers from a lack of replication studies and poor methodology in terms of not controlling for confounding variables. Enlarged brain size, particularly in the temporoparietal brain region, and decreased size of the posterior corpus callosum are the only findings that have been independently replicated. Conclusion: Future imaging studies should attempt to investigate more homogeneous subgroups of patients such as those with "the lesser variant of PDD" and high-functioning patients with PDD who do not have comorbid medical conditions. A different approach, examining the individual behaviours that constitute the PDD spectrum and exploring these separately along with other associated variables such as neuropsychological deficits, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and genetic information could help identify biological mechanisms that do not follow diagnostic boundaries. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Nucl Med, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. 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J. Psychiat.-Rev. Can. Psychiat. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 44 IS 8 BP 793 EP 801 PG 9 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 256BL UT WOS:000083705000006 PM 10566110 ER PT J AU Seri, S Cerquiglini, A Pisani, F Curatolo, P AF Seri, S Cerquiglini, A Pisani, F Curatolo, P TI Autism in tuberous sclerosis: evoked potential evidence for a deficit in auditory sensory processing SO CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tuberous sclerosis; auditory evoked responses; N100; mismatch negativity; autism; temporal lobe ID EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; MISMATCH NEGATIVITY; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; CHILDREN; COMPLEX; CORTEX; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION; TOPOGRAPHY AB Objective: Autism is a frequent manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) being reported in up to 60% of the patients. Its presence is in association with cortical. and subcortical lesions involving the temporal lobes. This study was designed to shed light on the functional mechanisms linking anatomical lesions of TSC and behavioural phenotype by investigating scalp recorded event related potentials to auditory stimuli. Methods: Fourteen children with TSC, seven of which fulfilled the DSM TV criteria for autistic disorder were selected for this study. All of the subjects underwent high resolution MRI, EEG, brainstem auditory evoked potentials, cognitive and behavioural evaluation. Electrical evoked responses to two different pitches, presented with different probability (80% 1000 Hz, 20% 1500 Hz) were recorded from 21 scalp electrodes in the autistic and non-autistic subgroups, to assess central auditory processing and automatic memory. Results: The first component of the long latency auditory response (N1) had a significantly prolonged latency with lower amplitude in all of the patients with autistic behaviour who, contrary to non-autistics had MRI lesions involving one or both temporal lobes. A mismatch negativity was detected in all subjects and had a longer latency in subjects with autistic behaviour. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first electrophysiological evidence of a deficit in auditory information processing and automatic memory in TSC patients with autistic behaviour. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Birmingham Childrens Hosp NHS Trust, Dept Clin Neurophysiol, Birmingham B4 6NH, W Midlands, England. Univ Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6NH, W Midlands, England. Univ La Sapienza, Dept Dev Neuropsychiat, Rome, Italy. Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Paediat Neurol, Rome, Italy. Assoc Anni Verdi, Rome, Italy. Univ Parma, Dept Dev Neuropsychiat, I-43100 Parma, Italy. RP Seri, S (reprint author), Birmingham Childrens Hosp NHS Trust, Dept Clin Neurophysiol, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, W Midlands, England. 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Neurophysiol. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 110 IS 10 BP 1825 EP 1830 DI 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00137-6 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 241FQ UT WOS:000082872400015 PM 10574297 ER PT J AU Neisworth, JT Bagnato, SJ AF Neisworth, JT Bagnato, SJ TI Autism SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, UCLID Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Neisworth, JT (reprint author), Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP IV EP V PG 2 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900001 ER PT J AU Hurth, J Shaw, E Izeman, SG Whaley, K Rogers, SJ AF Hurth, J Shaw, E Izeman, SG Whaley, K Rogers, SJ TI Areas of agreement about effective practices among programs serving young children with autism spectrum disorders SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism; autism spectrum disorders; early childhood; effective practices ID JOINT ATTENTION AB State early intervention and preschool special education staff, local sen ice providers, and parents are increasingly concerned about the appropriateness and effectiveness of programs for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This article describes a study conducted to ascertain commonalties and differences in critical program practices among nationally known, validated educational programs for young children with ASD. Areas of agreement among programs included early intervention, individualization, specialized curriculum, family involvement, systematic instruction, and intensity of engagement. Program elements considered important by some but not all programs included structured environment, developmentally appropriate practices, and interventions in settings with typical peers. C1 Univ N Carolina, Natl Early Childhood Tech Assistance Syst, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Hurth, J (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Natl Early Childhood Tech Assistance Syst, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. CR Bailey Jr D. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 17 EP 26 PG 10 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900003 ER PT J AU Siegel, B AF Siegel, B TI Autistic learning disabilities and individualizing treatment for autistic spectrum disorders SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism; developmental psychopathology; early intervention; learning disabilities ID DSM-IV; CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR AB Autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) can be viewed as an autistic learning disability (ALD) syndrome consisting of difficulties in social understanding, communicative competence, and ability to relate to environment. Resulting autistic learning disability profiles (symptom profiles that specify deficits in learning style associated with autism) can be matched to features of early intervention approaches. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 27 EP 36 PG 10 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900004 ER PT J AU Trepagnier, C AF Trepagnier, C TI Families with autism SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE advocacy; autism; individual differences; social deficits; social impact ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; YOUNG-CHILDREN; RISPERIDONE; SYMPTOMS; ANXIETY; PARENTS; HISTORY; ADULTS; TRIAL AB Parents of children and adults with autism face a number of problems and decisions. Progress in research has brought significant gains and increased hope for the future bur has added to the complexity of decision making in the present. The need to have society recognize the individuality of persons with autism; the importance for parents of maintaining balance in their own lives; and the role of families, advocates, and advocacy organizations in advancing research in autism, are emphasized. C1 Amer Fdn, Autism Soc, Bethesda, MD USA. Natl Rehabil Hosp, Assist Technol Res Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Trepagnier, C (reprint author), Amer Fdn, Autism Soc, Bethesda, MD USA. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 37 EP 47 PG 11 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900005 ER PT J AU Dunlap, G Fox, L AF Dunlap, G Fox, L TI Supporting families of young children with autism SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism; early intervention; families and autism; family support ID INTERVENTION AB Despite an increasing orientation toward family-centered services in the field of early intervention, relatively little emphasis in the literature has been placed on the importance of providing comprehensive support for Families of young children with autism. In this article, we draw on our experiences in early intervention to identify and discuss some distinctive circumstances and challenges that are encountered by families that include young children with autism. We describe three issues that warrant special consideration by professionals as they seek to develop improved programs for supporting children and families affected by autism. It is anticipated that effective family support efforts should result in improved longitudinal outcomes for the child and the family. C1 Univ S Florida, Florida Mental Hlth Inst, Div Appl Res & Educ Support, Tampa, FL USA. RP Dunlap, G (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Florida Mental Hlth Inst, Div Appl Res & Educ Support, Tampa, FL USA. CR BAILEY DN, 1986, J ANAL TOXICOL, V10, P156 Dawson G., 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY DUNLAP G, 1996, POSITIVE BEHAV SUPPO Dunlap G., 1999, J POSIT BEHAV INTERV, V1, P77, DOI 10.1177/109830079900100202 DUNLAP G, 1988, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V12, P147 Dunst C. J., 1994, SUPPORTING STRENGTHE, V1 DUNST CJ, 1985, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V5, P165, DOI 10.1016/S0270-4684(85)80012-4 FENSKE EC, 1985, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V5, P49, DOI 10.1016/S0270-4684(85)80005-7 FOX L, IN PRESS COMMUNICATI Fox L, 1997, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V21, P1 FOXX RM, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P375 HURTH J, 1998, NEC TAS C, V8, P1 MARCUS LM, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 McWilliam RA, 1998, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V18, P69 MESIBOV GB, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P379 POWELL TH, 1992, AUTISM IDENTIFICATIO ROBBINS FR, 1991, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V15, P173 SULLIVAN RC, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE Turnbull AP, 1997, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V63, P211 TURNBULL AP, 1988, EDUC TRAIN MENT RET, V23, P261 WAGNER AE, 1994, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V6, P21 NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 48 EP 54 PG 7 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900006 ER PT J AU Spiker, D AF Spiker, D TI The role of genetics in autism SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism; genetic studies; genome screen; multiplex families ID SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; MULTIPLEX FAMILIES; DISORDERS; LINKAGE; POWER AB Evidence for the hypothesis that genetic factors play a significant role in the susceptibility for autism is reviewed. This evidence comes from three sources: (1) chromosomal abnormalities associated with autism; (2) single gene disorders associated with autism; and (3) twin and family studies of autism. The rationale for and the design of genetics studies of autism currently underway are described. Results from these recent genetic investigations that include candidate gene studies, association studies, and full genome screen studies are reviewed. To date, these investigations have failed to locate any genes having a major effect on the susceptibility for autism. Continuing research efforts, using a variety of approaches, a-ill be needed to further our understanding of the role of genetic factors in autism. C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Spiker, D (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CR Bailey A, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P369, DOI 10.1023/A:1026048320785 BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 Cook EH, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P1077, DOI 10.1086/301832 Cook EH, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P247 Cook EH, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P928 DANIELS WW, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V32, P120, DOI 10.1159/000119223 Feinstein C, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P393, DOI 10.1023/A:1026000404855 Folstein SE, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P439, DOI 10.1023/A:1026008606672 Fombonne E, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P1561, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66566-7 Gillberg C, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P415, DOI 10.1023/A:1026004505764 HALLMAYER J, 1994, AM J HUM GENET, V55, P951 Hallmayer J, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P985 *INT MOL GEN STUD, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Klauck SM, 1997, HUM MOL GENET, V6, P2233, DOI 10.1093/hmg/6.13.2233 Lord C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P501, DOI 10.1023/A:1025873925661 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Lotspeich Linda J., 1995, P1653 Maestrini E, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P427, DOI 10.1023/A:1026056522602 Ott J., 1991, ANAL HUMAN GENETIC L PERICAKVANCE MA, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V40, P208 Rapin I, 1997, NEW ENGL J MED, V337, P97, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199707103370206 RISCH N, 1990, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V7, P1 RISCH N, 1990, AM J HUM GENET, V46, P229 RISCH R, 1999, AM J HUM GENET, V65, P493 ROGERS T, INPRESS J AUT DEV DI SALMON B, IN PRESS NEUROPSYCHI SMALLEY SL, 1988, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V45, P953 Smalley SL, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P407, DOI 10.1023/A:1026052421693 SPENCE MA, 1985, BEHAV GENET, V15, P1 SPIKER D, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V54, P27, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320540107 SZATMARI P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P583, DOI 10.1007/BF01046329 Szatmari P, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P351, DOI 10.1023/A:1026096203946 vanGent T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P337 Warren RP, 1996, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V67, P97 NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 55 EP 63 PG 9 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900007 ER PT J AU Gillberg, C AF Gillberg, C TI Prevalence of disorders in the autism spectrum SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autistic disorder; autism spectrum disorders; disintegrative disorder; pervasive developmental disorders; prevalence; review ID CHILDHOOD AUTISM; ASPERGER SYNDROME; TOTAL POPULATION; URBAN AREAS; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DISABILITY; JAPAN AB This study of autism and other disorders in the autism spectrum over time aimed to ascertain whether there has been an increase in the prevalence of these disorders in recent years. All English language papers on the prevalence of autism were reviewed, and 20 studies, published in 1966 through 1997, were located and subdivided into U.S. studies (n = 2) and non-U.S, studies (n = 18). The latter group was subdivided into four 8-year periods. The studies relating to other disorders on the autism spectrum using acceptable methodology were few and far between. The early studies yielded autism prevalence rates of under 0.5 in 1,000 children, whereas the later showed a mean rare of about 1 in 1,000. There was a marked difference in prevalence rates between those studies that included some children born before 1970 (low) and those that included only children born in 1970 and after (high rates). This could be due to lower rates obtained by use of criteria strictly based on Kanner's description of his syndrome. The U.S. studies reported atypically low rates. There was a highly significant estimated change with calendar year in the non-U.S. studies (3.8% per year). Asperger syndrome appears to be much more common than autistic disorder, whereas the syndrome described by Heller (disintegrative disorder) is much rarer. The prevalence of other autism spectrum disorders remains uncertain. Autism is considerably more common than previously believed. There are several possible reasons for the higher rates, including change in diagnostic criteria and increasing autism awareness in society generally. Asperger syndrome is possibly much more common than autism, and the population rate of autism spectrum disorders (including the syndromes delineated by Kanner, Asperger, and Heller) appears to be at least half a per cent of the general population of school age children. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrens Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Gillberg, C (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrens Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Gothenburg, Sweden. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 64 EP 74 PG 11 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900008 ER PT J AU Boyle, CA Bertrand, J Yeargin-Allsopp, M AF Boyle, CA Bertrand, J Yeargin-Allsopp, M TI Surveillance of autism SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism; developmental disabilities; epidemiology ID PREVALENCE AB Surveillance of the prevalence of autism and other serious developmental disabilities in children is needed to understand the magnitude of these health problems and to identify subgroups of the population at increased risk. Ongoing surveillance would also provide a mechanism for addressing public concerns about possible increases in the rate of autism in specific communities. At present, there are scant data on autism prevalence available for the United Stares. This article describes CDC's autism surveillance activities, including the challenges and limitations of these activities. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Boyle, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Boyle C A, 1996, MMWR CDC Surveill Summ, V45, P1 BRYSON SE, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P433, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00735.x Bryson SE, 1998, MENT RETARD DEV D R, V4, P97, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<97::AID-MRDD6>3.0.CO;2-U GILLBERG C, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V158, P403, DOI 10.1192/bjp.158.3.403 Sponheim E, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P217, DOI 10.1023/A:1026017405150 SUGIYAMA T, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P87, DOI 10.1007/BF02212720 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 75 EP 78 PG 4 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900009 ER PT J AU Mayes, SD Calhoun, SL AF Mayes, SD Calhoun, SL TI Symptoms of autism in young children and correspondence with the DSM SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE Asperger's disorder; autism; DSM-IV; pervasive developmental disorder ID III-R CRITERIA; DISORDER AB The Checklist for Autism in Young Children, comprising 30 symptoms related to autism, was administered to 143 children with autism. The children had an average of 23 (77%) of the checklist symptoms (range 50%-97%). Percentages of children exhibiting each checklist symptom and other data were compared with diagnostic criteria and associated features reported in the DSM-IV. Two DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were not supported by study findings, and four checklist symptoms occurred at high frequencies (89%-100%) but were not included as DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. C1 Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Mayes, SD (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT MESIBOV GB, 1992, DEV DISORDERS DIAGNO SIEGEL B, 1990, J PSYCHIAT RES, V24, P293, DOI 10.1016/0022-3956(90)90002-8 SIEGEL B, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P53 SIEGEL B, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P542, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198907000-00013 SPITZER RL, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P855, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00003 SZATMARI P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P507, DOI 10.1007/BF01046325 VOLKMAR FR, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P657, DOI 10.1007/BF01046334 NR 9 TC 39 Z9 40 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 90 EP 97 PG 8 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900011 ER PT J AU Bagnato, SJ Neisworth, JT AF Bagnato, SJ Neisworth, JT TI Normative detection of early regulatory disorders and autism: Empirical confirmation of DC : 0-3 SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism; early regulatory disorders; normative detection AB Previous and current attention to early problems in self-regulation and temperament provide the basis for new approaches for diagnosis and access to early intervention sen ices. In particular, autism, as well as certain other recognized syndromes, may be approached as disorders in self-regulation/temperament. Appraisal of such early difficulties has been difficult, often based on clinical opinion to argue for services. The recent publication of the DC:0-3 classification provides an alternative to prior approaches (eg, DSM-IV): a developmentally oriented framework for classifying early self-regulatory problems that is suggestive of accessible variables for intervention. Our empirical research over the past 10 years has resulted in normative data and a norm-referenced assessment system that appears to be congruent with and thus supportive of the DC:0-3 classification. The norm-referenced tool (Temperament and Atypical Behavior Scale-TABS) can be used by professionals to document their clinical opinions regarding severity of temperament/regulatory problems or for detection of possible difficulties through screening activities. It appears that early signals of autism include a constellation of problems in self-regulation and temperament that may be detected and appraised through normative comparisons, opening the door to earlier identification and treatment. Finally, extensive data collection may permit the construction of somewhat distinctive "neurobehavioral phenotypes" for describing syndromes characterized by dysfunctions in self-regulation and temperament. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, UCLID Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Bagnato, SJ (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, UCLID Ctr, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. CR Bagnato S. J., 1999, TEMPERAMENT ATYPICAL Bagnato S. J., 1989, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V2, P1 Bagnato SJ, 1986, DEV NEUROPSYCHOL, V2, P213, DOI 10.1080/87565648609540343 BAGNATO SJ, 1999, SEM SPEECH LANG DIS, V19, P31 BAGNATO SJ, 1998, J PSYCHOED ASSESS, V16, P1 Bates J. E, 1994, TEMPERAMENT INDIVIDU BAUMGARDNER TL, 1995, PEDIATRICS, V95, P744 Carey WB, 1998, SCHOOL PSYCHOL REV, V27, P522 Chess S., 1986, TEMPERAMENT CLIN PRA DeGangi G. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 98 EP 106 PG 9 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900012 ER PT J AU Rogers, SJ AF Rogers, SJ TI Intervention for young children with autism: From research to practice SO INFANTS & YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Review DE autism; executive function; imitation; intervention; social interaction ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; JOINT ATTENTION; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; EMOTION RECOGNITION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; SYMBOLIC PLAY; DOWN-SYNDROME AB Over the past 15 years, empirical studies have described how the psychological aspects of autism differ from other developmental disorders. Studies of general development describe a pattern of specific relative strengths and weaknesses involving cognitive, emotional, linguistic, and motoric capacities. Because much of the syndrome-specific pattern of autism is present at the preschool period, this has implications for the development of curriculum and educational strategies early on. Early intervention programs that specifically target autism include a variety of educational strategies that address the unique learning profile of autism. As community preschool-programs offer enhanced services for this group of young children, they can draw on a body of work generated both from the scientific work in autism and the effective educational practices developed by model preschool programs. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, JFK Partners, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Rogers, SJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, JFK Partners, 4200 E 9th Ave,Campus Box C234, Denver, CO 80262 USA. CR ABRAHAMSEN EP, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P75, DOI 10.1007/BF02206858 Arvidsson T., 1997, AUTISM, V1, P163, DOI 10.1177/1362361397012004 Baldwin J. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 1 EP 16 PG 16 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 252RK UT WOS:000083515900002 ER PT J AU Conti-Ramsden, G Botting, N AF Conti-Ramsden, G Botting, N TI Characteristics of children attending language units in England: a national study of 7-year-olds SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE specific language impairment; language units ID IMPAIRMENT; DISORDERS; AUTISM AB The present investigation examined the characteristics of 7-year-old children attending language units in England. The study involved 242 participants who represented a randomized sample of all 7-year-old children spending 50% of more of the school week in a language unit. Results are discussed in terms of the following questions: what is the non-verbal ability of children attending language units?; do children attending language units fit the discrepancy criteria between verbal and non-verbal ability diagnostic of specific language impairment (SLI)?; and what types of language difficulties do children with SLI attending language units have? C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Educ, Ctr Study Language Impairments, Ctr Educ Needs, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. RP Conti-Ramsden, G (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Sch Educ, Ctr Study Language Impairments, Ctr Educ Needs, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. EM gina.conti-ramsden@man.ac.uk CR ALLEN DA, 1992, INT CONGR SER, V965, P157 ARAM DM, 1992, J LEARN DISABIL, V25, P549 BISHOP DVM, 1989, BRIT J DISORD COMMUN, V24, P107 Bishop D. V. M, 1982, TEST RECEPTION GRAMM Bishop D. V. 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C., 1986, COLOURED PROGR MATRI RENFREW C, 1994, BUS STOREY TEST CONT Rice M., 1996, GENETICS LANGUAGE, P297 Shields J, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P487 STARK RE, 1981, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V46, P114 TALAL P, 1988, LEARNING DISABILITIE, P181 NR 30 TC 55 Z9 55 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1368-2822 J9 INT J LANG COMM DIS JI Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 359 EP 366 PG 8 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 246PV UT WOS:000083173700001 PM 10884906 ER PT J AU Leinonen, E Kerbel, D AF Leinonen, E Kerbel, D TI Relevance theory and pragmatic impairment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE pragmatic impairment; relevance theory; implicature; explicature ID CHILDREN; AUTISM AB This paper summarizes aspects of relevance theory that are useful for exploring impairment of pragmatic comprehension in children. It explores data from three children with pragmatic language difficulties within this framework. Relevance theory is seen to provide a means of explaining why, in a given context, a particular utterance is problematic. It thus enables one to move on from mere description of problematic behaviours towards their explanation. The theory provides a clearer delineation between the explicit and the implicit, and hence between semantics and pragmatics. This enables one to place certain difficulties more firmly within semantics and others within pragmatics. Relevance, and its maximization in communication, are squarely placed within human cognition, which suggests a close connection between pragmatic and cognitive (dis)functioning. Relevance theory thus emerges as a powerful tool in the exploration and understanding of pragmatic language difficulties in children and offers therapeutically valuable insight into the nature of interactions involving individuals with such impairments. C1 Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Linguist, Watford WD2 8AT, England. RP Leinonen, E (reprint author), Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Linguist, Watford Campus, Watford WD2 8AT, England. 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PD OCT-DEC PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 367 EP 390 PG 24 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 246PV UT WOS:000083173700002 PM 10884907 ER PT J AU Rosenhall, U Nordin, V Sandstrom, M Ahlsen, G Gillberg, C AF Rosenhall, U Nordin, V Sandstrom, M Ahlsen, G Gillberg, C TI Autism and hearing loss SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; hearing loss; serous otitis media; hyperacusis ID STEM EVOKED-RESPONSES; BRAIN-STEM; CHILDREN; IMPAIRMENT; CHILDHOOD; ABNORMALITIES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; DISABILITY; SWEDEN AB A group of 199 children and adolescents (153 boys, 46 girls) with autistic disorder was audiologically evaluated. Mild to moderate hearing loss was diagnosed in 7.9% and unilateral hearing loss in 1.6% of those who could be tested, appropriately. Pronounced to profound bilateral hearing loss or deafness was diagnosed in 3.5% of all cases, representing a prevalence considerably above that in the general population and comparable to the prevalence found in populations with mental retardation. Hearing deficits in autism occurred at similar rates at all levels of intellectual functioning, so it does not appear that the covariation with intellectual impairment per se can account for all of the variance of hearing deficit in autism. Hyperacusis was common, affecting 18.0% of the autism group and 0% in an age-matched nonautism comparison group. In addition, the rate of serous otitis media (23.5%) and related conductive hearing loss (18.3%) appeared to be increased in autistic disorder. The study emphasizes the need for auditory evaluation of individuals with autism in order to refer those with pronouced to profound hearing loss for aural habilitation and to follow those with mild to moderate hearing loss because of the risk of deterioration. C1 Karolinska Hosp, Dept Audiol, Karolinska Inst, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgren Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Gothenburg, Sweden. Orebro Hosp, Dept Neurophysiol, Orebro, Sweden. RP Rosenhall, U (reprint author), Karolinska Hosp, Dept Audiol, Karolinska Inst, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 349 EP 357 DI 10.1023/A:1023022709710 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200002 PM 10587881 ER PT J AU Farrant, A Blades, M Boucher, J AF Farrant, A Blades, M Boucher, J TI Recall readiness in children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; autistic; recall readiness; metamemory; memory ID MEMORY AB When people are asked to learn information they need to judge when they have encoded the information accurately and will be able to retrieve it correctly. Making such a judgment is an aspect of metacognitive ability, and is referred to as "recall readiness." Previous researchers have not considered recall readiness in children with autism, therefore we asked matched groups of children with autism, children with mental retardation, and normally developing children (mean mental age: 7 years) to study several pictures of objects until they felt ready to recall all the objects without error. Their recall was then tested. The children with autism and the children with mental retardation had impaired recall readiness compared to the normally developing children. We discuss this result with reference to other research into the metacognitive abilities of children with autism. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England. Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Blades, M (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 359 EP 366 DI 10.1023/A:1023074726548 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200003 PM 10587882 ER PT J AU Williams, E Costall, A Reddy, V AF Williams, E Costall, A Reddy, V TI Children with autism experience problems with both objects and people SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; object use; interpersonal relations ID DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DELAY; 1ST 2 YEARS; SYMBOLIC PLAY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; JOINT ATTENTION; PRETEND PLAY; COMMUNICATION; BEHAVIOR; IMITATION; SYMPTOMS AB Kanner (1943), in his classic account, described autism as a specific impairment in interpersonal relations which leaves the child's uses of objects relatively unaffected. This combination of the difficulties in relating to people and the supposedly "excellent" relations to objects figures centrally within many of the current theories of autism, which have had relatively little to say on the question of object use. This paper draws attention to evidence of widespread impairments in relating to objects, not only in interpersonal aspects of object use but also in early sensorimotor exploration and the functional and conventional uses of objects. In stressing these problems with objects, our purpose is not to downplay the social dimension of autism, but rather to highlight the reciprocal nature of the interactions between the child, other people, and objects. Given the evidence that other people play an important role in introducing objects to children, we propose that an impairment in interpersonal relations should itself lead us to expect corresponding disruption in the autistic child's use of objects. Conversely, an unusual use of objects is likely to manifest itself in disturbances in relating to other people, given the importance of a shared understanding and use of objects in facilitating interaction. C1 Univ Portsmouth, Dept Psychol, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, Hants, England. RP Williams, E (reprint author), King Alfreds Coll, Dept Psychol, Sparkford Rd, Winchester SO22 4NP, Hants, England. 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C., 1983, SIEGE 1 YEARS AUTIST PRESTON E, IN PRESS PAST PRESEN RITH U, 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN Sacks O., 1995, ANTHROPOLOGIST MARS SCHOPLER E, 1996, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V71, P108 SIGMAN M, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P647, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00189.x SIGMAN M, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P293, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293 SIGMAN MD, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P796, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01662.x SMITH IM, 1994, PSYCHOL BULL, V116, P259, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.259 SORCE JF, 1985, DEV PSYCHOL, V21, P195, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.21.1.195 TIEGERMAN E, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P427 TILTON JR, 1964, PSYCHOL REP, V15, P967 TOMASELLO M, 1993, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V16, P495 Trevarthen C., 1979, SPEECH BEGINNING INT, P321 Trevarthen C., 1988, ACQUIRING CULTURE CR, P37 Trevarthen C., 1978, ACTION GESTURE SYMBO, P183 UIRIS IC, 1975, ASSESSMENT INFANCY UNGERER JA, 1981, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V20, P318, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60992-4 Valsiner J, 1987, CULTURE DEV CHILDREN VOLKMAR FR, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P47, DOI 10.1007/BF01837898 VOLPERT W, 1985, GOAL DIRECTED BEHAV, P357 Vondra J., 1989, ACTION SOCIAL CONTEX, P173 Wetherby A., 1984, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V27, P367 WHYTE J, 1989, IRISH J PSYCHOL, V10, P317 WING L, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P167, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00426.x WING L, 1969, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V10, P1, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1969.tb02066.x World Health Organization, 1990, INT CLASS DIS, V10th NR 100 TC 24 Z9 24 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 367 EP 378 DI 10.1023/A:1023026810619 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200004 PM 10587883 ER PT J AU Freeman, BJ Del'Homme, M Guthrie, D Zhang, F AF Freeman, BJ Del'Homme, M Guthrie, D Zhang, F TI Vineland adaptive behavior scale scores as a function of age and initial IQ in 210 autistic children SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale; autism; age; intelligence quotient ID FOLLOW-UP; PARAMETERS; STABILITY; MODELS AB Human growth modeling statistics were utilized to examine how Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) scores changed in individuals with autistic disorder as a function of both age and initial IQ. Results revealed that subjects improved with age in all domains. The rate of growth in Communication and Daily Living Skills was related to initial IQ while rate of growth in Social Skills was not. Results should provide hope for parents and further support for the importance of functional social-communication skills in the treatment of autism. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Biobehav Sci, NPI, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Neuropsychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Freeman, BJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Biobehav Sci, NPI, 760 Westwood Plaza NPI 58-227A, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. CR Alexander D, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P117, DOI 10.1007/BF02172001 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BRYK AS, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V101, P147, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.147 DEMYER MK, 1973, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V3, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF01538281 FREEMAN BJ, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P459, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60565-3 FREEMAN BJ, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P479, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00020 FREEMAN BJ, 1988, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V27, P428, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198807000-00008 HARVILLE DA, 1977, J AM STAT ASSOC, V72, P320, DOI 10.2307/2286796 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 LAIRD NM, 1982, BIOMETRICS, V38, P963, DOI 10.2307/2529876 Littell R. C., 1996, SAS SYSTEM MIXED MOD VENTER A, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P489, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x Nordin V, 1998, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V97, P99, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09970.x PIVAN J, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V35, P523 *SAS I, 1995, INTRO MIX PROC SHATZ J, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P51 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE VOLKMAR FR, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V26, P151 VOLKMAR FR, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P627, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00020 Wechsler D., 1991, MANUAL WECHSLER INTE Wechsler D., 1974, MANUAL WECHSLER INTE Wechsler D., 1989, MANUAL WECHSLER PRES Wechsler D., 1981, MANUAL WECHSLER ADUL NR 25 TC 45 Z9 45 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 379 EP 384 DI 10.1023/A:1023078827457 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200005 PM 10587884 ER PT J AU Landau, EC Cicchetti, DV Klin, A Volkmar, FR AF Landau, EC Cicchetti, DV Klin, A Volkmar, FR TI Season of birth in autism: A fiction revisited SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE season of birth; autism; mental retardation ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; SCHIZOPHRENIA; DISORDER; PSYCHOSIS; CHILDREN AB Variations of season of birth among autistic individuals were studied. The replicability of previously reported increases in birth rates in the months of March and August were examined in groups of individuals with autism or mental retardation (the comparison group). The sample was obtained from the Yale Child Study Center Developmental Disabilities Clinic and from the DSM-IV Autism/PDD field trial. Data were analyzed by applying the Jonckheere test of ordinal trend and the chi-square test, with Yates correction factor. With respect to March and August births, and with calculations based on the beginning and middle of the month, no significant seasonal effect was observed. Samples were subcategorized into verbal and mute groups, and again results failed to support the seasonality hypothesis. C1 Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Bar Ilan Univ, Ramat Gan, Israel. RP Volkmar, FR (reprint author), Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, POB 207900, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BARAK Y, 1995, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P798 Bartlik B D, 1981, J Am Med Womens Assoc, V36, P363 BOLTON P, 1990, International Review of Psychiatry, V2, P67, DOI 10.3109/09540269009028273 BOLTON P, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P509, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00888.x BOYD JH, 1986, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V12, P173 BRADBURY TN, 1985, PSYCHOL BULL, V98, P569, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.98.3.569 CICCHETTI DV, 1992, CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL, V6, P458, DOI 10.1080/13854049208401871 COLEMAN M, 1987, NEUROBIOLOGICAL ISSU, P163 Dalen P., 1975, SEASON BIRTH STUDY S DYER RE, 1931, PUBLIC HLTH REPORTS, V96, P334 Fleiss JL, 1981, STAT METHODS RATES P FOLSTEIN S, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P297, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x FOMBONNE E, 1989, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V155, P655 GILLBERG C, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P447, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00736.x GILLBERG C, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P257, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00714.x GILLBERG C, 1990, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V82, P152, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01373.x HARE EH, 1975, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V52, P69, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00024.x JONCKHEERE AR, 1970, P NUFFIC INT SUMM SE Kaufman AS, 1983, KAUFMAN ASSESSMENT B KONSTANTAREAS MM, 1986, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D, V17, P53, DOI 10.1007/BF00707913 KRUG DA, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P221, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x Leach C., 1979, INTRO STAT NONPARAME LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 MAXCY K, 1926, PUBLIC HLTH REPORTS, V41, P1967 MOUNDSEN E, 1994, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUMAN, V25, P31 NIELSEN J, 1973, HUMANGENETIK, V19, P67, DOI 10.1007/BF00295236 ROSZKOWSKI MJ, 1980, PSYCHOL REP, V47, P100 RUTTER M, 1970, SEMIN PSYCHIAT, V2, P435 TANOUE Y, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P155, DOI 10.1007/BF02211943 TEMRAN LM, 1960, STANFORD BINET INTEL TORREY EF, 1993, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V19, P557 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 World Health Organisation, 1978, MENT DIS GLOSS GUID World Health Organization, 1990, INT CLASS DIS, V10th NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 385 EP 393 DI 10.1023/A:1023030911527 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200006 PM 10587885 ER PT J AU Jolliffe, T Baron-Cohen, S AF Jolliffe, T Baron-Cohen, S TI The Strange Stories Test: A replication with high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Strange Stories Test; theory of mind; Asperger syndrome; autism ID CHILDS THEORY; MIND; PERFORMANCE; EXPLORATION AB Two groups of individuals, one with high-functioning autism and the other with Asperger syndrome were tested using Happe's Strange Stories Test of a more advanced theory of mind (Happe, 1994). This assesses the ability to interpret a nonliteral statement. Relative to normal controls who were IQ and age-matched, individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome performed less well on the task, while performing normally on a non-mentalistic control task. Individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome could provide mental state answers, but had difficulty in providing contextually appropriate mental state answers. Rather, their answers tended to concentrate on the utterance in isolation. This replicates Happe's result. Although the majority of bath clinical groups provided context-inappropriate interpretations, the autism group had the greater difficulty. Results are discussed in relation to both weak central coherence and theory of mind. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Jolliffe, T (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P285, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BaronCohen S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x BaronCohen S, 1997, ISRAEL J PSYCHIAT, V34, P174 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN HAPPE F, 1991, THESIS U LONDON HAPPE FGE, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P129, DOI 10.1007/BF02172093 HAPPE FGE, 1995, CHILD DEV, V66, P843, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00909.x HAPPE FGE, 1993, COGNITION, V48, P101, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-R HOWLIN P, 1995, REVISED HOWLIN SCREE JOLLIFFE T, UNPUB TEST CENTRAL C JOLLIFFE T, 1998, UNPUB TEST CENTRAL C JOLLIFFE T, 1998, UNPUB LINGUISTIC PRO JOLLIFFE T, IN PRESS COGNITION T Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KLIN A, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1127, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01361.x Miller JN, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P247 MINSHEW NJ, 1992, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V14, P749, DOI 10.1080/01688639208402860 Ozonoff S, 1996, BRAIN LANG, V52, P411, DOI 10.1006/brln.1996.0022 PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x RUMSEY J, 1998, J CLIN EXPT NEUROPSY, V10, P201 RUMSEY JM, 1990, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V12, P81 TANTAM D, 1992, ACTA PAEDOPSYCHIATR, V55, P88 Terman L. M., 1973, STANFORD BINET INTEL Wechsler D, 1981, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 World Health Organization (WHO), 1994, INT CLASS DIS REL HL NR 30 TC 91 Z9 92 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 395 EP 406 DI 10.1023/A:1023082928366 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200007 PM 10587886 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S O'Riordan, M Stone, V Jones, R Plaisted, K AF Baron-Cohen, S O'Riordan, M Stone, V Jones, R Plaisted, K TI Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE theory of mind; faux pas recognition; Asperger syndrome; high-functioning autism ID EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; 2ND-ORDER BELIEFS; MIND; ADULTS; DEFICITS AB Most theory of mind (ToM) tests are designed for subjects with a mental age of 4-6 years. There are very few ToM tests for subjects who are older or more able than this. We report a new test of ToM, designed for children 7-11 years old. The task involves recognizing faux pas. Study 1 tested 7-9, and 11-year-old normal children. Results showed that the ability to detect faux pas developed with age and that there was a differential developmental profile between the two sexes (female superiority). Study 2 tested children with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA), selected for being able to pass traditional 4- to 6-year level (first- and second-order) false belief tests. Results showed that whereas normal 9- to 11-year-old children were skilled at detecting faux pas, children with AS or HFA were impaired on this task. Study 3 reports a refinement in the test, employing control stimuli. This replicated the results from Study 2. Some patients with AS or HFA were able to recognize faux pas but still produced them. Future research should assess faux pas production. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 407 EP 418 DI 10.1023/A:1023035012436 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200008 PM 10587887 ER PT J AU Simon, N AF Simon, N TI Auditory dysfunction in autism: A submicroscopic form of Wernicke's encephalopathy? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID CEREBRAL GLUCOSE-UTILIZATION; THIAMINE-DEFICIENCY; BRAIN-STEM; DAMAGE; RATS; DEOXYGLUCOSE; CEREBELLAR; SYSTEM C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Bridgewater State Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Bridgewater, MA USA. Correct Med Serv, Bridgewater, MA USA. RP Simon, N (reprint author), Conrad Coll, 11 Hayes Ave, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 426 EP 427 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200012 PM 10587890 ER PT J AU Mesibov, GB AF Mesibov, GB TI Are children with autism better off in an autism classroom or a multidisability classroom? I have heard that autism-specific classrooms can foster negative behaviors and discourage peer interactions, but I am concerned that a classroom with multiple disabilities will not be tailored to my child's individual needs. SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter CR WOOTEN M, 1986, SOCIAL BEHAV AUTISM, P305 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 429 EP 429 DI 10.1023/A:1023091130183 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 257KZ UT WOS:000083782200013 PM 10587891 ER PT J AU Ricard, M Girouard, PC Decarie, TG AF Ricard, M Girouard, PC Decarie, TG TI Personal pronouns and perspective taking in toddlers SO JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biennial Meeting of the Society-for-Research-in-Child-Development CY MAR 29-APR 02, 1995 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Soc Res Child Dev ID VISUAL-PERCEPTION; SPEAKING CHILDREN; FRENCH-SPEAKING; ACQUISITION; LANGUAGE; KNOWLEDGE; AUTISM AB This study examined the evolution of visual perspective-taking skills in relation to the comprehension and production of first, second and third person pronouns. Twelve French-speaking and It English-speaking children were observed longitudinally from 1;6 until they had acquired all pronouns and succeeded on all tasks. Free-play sessions and three tasks were used to test pronominal competence. Four other tasks assessed Level-1 perspective-taking skills: two of these tasks required the capacity to consider two visual perspectives, and two others tested the capacity to coordinate three such perspectives. The results indicated that children's performance on perspective-taking tasks was correlated with full pronoun acquisition. Moreover, competence at coordinating two visual perspectives preceded the full mastery of first and second person pronouns, and competence at coordinating three perspectives preceded the full mastery of third person pronouns when a strict criterion was adopted. However, with less stringent criteria, the sequence from perspective taking to pronoun acquisition varied either slightly or considerably. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 681 EP 697 DI 10.1017/S0305000999003943 PG 17 WC Psychology, Developmental; Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Linguistics GA 265CG UT WOS:000084223100007 PM 10603700 ER PT J AU Ozonoff, S Williams, BJ Gale, S Miller, JN AF Ozonoff, S Williams, BJ Gale, S Miller, JN TI Autism and autistic behavior in Joubert syndrome SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; CEREBELLAR VERMIS; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; INFANTILE-AUTISM; FOLLOW-UP; HYPOPLASIA; CHILDREN; ACTIVATION; PREVALENCE AB To determine whether individuals with Joubert syndrome exhibit features of autism as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), we examined 11 children with Joubert syndrome using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic. Three children met DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder and one for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. The other seven all demonstrated at least one DSM-IV symptom of autism, but did not meet criteria for a pervasive developmental disorder. Both total number of DSM-IV symptoms and number of social symptoms distinguished the autism and nonautism subgroups. In contrast, the two subgroups displayed similar levels of communication impairments and repetitive or stereotyped behavior: The key to diagnosing autism in Joubert syndrome is to focus on social behaviors, particularly milestones typically achieved very early in life (eg, attending to human voices, showing objects of interest, enjoyment of social interactions). Implications for the role of the cerebellum in nonmotor behavior and for clinical management of Joubert syndrome also are discussed. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Psychol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Ozonoff, S (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Psychol, 390 South 1530 East,Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 14 IS 10 BP 636 EP 641 DI 10.1177/088307389901401003 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 240DE UT WOS:000082809900003 PM 10511335 ER PT J AU Folstein, SE Santangelo, SL Gilman, SE Piven, J Landa, R Lainhart, J Hein, J Wzorek, M AF Folstein, SE Santangelo, SL Gilman, SE Piven, J Landa, R Lainhart, J Hein, J Wzorek, M TI Predictors of cognitive test patterns in autism families SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; cognition; genetics; intelligence; language; reading disorder; spelling disorder ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; PERSONALITY-CHARACTERISTICS; 1ST-DEGREE RELATIVES; LANGUAGE DISORDER; PARENTS; INDIVIDUALS; CHILDREN; SIBLINGS; HISTORY; TWIN AB In a case-control study of cognitive performance, tests of intelligence, reading, spelling, and pragmatic language were administered to the parents and siblings of 90 community-ascertained probands with autism (AU group) and to the parents and siblings of 40 similarly ascertained probands with trisomy 21 Down syndrome (DS group). The two samples were comparable for age and parents' education;both groups were well-educated and had above-average intelligence. AU parents scored slightly but significantly lower on the WAIS-R Full Scale and Performance IQ, on two subtests (Picture Arrangement and Picture Completion), and on the Word Attack Test (reading nonsense words) from the Woodcock-Johnson battery. There were no differences between AU and DS siblings. As in earlier studies, AU parents, more often than DS parents, reported a history of early language-related cognitive difficulties; we were not able to replicate this in siblings. AU parents who reported such difficulties scored significantly lower on Verbal IQ, spelling, and the nonsense reading test. AU parents without a history of early language-related cognitive difficulties often had a Verbal IQ that exceeded Performance IQ by more than one standard deviation. AU siblings with early language-related difficulties had similar findings: lower Verbal IQ, poorer spelling, and poorer reading scores, compared to AU siblings without such a history. Parents with a positive history also scored worse on a measure of pragmatic language,the Pragmatic Rating Scale, but not on measures of social-related components of the broader autism phenotype. We propose that cognitive differences in a subset of autism family members are manifestations of the language-related component of the broader autism phenotype, and separate from the social-related component. This is consistent with the hypothesis that there are several genes that may interact to cause autism which segregate independently and have distinguishable manifestations in family members. The hypothesis would be further supported by finding different patterns of genetic loci linked to autism in families where one or both parents has language difficulties. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr Dev Disorders, Waltham, MA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Utah, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT USA. Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20010 USA. RP Folstein, SE (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Sch Med, 750 Washington St,1007, Boston, MA 02111 USA. 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E., 1960, DIAGNOSTIC ATTAINMEN Siegel DJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P389, DOI 10.1007/BF02172825 STUTSMAN R, 1931, MENTAL MEASUREMENT P, P139 SZATMARI P, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P1264, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199311000-00022 SZATMARI P, 1996, PSYCHIATR GENET, V6, P156, DOI 10.1097/00041444-199623000-00061 TOMBLIN JB, 1998, AM J HUM GENET S, V63, pA312 Tyrer P, 1988, PERSONALITY DISORDER, P140 Wechsler D, 1974, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC WHITEHOUSE D, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02409579 Wiederholt J.L., 1986, GRAY ORAL READING TE WOLFF S, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P143, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00699.x WZOREK M, 1989, 1 WORLD C PSYCH GEN NR 46 TC 98 Z9 101 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 40 IS 7 BP 1117 EP 1128 DI 10.1017/S0021963099004461 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 250EC UT WOS:000083375200012 PM 10576540 ER PT J AU Hermelin, B Pring, L Buhler, M Wolff, S Heaton, P AF Hermelin, B Pring, L Buhler, M Wolff, S Heaton, P TI A visually impaired savant artist: Interacting perceptual and memory representations SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; art; Idiot Savants; memory; visual handicap ID CALENDRICAL CALCULATORS; IDIOT SAVANT; AUTISM; ABILITY; MIND AB In this single case study, paintings by a visually impaired and cognitively handicapped savant artist are evaluated. He paints his pictures exclusively from memory, either after having looked at a natural scene through binoculars, or after studying landscape photographs in brochures, catalogues, and books. The paintings are compared with the models from which they were derived, and the resulting generative changes are accounted for by an interaction between impaired visual input and memory transformations. C1 Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. RP Hermelin, B (reprint author), Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. CR Bartlett FC., 1932, REMEMBERING STUDY EX FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 HAPPE FGE, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1461, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01287.x HEATON P, IN PRESS NEUROCASE Heaton P, 1998, MUSIC PERCEPT, V15, P291 Heavey L, 1999, PSYCHOL MED, V29, P145, DOI 10.1017/S0033291798007776 HERMELIN B, 1987, PSYCHOL MED, V17, P685 HERMELIN B, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P217, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01563.x HERMELIN B, 1986, PSYCHOL MED, V16, P885 HERMELIN B, 1989, PSYCHOL MED, V19, P447 HERMELIN B, 1983, PSYCHOL MED, V13, P479 Miller L., 1989, MUSICAL SAVANTS EXCE OCONNOR N, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P907, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01964.x PRING L, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02096.x Pring L., 1997, AUTISM, V1, P199, DOI [10.1177/1362361397012006, DOI 10.1177/1362361397012006] PRING L, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1065, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01351.x ROSENBLATT A, 1988, EXCEPTIONAL BRAIN Sacks Oliver, 1995, ANTHR MARS SELFE L, 1985, VISUAL ORDER SLOBODA JA, 1985, MUSIC PERCEPT, V3, P155 Trevor-Roper P, 1997, WORLD BLUNTED SIGHT Vigotsky LS, 1939, PSYCHIATR, V2, P29 WATKINS N, 1998, BONNARD COLOUR LIGHT WING L, 1999, UNPUB DIAGNOSTIC INT NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 40 IS 7 BP 1129 EP 1139 DI 10.1017/S0021963099004357 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 250EC UT WOS:000083375200013 PM 10576541 ER PT J AU Zwaigenbaum, L Szatmari, P Jones, MB Bryson, SE MacLean, JE Mahoney, W Bartolucci, G Tuff, L Tsafnat, T AF Zwaigenbaum, L Szatmari, P Jones, MB Bryson, SE MacLean, JE Mahoney, W Bartolucci, G Tuff, L Tsafnat, T TI Decreased obstetric optimality in autism is a function df genetic liability to the broader autism phenotype SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Paediat, Hamilton, ON, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat, Hamilton, ON, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0196-206X J9 J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR JI J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 5 BP 398 EP 399 PG 2 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 245PP UT WOS:000083117600030 ER PT J AU Sandler, AD Sutton, K DeWeese, J Girardi, MA Sheppard, V Bodfish, JW AF Sandler, AD Sutton, K DeWeese, J Girardi, MA Sheppard, V Bodfish, JW TI A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Thoms Rehabil Hosp, Olson Huff Ctr Child Dev, Asheville, NC USA. Western Carolina Ctr, Morganton, NC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0196-206X J9 J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR JI J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 20 IS 5 BP 400 EP 400 PG 1 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 245PP UT WOS:000083117600034 ER PT J AU Einfeld, SL Tonge, BJ AF Einfeld, SL Tonge, BJ TI Observations on the use of the ICD-10 Guide for Mental Retardation SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE classification; ICD-10 Guide for Mental Retardation; multi-axial diagnosis ID BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; ADOLESCENTS; CHILDREN; AUTISM AB In acknowledgement of the challenges pored by the diagnosis of mental disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID), the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently published a multi-axial guide to assist clinicians in applying the ICD-IO to this group of people. The WHO has invited users to review of the ICD-IO Guide for Mental Retardation. In order to review its usefulness in clinical practice, the present authors used the Guide together with the ICD-IO in the psychiatric assessment of 106 young people with ID, and emotional and behavioural problems of varying severity. Strengths and weaknesses in the utility of the Guide were noted. As a result of the clinical audit process, the present authors identified a number of inconsistencies, significant gaps and assertions unsupported by the available literature in the Guide. They also noted aspects of the ICD-IO itself which are problematic when applied to people with ID. Despite these limitations, the Guide is a valuable first attempt to establish a standardized structure for multi-axial diagnosis in this population. A number of suggestions for major changes and refinements to future editions are made, and a strategy for development of research to establish validity and reliability is proposed. C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Monash Univ, Ctr Dev Psychiat, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. RP Einfeld, SL (reprint author), SE Sydney Area Hlth Serv, Area Mental Hlth, 2 Short St, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia. CR AMAN M, 1985, AM J MENT DEFIC, V5, P485 AMAN M G, 1991, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, V17, P127 CROME L, 1972, PATHOLOGY MENTAL RET Davis JP, 1997, AUST NZ J PSYCHIAT, V31, P243, DOI 10.3109/00048679709073827 EINFELD SL, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P143, DOI 10.1007/BF02178501 EINFELD SL, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02178498 EINFELD SL, 1992, THESIS U SYDNEY Evans KM, 1999, J INTELLECT DEV DIS, V24, P147, DOI 10.1080/13668259900033941 GILLBERG CL, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01959.x MENOLASCINO F, 1988, MENTAL ILLNESS MENTA PARKER G, 1994, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V164, P316, DOI 10.1192/bjp.164.3.316 ROJAHN J, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P17, DOI 10.1007/BF02206994 SOVNER R, 1986, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V22, P1055 SZYMANSKI LS, 1988, MENTAL RETARDATION M, P124 Tonge BJ, 1996, MED J AUSTRALIA, V165, P244 WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE World Health Organization - WHO, 1996, ICD 10 GUID MENT RET NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 43 BP 408 EP 412 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.043005408.x PN 5 PG 5 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 249KM UT WOS:000083332300007 PM 10546965 ER PT J AU Madell Jr AF Madell, JR TI Auditory integration training - Auditory integration training: One clinician's view SO LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS LA English DT Article DE autism; pervasive developmental disorder (PDD); central auditory processing disorder (CAPD); auditory integration training (AIT); auditory attention; hypersensitivity; word recognition AB Auditory integration training (AIT) is a developing treatment for auditory disorders that include sensitivity to sound, auditory attention problems, and auditory processing disorders. Although there is limited published research, a growing body of anecdotal and clinical data is being reported at professional meetings. This article discusses some of the issues related to AIT and presents preliminary data indicating that word recognition scores in the presence of competing noise improves for children with a variety of disorders who have been treated with AIT. C1 Long Isl Coll Hosp, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. SUNY, Brooklyn, NY USA. RP Madell Jr (reprint author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Hearing & Learning Ctr, 10 Union Sq E, New York, NY 10003 USA. EM jmadell@bethisraelny.org CR Berard G, 1993, HEARING EQUALS BEHAV Bettison S, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P361, DOI 10.1007/BF02172480 COOL DJ, 1990, AM OCCUPATIONAL THER, P13 CORTEXMCKEE D, 1993, ANN NW OH AUT SOC C CREEDON M, 1993, ANN C ASS ADV BEH TH Delacato C. H, 1974, ULTIMATE STRANGER AU EDELSON S, 1999, FOCUS AUTISM OTHER D, V14, P31 ELIOT L, 1980, DEV NEW CHILDRENS DI Frick S. 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D., 1989, CHILDREN AUTISM PARE RAPIN I, 1991, PEDIATRICS S5, V85, P751 Rimland B., 1994, AM J SPEECH-LANG PAT, V3, P16 ROSS M, 1971, WORD INTELLIGIBITY P RUDY J, 1994, ANN C OH SPEECH HEAR Tharpe AM, 1999, LANG SPEECH HEAR SER, V30, P378 WOODWARD D, 1994, AM J AUDIOL, V6, P39 Zollweg W., 1997, AM J AUDIOLOGY, V6, P39 NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 PU AMER SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOC PI ROCKVILLE PA 10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852-3279 USA SN 0161-1461 J9 LANG SPEECH HEAR SER JI Lang. Speech Hear. Serv. Sch. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 371 EP 377 PG 7 WC Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 245UZ UT WOS:000083127700008 ER PT J AU Tharpe, AM AF Tharpe, AM TI Auditory integration training - Auditory integration training: The magical mystery cure SO LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS LA English DT Article DE auditory training; autism; placebo ID DEVELOPMENTAL-DISABILITIES; CHILDREN; AUTISM AB Since its introduction in this country at the beginning of the decade, auditory integration training (AIT) has generated enthusiasm in parents and some clinicians, and harsh criticism by others. AIT has been promoted as a non-invasive treatment for auditory disorders that are believed to lead to attention and behavior problems. ii has been particularly popular as a treatment for autism. Although parents cite numerous anecdotal reports of treatment success, many professionals frown on AIT's widespread practice prior to undergoing scientific scrutiny. The reasons for cautious evaluation of AIT prior to implementation in clinical practice are reviewed, along with a brief summary of current research findings. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr, Nashville, TN USA. RP Tharpe, AM (reprint author), Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Ctr, 1114 19th Ave SW, Nashville, TN 37212 USA. 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Speech Hear. Serv. Sch. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 378 EP 382 PG 5 WC Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 245UZ UT WOS:000083127700009 ER PT J AU Duchan, JF AF Duchan, JF TI Facilitated communication - Views of facilitated communication: What's the point? SO LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS LA English DT Article DE facilitated communication; clinical practice guidelines; ethical practices; theories of communication ID AUTHORSHIP; ATTITUDES; AUTISM AB Facilitated communication (FC) has generated considerable debate, with the main concern being whether the facilitators (often speech-language pathologists) are physically influencing what is being expressed by the communicator. FC has placed speech-language pathologists in an ethical bind, having to weigh the risks of denying their client the right to effective and efficient communication against the risk-of using an approach that has not held up under the rigors of controlled scientific studies. The dilemma is further complicated by the different ways FC has been described. Those who describe it in social participation terms are more positive concerning its potential than those:who see it in terms of information professing. In this article, views of FC are outlined. A way out of the dilemma is suggested through the development of clinical practice guidelines. Such guidelines should include protections or both clients and clinicians and should be built on; both Social participation and information processing views of FC. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Duchan, JF (reprint author), 130 Jewett Pkwy, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA. CR *AM SPEECH LANG HE, 1995, ASHA S14, V37, P22 *AM SPEECH LANG HE, 1994, TECHN REP FAC COMM American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1994, ASHA S13, V36, P1 ASHER SR, 1981, EXCEPTIONAL ED Q, V1, P13 Beukelman D. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 401 EP 407 PG 7 WC Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 245UZ UT WOS:000083127700012 ER PT J AU Calculator, SN AF Calculator, SN TI Facilitated communication - Look who's pointing now: Cautions related to the clinical use of facilitated communication SO LANGUAGE SPEECH AND HEARING SERVICES IN SCHOOLS LA English DT Article DE facilitated communication; augmentative communication; efficacy; outcomes ID AUTISM; INDIVIDUALS; VALIDITY; FAILURE; IMPACT; WORDS AB This article focuses on three factors related to the use of facilitated communication (FC), all of which constitute possible reasons for caution by speech-language pathologists who are considering this technique for individuals with severe communication impairments. First, problems with the theoretical bases of FC are discussed, especially those attributing the success of this method to its ability to target individuals' underlying difficulties with apraxia, word finding, and social-emotional challenges. a case is made that there is insufficient evidence to support claims that FC overrides such problems. The notion of the method unlocking communication and related skills from otherwise competent individuals is also questioned. Next, the subject of candidacy is discussed. Special attention is called to the absence of criteria for initiating, maintaining modifying, and terminating this approach. Finally, outcomes of the method are summarized. Discrepancies between qualitative and experimental investigations are summarized along with some possible explanations for these differences. Suggested parameters for evaluating individuals' uses of FC are discussed, along with the continuing need for speech-language pathologists to make informed decisions concering the role FC will play in their interventions with individuals who exhibit severe communication impairments. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Calculator, SN (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA. CR *AM SPEECH LANG HE, 1994, TECHN REP FAC COMM AMERIC SP, 1995, CNS DRUG REV, V1, P1 Bebko JM, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P19, DOI 10.1007/BF02276233 Biklen D., 1993, COMMUNICATION UNBOUN BIKLEN D, 1992, TOP LANG DISORD, V12, P1 BIKLEN D, 1990, HARVARD EDUC REV, V60, P291 Bomba C, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P43, DOI 10.1007/BF02276234 Calculator S. 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Speech Hear. Serv. Sch. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 408 EP 414 PG 7 WC Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 245UZ UT WOS:000083127700013 ER PT J AU Amir, RE Van den Veyver, IB Wan, M Tran, CQ Francke, U Zoghbi, HY AF Amir, RE Van den Veyver, IB Wan, M Tran, CQ Francke, U Zoghbi, HY TI Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 SO NATURE GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; EXCLUSION MAP; INHERITANCE; GENE; DNA; LOCALIZATION; LINKAGE; FAMILY; SITES AB Rett syndrome(1) (RTT, MIM 312750) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder and one of the most common causes of mental retardation in females, with an incidence of 1 in 10,000-15,000 (ref. 2). Patients with classic RTT appear to develop normally until 6-18 months of age, then gradually lose speech and purposeful hand use, and develop microcephaly, seizures, autism, ataxia, intermittent hyperventilation and stereotypic hand movements(3). After initial regression, the condition stabilizes and patients usually survive into adulthood. As RTT occurs almost exclusively in females, it has been proposed that RTT is caused by an X-linked dominant mutation with lethality in hemizygous males(3-8). Previous exclusion mapping studies using RTT families mapped the locus to Xq28 (refs 6,7,9-11). Using a systematic gene screening approach, we have identified mutations in the gene (MECP2) encoding X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) as the cause of some Eases of RTT. MeCP2 selectively binds CpG dinucleotides in the mammalian genome and mediates transcriptional repression through interaction with histone deacetylase and the corepressor SIN3A (refs 12,13). In 5 of 21 sporadic patients, we found 3 de novo missense mutations in the region encoding the highly conserved methyl-binding domain (MBD) as well as a de novo frameshift and a de novo nonsense mutation, both of which disrupt the transcription repression domain (TRD). In two affected half-sisters of a RTT family, we found segregation of an additional missense mutation not detected in their obligate carrier mother. This suggests that the mother is a germline mosaic for this mutation. Our study reports the first disease-causing mutations in RTT and points to abnormal epigenetic regulation as the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of RTT. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Zoghbi, HY (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 185 EP 188 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 240LM UT WOS:000082827500017 PM 10508514 ER PT J AU Kobayashi, R AF Kobayashi, R TI Physiognomic perception, vitality affect and delusional perception in autism SO PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Review DE autism; delusional percepion; physiognomic perception; schizophrehia; vitality affect ID COGNITIVE DEFICITS; CHILDHOOD ONSET; SCHIZOPHRENIA; PSYCHOSES; CHILDREN AB The relationship between autism and schizophrenia has been denied from the symptomatological and epidemiological standpoints. However, the mechanism whereby psychotic symptoms appear in association with autism has not been investigated at any length. Therefore, an investigation was conducted on how the unique modes of perception in autism are related to the psychotic symptoms observed. 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Neurosci. PD OCT PY 1999 VL 53 IS 5 BP 549 EP 555 DI 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00604.x PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 246LX UT WOS:000083166200002 PM 10595678 ER PT J AU Martin, N AF Martin, N TI Autism and theory of mind research SO PSYCHOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Middlesex Univ, London N17 8HR, England. RP Martin, N (reprint author), Middlesex Univ, London N17 8HR, England. CR FLETCHER PC, 1995, COGNITION, V57, P109, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-R Happe F, 1999, TRENDS COGN SCI, V3, P216, DOI 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01318-2 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER LE1 7DR, LEICS, ENGLAND SN 0952-8229 J9 PSYCHOLOGIST JI Psychologist PD OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 10 BP 516 EP 517 PG 2 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 243KC UT WOS:000082995600020 ER PT J AU Courtial, JP Gourdon, L AF Courtial, JP Gourdon, L TI Mapping the dynamics of research on autism: Or the cultural logic of science SO THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autism; cultural psychology; discovery; scientific articles; subject-object balance theory ID CO-WORD ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; MODEL AB On the basis of recent research in sociology of science, moral development theory and cultural psychology, the authors argue that:scientific knowledge consists of producing new social practices coordinated by scientific texts. A quantitative means of highlighting this process in a given field of research consists of calculating associations between centres of interest in scientific articles, through key words provided by computerized databases. If the concept of scientific culture is taken into account, the 'sociocognitive' network of associations which is obtained is thus a structure linking the relationships of the human individual to his or her culture. Using the PSYCLIT database from 1978 to 1995, this approach produces a history and a synthesis of contemporary research into autism, and also describes the emergence of a new 'distributed' paradigm of research. The sociocognitive network model is thus validated as a system of representation and simultaneously demonstrates the identity of the human individual with knowledge of the world through its scientific and technical culture. C1 Univ Nantes, Lab Educ Cognit Dev, F-44036 Nantes, France. 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PD OCT PY 1999 VL 9 IS 5 BP 579 EP 604 DI 10.1177/0959354399095001 PG 26 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 241MK UT WOS:000082886900001 ER PT J AU Kemner, C van der Gaag, RJ Verbaten, M van Engeland, H AF Kemner, C van der Gaag, RJ Verbaten, M van Engeland, H TI ERP differences among subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; pervasive developmental disorder; MCDD; event-related potential; P3 ID EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; BRAIN POTENTIALS; HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; AUDITORY INFORMATION; LANGUAGE DISORDER; ATTENTION-DEFICIT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; DYSFUNCTIONS; MODALITY AB Background: Children with multiple complex developmental disorder (MCDD) have been distinguished from autistic children on the basis of chart reviews. It was questioned whether it is possible to find other, e.g., event-related potential (ERP), evidence for this assertion. Methods: ERPs were measured in response to stimuli in a visual oddball task in autistic, MCDD, attention deficit disorder, dyslexic, and normal control children, to study whether ERP peaks can be used to distinguish autistic and MCDD children, and to classify the aforementioned groups. Results: It was found that the P3 at four different leads and the frontal Nc showed differences among the groups, and that the autistic and MCDD groups differed from each other as well as from the other groups. Also, it was found that, using discriminant analyses in which these parameters were included, children were classified above chance level. Especially in the MCDD group, a high percentage of correct classification was seen. Conclusions: ERP parameters indicate that autistic and MCDD children might differ in underlying pathology and might therefore, better be regarded as two separate diagnostic entities. (C) 1999 Society of Biological Psychiatry. 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Psychiatry PD SEP 15 PY 1999 VL 46 IS 6 BP 781 EP 789 DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00003-7 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 235ZZ UT WOS:000082574900008 PM 10494446 ER PT J AU Wakefield, AJ AF Wakefield, AJ TI MMR vaccination and autism SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Med, London NW3 2PF, England. UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Histopathol, London NW3 2PF, England. RP Wakefield, AJ (reprint author), UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Med, London NW3 2PF, England. CR Bower H, 1999, BRIT MED J, V318, P1643 Chadwick N, 1998, J MED VIROL, V55, P305 LEWIN J, 1995, GUT, V36, P564, DOI 10.1136/gut.36.4.564 Montgomery SM, 1999, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V116, P796, DOI 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70062-4 Taylor B, 1999, LANCET, V353, P2026, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01239-8 NR 5 TC 63 Z9 65 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD SEP 11 PY 1999 VL 354 IS 9182 BP 949 EP 950 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75696-8 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 234YK UT WOS:000082511800054 PM 10489978 ER PT J AU Taylor, B Miller, E Farrington, P AF Taylor, B Miller, E Farrington, P TI MMR vaccination and autism - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Community Child Hlth, London NW3 2PT, England. PHLS, Immunisat Div, Colindale, England. Open Univ, Dept Stat, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. RP Taylor, B (reprint author), UCL Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Community Child Hlth, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PT, England. CR Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD SEP 11 PY 1999 VL 354 IS 9182 BP 950 EP 950 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 234YK UT WOS:000082511800055 ER PT J AU Roberts, GT AF Roberts, GT TI MMR vaccination and autism - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Dafarn Gorniog, Pwllheli LL53 5UN, Gwynedd, Wales. RP Roberts, GT (reprint author), Dafarn Gorniog, Pwllheli LL53 5UN, Gwynedd, Wales. CR DeStefano F, 1999, LANCET, V353, P1987, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00160-9 HALLC, 1999, ELECT TELGRAPH 0611, P1477 *MED COMM AG COMM, 1999, CURR PROBL CURR PHAR, V25, P9 Montgomery SM, 1999, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V116, P796, DOI 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70062-4 Taylor B, 1999, LANCET, V353, P2026, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01239-8 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD SEP 11 PY 1999 VL 354 IS 9182 BP 951 EP 951 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75698-1 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 234YK UT WOS:000082511800056 PM 10489979 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI Pharmaceuticals - New autism treatment causes controversy SO CHEMISTRY & INDUSTRY LA English DT News Item NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU WILEY PERIODICALS, INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA ONE MONTGOMERY ST, SUITE 1200, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104 USA SN 0009-3068 EI 2047-6329 J9 CHEM IND-LONDON JI Chem. Ind. PD SEP 6 PY 1999 IS 17 BP 648 EP 648 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA 234CH UT WOS:000082466300004 ER PT J AU Risch, N AF Risch, N TI A genomic screen of autism: Evidence for a multilocus etiology (vol 65, pg 493, 1999) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Correction CR RISCH, 1999, AM J HUM GENET, V65, P493 Risch N, 1999, AM J HUM GENET, V65, P493, DOI 10.1086/302497 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 3 BP 931 EP 931 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 233KQ UT WOS:000082426400040 ER PT J AU Case-Smith, J Bryan, T AF Case-Smith, J Bryan, T TI The effects of occupational therapy with sensory integration emphasis on preschool-age children with autism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY LA English DT Article DE child development disorders, pervasive interpersonal relations; play therapy ID DISORDER AB Objective. Using single-subject research design, the effects of an occupational therapy intervention emphasizing sensory integration with five preschool children with autism were examined. Method. In the AB design, nonengagement, mastery play and interaction were measured using videotape clips of each child's free play in the preschool. Following a 3-week baseline, an occupational therapist provided one-on-one sessions and consultation to teachers for 10 weeks. Results, When baseline and intervention phases were compared four children demonstrated decreased frequency of nonengaged behavior and three demonstrated increased frequency of mastery (goal-directed) play. Improvements in frequency of interaction were minimal Conclusion. The results support descriptions in the literature regarding the behavioral changes that children with autism can make when participating in intervention using a sensory integration approach. C1 Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Case-Smith, J (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, 406 SAMP,1583 Perry St, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Case-smith, Jane/E-2849-2011 CR Ayres A. J., 1972, SENSORY INTEGRATION AYRES AJ, 1980, AM J OCCUP THER, V34, P375 Ayres AJ, 1979, SENSORY INTEGRATION BARANEK G, 1998, SENSORY INTEGRATION, V21, P1 Baranek GT, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P91 BARONCOHEN S, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P33 Case-Smith J, 1999, AM J OCCUP THER, V53, P506 Dawson G., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P49 Frick S. M., 1994, SENSORY INTEGRATION, V7, P1 Grandin T, 1992, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, V2, P63, DOI 10.1089/cap.1992.2.63 Grandin T., 1986, EMERGENCE LABELED AU Greenspan S. I., 1997, J DEV LEARNING DISOR, V1, P87 GREENSPAN SI, 1992, ZERO 3, V13, P1 Greenstein S, 1997, IEEE MICRO, V17, P5, DOI 10.1109/40.592323 Guralnick M., 1992, SOCIAL COMPETENCE YO, P37 HAACK L, 1998, OCCUPATINAL THERAPY HUEBNER RA, 1992, AM J OCCUP THER, V46, P487 Koomar J. A., 1991, SENSORY INTEGRATION, P251 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 MCWILLIAM RA, 1995, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V15, P123 MCWILLIAM RA, 1984, UNPUB ENGAGEMENT ALT ODOM SL, 1992, SOCIAL COMPETENCE YO, P3 ORNITZ EM, 1974, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V4, P197, DOI 10.1007/BF02115226 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 Ottenbacher KJ, 1986, EVALUATING CLIN CHAN Parham L. D., 1996, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, P307 Parson A. C., 1989, PROCEDURAL MANUAL CO Royeen C. B., 1991, SENSORY INTEGRATION, P108 WHALEY KI, 1994, J SOCIAL PERSONAL RE, V11, P282 Wieder S, 1996, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V8, P24 Willinger R, 1997, RES LEG MED, V17, P29 NR 31 TC 45 Z9 47 PU AMER OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSOC, INC PI BETHESDA PA 4720 MONTGOMERY LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3425 USA SN 0272-9490 J9 AM J OCCUP THER JI Am. J. Occup. Ther. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 53 IS 5 BP 489 EP 497 PG 9 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 237UV UT WOS:000082675200010 PM 10500857 ER PT J AU Watling, R Deitz, J Kanny, EM McLaughlin, JF AF Watling, R Deitz, J Kanny, EM McLaughlin, JF TI Current practice of occupational therapy for children with autism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY LA English DT Article DE assessment process, occupational therapy; child development disorders, pervasive developmental therapy AB Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the current practice patterns of occupational therapists experienced in working with children with autism spectrum disorders. Method. Occupational therapists experienced in providing services to 2-year-old to 12-year-old children with autism completed a mail questionnaire describing practice patterns, theoretical approaches, intervention techniques, and preferred methods of preparation for work with children with autism. Results. Of those contacted 72 occupational therapists met the study criteria and returned completed questionnaires. Practice patterns included frequent collaboration with other professionals during assessment and intervention Intervention services were typically provided in a one-to-one format with the most common techniques being sensory integration (99%) and positive reinforcement (93%). Theoretical approaches included sensory integration (99%) developmental (88%), and behavioral (73%). Evaluations relied heavily on nonstandardized tools and clinical observations. Educational method identified as most helpful were weekend workshops (56%) and on-the-job training (52%). Conclusion. This study clarified the nature of current occupational therapy practice patterns for 2-year-old to 12-year-old children with autism. Additional studies are needed to examine the efficacy of current evaluation and intervention methods, as well as to explore the relevance of available standardized assessments for this population. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Rehabil Med, Div Occupat Therapy, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Human Dev & Disabil, Clin Training Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Watling, R (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Rehabil Med, Div Occupat Therapy, Box 356490, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CR Ayres A. J., 1989, SENSORY INTEGRATION AYRES AJ, 1980, AM J OCCUP THER, V34, P375 AYRES AJ, 1981, UNPUB CLIN OBSERVATI AYRES J, 1983, AM J OCCUPATIONAL TH, V37, P535 AYRES J, 1979, SENSORY INTEGRATION, P123 Baranek GT, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P91 Bayley N, 1993, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT Beery K. E., 1982, DEV TEST VISUAL MOTO BLOOMER M L, 1989, Occupational Therapy in Health Care, V6, P5, DOI 10.1080/J003v06n02_03 Bristol MM, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P121, DOI 10.1007/BF02172002 Bruininks R., 1996, SCALES INDEPENDENT B BRUININKS RH, 1978, BRUININKSOSERETSKY T Bryson SE, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P165, DOI 10.1007/BF02172005 Cammisa K. M., 1993, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, V12, P39, DOI 10.1300/J004v12n02_03 CLARK F, 1983, OCCUP THER J RES, V3, P3 Colarusso R. P., 1972, MOTOR FREE VISUAL PE COLEMAN M, 1989, INFANTS YOUNG CHILDR, V1, P22 COOK JS, 1990, NEWS PHYSIOL SCI, V5, P1 DAVIDSON D A, 1984, Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, V4, P13 Dawson G., 1996, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P307 Dillman DA, 1978, MAIL TELEPHONE SURVE DUNN W, 1995, SENSORY PROFILE Folio R, 1983, PEABODY DEV MOTOR SC FREEMAN BJ, 1993, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V6, P1 FURUNO S, 1985, HAWAII EARLY LEARNIN Gardner M. F., 1988, TEST VISUAL PERCEPTU GRALEWIC.A, 1973, AM J OCCUP THER, V27, P70 Grandin T., 1995, THINKING PICTURES Grandin T., 1986, EMERGENCE LABELED AU GREENSPAN SI, 1992, ZERO 3, V13, P1 HALEY SM, 1992, PEDIAT EVALUATION DI HUEBNER RA, 1992, AM J OCCUP THER, V46, P487 HULME P, 1995, HIST OVERVIEW NONSTA KING L J, 1987, Occupational Therapy in Health Care, V4, P77, DOI 10.1080/J003v04n02_08 KWASS TP, 1992, OCCUPATIONAL THE APR, P4 LARRINGTON G G, 1987, Occupational Therapy in Health Care, V4, P101, DOI 10.1080/J003v04n02_10 LLORENS LA, 1974, AM J OCCUP THER, V28, P82 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 RESTALL G, 1994, AM J OCCUP THER, V48, P113 Mays R M, 1993, J Pediatr Health Care, V7, P17, DOI 10.1016/0891-5245(93)90022-A McKean Thomas A., 1994, SOON WILL COME LIGHT *MICR CORP, 1995, MICR EXC VERS 5 0 CO NELSON D, 1980, AM J OCCUP THER, V34, P382 Nelson D., 1982, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, V1, P1, DOI 10.1300/J004v01n04_01 ORNITZ EM, 1974, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V4, P197, DOI 10.1007/BF02115226 OTTENBACHER K J, 1982, Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, V2, P3 PETERSON T W, 1986, Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, V6, P63, DOI 10.1300/J004v06n04_05 RAMM PA, 1988, WILLARD SPACKMANS OC, P601 Rapin I, 1997, NEW ENGL J MED, V337, P97, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199707103370206 RAY TC, 1989, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, V8, P186 REILLY C, 1984, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, V3, P199 Rogers S. J., 1981, EARLY INTERVENTION D Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 SANDERS D, 1993, SENSORY INTEGRATION, V16, P3 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Siegel B., 1996, WORLD AUTISTIC CHILD Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE STANCLIFF BL, 1996, OT PRACTICE, V1, P18 WING L, 1971, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V1, P256, DOI 10.1007/BF01557347 ZEITLIN S, 1985, COPING INVENTORY 1997, DATA DESK 6 0 COMPUT NR 61 TC 25 Z9 25 PU AMER OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSOC, INC PI BETHESDA PA 4720 MONTGOMERY LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3425 USA SN 0272-9490 J9 AM J OCCUP THER JI Am. J. Occup. Ther. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 53 IS 5 BP 498 EP 505 PG 8 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 237UV UT WOS:000082675200011 PM 10500858 ER PT J AU Case-Smith, J Miller, H AF Case-Smith, J Miller, H TI Occupational therapy with children with pervasive developmental disorders SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY LA English DT Article DE autism; intervention process, occupational therapy ID AUTISTIC-CHILDREN AB Objective. Although the prevalence of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) has increased empirical data about the role and practices of occupational therapists have not been reported in the literature. This descriptive study investigated the practice of occupational therapists with children with PDD. Method. A survey was mailed to 500 occupational therapists in the Sensory Integration Special Interest Section or School System Special Interest Section of the American Occupational Therapy Association in eastern and midwestern United States. The valid return rate was 58% (292 respondents). The survey used Likert scale items to measure frequency of performance problems observed in children with PDD, performance areas addressed in intervention, perceived improvement in performance, and frequency of use of and competency in intervention approaches. Results. The respondents primarily worked in schools and reported that in the past 5 years they had served an increasing number of children with PDD. Most respondents provided direct services and appeared to use holistic approaches in which they addressed multiple performance domains. They applied sensory integration and environmental modification approaches most frequently and believed that they were most competent in using these approaches, Respondents who reported more frequent use of and more competence in sensory integration approaches perceived more improvement in children's sensory processing. Respondents who reported more frequent use of and more competence in child-centered play perceived more improvement in children's sensory integration and play skills. C1 Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Case-Smith, J (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, 406 SAMP,1583 Perry St, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Case-smith, Jane/E-2849-2011 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Ayres A., 1985, DEV DYSPRAXIA ADULT Ayres A. J., 1972, SENSORY INTEGRATION AYRES AJ, 1980, AM J OCCUP THER, V34, P375 BARANEK G, 1998, SENSORY INTEGRATION, V21, P1 Baranek GT, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P91 CaseSmith J, 1997, OCCUP THER J RES, V17, P133 Dawson G., 1996, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P307 Feinberg E, 1998, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V10, P54 Frick S. M., 1994, SENSORY INTEGRATION, V7, P1 GREENE S, 1995, SCH SYSTEM SPECIAL I, V2, P3 Greenspan S. I., 1997, J DEV LEARNING DISOR, V1, P87 GREENSPAN SI, 1992, ZERO 3, V13, P1 Greenstein S, 1997, IEEE MICRO, V17, P5, DOI 10.1109/40.592323 HAACK M, 1998, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, P1 HUEBNER RA, 1992, AM J OCCUP THER, V46, P487 HUMPHRY R, 1990, AM J OCCUP THER, V44, P828 Kientz MA, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P530 Koegel R. L., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU Koomar J. A., 1991, SENSORY INTEGRATION, P251 Lord C., 1994, PRESCHOOL ED PROGRAM, P87 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 RESTALL G, 1994, AM J OCCUP THER, V48, P113 McEvoy M. A., 1992, SOCIAL COMPETENCE YO, P113 Noonan M, 1993, EARLY INTERVENTION N ODOM SL, 1992, SOCIAL COMPETENCE YO, P3 ORNITZ EM, 1974, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V4, P197, DOI 10.1007/BF02115226 Parham L. D., 1996, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, P307 Portney L. G., 1993, FDN CLIN RES APPL PR REISMAN J, 1993, AM J OCCUP THER, V47, P403 SCHOPLER E, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P113 SCHREIBMAN I, 1988, AUTISM SCHWARTZ IS, 1998, YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL CH, V1, P19, DOI 10.1177/109625069800100204 SHAHMOONSHANOK RS, 1992, ZERO 3, V13, P16 Strain P. S., 1998, YOUNG EXCEPTIONA WIN, P8 STRAIN PS, 1993, PRESCHOOL ED PROGRAM, P225 Swart SK, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P289 Wieder S, 1996, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V8, P24 Willinger R, 1997, RES LEG MED, V17, P29 NR 39 TC 23 Z9 23 PU AMER OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSOC, INC PI BETHESDA PA 4720 MONTGOMERY LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3425 USA SN 0272-9490 J9 AM J OCCUP THER JI Am. J. Occup. Ther. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 53 IS 5 BP 506 EP 513 PG 8 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 237UV UT WOS:000082675200012 PM 10500859 ER PT J AU Chez, MG Hammer, MS Bagan, BT Buchanan, CP McCarthy, KS Ovrutskaya, I Nowinski, CV Cohen, ZS AF Chez, MG Hammer, MS Bagan, BT Buchanan, CP McCarthy, KS Ovrutskaya, I Nowinski, CV Cohen, ZS TI Secretin used in the treatment of autism: A double-blind clinical trial in children SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0364-5134 J9 ANN NEUROL JI Ann. Neurol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 46 IS 3 BP 523 EP 523 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 232FJ UT WOS:000082360000279 ER PT J AU Comi, AM Varsou, A Heyes, MP Milstien, S Zimmerman, AW AF Comi, AM Varsou, A Heyes, MP Milstien, S Zimmerman, AW TI Quinolinic acid and neopterin in children with autism: An analysis of cerebrospinal fluid SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0364-5134 J9 ANN NEUROL JI Ann. Neurol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 46 IS 3 BP 528 EP 529 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 232FJ UT WOS:000082360000296 ER PT J AU Scott, FJ Baron-Cohen, S Leslie, A AF Scott, FJ Baron-Cohen, S Leslie, A TI 'If pigs could fly': A test of counterfactual reasoning and pretence in children with autism SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYMBOLIC PLAY; YOUNG-CHILDREN; MIND; IMAGINATION; RECOGNITION AB The authors report an experiment with children with autism, using the Dias & Harris (1990) method, to test the predictions that: (i) children with autism will show intact count counterfactual reasoning, and (ii) since such children are impaired in pretence, they would not then show the normal facilitation effect of pretence on counterfactual reasoning ability. Children with autism and matched verbal mental age (VMA) controls were presented with a series of counterfactual syllogisms, in two conditions. One condition (Counterfactual plus Pretence) involved prompting the child's imagination during the reasoning task, whereas the other condition (Counterfactual Only) included no such prompting. Results showed chat both normal 4-5-year-old children, and children with moderate learning difficulties improved in their reasoning performance when prompted to use imagination. This replicates and extends findings from Dias & Harris (1990). In children with autism, however, performance was good in the Counterfactual Only condition, but became worse when imagination was prompted. These results show that although abstract counterfactual reasoning appears intact in children with autism, their counterfactual reasoning is not facilitated by pretence in the normal way. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge CB2 2AH, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 2AH, England. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Ctr Cognit Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. RP Scott, FJ (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Autism Res Ctr, Douglas House,18B Trumpington Rd, Cambridge CB2 2AH, England. CR American Psychiatric Association A. P, 1993, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BARONCOHEN S, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P139 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P113 BARONCOHEN S, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P33 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BARONCOHEN S, 1997, EMERGENCE CORE DOMAI, P45 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Baron-Cohen Simon, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P101, DOI 10.1177/1362361397011010 Bishop DVM, 1983, TEST RECEPTION GRAMM CHARMAN T, 1995, COGNITIVE DEV, V10, P287, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90013-6 CRAIG J, 1998, UNPUB DRAWING ABILIT DIAS MG, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P207 DIAS MG, 1990, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V8, P305 ENGLISH L, 1993, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V11, P391 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN GOULD J, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF01531730 Happe FGE, 1997, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V15, P1 HAWKINS J, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P584, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.4.584 HOBSON RP, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P85, DOI 10.1007/BF02408558 Inhelder B., 1958, GROWTH LOGICAL THINK JARROLD C, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01046221 LEEKAM S, 1991, COGNITION, V41, P203 LEEVERS H, 1996, BPS DEV PSYCH SECT A Leevers HJ, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P399, DOI 10.1017/S0021963097002096 LESIE AM, 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN, P63 Leslie A. 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J. Dev. Psychol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 BP 349 EP 362 DI 10.1348/026151099165339 PN 3 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 236TT UT WOS:000082615400003 ER PT J AU Reinecke, DR Newman, B Meinberg, DL AF Reinecke, DR Newman, B Meinberg, DL TI Self-management of sharing in three pre-schoolers with autism SO EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID RETARDED-ADULTS; TREATMENT PACKAGE; CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR; STUDENTS; PLAY AB The effective-ness of self-management as a procedure to leach sharing to preschoolers with autism was examined using a reversal design. Three preschool boys with autism participated in this study. Each was familiar with the token economy system. A token economy was incorporated into a play situation in which each student was given the opportunity to take a token each time he shared spontaneously or in response to the verbal prompt of a teacher. All students systematically demonstrated a higher frequency of sharing during self-management phases than during baseline conditions in which tokens were provided non-contingently. This demonstrates that the mere presentation of tokens by the experimenter was not sufficient to cause behavior change. Rather, the opportunity to take tokens contingent upon correct responding appears to have lead to an increase in sharing for all three students. Accuracy of self-management was also examined. Accuracy of self-management was not high, indicating that the contingent relationship between token and response may not have been the crucial variable effecting behavior change. Implications for future research are discussed. C1 Assoc Manhattan Autist Children, New York, NY 10011 USA. CUNY Grad Sch & Univ Ctr, New York, NY USA. RP Newman, B (reprint author), Assoc Manhattan Autist Children, 25 W 17th St, New York, NY 10011 USA. 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PD SEP PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 312 EP 317 PG 6 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 346WV UT WOS:000088894800007 ER PT J AU Rapin, I Steinberg, M Waterhouse, L AF Rapin, I Steinberg, M Waterhouse, L TI Consistency in the ratings of behaviors of communicatively impaired autistic and non-autistic preschool children SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE interrater agreement; behavior; children; communication disorder; autism ID DSM-III-R; EMOTIONAL-PROBLEMS; CHILDHOOD AUTISM AB Typically, children with disabilities are evaluated clinically by a number of professionals with different backgrounds whose task is to provide a diagnosis and an intervention plan. This study was carried out to describe interrater agreement for pairs of independent observers rating with different instruments the behaviors of 505 communicatively impaired autistic and nonautistic preschool children. Observers were parents, teachers, neurologists, and psychiatrists. Parents and teachers responded to behavioral questionnaires, neurologists filled out the mental status part of a standardized neurologic evaluation, and psychiatrists an observational questionnaire. All four types of observers rated sociability, language, play, attention, stereotyped, and other aberrant behaviors. Agreement between pairs of raters was significant but moderate. Owing to range restriction with smaller numbers of subjects, agreement decreased for ratings of subsamples divided according to diagnosis, cognitive level, or age. There were some differences among observers' ratings of the severity of particular categories of behaviors, with physicians generally viewing the children as more severely impaired and teachers as least impaired. Interrater agreement was not enhanced when parents and teachers rated similarly worded behavioral items. Modest interrater agreement in this study, like agreement among disparate raters of children's behaviors in other studies, suggests that observers are sensitive to different aspects of behavior and that their ratings are more likely to be complementary than unreliable. C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Kennedy Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Marymount Coll, Dept Psychol, Tarrytown, NY USA. Coll New Jersey, Dept Psychol, Trenton, NJ USA. RP Rapin, I (reprint author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Kennedy Ctr, 1300 Morris Pk Ave,Room 807, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. CR Achenbach T. M., 1983, MANUAL CHILD BEHAV C ACHENBACH TM, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V101, P213, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Bobko P., 1995, CORRELATION REGRESSI DAWES RM, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P1668, DOI 10.1126/science.2648573 FLEISS JL, 1981, STAT METHODS RATES P, P21 Hresko W. 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Child Adolesc. Psych. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 214 EP 224 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 250RM UT WOS:000083401900008 PM 10550704 ER PT J AU Greenwood, CR AF Greenwood, CR TI Reflections on a research career: Perspective on 35 years of research at the Juniper Gardens Children's Project SO EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL-DISABILITIES; SPECIAL-EDUCATION; AT-RISK; STUDENTS; AUTISM; SCHOOL; INSTRUCTION; ACHIEVEMENT; BEHAVIOR; CLASSROOMS AB The CEC Research Award recognizes researchers for the significant contributions they have made to special education. We believe that the members of this distinguished group have much to share with our readers. We have invited! each of them to contribute an article, addressing their perspectives on special education research and practices. Juniper Gardens Children's Project (JGCP) was awarded the Research Award in 1996, recognizing 35 years of research in special education and its seminal rob in producing best practices, tools, and critical knowledge for educating students dt risk with disabling conditions. This article by Charles Greenwood and colleagues at Juniper Gardens presents their thoughts about the motivating conditions, goals works, and aspirations of JGCP. C1 Univ Kansas, Juniper Gardens Childrens Project, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA. RP Greenwood, CR (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Juniper Gardens Childrens Project, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA. 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PD FAL PY 1999 VL 66 IS 1 BP 7 EP 21 PG 15 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 235CA UT WOS:000082520600001 ER PT J AU Gordon, D AF Gordon, D TI Results pending on secretin's benefits to autism, but many aren't willing to wait SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT News Item NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD SEP PY 1999 VL 117 IS 3 BP 524 EP 524 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 230QF UT WOS:000082261300003 ER PT J AU Jena, SPK AF Jena, SPK TI Treatment of self-injurious behaviour by differential reinforcement and physical restraint SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autism; differential reinforcement; physical restraint; self-injurious behaviour C1 Rohilkhand Univ, Bareilly 243006, Uttar Pradesh, India. 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PD SEP PY 1999 VL 40 IS 6 BP 839 EP 849 DI 10.1017/S0021963099004278 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 239EG UT WOS:000082755400002 PM 10509879 ER PT J AU Russell, J Saltmarsh, R Hill, E AF Russell, J Saltmarsh, R Hill, E TI What do executive factors contribute to the failure on false belief tasks by children with autism? SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; executive functions; conflicting desires; false belief task; false photograph task; diagnostic tests; cognition ID NORMAL ADULTS; MIND; REPRESENTATION; UNDERSTAND; DEFICITS; DESIRE; DELAY AB As children with autism have pervasive executive difficulties it is necessary to determine whether these contribute to their often-reported failure on the false belief task. Failure on this task is frequently taken to diagnose the lack of a "theory of mind". We report two studies using two tasks that make similar executive demands to the false belief task. The first experiment showed that children with autism are significantly challenged by a "conflicting desire" task, which suggests that their difficulty with the false belief task is not rooted in difficulty with grasping the representational nature of belief. In the second study children with autism were also found to be impaired on a novel version of the "false photograph task". A parsimonious reading of these data is that their difficulty with all three tasks is due to commonalities in the tasks' executive structure. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Russell, J (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 40 IS 6 BP 859 EP 868 DI 10.1017/S0021963099004229 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 239EG UT WOS:000082755400004 PM 10509881 ER PT J AU Buitelaar, JK van der Wees, M Swaab-Barneveld, H van der Gaag, RJ AF Buitelaar, JK van der Wees, M Swaab-Barneveld, H van der Gaag, RJ TI Verbal memory and performance IQ predict theory of mind and emotion recognition ability in children with autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control children SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; emotion recognition; intelligence; memory; pervasive developmental disorder; theory of mind ID NONVERBAL LEARNING-DISABILITIES; MENTAL-RETARDATION; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; AMNESIC SYNDROME; WORKING-MEMORY; FREE-RECALL; DEFICITS; INDIVIDUALS; COMMUNICATION AB This study was designed to examine the developmental and cognitive correlates of theory of mind (ToM) and emotion recognition ability in children with autism (N = 20), with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (N = 20), and in psychiatric control children (N = 20). The diagnostic groups were person-to-person matched on age and verbal IQ. The age of the children was between 8 and 18 years; their Full Scale IQ was at least 65. The test battery included tasks for the matching and the context recognition of emotional expressions, and a set of first- and second-order ToM tasks. The relationships between composite domain scores and the subjects' age, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, verbal memory, visual memory, and gender were examined in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Further, the subjects who reliably and consistently passed the tasks of a domain and those who could not were compared on developmental and cognitive characteristics. Overall, the results of the various analyses converged and indicated that verbal memory, Performance IQ, age and gender were the best predictors of social cognitive ability. C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Child & Adult Psychiat, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Buitelaar, JK (reprint author), Dept Child Psychiat, POB 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 40 IS 6 BP 869 EP 881 DI 10.1017/S0021963099004321 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 239EG UT WOS:000082755400005 PM 10509882 ER PT J AU Rogers, SJ AF Rogers, SJ TI Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Rogers, SJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Miller JN, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P247 SCHOPLER E, 1998, ASPERGER SYNDROME HI Siegel DJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P389, DOI 10.1007/BF02172825 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0047-228X J9 J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL JI J. Clin. Child Psychol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 421 EP 423 PG 3 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 223KQ UT WOS:000081840600017 ER PT J AU Backman, B Pilebro, C AF Backman, B Pilebro, C TI Visual pedagogy in dentistry for children with autism SO JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY FOR CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism; visual pedagogy AB The aim of the present study is to present and evaluate a model based on visual pedagogy for the introduction of dentistry to preschool children with autism. The model is based on the knowledge that it is easier for these children to communicate via pictures than via words. A book has been produced with distinct color-prints describing every step when visiting the dentist. The project has been designed in cooperation with the multi-professional team involved with the children. A total of sixteen children with autism participated in the project. Evaluation was done after 1.5 years. The ability of the children to cooperate is compared with that of sixteen children with autism of the same ages who were not treated with this method. The capacity of the children in the project to cooperate during dental treatment is superior to that of the control-children. Visual pedagogy is a way of introducing dentistry to children with autism. C1 Umea Univ, Dept Pedodont, Fac Odontol, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden. RP Backman, B (reprint author), Umea Univ, Dept Pedodont, Fac Odontol, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden. 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Dent. Child. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 66 IS 5 BP 325 EP + PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Pediatrics SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Pediatrics GA 258TG UT WOS:000083854800014 ER PT J AU Taylor, BA Levin, L Jasper, S AF Taylor, BA Levin, L Jasper, S TI Increasing play-related statements in children with autism toward their siblings: Effects of video modeling SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSICAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article DE autism; play-related statements; multiple baseline probe ID TEACHING-CHILDREN; VERBALIZATIONS; PEERS AB Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of video modeling procedures to increase play comments in two children with autism toward their siblings. A multiple baseline probe design was used in both studies to assess the intervention across three play activities for each participant. Study 1 used video modeling procedures similar to Charlop and Milstein (1989). The participant viewed scripted play comments between his sibling and an adult, and then participated in practice sessions with the same stimuli and an adult. Probe sessions assessed play comments with the sibling, in the absence of video viewing. Results of this study revealed the participant learned to make the scripted play comments for all three play activities, lit Study 2, a forward chaining procedure was implemented to assess acquisition of a longer series of comments, as well as the effects of video models that did not contain scripted comments by the participant's sibling. The participant viewed brief segments of video models of play comments between an adult and the participant's sibling in a sequential format and participated in practice sessions with an adult with the same stimuli. Retention probes were conducted to assess play comments with the sibling in the absence of video viewing. Results of this study indicated that the participant made a higher number of play comments following video modeling intervention than prior to intervention for all three play activities. Additionally, comments were both scripted and unscripted for this participant. Both of these studies revealed that video modeling was an effective intervention for teaching children with autism to make play comments toward their siblings. RP Taylor, BA (reprint author), 777 Paramus Rd, Paramus, NJ 07652 USA. 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PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 3 BP 253 EP 264 DI 10.1023/A:1021800716392 PG 12 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 224KP UT WOS:000081898500004 ER PT J AU Yoder, PJ Warren, SF AF Yoder, PJ Warren, SF TI Facilitating self-initiated proto-declaratives and proto-imperatives in prelinguistic children with developmental disabilities SO JOURNAL OF EARLY INTERVENTION LA English DT Article ID INTENTIONAL COMMUNICATION; NONVERBAL-COMMUNICATION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; SKILLS; LANGUAGE; INTERVENTION; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR; INDEXES; DELAY AB This study tested the effects of 2 prelinguistic communication interventions on generalized use of communication for two major pragmatic fractions: proto-imperatives and proto-declaratives. Outcomes were measured immediately following intervention, and 6 months later. Fifty-eight children with developmental disabilities in the prelinguistic communication period of development were assigned randomly to either a treatment or contrast intervention. In families with high responsivity to children's communication acts at the pre-treatment period, the prelinguistic milieu teaching (PMT) treatment facilitated post treatment increases in generalized rise of self-initiated proto-imperatives and self-initiated proto-declaratives. In families with low responsivity to children's communication acts, the responsive small group (RSG) comparison intervention facilitated post treatment increases in generalized use of self-initiated proto-imperatives. Weaker evidence at the 6-month follow-up suggests some effects of RSG on self-initiated proto-declaratives. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, George Peabody Coll, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. RP Yoder, PJ (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, George Peabody Coll, Box 328, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. 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PD FAL PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4 BP 337 EP 354 PG 18 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 345AQ UT WOS:000088793600008 ER PT J AU Davies, R Thompson, PW Hughes, HE Lazarou, L Minchom, PE Roberts, SH AF Davies, R Thompson, PW Hughes, HE Lazarou, L Minchom, PE Roberts, SH TI A mosaic karyotype with a cell line containing two different markers derived from a Y chromosome in a female child referred with autism SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Med Genet Serv Wales, Inst Med Genet, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. Wrexham Maelor Hosp, Dept Paediat, Wrexham, Wales. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0022-2593 J9 J MED GENET JI J. Med. Genet. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 SU 1 BP S50 EP S50 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 238FM UT WOS:000082700300118 ER PT J AU Manes, F Piven, J Vrancic, D Nanclares, V Plebst, C Starkstein, SE AF Manes, F Piven, J Vrancic, D Nanclares, V Plebst, C Starkstein, SE TI An MRI study of the corpus callosum and cerebellum in mentally retarded autistic individuals SO JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID POSTERIOR-FOSSA STRUCTURES; INFANTILE-AUTISM; BRAIN; HYPOPLASIA; VERMIS; VII AB The areas of seven subregions of the corpus callosum and three subregions of the cerebellum were examined on midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging scans of 27 low-IQ autistic individuals of comparable mental age. Autistic individuals had a significantly smaller corpus callosum (most marked in the body). No significant between-group differences were found in cerebellum areas. 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Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 470 EP 474 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254QC UT WOS:000083622800009 PM 10570760 ER PT J AU Lu, CW Vihtelic, TS Hyde, DR Li, TS AF Lu, CW Vihtelic, TS Hyde, DR Li, TS TI A neuronal-specific mammalian homolog of the Drosophila retinal degeneration B gene with expression restricted to the retina and dentate gyrus SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rdgB; retinal degeneration; PITP; dentate gyrus; hippocampus; autism ID PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL TRANSFER PROTEIN; PHOSPHOLIPID TRANSFER PROTEINS; MELANOGASTER; CLONING; TRANSDUCTION; CAVEOLAE; PATHWAY; YEAST; LONG AB Mutations in the Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) gene cause a rapid loss of the electrophysiological light response and subsequent light-enhanced photoreceptor degeneration. The rdgB gene encodes a protein with an N-terminal phosphatidylinositol transfer protein domain, a large C-terminal segment, and several hydrophobic regions thought to multiply span the subrhabdomeric cisternal membrane. A mammalian rdgB homolog (m-rdgB1) was previously identified and shown to exhibit widespread tissue distribution and functionally rescue the Drosophila rdgB mutant phenotypes. We describe a second mammalian rdgB homolog (m-rdgB2) that possesses 46% amino acid identity to Drosophila RdgB and 56% identity to M-RdgB1. M-RdgB2 possesses a neuronal-specific expression pattern, with high levels in the retina and the dentate gyrus mossy fibers and dendritic field. Using M-RdgB2-specific antibodies and subcellular fractionation, we demonstrate that M-RdgB2 is not an integral membrane protein but is stably associated with a particulate fraction through protein-protein interactions. Although transgenic expression of M-RdgB2 in rdgB2 null mutant flies suppressed the retinal degeneration, it failed to fully restore the electrophysiological light response. Because transgenic expression of M-RdgB2 does not restore the wild-type phenotype to rdgB2 mutant flies to the same extent as M-RdgB1, functional differences likely exist between the two M-RdgB homologs. C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Sch Med, Berman Gund Lab Study Retinal Degenerat, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Li, TS (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Sch Med, Berman Gund Lab Study Retinal Degenerat, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA 02114 USA. 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Psychiatry Neurosci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 352 EP 353 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 241KH UT WOS:000082881800011 PM 10516805 ER PT J AU Tanguay, PE AF Tanguay, PE TI Understanding autism: does anyone read new medical journals? The author replies SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY & NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Letter NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 1180-4882 J9 J PSYCHIATR NEUROSCI JI J. Psychiatry Neurosci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 353 EP 353 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 241KH UT WOS:000082881800012 ER PT J AU Brown, F Bambara, LM AF Brown, F Bambara, LM TI Introduction to the special series on interventions for young children with autism: An evolving integrated knowledge-base SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CUNY Queens Coll, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Brown, F (reprint author), CUNY Queens Coll, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU ASSN PERS SEVERE HANDICAP PI BALTIMORE PA 29 W SUSQUEHANNA AVE STE 210, BALTIMORE, MD 21204-5201 USA SN 0274-9483 J9 J ASSOC PERS SEVERE JI J. Assoc. Pers. Sev. Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 131 EP 132 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.131 PG 2 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100001 ER PT J AU McGee, GG Morrier, MJ Daly, T AF McGee, GG Morrier, MJ Daly, T TI An incidental teaching approach to early intervention for toddlers with autism SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Article DE autism; early intervention; incidental teaching; Walden toddler program ID DAY-CARE ENVIRONMENTS; CHILDREN; PRESCHOOL; LANGUAGE; ORGANIZATION; INSTRUCTION AB In an effort to move incidental teaching research to practical applications for toddlers with autism, a comprehensive early intervention model was developed for use in the natural environments of a childcare center and children's homes. Based on the premise that social readiness will best be achieved by providing early social leaving opportunities, the center based component of the model targets the developmental needs of an inclusive group of children with and without autism. The home based component involves parents of children with autism as key participants in their children's learning and prepares them to be effective advocates in their children's futures. The curriculum addresses what it is that toddlers need to learn, what environmental arrangements provide the most powerful teaching opportunities, and how teachers and parents can most effectively teach children to progress at their optimum pace. Outcome data are presented that documents an impact on the language and social behavior of participating toddlers with autism. Two of the more controversial Walden curriculum components ave discussed. Current impediments to system change are considered in the hope that appropriate and effective early intervention may become available to all children with autism. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Emory Autism Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP McGee, GG (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Emory Autism Resource Ctr, 718 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. CR Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 ANDERSON SR, 1994, FUTURE DIRECTIONS EA Bondy A. 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Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 133 EP 146 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.133 PG 14 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100002 ER PT J AU Greenspan, SI Wieder, S AF Greenspan, SI Wieder, S TI A functional developmental approach to autism spectrum disorders SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Article DE developmental approach; emotional development; autism spectrum disorder ID INTENSIVE BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; EARLY INTERVENTION; CHILDREN AB Historically, severe developmental disabilities, including autism, have been approached from the point of view of presenting symptoms as well as the overall syndrome. Although individual practitioners, such as speech pathologists, occupational and physical therapists, and educators have worked with the child's individual capacities, a developmentally based functional approach has not been sufficiently articulated and systematized to guide assessment, intervention, and research efforts. In this article, we describe a dynamic, developmental model that conceptualizes the child's functional emotional developmental capacities, individual differences in sensory processing and modulation motor planning and sequencing, as well as child/caregiver and family interaction patterns. Because each child with developmental challenges is unique, the functional developmental approach will capture the child's special strengths and challenges, as well as provide a more comprehensive and individualized framework for clinical work with a child and his or her family. C1 George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Greenspan, SI (reprint author), 7201 Greenspan,7201 Glenbrook Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. CR Barinaga M, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P1583, DOI 10.1126/science.275.5306.1583 Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BARONCOHEN S, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V4, P315 BENSON F, 1985, DUAL BRAIN Bondy A. 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W., 1985, DUAL BRAIN HEMISPHER, P11 STAIN PS, 1983, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V9, P105 STRAIN PS, 1988, M AUT SOC AM NEW ORL NR 34 TC 46 Z9 46 PU ASSN PERS SEVERE HANDICAP PI BALTIMORE PA 29 W SUSQUEHANNA AVE STE 210, BALTIMORE, MD 21204-5201 USA SN 0274-9483 J9 J ASSOC PERS SEVERE JI J. Assoc. Pers. Sev. Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 147 EP 161 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.147 PG 15 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100003 ER PT J AU Anderson, SR Romanczyk, RG AF Anderson, SR Romanczyk, RG TI Early intervention for young children with autism: Continuum-based behavioral models SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Article DE applied behavior analysis; intervention methods; program models; autism ID PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN AB Over the last three decades, instructional methods derived from applied behavior analysis (ABA) have shown considerable promise for many young children with autism. The ABA approach establishes a priori that assessment and intervention methods must be based on generally accepted rules of scientific evidence. On one hand, the approach has produced a rich resource of conceptually consistent and scientifically validated techniques that can be applied in various combinations across many different contexts. On the other hand, this diversity has resulted in some confusion regarding the precise characteristics of ABA. In this article, the authors first describe many of the common programmatic and methodologic elements that form the foundation of the approach. A summary of the scope of the behavioral research is provided including greater detail on six studies that demonstrated large-scale interventions. Finally, the authors describe components of program models that share common elements of the ABA approach and use a broad continuum of traditional behavioral techniques. Some specific myths about the approach are simultaneously addressed. 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Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 162 EP 173 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.162 PG 12 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100004 ER PT J AU Koegel, LK Koegel, RL Harrower, JK Carter, CM AF Koegel, LK Koegel, RL Harrower, JK Carter, CM TI Pivotal response intervention I: Overview of approach SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Review DE pivotal response interventions; multiple cues; self-management; autism; early intervention ID ON-TASK BEHAVIOR; MANAGEMENT TREATMENT PACKAGE; NONVERBAL AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; MENTALLY-RETARDED CHILDREN; SELF-MANAGEMENT; DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL SKILLS; ACADEMIC-PERFORMANCE; STIMULUS OVERSELECTIVITY; SEVERE DISABILITIES AB The purpose of this article is to present an overview of several pivotal response interventions. Our research at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has been focused on attempting to identify pivotal areas that, when changed, result in concomitant positive changes in other areas. Pivotal areas that are discussed include responsivity to multiple cues, motivation to initiate and respond appropriately to social and environmental stimuli, and self-regulation of behavior, including selfmanagement and self-initiations. The trend to streamline intervention by targeting behaviors that will have widespread effects on development, rather than targeting individual behaviors one at a time, is discussed. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Clin, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Koegel, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Clin, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. EM koegel@education.ucsb.edu CR Albin R. 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Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 174 EP 185 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.174 PG 12 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100005 ER PT J AU Koegel, LK Koegel, RL Shoshan, Y McNerney, E AF Koegel, LK Koegel, RL Shoshan, Y McNerney, E TI Pivotal response intervention II: Preliminary long-term outcome data SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Article DE self-initiation; favorable outcomes; autism; early intervention ID FUNCTIONING AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; FOLLOW-UP; JOINT ATTENTION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; TIME-DELAY; PRESCHOOL; PROGNOSIS; PROFILES AB The literature and our observations suggest that self-initiations may be an especially important part of intervention for children with autism. Therefore the purpose of this study was to conduct preliminary assessments as to whether self-initiations might be associated with highly favorable postintervention outcomes. In the first phase of this study, archival data were analyzed for 6 children. At intake, according to traditional variables, they appeared to have especially good prognoses for reducing symptoms of autism, but had extremely different outcomes (either exceptionally good or exceptionally poor) after years of intensive intervention. Results of Phase I indicated that the children who had highly favorable outcomes exhibited more spontaneous self-initiations at preintervention. Given these results; Phase 2 of the study assessed whether a series of self-initiations could be taught to children with autism who demonstrated few or no spontaneous self-initiations at preintervention, and whether this intervention would result in highly favorable postintervention outcomes. Results indicated that these children learned a variety of self-initiations and had extremely favorable outcomes. The results of this exploratory study are encouraging in terms of assessment of key pivotal target behaviors that may be identified as prognostic indicators, and that may be important during intervention for children with autism. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Koegel, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bondy AS, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P311 Bristol M. M., 1984, SEVERELY HANDICAPPED, P91 Bristol M. M., 1983, AUTISM ADOLESCENTS A, P251 BRISTOL MM, 1979, THESIS U N CAROLINA CAMARATA SM, 1992, CLIN LINGUIST PHONET, V6, P167, DOI 10.3109/02699209208985528 Carr E. G., 1994, COMMUNICATION BASED CHARLOP MH, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P155, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-155 DeMyer M., 1979, PARENTS CHILDREN AUT DeMyer M. 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Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.199 PG 10 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100007 ER PT J AU Cohen, S AF Cohen, S TI Zeroing in on autism in young children SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CUNY Hunter Coll, Sch Educ, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Cohen, S (reprint author), CUNY Hunter Coll, Sch Educ, 695 Pk Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. CR Anderson SR, 1999, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V24, P162, DOI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.162 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 Cohen S., 1998, TARGETING AUTISM WHA Greenspan S. I., 1998, CHILD SPECIAL NEEDS Greenspan S. 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Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 218 EP 221 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.218 PG 4 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100010 ER PT J AU Dunlap, G AF Dunlap, G TI Consensus, engagement, and family involvement for young children with autism SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Editorial Material ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT C1 Univ S Florida, Dept Child & Family Studies, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. RP Dunlap, G (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Dept Child & Family Studies, 13301 N Bruce B Down Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. 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Handicap PD FAL PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 230 EP 236 DI 10.2511/rpsd.24.3.230 PG 7 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 288WH UT WOS:000085587100013 ER PT J AU Bernier, RA Folstein, SE AF Bernier, RA Folstein, SE TI Autism and pigmentary mosaicism. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 MA 116 BP S63 EP S63 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800216 ER PT J AU Betancur, C Moulard, B Philippe, A Leboyer, M Malafosse, A AF Betancur, C Moulard, B Philippe, A Leboyer, M Malafosse, A TI TDT and affected sib-pair analyses of the nicotinic receptor alpha 7 subunit gene in autism. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hop Henri Mondor, INSERM, U513, F-94010 Creteil, France. HUG, Div Neuropsychiat, Geneva, Switzerland. INSERM, U289, Paris, France. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 MA 117 BP S63 EP S64 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800217 ER PT J AU Bolton, PF AF Bolton, PF TI Tuberous sclerosis as a model system for autism spectrum disorders. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 MA 118 BP S64 EP S64 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800218 ER PT J AU Buxbaum, JD Silverman, JM Smith, CJ Kilifarski, MA Reichert, JG Song, CY Zhou, G Lawlor, BA Fitzgerald, M Galvin, P Whiting, K Greenberg, DA Davis, KL AF Buxbaum, JD Silverman, JM Smith, CJ Kilifarski, MA Reichert, JG Song, CY Zhou, G Lawlor, BA Fitzgerald, M Galvin, P Whiting, K Greenberg, DA Davis, KL TI A genome-wide linkage study in autism. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 BP S13 EP S13 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800048 ER PT J AU Hafeman, L Tomblin, JB AF Hafeman, L Tomblin, JB TI Autism behaviors in the siblings of children with specific language impairment. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. CR Fisher SE, 1998, NAT GENET, V18, P168, DOI 10.1038/ng0298-168 Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 LANDA R, 1996, 17 S RES CHILD LANG LeCouteur A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P785 TOMBLIN JB, 1998, AM J HUM GENET S, V63, pA312 NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 BP S14 EP S14 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800051 ER PT J AU Lainhart, JE AF Lainhart, JE TI Psychiatric disorders, executive dysfunction, and the broader autism phenotype in parents of autistic probands. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Utah, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 MA 303 BP S117 EP S118 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800402 ER PT J AU Lamb, J AF Lamb, J CA Int Mol Genetic Study Autism Conso TI Linkage disequilibrium mapping and genome screen follow-up for autism susceptibility loci. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 BP S14 EP S14 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800052 ER PT J AU Moore, J AF Moore, J CA Int Molecular Genetic Study Autism TI Phenotypic characteristics of affected relative pairs with autism SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 BP S14 EP S15 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800053 ER PT J AU Tager-Flusberg, H Folstein, S AF Tager-Flusberg, H Folstein, S TI Evidence for variation ln the language phenotype for autism: Implications for genetic subgroups. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract RI Tager-Flusberg, Helen/D-5265-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 BP S15 EP S15 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800054 ER PT J AU Wassink, TH AF Wassink, TH CA Collaborative Linkage Study Autism TI Chromosome 15 micro-deletions and duplications in autism. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Psychiat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 BP S15 EP S15 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800055 ER PT J AU Wassink, TH Piven, J Patil, S AF Wassink, TH Piven, J Patil, S TI Rate of chromosomal abnormalities in autism. SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Psychiat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 MA 123 BP S65 EP S65 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 254FG UT WOS:000083600800223 ER PT J AU Fiumara, A Sciotto, A Barone, R D'Asero, G Munda, S Parano, E Pavone, L AF Fiumara, A Sciotto, A Barone, R D'Asero, G Munda, S Parano, E Pavone, L TI Peripheral lymphocyte subsets and other immune aspects in Rett syndrome SO PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article AB A possible role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of some neurologic disorders, including infantile autism, was recently postulated, This observation prompted the authors to investigate some immunologic aspects in a group of patients with Rett syndrome, a disorder still not completely clarified but with some points of commonality with infantile autism. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity were investigated in 20 females with Rett syndrome. Peripheral lymphocyte subsets revealed a reduced percentage of CD8(+) suppressor-cytotoxic cells in all of the patients with Rett syndrome, resulting in an increased CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio. In addition, 15 (75%) of the 20 patients had low levels of natural killer cells. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor was elevated in the youngest patients. Antineuronal and antimyelin ganglioside antibodies were absent, as were antinuclear antibodies, antistriated muscle antibodies, and antismooth muscle antibodies. Immunoglobulin fractions and complement were normal for age in all of the patients. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Catania, Dept Paediat Neurol, Catania, Italy. Univ Catania, Dept Paediat Haematol, Catania, Italy. Univ Catania, Paediat Clin, Catania, Italy. CNR, Ist Bioimmagini & Fisiopatol Sistema Nervoso Cent, Catania, Italy. RP Fiumara, A (reprint author), Pediat Clin, Via S Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy. RI Fiumara, Agata/F-7200-2012 CR BARRET EJ, 1997, AM J CLIN PATHOL, V68, P662 Fuchs D, 1997, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V6, P84 *GIC COM, 1992, LETT GIC, V1, P34 Hagberg B, 1997, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V6, P2 HAGBERG B, 1993, RETT SYNDROME CLIN B, P111 Hayek G, 1997, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V6, P85 KIESSLING LS, 1994, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V15, P421 PLIOPLYS AV, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V29, P12, DOI 10.1159/000119056 SWEDO SE, 1994, PEDIATRICS, V93, P323 vanGent T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P337 NR 10 TC 17 Z9 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0887-8994 J9 PEDIATR NEUROL JI Pediatr. Neurol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 619 EP 621 DI 10.1016/S0887-8994(99)00053-3 PG 3 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 240BR UT WOS:000082806300003 PM 10513687 ER PT J AU Lewine, JD Andrews, R Chez, M Patil, AA Devinsky, O Smith, M Kanner, A Davis, JT Funke, M Jones, G Chong, B Provencal, S Weisend, M Lee, RR Orrison, WW AF Lewine, JD Andrews, R Chez, M Patil, AA Devinsky, O Smith, M Kanner, A Davis, JT Funke, M Jones, G Chong, B Provencal, S Weisend, M Lee, RR Orrison, WW TI Magnetoencephalographic patterns of epileptiform activity in children with regressive autism spectrum disorders SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE autism; pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified; epilepsy; magnetoencephalography; Landau-Kleffner syndrome ID LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; MULTIPLE SUBPIAL TRANSECTION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY; DYSPHASIC CHILDREN; SURGICAL-TREATMENT; SEIZURES; THERAPY; AGE AB Background. One-third of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are reported to have had normal early development followed by an autistic regression between the ages of 2 and 3 years. This clinical profile partly parallels that seen in Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), an acquired language disorder (aphasia) believed to be caused by epileptiform activity. Given the additional observation that one-third of autistic children experience one or more seizures by adolescence, epileptiform activity may play a causal role in some cases of autism. Objective. To compare and contrast patterns of epileptiform activity in children with autistic regressions versus classic LKS to determine if there is neurobiological overlap between these conditions. It was hypothesized that many children with regressive ASDs would show epileptiform activity in a multifocal pattern that includes the same brain regions implicated in LKS. Design. Magnetoencephalography (MEG), a noninvasive method for identifying zones of abnormal brain electrophysiology, was used to evaluate patterns of epileptiform activity during stage III sleep in 6 children with classic LKS and 50 children with regressive ASDs with onset between 20 and 36 months of age (16 with autism and 34 with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified). Whereas 5 of the 6 children with LKS had been previously diagnosed with complex-partial seizures, a clinical seizure disorder had been diagnosed for only 15 of the 50 ASD children. However, all the children in this study had been reported to occasionally demonstrate unusual behaviors (eg, rapid blinking, holding of the hands to the ears, unprovoked crying episodes, and/or brief staring spells) which, if exhibited by a normal child, might be interpreted as indicative of a subclinical epileptiform condition. MEG data were compared with simultaneously recorded electroencephalography (EEG) data, and with data from previous 1-hour and/or 24-hour clinical EEG, when available. Multiple-dipole, spatiotemporal modeling was used to identify sites of origin and propagation for epileptiform transients. Results. The MEG of all children with LKS showed primary or secondary epileptiform involvement of the left intra/perisylvian region, with all but 1 child showing additional involvement of the right sylvian region. In all cases of LKS, independent epileptiform activity beyond the sylvian region was absent, although propagation of activity to frontal or parietal regions was seen occasionally. MEG identified epileptiform activity in 41 of the 50 (82%) children with ASDs. In contrast, simultaneous EEG revealed epileptiform activity in only 68%. When epileptiform activity was present in the ASDs, the same intra/perisylvian regions seen to be epileptiform in LKS were active in 85% of the cases. Whereas primary activity outside of the sylvian regions was not seen for any of the children with LKS, 75% of the ASD children with epileptiform activity demonstrated additional nonsylvian zones of independent epileptiform activity. Despite the multifocal nature of the epileptiform activity in the ASDs, neurosurgical intervention aimed at control has lead to a reduction of autistic features and improvement in language skills in 12 of 18 cases. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that there is a subset of children with ASDs who demonstrate clinically relevant epileptiform activity during slow-wave sleep, and that this activity may be present even in the absence of a clinical seizure disorder. MEG showed significantly greater sensitivity to this epileptiform activity than simultaneous EEG, 1-hour clinical EEG, and 24- hour clinical EEG. The multifocal epileptiform pattern identified by MEG in the ASDs typically includes the same perisylvian brain regions identified as abnormal in LKS. When epileptiform activity is present in the ASDs, therapeutic strategies (antiepileptic drugs, steroids, and even neurosurgery) aimed at its control can lead to a significant improvement in language and autistic features. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Radiol, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. Ra Neurol, Omaha, NE USA. Pediat Neurol, Lake Forest, IL USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Neurosurg, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. NYU, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10016 USA. Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Epilepsy Program, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Neuroradiol Sect, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA. RP Lewine, JD (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Radiol, 729 Arapeen Dr, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA. CR AykutBingol C, 1996, J EPILEPSY, V9, P189, DOI 10.1016/0896-6974(96)00026-6 BAUMAN M, 1985, NEUROLOGY, V35, P866 Bauman M.L, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM Baumgartner C, 1996, EPILEPSIA, V37, P1164, DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00548.x Beaumanoir A., 1985, EPILEPTIC SYNDROMES, P181 Bryson S. 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UCL, Sch Med, Wolfson Ctr, Great Ormond St Hosp Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 2AP, England. RP Neville, BGR (reprint author), UCL, Sch Med, Wolfson Ctr, Inst Child Hlth,Dept Paediat Neurol, Mecklenburgh Sq, London WC1N 2AP, England. EM b.neville@ich.ucl.ac.uk CR BARONCOHEN S, 1996, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V168, P158, DOI DOI 10.1192/BJP.168.2.158 LANDAU WM, 1957, NEUROLOGY, V7, P523 LEWINE JD, 1999, PEDIATRICS, V104 Morrell F, 1995, BRAIN, V118, P1529, DOI 10.1093/brain/118.6.1529 Picard A, 1998, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V40, P595 NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 EI 1098-4275 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 1999 VL 104 IS 3 BP 558 EP 558 DI 10.1542/peds.104.3.558 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 240FV UT WOS:000082816000035 PM 10469784 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S Scahill, VL Izaguirre, D Hornsey, H Robertson, MM AF Baron-Cohen, S Scahill, VL Izaguirre, D Hornsey, H Robertson, MM TI The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents with autism: a large scale study SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; INFANTILE-AUTISM; TIC SEVERITY; IMPROVEMENT; CRITERIA; UPDATE; TWIN AB Background. An earlier small-scale study of children with autism revealed that 8.1% of such patients were co-morbid for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). The present study is a large scale test of whether this result replicates. Method. Four hundred and forty-seven pupils from nine schools for children and adolescents with autism were screened for the presence of motor and vocal ties. Results. Subsequent family interviews confirmed the co-morbid diagnosis of definite GTS in 19 children, giving a prevalence rate of 4.3%. A further 10 children were diagnosed with probable GTS (2.2%). Conclusions. These results indicate that the rate of GTS in autism exceeds that expected by chance, and the combined rate (6.5%)is similar to the rates found in the smaller-scale study. Methodological considerations and alternative explanations for an increased prevalence are discussed. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol & Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. UCL, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, London, England. 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Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1151 EP 1159 DI 10.1017/S003329179900896X PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 244CN UT WOS:000083034400014 PM 10576307 ER PT J AU Tsai, LY AF Tsai, LY TI Psychopharmacology in autism SO PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE autism; neuropsychiatric disorders; neurotransmitters; psychopharmacotherapy ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; WHOLE-BLOOD SEROTONIN; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN; FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; DOUBLE-BLIND; INFANTILE-AUTISM; 5-HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID; MENTAL-RETARDATION; TOURETTES-SYNDROME AB Autism is a neurobiological disorder. The core clinical features of autism include impairment in social interaction, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Autism often has coexisting neuropsychiatric disorders, including seizure disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, affective disorders, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette disorder. No etiology-based treatment modality has been developed to cure individuals with autism. However, comprehensive intervention, including parental counseling, behavior modification, special education in a highly structured environment, sensory integration training, speech therapy, social skill training, and medication, has demonstrated significant treatment effects in many individuals with autism. Findings from preliminary studies of major neurotransmitters and other neurochemical agents strongly suggest that neurochemical factors play a major role in autism. The findings also provide the rationale for psychopharmacotherapy in individuals with autism. 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Early Child. Spec. Educ. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 177 EP 188 DI 10.1177/027112149901900310 PG 12 WC Education, Special SC Education & Educational Research GA 240WW UT WOS:000082850900010 ER PT J AU Papazian, O Alfonso, I AF Papazian, O Alfonso, I TI Evoked potentials and event related potentials evaluation of children with developmental disorders SO REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA LA Spanish DT Review DE developmental disorders; event related potentials; evoked potentials ID BRAIN-STEM RESPONSE; DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; PATTERN REVERSAL VEP; INTENSIVE-CARE UNIT; HUMAN VISUAL-SYSTEM; HIGH-RISK NEWBORNS; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; ELECTRIC-RESPONSE; PRETERM INFANTS; LEARNING-DISABILITIES AB Introduction and development. Evoked potentials evaluation of children with central nervous system developmental disorders o dysfunctions is better than clinical and imaging assessment for determination of: 1) conceptional age, 2) auditory and visual threshold, 3) integrity of sensory pathways, 4) neurologic motor outcome, and 5) course and evaluation of treatment of neurometabolic disorders. Conclusions. However, it is not the same for predicting or making the diagnosis of the majority, of primary developmental disorders (autism, receptive and expressive language disorders, learning disability, attention deficit disorders and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome). C1 Miami Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Div Clin Neurophysiol, Clin Neurophysiol Lab, Miami, FL 33155 USA. Miami Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Div Neurol Neonatal, Miami, FL 33155 USA. 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I., 1967, REGIONAL DEV BRAIN E, P3 NR 105 TC 1 Z9 1 PU REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA PI BARCELONA PA C/O CESAR VIGUERA, EDITOR, APDO 94121, 08080 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0210-0010 J9 REV NEUROLOGIA JI Rev. Neurologia PD AUG 16 PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 302 EP 311 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 239MM UT WOS:000082772000004 PM 10797914 ER PT J AU Aicardi, J AF Aicardi, J TI Landau-Kleffner syndrome SO REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA LA Spanish DT Article DE aphasia; autism; epilepsy; Landau-Kleffner syndrome ID BENIGN PARTIAL EPILEPSIES; AUTISTIC REGRESSION; STATUS EPILEPTICUS; AUDITORY AGNOSIA; ACQUIRED APHASIA; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDHOOD; CHILDREN; SLEEP; EEG AB The Landau-Kleffner syndrome consists of the association of paroxysmal EEG abnormalities, more marked during sleep, acquired aphasia usually of receptive type, and epileptic seizures in three quarters of cases. Additional features include behavioral disturbances that may even present with autistic features, cognitive regression of variable degree, and sometimes motor difficulties, indicating the pervasive nature of the disorder. The epileptic activity, as manifested by the EEG, seems responsible for the pervasive dysfunction. Treatment with antiepileptic drugs is often ineffective. ACTH and corticosteroids are currently regarded as the best therapy but surgical treatment by subpial transection is being actively studied. C1 UCL, Inst Child Hlth, London, England. 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Neurologia PD AUG 16 PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 380 EP 385 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 239MM UT WOS:000082772000020 PM 10797930 ER PT J AU Agulhon, C Abitbol, M Bertrand, D Malafosse, A AF Agulhon, C Abitbol, M Bertrand, D Malafosse, A TI Localization of mRNA for CHRNA7 in human fetal brain SO NEUROREPORT LA English DT Article DE auditory dysfunction; autism; CHRNA7; epilepsy; human fetal brain; in situ hybridization; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; schizophrenia; sensory processing ID NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; FRONTAL-LOBE EPILEPSY; ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN; MESSENGER-RNA; LINKAGE; LOCUS; RAT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ORGANIZATION; HIPPOCAMPUS AB THE aim of this study was to determine the regional distribution in situ of the mRNA for the alpha 7 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in human fetal brain. We found high levels of alpha 7 gene expression in nuclei that receive sensory information, such as those of the neocortex and hippocampus, the thalamic nuclei, the reticular thalamic nucleus, the pontine nuclei and the superior olive complex. These data support a possible regulatory function for alpha 7-containing receptors in sensory processing, which may be involved in the pathological physiology of schizophrenia and autism. Early alpha 7 gene expression is also consistent with a morphogenetic role for alpha 7 receptors in central nervous system development. NeuroReport 10:2223-2227 (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Hop Univ Geneve, Dept Psychiat, Belle Idee,Div Neuropsychiat, Unite Biochim & Neurophysiol Clin, CH-1225 Geneva, Switzerland. Fac Med Necker, Ctr Rech Ophtalmol, F-75015 Paris, France. Univ Geneva, Ctr Med Univ Geneva, Dept Physiol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Agulhon, C (reprint author), Hop Univ Geneve, Dept Psychiat, Belle Idee,Div Neuropsychiat, Unite Biochim & Neurophysiol Clin, Ch Petit Bel Air 2, CH-1225 Geneva, Switzerland. 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D., 1993, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, V19, P837 RUBBOLI F, 1994, EUR J NEUROSCI, V6, P1596, DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00550.x STEINLEIN OK, 1995, NAT GENET, V11, P201, DOI 10.1038/ng1095-201 NR 25 TC 21 Z9 23 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0959-4965 J9 NEUROREPORT JI Neuroreport PD AUG 2 PY 1999 VL 10 IS 11 BP 2223 EP 2227 PG 5 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 221AC UT WOS:000081701200002 PM 10439438 ER PT J AU Risch, N Spiker, D Lotspeich, L Nouri, N Hinds, D Hallmayer, J Kalaydjieva, L McCague, P Dimiceli, S Pitts, T Nguyen, L Yang, J Harper, C Thorpe, D Vermeer, S Young, H Hebert, J Lin, A Ferguson, J Chiotti, C Wiese-Slater, S Rogers, T Salmon, B Nicholas, P Petersen, PB Pingree, C McMahon, W Wong, DL Cavalli-Sforza, LL Kraemer, HC Myers, RM AF Risch, N Spiker, D Lotspeich, L Nouri, N Hinds, D Hallmayer, J Kalaydjieva, L McCague, P Dimiceli, S Pitts, T Nguyen, L Yang, J Harper, C Thorpe, D Vermeer, S Young, H Hebert, J Lin, A Ferguson, J Chiotti, C Wiese-Slater, S Rogers, T Salmon, B Nicholas, P Petersen, PB Pingree, C McMahon, W Wong, DL Cavalli-Sforza, LL Kraemer, HC Myers, RM TI A genomic screen of autism: Evidence for a multilocus etiology SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; FAMILY HISTORY; COMPLEX TRAITS; LINKAGE; TWIN; GENETICS; CHROMOSOME; DISORDERS AB We have conducted a genome screen of autism, by linkage analysis in an initial set of 90 multiplex sibships, with parents, containing 97 independent affected sib pairs (ASPs), with follow-up in 49 additional multiplex sibships, containing 50 ASPs. In total, 519 markers were genotyped, including 362 for the initial screen, and an additional 157 were genotyped in the follow-up. As a control, we also included in the analysis unaffected sibs, which provided 51 discordant sib pairs (DSPs) for the initial screen and 29 for the follow-up. In the initial phase of the work, we observed increased identity by descent (IBD) in the ASPs (sharing of 51.6%) compared with the DSPs (sharing of 50.8%). The excess sharing in the ASPs could not be attributed to the effect of a small number of loci but, rather, was due to the modest increase in the entire distribution of IBD. These results are most compatible with a model specifying a large number of loci (perhaps greater than or equal to 15) and are less compatible with models specifying less than or equal to 10 loci. The largest LOD score obtained in the initial scan was for a marker on chromosome 1p; this region also showed positive sharing in the replication family set, giving a maximum multipoint LOD score of 2.15 for both sets combined. Thus, there may exist a gene of moderate effect in this region. We had only modestly positive or negative linkage evidence in candidate regions identified in other studies. Our results suggest that positional cloning of susceptibility loci by linkage analysis may be a formidable task and that other approaches may be necessary. C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Western Australia, Graylands Hosp, Ctr Clin Res Neuropsychiat, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Edith Cowan Univ, Ctr Human Genet, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Univ Utah, Dept Psychiat, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Risch, N (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, M322, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. 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J. Hum. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 65 IS 2 BP 493 EP 507 DI 10.1086/302497 PG 15 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 223JA UT WOS:000081836900025 PM 10417292 ER PT J AU Simpson, RL AF Simpson, RL TI Children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders: A concerned look at the present and a hopeful eye for the future SO BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID SPECIAL-EDUCATION; STUDENTS; ISSUES; VALIDATION; PERSONNEL; OUTCOMES; AUTISM AB This article presents a perspective on several current issues perceived to have a significant impact on the education of children and youth identified as having emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD). Included in the discussion are thoughts related to use of best-practice methods by teachers and other practitioners; issues associated with placement, including increased reliance on alternative schools and other nontraditional settings; and job expectations and working conditions of teachers who work with troubled students. 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PD AUG PY 1999 VL 24 IS 4 BP 284 EP 292 PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 240PH UT WOS:000082834000003 ER PT J AU Alberti, A Pirrone, P Elia, M Waring, RH Romano, C AF Alberti, A Pirrone, P Elia, M Waring, RH Romano, C TI Sulphation deficit in "Low-Functioning" autistic children: A pilot study SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE sulphation; autism; HPLC; paracetamol; urine; PS/PG ratio ID LOW-DOSE PARACETAMOL; METABOLISM; DISEASE; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS AB Background: Parents of autistic children and autism support groups often report that autistic episodes are exacerbated when the children eat certain foodstuffs such as dairy products, chocolates, wheat, corn sugar apples, and bananas. The hypothesis that autistic behavior might be related to metabolic dysfunctions has led us to investigate in a group of "low functioning" autistic children and in an age-matched control group each made lip of 20 subjects, the sulphation capacity available. Methods: Utilizing the biochemical characteristics of paracetamol we evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography, the urine paracetamol-sulfate/paraceramol-glucuronide (PS/PG) ratio in all subjects following administration of this drug. Results: The PS/PG ratio in the group of autistic subjects gave a significantly lower result than the control group with p < .00002. Conclusions: The inability to effectively metabolize certain compounds particularly phenolic amines, toxic for the CNS, could exacerbate the wide spectrum of autistic behavior Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:420-424 (C) 1999 Society of Biological Psychiatry. C1 Oasi Inst Res Mental Retardat & Brain Aging, Dept Pediat, I-94018 Troina, Italy. Oasi Inst Res Mental Retardat & Brain Aging, Dept Neurol, I-94018 Troina, Italy. Univ Birmingham, Sch Biochem, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Alberti, A (reprint author), Oasi Inst Res Mental Retardat & Brain Aging, Dept Pediat, Via Conte Ruggero 73, I-94018 Troina, Italy. RI Romano, Corrado/B-9695-2008 OI Romano, Corrado/0000-0003-1049-0683 CR AlObaidy SS, 1996, EUR J CLIN PHARMACOL, V50, P69, DOI 10.1007/s002280050071 Bonham Carter S M, 1983, Br J Clin Pharmacol, V15, P323 BRADLEY H, 1991, XENOBIOTICA, V21, P689 Coughtrie MWH, 1996, HUM EXP TOXICOL, V15, P547 DOLARA P, 1987, PHARMACOL RES, V19, P261, DOI 10.1016/0031-6989(87)90084-1 HARRIS RM, 1996, XENOBIOTICA, V12, P1241 HOWIE D, 1977, J PHARM PHARMACOL, V29, P235 KLOVRZA L, 1995, TOXICOL LETT, V78, P47 KNIVSBERG A-M, 1990, Brain Dysfunction, V3, P315 MEEK JL, 1972, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V181, P457 MURCH SH, 1993, LANCET, V341, P711, DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90485-Y NGONG JM, 1994, THESIS U BIRMINGHAM OBANION D, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P325, DOI 10.1007/BF01539635 Rapp D.J., 1978, J LEARN DISABIL, V11, P56 RAPP DJ, 1980, ALLERGIES HYPERACTIV REICHELT KL, 1986, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V21, P1279, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90310-0 Rona K., 1994, Acta Medica Hungarica, V50, P65 TYCE GM, 1986, FASEB J, V45, P2247 VANTRAPPEN G, 1993, LANCET, V341, P730, DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90495-3 STEVENTON GB, 1990, XENOBIOTICA, V20, P117 Waring RH, 1997, DEV BRAIN DYSFUNCT, V10, P40 NR 21 TC 70 Z9 72 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 46 IS 3 BP 420 EP 424 DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00337-0 PG 5 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 220TJ UT WOS:000081683300015 PM 10435209 ER PT J AU Minshew, N AF Minshew, N TI Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? SO CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY-APA REVIEW OF BOOKS LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Western Psychiat Inst & Clin, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Minshew, N (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Western Psychiat Inst & Clin, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Lord C, 1998, MENT RETARD DEV D R, V4, P90, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<90::AID-MRDD5>3.0.CO;2-0 SCHOPLER E, 1998, ASPERGER SYNDROME HI WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE Wing L, 1976, EARLY CHILDHOOD AUTI, V2nd, P15 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0010-7549 J9 CONTEMP PSYCHOL JI Comtemp. Psychol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 44 IS 4 BP 280 EP 282 PG 3 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 219TF UT WOS:000081622600008 ER PT J AU Miller, MT Stromland, K AF Miller, MT Stromland, K TI The Mobius sequence: A relook SO JOURNAL OF AAPOS LA English DT Article ID MOEBIUS SYNDROME; BRAIN-STEM; VASCULAR ETIOLOGY; CHROMOSOME-TRANSLOCATION; THALIDOMIDE EMBRYOPATHY; TARGETED DISRUPTION; LIMB ABNORMALITIES; MISOPROSTOL; AUTISM; HYPOGONADISM AB Mobius sequence, because the term sequence defines a cascade of secondary events after an embryonic insult from heterogeneous causes. Classic clinical findings include evidence of sixth and seventh cranial nerve involvement, often with associated malformations of limbs, craniofacial structures, and other cranial nerves. Methods:A prospective study was undertaken in Sweden of 25 patients who showed characteristic findings of Mobius sequence. Results: Of the patients who did not have strabismus surgery, 10 patients had straight eyes in the primary position, 7 had esotropia, 2 had exotropia, and 1 had hypertropia. All had significant limitation of abduction, except 1 patient with exotropia who showed minimal underaction on abduction but a large limitation of adduction. In the description in these early cases, some patients manifested a clinical pattern resembling a horizontal gaze paresis. Narrowing of the palpebral fissure on adduction Similar to that seen in Duane syndrome was observed in a few cases. Two patients had ptosis. Nineteen patients had diminished facial expression bilaterally, often asymmetric, and 6 cases appeared to be unilateral. Seven patients had abnormal tearing. Associated systemic findings included Poland anomaly (2), club feet or other limb anomalies (8), micrognathia (8), tongue malformations (17), cleft palate (5), and speech problems (18). An unusual finding was autism syndrome (6) or autism-like syndrome (1). Conclusions: The associated findings in Mobius sequence may give further clues to the location and timing of the developmental disturbance. The wide range of ocular motility patterns suggests that the previous concept of a lesion solely in the sixth nerve nucleus is an inadequate explanation for these findings. C1 Univ Illinois, Eye & Ear Infirm, Dept Ophthalmol, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Pediat Ophthalmol, Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Miller, MT (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Eye & Ear Infirm, Dept Ophthalmol, 1855 W Taylor St,Room 1-44, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. 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AAPOS PD AUG PY 1999 VL 3 IS 4 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70003-0 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology; Pediatrics SC Ophthalmology; Pediatrics GA 226VG UT WOS:000082042700003 PM 10477221 ER PT J AU Konstantareas, MM Homatidis, S AF Konstantareas, MM Homatidis, S TI Chromosomal abnormalities in a series of children with autistic disorder SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE chromosomal abnormalities; autistic disorder; karyotypes ID MENTAL-RETARDATION AB In a series of 127 children diagnosed with autistic disorder the karyotypes of 8, on whom data were available, showed the following chromosomal abnormalities: breakage, a 47 XY pattern, trisomy 13, inversion-duplication of chromosome 15, 47 XY, +der (15) (pter q15: p11 pter), 47 XXY and 46 XY, inv (2) (p11:q13pat, 3q+). Compared to those who were not karyotyped or had normal karyotypes, the children with abnormalities, although cognitively more delayed, were not rated as more severely autistic. Facial dysmorphias and minor physical anomalies tended to be more frequent in the chromosomally deviant subgroup. No differences in demographic characteristics or parental ages were evident. Results are consistent with the view of variability of expression of marker chromosome deviations and a greater severity of retardation and symptoms of autism in those affected. The relevance of the findings to a multimodal genetic etiology of autistic disorder is discussed. C1 Univ Guelph, Coll Social Sci, Dept Psychol, Guelph, ON N1Q 2W1, Canada. Kerrys Pl Autism Serv, Aurora, ON, Canada. RP Konstantareas, MM (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Coll Social Sci, Dept Psychol, Guelph, ON N1Q 2W1, Canada. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BENDER BG, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P499, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198707000-00006 BLISHEN BR, 1976, CAN REV SOC ANTHROP, V13, P71 Bristol MM, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P121, DOI 10.1007/BF02172002 COLLACOTT RA, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P577, DOI 10.1007/BF02216062 Costello A. J., 1976, MANUAL SYMBOLIC PLAY Dunn L. M., 1981, PEABODY PICTURE VOCA GHAZIUDDIN M, 1993, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V37, P313 GILLBERG C, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P489, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00022 HERAULT J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P233, DOI 10.1007/BF02172100 HOTOPF M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P41, DOI 10.1007/BF02178166 JUDD LL, 1968, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V18, P450 KERBESHIAN J, 1990, J MENT DEFIC RES, V34, P205 KONSTANTAREAS MM, 1986, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, P671 Leiter R., 1969, LEITER INT PERFORMAN LOPREIATO JO, 1992, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V13, P281 MARINER R, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P425, DOI 10.1007/BF01531709 REYNELL JK, 1978, MANUAL REYNNEL DEV L Robinson Wendy P., 1993, European Journal of Human Genetics, V1, P37 Rutter M, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P257, DOI 10.1007/BF02172023 SANKAR DVS, 1970, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V12, P572 SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 SESHADRI K, 1992, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V34, P999 Simonoff E, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P259, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01404.x STEFFENBURG S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P405, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00254.x URZGIRIS I, 1975, ASSESSMENT INFANCY O WALDROP MF, 1971, EXCEPTIONAL INFANT S, V2, P343 NR 29 TC 52 Z9 56 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 275 EP 285 DI 10.1023/A:1022155201662 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000002 PM 10478727 ER PT J AU Njardvik, U Matson, JL Cherry, KE AF Njardvik, U Matson, JL Cherry, KE TI A comparison of social skills in adults with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and mental retardation SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE social skills; autism; PDDNOS; mental retardation; adults ID ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; CHILDS APPRAISAL; ADOLESCENTS; CLASSIFICATION; EXPRESSIONS; DEFICITS; EMOTION; SCALES AB We examined the social skills of adults with autism, PDDNOS, and mental retardation. All participants were diagnosed with profound mental retardation. Participants in the autism and PDDNOS groups had been previously diagnosed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and record review. These diagnoses were confirmed by readministering the CARS by one author and an independent rater. Social skills were assessed by using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and the Matson, Evaluation of Social Skills in the Severely Retarded. Significant-differences between the autism and mental retardation groups were found on both measures. The PDDNOS group demonstrated better positive nonverbal social skills than the autism group but not the mental retardation group. Special treatment needs of institutionalized adults with autism appear warranted along with a need to clarify further the differences between PDDNOS and mental retardation. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Matson, JL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BURT DB, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P237, DOI 10.1007/BF02284763 COHEN DJ, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P213, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60228-4 DAHL EK, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P170, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60223-5 ELLIOTT SN, 1993, BEHAV MODIF, V17, P287, DOI 10.1177/01454455930173004 FREEMAN BJ, 1988, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V27, P428, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198807000-00008 GILLBERG C, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P99, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb02275.x HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P321, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P671, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00191.x JACOBSON JW, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P205, DOI 10.1007/BF02284719 Matson J. L., 1995, MATSON EVALUATION SO MATSON JL, IN PRESS BEHAV MODIF MAYES L, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P79, DOI 10.1007/BF01066420 Mesibov G. B., 1983, AUTISM ADOLESCENTS A, P37 MESIBOV GB, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P395, DOI 10.1007/BF02409830 MESIBOV GB, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P538, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198907000-00012 PACLAWSKYJ T, 1998, UNPUB FACTOR STRUCTU RODRIGUE JR, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P187, DOI 10.1007/BF02284759 RUTTER M, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P139, DOI 10.1007/BF01537863 RUTTER M, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P513, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00129.x Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE STURMEY P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P321, DOI 10.1007/BF01058159 VANBOURGONDIEN ME, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P299 VOLKMAR FR, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P627, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00020 VOLKMAR FR, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P156, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198703000-00005 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 NR 27 TC 60 Z9 61 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1023/A:1022107318500 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000003 PM 10478728 ER PT J AU Kasari, C Freeman, SFN Bauminger, N Alkin, MC AF Kasari, C Freeman, SFN Bauminger, N Alkin, MC TI Parental perspectives on inclusion: Effects of autism and Down syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Down syndrome; autism; educational placement; mainstreaming; special education ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; PERCEPTIONS; EXPECTATIONS; INTERVENTION; INTEGRATION; STUDENTS AB This study examined the effects of the child's diagnosis (autism vs. Down syndrome), age, and current educational placement on parental perceptions toward inclusion for their child with disabilities. Parents of children with autism and with Down syndrome completed surveys regarding their opinions on their child's current educational placement, their desire for changing the current placement, and their views on inclusive education. Results indicated that diagnosis, age, and current placement influenced parental opinion on the ideal educational placement for their child. Parents of children with Down syndrome were significantly more likely to endorse inclusion (full-time placement in general education) as the ideal educational program for their child whereas parents of children with autism were more likely to endorse mainstreaming (consistent part-time placement with general education students). Parents of younger children and parents whose children were already placed in general education programs were more positive towards inclusion than parents of older children or students currently in special education. Findings are discussed in terms of child characteristics and prevailing educational practices. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Grad Sch Educ & Informat Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Kasari, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Grad Sch Educ & Informat Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. CR BAILEY DB, 1987, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V7, P73 BAUMINGER N, IN PRESS CHILD DEV Bennett T, 1998, EDUC TRAIN MENT RET, V33, P108 BORTHWICKDUFFY SA, 1996, J BEHAV ED, V6, P311, DOI 10.1007/BF02110133 COATES RD, 1989, J LEARN DISABIL, V22, P532 COLLINS BC, 1995, J DEV PHYS DISABIL, V7, P51, DOI 10.1007/BF02578714 Dawson G., 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P307 DIAMOND KE, 1994, EARLY ED DEV, V5, P69, DOI 10.1207/s15566935eed0501_6 FENSKE EC, 1985, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V5, P49, DOI 10.1016/S0270-4684(85)80005-7 GREEN AL, 1989, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V13, P292 GURALNICK MJ, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V99, P457 HANLINE MF, 1989, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V55, P487 HODAPP RM, 1994, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P675 HONIG AS, 1998, EARLY CHILD DEV CARE, V26, P89 Kasari C, 1998, HDB MENTAL RETARDATI, P411 Kasari C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P39, DOI 10.1023/A:1025869105208 Lord C., 1994, PRESCHOOL ED PROGRAM, P87 LOVAAS OI, 1989, DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT LOVAAS OI, 1989, J BEHAV THER EXP PSY, V20, P17 Mesibov GB, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P337, DOI 10.1007/BF02172478 Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 Rogers SJ, 1998, J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL, V27, P168, DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_4 Rutter M, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P257, DOI 10.1007/BF02172023 Schreibman L., 1988, AUTISM SEMMEL MI, 1991, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V58, P9 TURNBULL A P, 1983, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, V8, P57, DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/8.1.57 NR 26 TC 36 Z9 37 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 297 EP 305 DI 10.1023/A:1022159302571 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000004 PM 10478729 ER PT J AU Stella, J Mundy, P Tuchman, R AF Stella, J Mundy, P Tuchman, R TI Social and nonsocial factors in the childhood autism rating scale SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE CARS; social factors; factor-based scales ID JOINT ATTENTION; COMMUNICATION; VALIDITY; INFANTS AB The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was factor analyzed to determine if distinct and independent "subgroups" of symptoms could be derived, which would be consistent with the current multidimensional theory and nosology for autism. To address this issue, the CARS was factor analyzed for a sample of 90 children with diagnoses of either autism or PDDNOS, based on DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. Five factors emerged: Social Communication, Emotional Reactivity, Social Orienting, Cognitive and Behavioral Consistency, and Odd Sensory Exploration. Factor-based scales were created. These factor-based scales were demonstrated to distinguish subjects with autism from subjects with PDDNOS and nonautistic subjects. Factor-based scores were examined to determine the degree to which they were associated with individual differences (such as age, IQ, gender, history of regression, and history of abnormal EEGs) among children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). The application of these distinct and independent factors may have important clinical and research implications. The generation of factor-based scales may provide information on the nature of the individual differences that are thought to be present among children with autism. Additionally, the use of factor-based scale scores may increase the sensitivity of the CARS for identifying younger and/or higher functioning individuals within the PDD spectrum. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Psychol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Miami Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat Neurol, Miami, FL USA. RP Mundy, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Psychol, 5665 Ponce De Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Charman T, 1997, DEV PSYCHOL, V33, P781, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.33.5.781 Dawson G., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P49 Dawson G, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P479, DOI 10.1023/A:1026043926488 DILALLA DL, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF02172092 GARFIN DG, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P367, DOI 10.1007/BF02212193 KLIN A, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P29, DOI 10.1007/BF02206995 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Mundy P, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P653, DOI 10.1023/A:1025802832021 MUNDY P, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P63 Mundy P, 1997, MENT RETARD DEV D R, V3, P343 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE STURMEY P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P321, DOI 10.1007/BF01058159 Swettenham J, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P747, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098002595 TEAL MB, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P485, DOI 10.1007/BF01531713 NR 19 TC 38 Z9 40 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 307 EP 317 DI 10.1023/A:1022111419409 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000005 PM 10478730 ER PT J AU Craig, J Baron-Cohen, S AF Craig, J Baron-Cohen, S TI Creativity and imagination in autism and Asperger syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE creativity; autism; imagination; Asperger syndrome ID SYMBOLIC PLAY AB Three studies are reported that address the often described impoverished creativity in autism. Using the Torrance Creativity Tests, Experiment I found that children with autism and Asperger syndrome (AS) showed impairments. Experiment 2 tested two explanations of these results: the executive dysfunction and the imagination deficit hypotheses. Results supported both hypotheses. Children with autism and AS could generate possible novel changes to an object, though they generated fewer of these relative to controls. Furthermore, these were all reality-based, rather than imaginative. Experiment 3 extended this using a test of imaginative fluency. Children with autism and BS generated fewer suggestions involving attribution of animacy to foam shapes, compared to controls, instead generating reality-based suggestions of what the shapes could be. Although this is evidence of executive dysfunction, it does not directly account for why imaginative creativity is more difficult than reality-based creativity. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Baddeley A. 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P., 1974, TORRANCE TESTS CREAT WILSON R, 1956, 1955 U UT RES C ID C, P14 WING L, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P167, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00426.x World Health Organization, 1994, INT CLASS DIS NR 26 TC 37 Z9 37 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 319 EP 326 DI 10.1023/A:1022163403479 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000006 PM 10478731 ER PT J AU Kadesjo, B Gillberg, C Hagberg, B AF Kadesjo, B Gillberg, C Hagberg, B TI Brief report: Autism and Asperger syndrome in seven-year-old children: A total population study SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE; DISORDERS C1 Gothenburg Univ, Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Kadesjo, B (reprint author), Gothenburg Univ, Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 Ehlers S, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P129, DOI 10.1023/A:1023040610384 EHLERS S, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1327, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x Fombonne E, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P673, DOI 10.1007/BF02172357 Gillberg C., 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P122, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511526770.004 Gillberg C, 1995, EPIDEMIOLOGY CHILD A, P227 GILLBERG CL, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01959.x GILLBERG IC, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P631, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00275.x Griffiths R, 1970, ABILITIES YOUNG CHIL GUNNARSDOTTIR K, 1994, NORD C AUT DIS EP BI Kanner L. E. 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PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 327 EP 331 DI 10.1023/A:1022115520317 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000007 PM 10478732 ER PT J AU Yirmiya, N Pilowsky, T Solomonica-Levi, D Shulman, C AF Yirmiya, N Pilowsky, T Solomonica-Levi, D Shulman, C TI Brief report: Gaze behavior and theory of mind abilities in individuals with autism, Down syndrome, and mental retardation of unknown etiology SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID JOINT ATTENTION; CHILDREN; BELIEFS; COMMUNICATION; CAREGIVERS; DEFICITS; LANGUAGE; BLIND; AGE C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychol, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Yirmiya, N (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychol, Mt Scopus, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. 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R., 1990, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V2, P61, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000596 Wechsler D, 1974, WISC R MANUAL WECHSL WECHSLER D, 1963, WPPSI MANUAL WECHSLE Wechsler D, 1981, WAIS R MANUAL WECHSL Yirmiya N, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P2045, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01842.x Yirmiya N, 1998, PSYCHOL BULL, V124, P283, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.283 Yirmiya N, 1996, DEV PSYCHOL, V32, P62 Yirmiya N, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P1003, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01497.x NR 46 TC 10 Z9 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.1023/A:1022167504388 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000008 PM 10478733 ER PT J AU Handleman, JS AF Handleman, JS TI Autism: Understanding the disorder. SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Book Review C1 Rutgers State Univ, Douglass Dev Disabil Ctr, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Handleman, JS (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Douglass Dev Disabil Ctr, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. CR Mesibov G. B., 1997, AUTISM UNDERSTANDING NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 343 EP 343 DI 10.1023/A:1022119621226 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000009 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, M AF Fitzgerald, M TI Alfred Kinsey: Asperger disorder SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID AUTISM C1 Child & Family Ctr, Dublin, Ireland. RP Fitzgerald, M (reprint author), Child & Family Ctr, Dublin, Ireland. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Christenson C., 1971, KINSEY BIOGRAPHY Frith U, 1997, TRENDS COGN SCI, V1, P73, DOI 10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01010-3 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 Jarrold C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P25, DOI 10.1023/A:1025817121137 JONES JH, 1997, AC KINSEY MENNINGER K, 1953, SATURDAY REV 0926, P30 MENNINGER K, 1953, SATURDAY REV 0926, P21 TRILLING L, 1948, PARTISAN REV, P460 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 346 EP 347 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000012 PM 10478735 ER PT J AU Fombonne, E AF Fombonne, E TI Are measles infections or measles immunizations linked to autism? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Editorial Material ID CROHNS-DISEASE CR De Giacomo A, 1998, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V7, P131 DEYKIN EY, 1979, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V109, P628 Ekbom A, 1996, LANCET, V348, P515, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04429-7 Fombonne E, 1998, LANCET, V351, P955 FOMBONNE E, 1999, IN PRESS PSYCHOL MED ROGERS JS, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V29, P207 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 WAKEFIELD AJ, 1995, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V108, P911, DOI 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90467-0 NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 349 EP 350 DI 10.1023/A:1022123822135 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 230EN UT WOS:000082239000013 PM 10478736 ER PT J AU Pan, JW Lane, JB Hetherington, H Percy, AK AF Pan, JW Lane, JB Hetherington, H Percy, AK TI Rett syndrome: H-1 spectroscopic imaging at 4.1 Tesla SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Meeting of the Child-Neurology-Society CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1997 CL PHOENIX, ARIZONA SP Child Neurol Soc ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; HUMAN BRAIN; GLUTAMATE; PROTON; AUTISM AB Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder predominantly affecting girls, is characterized by regression of psychomotor development, communication dysfunction, and hand stereotypies. Brain morphologic studies demonstrate increased neuronal packing density and reduced dendritic arborizations, suggesting an arrest or interruption of normal maturation. Numerous neurotransmitter systems have been implicated. Among these, cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels are elevated and glutamate receptors, particularly in putamen, are reduced. Therefore, H-1 spectroscopy at 4.1 Tesla was used to evaluate glutamate, creatine, and N-acetylaspartate in six girls with Rett syndrome and four normal sibling controls. The ratio of creatine to N-acetylaspartate was significantly elevated in white matter, primarily reflecting reduced N-acetylaspartate levels, and normal in gray matter. The glutamate to N-acetylaspartate ratio was elevated in gray matter and normal in white matter. These findings are consistent with previous neuropathologic and neurochemical findings and indicate the feasibility of imaging these metabolites in vivo. C1 Univ Alabama, Ctr Nucl Imaging Res, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Neurol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Percy, AK (reprint author), 1600 7th Ave S,ACC Bldg,Ste 516, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA. CR Armstrong DD, 1997, J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR, V56, P843, DOI 10.1097/00005072-199708000-00001 Belichenko PV, 1997, ACTA NEUROPATHOL, V93, P50 Blue ME, 1997, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V6, P83 HAGBERG B, 1983, ANN NEUROL, V14, P471, DOI 10.1002/ana.410140412 HAGBERG B, 1995, ACTA PAEDIATR, V84, P971, DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13809.x HAMBERGER A, 1992, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V23, P212, DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1071344 HANEFELD F, 1995, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V26, P126, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-979742 Hashimoto T, 1998, ACTA NEUROL SCAND, V98, P8 Hetherington HP, 1996, MAGNET RESON MED, V36, P21, DOI 10.1002/mrm.1910360106 Lappalainen R, 1996, PEDIATR NEUROL, V15, P213, DOI 10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00218-4 MYER EC, 1992, NEUROLOGY, V42, P357 ORDIDGE RJ, 1987, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V508, P376 Pan JW, 1996, MAGNET RESON MED, V36, P7, DOI 10.1002/mrm.1910360103 Pan JW, 1995, MAGN RESON IMAGING, V13, P915, DOI 10.1016/0730-725X(95)02002-B PAN JW, 1998, P 6 M INT SOC MAGN R, P25 SCHULTZ RJ, 1993, AM J DIS CHILD, V147, P633 Subramaniam B, 1997, NEUROLOGY, V48, P399 URENJAK J, 1992, J NEUROCHEM, V59, P55, DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08875.x VANDERKNAAP MS, 1990, RADIOLOGY, V176, P509 NR 19 TC 37 Z9 37 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0883-0738 J9 J CHILD NEUROL JI J. Child Neurol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 14 IS 8 BP 524 EP 528 DI 10.1177/088307389901400808 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 223KX UT WOS:000081841200008 PM 10456763 ER PT J AU Ghaziuddin, M Zaccagnini, J Tsai, L Elardo, S AF Ghaziuddin, M Zaccagnini, J Tsai, L Elardo, S TI Is megalencephaly specific to autism? SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autism; hyperactivity; impulsivity; megalencephaly ID HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; CHILDREN AB Several recent reports have described the presence of increased head circumference (megalencephaly) in patients with autism. Although some studies have described reports of megalencephaly in other disorders such as schizophrenia in adults, few such studies have been performed in children and adolescents. In the present study, the authors compared 20 subjects with autism/pervasive developmental disorder (DSM-IV; all males; mean age = 10.9 years) with 20 controls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (DSM-IV; all males; mean age = 11.1 years). Four subjects and five controls had evidence of megalencephaly. In addition to their core symptoms, the autistic subjects with megalencephaly were hyperactive and impulsive, These findings suggest that megalencephaly may not be specific to autism, and when present it may index the presence of additional symptoms such as hyperactivity and impulsivity. C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Ghaziuddin, M (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, TC-0390,1500 E Med Ctr Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bassett AS, 1996, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V40, P1173, DOI 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00288-0 Bauman M.L, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM Cameron N., 1978, HUMAN GROWTH, V2, P35 HANSSEN AMN, 1993, CLIN GENET, V44, P281 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KATZMAN R, 1988, ANN NEUROL, V23, P138, DOI 10.1002/ana.410230206 KRUG DA, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P221, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x LAINHART ET, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V36, P282 Orstavik KH, 1997, J MED GENET, V34, P849, DOI 10.1136/jmg.34.10.849 PIVEN J, 1995, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P1145 ROBINSON RO, 1997, ARCH DIS CHILDHOOD, V93 Sandler AD, 1997, J PEDIATR-US, V131, P320, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70176-8 SMITH RD, 1984, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V5, P231 Woodhouse W, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P665, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01458.x NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 43 BP 279 EP 282 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00211.x PN 4 PG 4 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 226DV UT WOS:000082005800003 PM 10466865 ER PT J AU York, A von Fraunhofer, N Turk, J Sedgwick, P AF York, A von Fraunhofer, N Turk, J Sedgwick, P TI Fragile-X syndrome, Down's syndrome and autism: awareness and knowledge amongst special educators SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE awareness; childhood autism; Down's syndrome; fragile-X syndrome; special education ID FEMALE CARRIERS; MALES; DISABILITY; PHENOTYPE; BEHAVIOR; LANGUAGE; BOYS AB Fragile-X syndrome is the commonest cause of inherited intellectual disability. There is good evidence for a behavioural phenotype. This has implications for school staff using standard educational techniques. Similarly, autism is known to create particular educational requirements. The present study examined the awareness and knowledge of fragile-X syndrome, Down's syndrome and autism amongst staff in special and mainstream education. One hundred and two special school staff and 40 mainstream school staff completed questionnaires. Most staff offered a variety of features 'typical' of Down's syndrome and autism. In contrast, staff knew less about fragile-X syndrome. Specific knowledge about the learning styles of these children was very poor, but was associated with having aught an affected child. Mainstream and special school staff offered similar levels of knowledge for all three conditions. Staff did not demonstrate a sufficiently specialized knowledge of fragile-X syndrome to ensure that the special educational needs of these children were being met fully. C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Gen Psychiat, London SW17 0RE, England. Cricket Green Polyclin, Merton Child Guidance Serv, Mitcham, Surrey, England. RP York, A (reprint author), St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Gen Psychiat, Jenner Wing,Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, England. CR ABRAMS MT, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V51, P317, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320510407 Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x Barnicoat AJ, 1997, J MED GENET, V34, P13, DOI 10.1136/jmg.34.1.13 BREGMAN JD, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P343, DOI 10.1007/BF02212191 Collacott RA, 1998, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V172, P85, DOI 10.1192/bjp.172.1.85 DYKENS EM, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P422, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198905000-00020 FERRIER LJ, 1991, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V33, P776 GIBB C, 1992, BRIT J SPECIAL ED, V19, P65, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8578.1992.tb00411.x GIBBS MV, 1983, AM J MENT DEF, V87, P601 HAGERMAN R, 1985, AM J DIS CHILD, V139, P674 Hagerman R. 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J., 1987, CURRENT PROBLEMS PED, V17, P627 HAGERMAN RJ, 1992, PEDIATRICS, V89, P395 Hagerman RJ, 1996, FRAGILE X SYNDROME D, P3 JACOBS PA, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P454, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.6.454 KEMPER MB, 1988, AM J MED GENET, V30, P191, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320300118 LUBS HA, 1968, J HUM GENET, V21, P231 MADISON LS, 1986, J PEDIATR PSYCHOL, V11, P91, DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/11.1.91 Martin JP, 1943, J NEUROL PSYCHIATRY, V6, P154, DOI 10.1136/jnnp.6.3-4.154 MAZZOCCO MMM, 1993, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V14, P328 PROUTY LA, 1988, AM J MED GENET, V30, P123, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320300111 REISS AL, 1988, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V45, P25 REISS AL, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P885, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00007 REISS AL, 1989, AM J HUM GENET, V45, P697 SUDHALTER V, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V38, P493, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320380270 SUDHALTER V, 1990, AM J MENT RETARD, V94, P431 SUTHERLAND GR, 1977, SCIENCE, V197, P265, DOI 10.1126/science.877551 TURK J, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V160, P243 Turk J., 1994, MENTAL HLTH MENTAL R, P135 Turk J., 1997, AUTISM, V1, P175, DOI 10.1177/1362361397012005 Turk J, 1998, J APPL RES INTELLECT, V11, P175 Turner G, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V64, P196, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<196::AID-AJMG35>3.0.CO;2-G WILSON PG, 1993, MENT RETARD, V31, P221 WOLFF PH, 1989, AM J MENT RETARD, V93, P406 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 43 BP 314 EP 324 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00219.x PN 4 PG 11 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 226DV UT WOS:000082005800008 PM 10466870 ER PT J AU Carr, D AF Carr, D TI Autism and autistic-like conditions in mental retardation SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Wales Coll Med, Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil, Cardiff CF4 4XN, S Glam, Wales. RP Carr, D (reprint author), Univ Wales Coll Med, Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil, Cardiff CF4 4XN, S Glam, Wales. RI turton, miranda/F-4682-2011 CR GILLBERG C, 1990, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V81, P209, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06482.x Kraijer D. W, 1997, AUTISM AUTISTIC COND Matson JL, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P77, DOI 10.1023/A:1026019221036 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 43 BP 341 EP 343 PN 4 PG 3 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 226DV UT WOS:000082005800012 ER PT J AU Hong, KEM Kim, JH Moon, SY Oh, SK AF Hong, KEM Kim, JH Moon, SY Oh, SK TI Chromosomal abnormalities in child psychiatric patients SO JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chromosome abnormalities; child psychiatry ID FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; PERICENTRIC-INVERSION; MENTAL-RETARDATION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ABERRATIONS; AUTISM; COINCIDENT; POPULATION; DISORDER; GENETICS AB To determine the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in a child psychiatric population, and to evaluate possible associations between types of abnormalities and patient's clinical characteristics, cytogenetic examination was performed on 604 patients. Demographic data, reasons for karyotyping, clinical signs, and other patient characteristics were assessed and correlated with the results from karyotyping, Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 69 patients (11.3%); these were structural in 49 cases and numerical in 20, Inversion of chromosome nine was found in 15 subjects, trisomy of chromosome 21 in 11, and fragile X in five patients. When karyotyping was performed because of intellectual impairment or multiple developmental delay, significantly more abnormalities were found than average; when performed because autistic disorder was suspected, the number of abnormalities was significantly fewer, There were no differences in clinical variables between structural and numerical abnormalities, nor among nine types of chromosomal abnormalities, except that numerical abnormalities and polymorphism were found at a later age, and that walking was more delayed and IQ was lower in patients with Down syndrome. Clinicians should be aware of the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities in child psychiatric populations; the close collaboration with geneticists and the use of more defined guidelines for cytogenetic investigation are important. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Seoul, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Seoul, South Korea. Eulji Med Coll, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Taejon, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Lab Cytogenet, Inst Reprod Med & Populat, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea. RP Hong, KEM (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ Hosp, Dept Psychiat, 28 Yeongun Dong, Seoul 110744, South Korea. 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Korean Med. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 14 IS 4 BP 377 EP 385 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 230EE UT WOS:000082238200005 PM 10485616 ER PT J AU Lightdale, JR Heyman, MB Rosenthal, P AF Lightdale, JR Heyman, MB Rosenthal, P TI Secretin: Cure or snake oil for autism in the new millennium? SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT News Item C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Lightdale, JR (reprint author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 114 EP 115 DI 10.1097/00005176-199908000-00002 PG 2 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 216ZH UT WOS:000081474000001 PM 10435643 ER PT J AU Frazier, JA Meyer, MC Biederman, J Wozniak, J Wilens, TE Spencer, TJ Kim, GS Shapiro, S AF Frazier, JA Meyer, MC Biederman, J Wozniak, J Wilens, TE Spencer, TJ Kim, GS Shapiro, S TI Risperidone treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder: A retrospective chart review SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE juvenile; bipolar disorder; risperidone ID DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; MANIA; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; COMORBIDITY; DYSKINESIA; TARDIVE; AUTISM AB Objective: To investigate the effectiveness and tolerability of the atypical neuroleptic risperidone in the treatment of juvenile mania. Method: This is a retrospective chart review of outpatients with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder (DSM-IV) treated with risperidone at a university center. Response to treatment was evaluated using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) with separate assessments of mania, psychosis, aggression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Results: Twenty-eight youths (mean +/- SD age, 10.4 +/- 3.8 years) with bipolar disorder (25 mixed and 3 hypomanic) who had been treated with risperidone were identified. These children received a mean dose of 1.7 +/- 1.3 mg over an average period of 6.1 +/- 8.5 months. Using a CGI Improvement score of less than or equal to 2 (very much/much improved) to define robust improvement, 82% showed improvement in both their manic and aggressive symptoms, 69% in psychotic symptoms, but only 8% in ADHD symptoms. Conclusions: Although limited by its retrospective nature, this study suggests that risperidone may be effective in the treatment of manic young people and indicates the need for controlled clinical trials of risperidone and other atypical neuroleptics in juvenile mania. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Child Psychiat Dept, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Frazier, JA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Child Psychiat Dept, ACC 725,15 Parkman St, Boston, MA 02114 USA. CR Armenteros JL, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P694, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00021 Biederman J, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P997, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199608000-00010 BIEDERMAN J, IN PRESS J CHILD ADO Brecher M, 1997, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V17, P435, DOI 10.1097/00004714-199710000-00022 CAMPBELL M, 1988, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V24, P251 FRAS I, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P833, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199507000-00003 FRISTAD MA, 1992, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V31, P252, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199203000-00011 Gelenberg AJ, 1996, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V57, P49 Ghaemi SN, 1997, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V42, P196 Goff D. C., 1995, P566 GOODNICK PJ, 1995, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P431 Haberfellner EM, 1997, PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY, V30, P271, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-979506 KOMOTO J, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02408557 McDougle CJ, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P685, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00020 McIntyre R, 1997, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V42, P88 National Institute of Mental Health, 1985, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V21, P839 QUINTANA H, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1292, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199510000-00014 Schreier HA, 1998, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V8, P49, DOI 10.1089/cap.1998.8.49 SOVNER R, 1989, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V50, P40 SPENCER T, 1995, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V52, P434 STEINGARD R, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P932, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198726060-00021 Tohen M, 1996, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V57, P249 Vieta E, 1998, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V18, P172, DOI 10.1097/00004714-199804000-00012 Vieta E, 1995, HUM PSYCHOPHARM CLIN, V10, P491 Wozniak J, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P1552, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66564-3 Wozniak J, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P826, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199606000-00023 WOZNIAK J, 1995, AM SOC CLIN PSYCHOPH, V6, P4 WOZNIAK J, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P867, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199507000-00010 NR 28 TC 144 Z9 150 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 38 IS 8 BP 960 EP 965 DI 10.1097/00004583-199908000-00011 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 220KT UT WOS:000081664700011 PM 10434487 ER PT J AU Beck, L AF Beck, L TI Activity schedules for children with autism: A guide for parents and professionals. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 Indian Valley Publ Lib, Telford, PA USA. RP Beck, L (reprint author), Indian Valley Publ Lib, Telford, PA USA. CR McClannahan L. E., 1999, ACTIVITY SCHEDULES C NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 124 IS 13 BP 128 EP 128 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 225NZ UT WOS:000081968800305 ER PT J AU Beck, L AF Beck, L TI The handbook of autism: A guide for parents and professionals. SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Book Review C1 Indian Valley Publ Lib, Telford, PA USA. RP Beck, L (reprint author), Indian Valley Publ Lib, Telford, PA USA. CR Aarons M., 1999, HDB AUTISM GUIDE PAR NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 124 IS 13 BP 128 EP 128 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 225NZ UT WOS:000081968800304 ER PT J AU Telvi, L Lebbar, A Del Pino, O Barbet, JP Chaussain, JL AF Telvi, L Lebbar, A Del Pino, O Barbet, JP Chaussain, JL TI 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: Report of 27 cases SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE 45,X/46,XY mosaicism; Turner syndrome; male pseudohermaphroditism; mixed gonadal dysgenesis; Y chromosome abnormalities; sex determination ID MIXED GONADAL-DYSGENESIS; DIFFERENTIATION; KARYOTYPE; PHENOTYPE AB Objectives. There exist substantial differences between prenatally and postnatally diagnosed cases of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Ninety percent of prenatally diagnosed cases show a normal male phenotype, whereas the postnatally diagnosed cases show a wide spectrum of phenotypes. This 10% risk of an abnormal outcome in prenatally diagnosed cases requires further attention. The purpose of the present study is to provide more information on the postnatally diagnosed 45,X/ 46,XY mosaicism cases. To date, only a few series have been reported. An accurate diagnosis in these patients is essential not only to their follow-up, but also to providing appropriate genetic counselling and subsequent prenatal diagnosis to their parents. Methods. The clinical, cytogenetic, endocrinologic, histologic and molecular biological findings of 27 patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are analyzed. Results. The reported cases showed a wide spectrum of phenotypes as Turner syndrome, mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD), male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) and apparently normal male. However, Ulrich-Turner stigmata were the most common features found in this series. Patients with MGD or MPH presented with various degrees of sex reversal such as hypospadias and/or abnormal internal genitalia. No correlation between the proportion of the 45,X/46,XY cell lines in the blood or the fibroblasts and the phenotype was found. Mild mental retardation was present in 4 of the patients and 2 patients showed signs of autism. Conclusions. Two major points are emphasized in this series: 1) the presence in 7 histologically analyzed streak gonads of a homogeneous 45,X chromosomal complement suggests that the invasion of the primitive genital ridge by a such a cell line may induce abnormal gonadal development; 2) 3 males, apparently normal at birth, developed late onset abnormalities such as dysgenetic testes leading to infertility, Ulrich-Turner stigmata, dysmorphic features, and mild mental retardation. These data indicate the importance of an accurate clinical and histologic evaluation of any patient presenting with 45,X/ 46,XY mosaicism. C1 Serv Histol Embryol Cytogenet & Anat Pathol, Paris, France. Serv Endocrinol Pediat, Paris, France. RP Telvi, L (reprint author), Hop St Vincent de Paul, Lab Cytogenet, 82 Ave Denfert Rochereau, F-75674 Paris 14, France. 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A large group of ethnically matched control individuals (n = 362) were also genotyped. Allele 12 of the VNTR polymorphism was associated with schizophrenia (P = 0.007) and unipolar depression (P = 0.011). Bipolar disorder was not associated with the VNTR (P = 0.93). Thus, we conclude that the SERT VNTR polymorphism may be a risk factor for both schizophrenia and unipolar depression, but not for bipolar disorder, in the Halt Chinese. Pharmacogenetics 9:491-495 (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Physiol, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China. Shanghai Mental Hlth Ctr, Shanghai, Peoples R China. Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biochem, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Univ Aberdeen, Sch Med, Dept Mental Hlth, Aberdeen, Scotland. Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Res Ctr Life Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China. RP He, L (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Physiol, 320 Yeuyang Rd,Box 38, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China. RI Breen, Gerome/A-5540-2010 OI Breen, Gerome/0000-0003-2053-1792 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT ARRANZ M, 1995, LANCET, V346, P281, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92168-0 Battersby S, 1996, PSYCHIATR GENET, V6, P177, DOI 10.1097/00041444-199624000-00001 BENNETT ST, 1995, NAT GENET, V9, P284, DOI 10.1038/ng0395-284 Collier DA, 1996, NEUROREPORT, V7, P1675, DOI 10.1097/00001756-199607080-00030 COPPEN A, 1967, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V113, P1237, DOI 10.1192/bjp.113.504.1237 Esterling LE, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V81, P37, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<37::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-K Furlong RA, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V81, P58, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<58::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-V Hernandez I, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P57, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000215 Hoehe MR, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V81, P1, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980207)81:1<1::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-2 Kendler KS, 1996, PSYCHOL MED, V26, P1135 LESCH KP, 1994, J NEURAL TRANSM-GEN, V95, P157, DOI 10.1007/BF01276434 Malhotra AK, 1998, MOL PSYCHIATR, V3, P328, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000412 MCGUFFIN P, 1989, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V155, P294 MELTZER KJ, 1987, SEROTONIN HYPOTHESIS Ogilvie AD, 1996, LANCET, V347, P731, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90079-3 Rees M, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P398, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000256 Risch N, 1996, SCIENCE, V273, P1516, DOI 10.1126/science.273.5281.1516 Stober G, 1998, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V248, P82, DOI 10.1007/s004060050022 STOCKMEIER CA, 1993, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V266, P1374 WOLF B, 1955, ANN HUM GENET, V19, P251 NR 21 TC 42 Z9 47 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0960-314X J9 PHARMACOGENETICS JI Pharmacogenetics PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 491 EP 495 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 231HQ UT WOS:000082302800007 PM 10780268 ER PT J AU Birbaumer, N Flor, H Pauli, P AF Birbaumer, N Flor, H Pauli, P TI Autism, savants, and the thought-translation device (TTD) SO PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Tuebingen, Tubingen, Germany. Univ Padua, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Humboldt Univ, D-1086 Berlin, Germany. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0048-5772 J9 PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY JI Psychophysiology PD AUG PY 1999 VL 36 SU 1 BP S34 EP S34 PG 1 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences; Physiology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 222QZ UT WOS:000081797400129 ER PT J AU Noterdaeme, M Minow, F Amorosa, H AF Noterdaeme, M Minow, F Amorosa, H TI Usefulness of the Child Behavior Checklist in assessing behavior problems in children. SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE LA German DT Article DE developmental disorders; autism; CBCL ID DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; FOLLOW-UP; SPEECH; PREVALENCE AB Usefulness of the Child Behavior Checklist in assessing behavior problems in children. Objectives: The Child Behavior Checklist is used to assess behavioral problems in a large unselected sample of children. In the present study we assess the usefulness of the CBCL in the evaluation of the typical behavioral problems usually reported in children with developmental disorders, Methods: We examined two groups of children which both had language or communication problems. The first group consisted of 34 children with infantile autism, the secund group consisted of 34 age-, sex- and IQ-matched children with a specific developmental speech and language disorder. The CBCL was filled out by the parents in both groups as part of the routine diagnostic procedures. Results: Half of the language-impaired children have Total Behavioral Problem scores within the clinical range. Problems are mainly reported on the scales "Attention Problems", "Social Problems" and "Withdrawn", autistic children score within the clinical range on the "Thought Problems", whereas only one language-impaired child does so. Single item analysis shows a high prevalence of developmental problems (speech problems, enuresis...) in both groups. Conclusion: The CBCL records characteristic behavioral problems in children with developmental disorders. The problematic behaviors are shown on the syndrome scale level as well as on the single item level. Children with developmental disorders and high scores on the "Thought Problems" scale of the CBCL should be evaluated for the presence of a possible pervasive developmental disorder. C1 Heckscher Klin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, D-81479 Munich, Germany. Abt Teilleistungs & Verhaltensgestorte Kinder, Aussenstelle Munchen Solln, D-81479 Munich, Germany. Univ Munich, Inst Soziale Padiat, D-80539 Munich, Germany. RP Noterdaeme, M (reprint author), Heckscher Klin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, Wolfratshauser Str 350, D-81479 Munich, Germany. CR Achenbach T. M., 1991, INTEGRATIVE GUIDE 19 Achenbach TM, 1991, MANUAL CHILD BEHAV C AMOROSA H, 1992, AKTUELLE ENTWICKLUNG, P61 ANDO H, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P83, DOI 10.1007/BF01531295 BAKER L, 1982, J COMMUN DISORD, V15, P113, DOI 10.1016/0021-9924(82)90025-9 BAUER A, 1972, VERFAHREN MESSUNG BI BEITCHMAN JH, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P528, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60013-1 BEITCHMAN JH, 1985, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V8, P721 BERGER F, 1990, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V18, P71 CANTWELL DP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P19, DOI 10.1007/BF02212715 CANTWELL DP, 1987, J COMMUN DISORD, V20, P151, DOI 10.1016/0021-9924(87)90006-2 CHUNG SY, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P221, DOI 10.1007/BF02284720 Dopfner M., 1994, HDB ELTERNFRAGEBOGEN Dopfner M., 1994, KINDH ENTWICKL, V3, P54 FOMBONNE E, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P563, DOI 10.1007/BF01046328 PAUL R, 1983, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V22, P525, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198311000-00002 Remschmidt H., 1990, PSYCHISCHE AUFFALLIG RUTTER M, 1992, SPECIFIC SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN : CORRELATES, CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES, P63 RUTTER M, 1967, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V113, P1183, DOI 10.1192/bjp.113.504.1183 *WHO, 1991, ICD 10 INT KLASSIFIK NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 1422-4917 J9 Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH JI Z. Kinder-und Jugendpsy. Psychother. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 183 EP 188 DI 10.1024//1422-4917.27.3.183 PG 6 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 229AE UT WOS:000082169100003 PM 10478437 ER PT J AU Ho, PK Fong, RSM Kai, HST Lau, EHY Ngan, ESW Cotton, CU Chow, BKC AF Ho, PK Fong, RSM Kai, HST Lau, EHY Ngan, ESW Cotton, CU Chow, BKC TI The human secretin receptor gene: genomic organization and promoter characterization SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE secretin; secretin receptor; promoter study; gene structure; autism ID MOLECULAR-CLONING; GLUCAGON RECEPTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; EXPRESSION; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN; DESENSITIZATION; LOCALIZATION; SEQUENCE; BINDING AB Secretin is the most potent regulator of pancreatic bicarbonate, electrolyte and volume secretion. In this report, the organization of the human secretin receptor (hSR) gene was characterized by overlapping genomic phage clones. The hSR gene consists of 13 exons and 12 introns with all the splice donor and acceptor sites conforming to the canonical GT/AG rule, By transient reporter gene assays, the mild-type promoter, containing 3.0 kb of the hSR gene 5' flanking region, was able to drive 5.8 +/- 0.6 and 6.6 +/- 0.2-fold (P < 0.01) increases in luciferase activities in pancreatic ductule-derived PANC-1 and BPD-1 cells, respectively, By subsequent 5' and 3' deletion analysis, a promoter element was identified within -408 to -158, relative to the ATG codon, This promoter element was found to be cell-specific since it could drive reporter gene expression in PANC-1 and BPD-1 cells but not in Hs 262.St, Hs 746T and alpha T3-1 cells, The study of the transcriptional control of human secretin and its receptor should shed light on the pathological developments of pancreatic cancer and autism in the future. (C) 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. C1 Univ Hong Kong, Dept Zool, Hong Kong, SAR, Peoples R China. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pediat, Cyst Fibrosis Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Chow, BKC (reprint author), Univ Hong Kong, Dept Zool, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, Peoples R China. 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PD JUL 23 PY 1999 VL 455 IS 3 BP 209 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00864-9 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 221XU UT WOS:000081753500003 PM 10437774 ER PT J AU McCartney, KN Calvert, GJ AF McCartney, KN Calvert, GJ TI Successful use of risperidone in adults with autism and pervasive developmental disorders: case reports SO ADVANCES IN THERAPY LA English DT Article DE pervasive developmental disorders; autism; risperidone AB Autism and other pervasive developmental disorders encompass a wide variety of clinical presentations and cognitive impairment. Most patients display repetitive thoughts and behaviors, impulsive-aggressive actions, and decreased social interaction. Well-tolerated drug treatment can ameliorate symptoms, allowing patients to participate in behavioral programs. Conventional neuroleptics have been effective in reducing stereotypes, aggression, and withdrawal. The longterm requirement for drug treatment means that medication with fewer side effects, particularly movement disorders, would be desirable. The three cases presented suggest that risperidone may have a place in the treatment of patients with pervasive developmental disorders. C1 Muckamore Abbey Hosp, Muckamore BT41 4SH, Antrim, North Ireland. RP McCartney, KN (reprint author), Muckamore Abbey Hosp, 1 Abbey Rd, Muckamore BT41 4SH, Antrim, North Ireland. 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PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 158 EP 163 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 251JY UT WOS:000083443600002 ER PT J AU Foxx, RM AF Foxx, RM TI Long term maintenance of language and social, skills SO BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS LA English DT Article ID CHILD INTERACTION THERAPY; FOLLOW-UP; RETARDED-ADULTS; BEHAVIOR; OVERCORRECTION; RESPONSES; ECHOLALIA AB This paper discusses long-term maintenance issues as they relate to the language and social skills of individuals with developmental disabilities and autism. Long-term follow-ups of echolalic and appropriate speech (upwards to 57 months) and social skills (8 years) will be presented as examples of what can be learned about maintenance from long-term follow-ups. 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PD JUL-SEP PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 135 EP 146 PG 12 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 267DH UT WOS:000084340900001 ER PT J AU Ring, HA Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S Williams, SCR Brammer, M Andrew, C Bullmore, ET AF Ring, HA Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S Williams, SCR Brammer, M Andrew, C Bullmore, ET TI Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism - A functional MRI study of Embedded Figures Task performance SO BRAIN LA English DT Article DE autism; fMRI; visual analysis; working memory; componential analysis ID PRIMARY VISUAL-CORTEX; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; CENTRAL COHERENCE; INFANTILE-AUTISM; WORKING-MEMORY; IMAGE-ANALYSIS; BLOOD-FLOW; CHILDREN; ADULTS; ATTENTION AB When considering the cognitive abilities of people with autism, the majority of studies have explored domains in which there are deficits. However, on tests of local processing and visual search, exemplified by the Embedded Figures Task (EFT), people with autism have been reported to demonstrate superiority over normal controls. This study employed functional MRI of subjects during the performance of the EFT to test the hypothesis that normal subjects and a group with autism would activate different brain regions and that differences in the patterns of these regional activations would support distinct models of cerebral processing underlying EFT performance in the two groups. It was found that several cerebral regions were similarly activated in the two groups, However, normal controls, as well as demonstrating generally more extensive task-related activations, additionally activated prefrontal cortical areas that were not recruited in the group with autism. Conversely, subjects with autism demonstrated greater activation of ventral occipitotemporal regions. These differences in functional anatomy suggest that the cognitive strategies adopted by the two groups are different: the normal strategy invokes a greater contribution from working memory systems while the autistic group strategy depends to an abnormally large extent on visual systems for object feature analysis. This interpretation is discussed in relation to a model of autism which proposes a predisposition towards local rather than global modes of information processing. C1 Univ London Kings Coll, St Bartholomews & Royal London Sch Med, Acad Dept Psychol Med, London WC2R 2LS, England. Univ London Kings Coll, Dept Clin Neurosci, London WC2R 2LS, England. Univ London Kings Coll, Inst Psychiat, Dept Biostat & Comp, London WC2R 2LS, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. RP Ring, HA (reprint author), Royal London Hosp, St Bartholomews & Royal London Sch Med, Acad Dept Psychol Med, Whitechapel Rd, London E1 1BB, England. 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For example, when uttering Jane has three children, a speaker might only say that "Jane has three children but may have more than three," but the speaker implicates that "Jane has exactly three children." Under this view, pragmatics plays only a small role in determining what speakers say and has a primary part in interpreting speaker's intended messages. My aim in this article is to challenge this view. I describe empirical work showing that pragmatics has a fundamental role in determining both what speakers say and implicate. Thus, when a speaker utters Jane has three children, enriched pragmatic information is used to infer that the speaker says "Jane has exactly three children" and that in specific contexts, the speaker can go on to express additional pragmatic meanings, such as ''Jane is married'' or "Jane is very busy because she has three children." I also describe work on the importance of complex pragmatic, metarepresentational reasoning in understanding irony and metaphor. Finally, I briefly discuss the relevance of these new developments in pragmatics for neurolinguistic research. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Psychol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Gibbs, RW (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Psychol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. 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PD JUL PY 1999 VL 68 IS 3 BP 466 EP 485 DI 10.1006/brln.1999.2123 PG 20 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 226TE UT WOS:000082037100006 PM 10441189 ER PT J AU Bara, BG Bosco, FM Bucciarelli, M AF Bara, BG Bosco, FM Bucciarelli, M TI Developmental pragmatics in normal and abnormal children SO BRAIN AND LANGUAGE LA English DT Review ID FOCAL BRAIN INJURY; LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; FALSE BELIEF; HEAD-INJURY; DECEPTION; MIND; CHILDHOOD; AUTISM; ORIGINS AB We propose a critical review of current theories of developmental pragmatics. The underlying assumption is that such a theory ought to account for both normal and abnormal development. From a clinical point of view, we are concerned with the effects of brain damage on the emergence of pragmatic competence. In particular, the paper deals with direct speech acts, indirect speech acts, irony, and deceit in children with head injury, closed head injury, hydrocephalus, focal brain damage, and autism. Since no single theory covers systematically the emergence of pragmatic capacity in normal children, it is not surprising that we have not found a systematic account of deficits in the communicative performance of brain injured children. In our view, the challenge for a pragmatic theory is the determination of the normal developmental pattern within which different pragmatic phenomena may find a precise role. Such a framework of normal behavior would then permit the systematic study of abnormal pragmatic development. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Turin, Ctr Cognit Sci, I-10123 Turin, Italy. RP Bara, BG (reprint author), Univ Turin, Ctr Cognit Sci, Via Lagrange 3, I-10123 Turin, Italy. 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PD JUL PY 1999 VL 68 IS 3 BP 507 EP 528 DI 10.1006/brln.1999.2125 PG 22 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 226TE UT WOS:000082037100008 PM 10441191 ER PT J AU Caviness, VS Lange, NT Makris, N Herbert, MR Kennedy, DN AF Caviness, VS Lange, NT Makris, N Herbert, MR Kennedy, DN TI MRI-based brain volumetrics: emergence of a developmental brain science SO BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Review DE volumetrics; MRI; cerebral cortex; human brain ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES; SCHIZOPHRENIC-PATIENTS; MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS; HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE; INFANTILE-AUTISM; HUMAN NEOCORTEX; SIZE; PARCELLATION AB MRI-based brain volumetrics is an established methodology of great versatility and reliability with a broad range of potential applications in medicine and basic human brain science. We consider here, more theoretical implications of brain tissue volumes. Specifically, we suggest that volume is an evolutionarily and developmentally regulated fundamental property of tissue, in this instance the brain and its component structures. Within this framework (1), regularities in relative variation of volumes with respect to mean volume of a structure are viewed as systematic manifestations of the rules of histogenetic process (2), regularities in the relative strength of correlation of volumes of structures are suggested to reflect constraints which serve systematically the requirements of neural systems operation. These hypotheses, if supported by extensive observation, may guide the design of applications of MRI based volumetric analysis of the human brain. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, McLean Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02114 USA. 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PD JUL PY 1999 VL 21 IS 5 BP 289 EP 295 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 210KA UT WOS:000081102900001 PM 10413014 ER PT J AU Griffith, EM Pennington, BF Wehner, EA Rogers, SJ AF Griffith, EM Pennington, BF Wehner, EA Rogers, SJ TI Executive functions in young children with autism SO CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; FRONTAL-LOBE; WORKING-MEMORY; DEFICITS; INDIVIDUALS; LESIONS; IMPAIRMENTS; MONKEYS; TASKS; MEN AB The executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism has received support from most studies of older people with autism; however, studies of young children have produced mixed results. Two studies are presented that compare the performance of preschoolers with autism (mean = 51 months/4.3 years of age) to a control group matched on age, and verbal and nonverbal ability The first study (n = 18 autism and 17 control) found no group differences in performance on 8 executive function tasks (A not B, Object Retrieval, A not B with Invisible Displacement, 3-Boxes Stationary and Scrambled, 6-Boxes Stationary and Scrambled, and Spatial Reversal), but did find that children with autism initiated fewer joint attention and social interaction behaviors. The second (longitudinal) study of a subset of the children (n = 13 autism and 11 control) from the first study found that neither groups' performance on Spatial Reversal changed significantly over the course of a year. The results of these studies pose a serious challenge to the executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Psychol, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO USA. 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PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 817 EP 832 DI 10.1111/1467-8624.00059 PG 16 WC Psychology, Educational; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 221PH UT WOS:000081735100002 PM 10446722 ER PT J AU Cutting, AL Dunn, J AF Cutting, AL Dunn, J TI Theory of mind, emotion understanding, language, and family background: Individual differences and interrelations SO CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID FALSE-BELIEF; SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS; PEOPLES FEELINGS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; PRESCHOOLERS; CONVERSATIONS; AUTISM; MOTHER; PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIOR AB Individual differences in young children's social cognition were examined in 128 urban preschoolers from a wide range of backgrounds. Comprehensive assessments were made of children's false-belief understanding, emotion understanding, language abilities, and family background information was collected via parent interview. Individual differences in children's understanding of false-belief and emotion were associated with differences in language ability and with certain aspects of family background, in particular, parental occupational class and mothers' education. The number of siblings that children had did not relate to their social cognition. Individual differences in false-belief and emotion understanding were correlated, but these domains did not contribute to each other independently of age, language ability,and family background. In fact, variance in family background only contributed uniquely to false-belief understanding. The results suggest that family background has a significant impact on the development of theory of mind. The findings also suggest that understanding of false-belief and understanding of emotion may be distinct aspects of social cognition in young children. C1 Univ London Kings Coll, Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Cutting, AL (reprint author), Univ London Kings Coll, Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, 111 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. CR Astington J. W., 1993, CHILDS DISCOVERY MIN AZMITIA M, 1993, CHILD DEV, V64, P430, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02919.x BARONCOHEN S, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P379, DOI 10.1007/BF02212194 BARONCOHEN S, 1991, CHILD DEV, V62, P385, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01539.x Bartsch K, 1996, LEARN INDIVID DIFFER, V8, P281, DOI 10.1016/S1041-6080(96)90020-5 BARTSCH K, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P946, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb03526.x BROWN JR, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P336, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01631.x Brown JR, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P789, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01764.x BROWN MD, 1994, CELL MOL BIOL RES, V40, P137 Cummings E. 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PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 70 IS 4 BP 853 EP 865 DI 10.1111/1467-8624.00061 PG 13 WC Psychology, Educational; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 221PH UT WOS:000081735100004 PM 10446724 ER PT J AU Grimbacher, B Dutra, AS Holland, SM Fischer, RE Pao, M Gallin, JI Puck, JM AF Grimbacher, B Dutra, AS Holland, SM Fischer, RE Pao, M Gallin, JI Puck, JM TI Analphoid marker chromosome in a patient with hyper-IgE syndrome, autism, and mild mental retardation SO GENETICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE analphoid; centromere; chromosome 4q21; immunodeficiency; immunoglobulin E; interstitial deletion; Job syndrome; marker ring chromosome ID FATHER-CHILD INCOMPATIBILITY; INTERSTITIAL DELETION; PIEBALD TRAIT; LONG ARM; RETARDED-CHILD; JOBS SYNDROME; GC-SYSTEM; DEL(4)(Q12Q21.1); GENE; KIT AB Hyper-IgE syndrome with recurrent infections (HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by recurrent skin and lung abscesses and extreme elevations of serum IgE, but also involving dentition, bones, and connective tissue. Although the etiology of HIES is unknown, autosomal dominant inheritance has been observed in multiple kindreds. A 17 year old male with sporadic HIES, autism, and mild mental retardation was found to have a supernumerary marker chromosome in peripheral blood lymphocytes and shin fibroblasts. Microdissection and FISH analysis of the marker chromosome showed that it was derived from a small interstitial deletion of one homologue of chromosome 4q21. Lack of hybridization of probes specific for telomeres and alphoid centromeres, including a centromere 4 specific probe, established that the marker was an analphoid ring chromosome. Comparative genotyping of transformed B-cell subclones with (M+) and without (M-) the marker chromosome showed loss of the maternal alleles in M- cells between markers D4S1569 and D4S3010. FISH using YAC clones from 4q21 confirmed the size and location of the interstitial deletion. Thus our patient's phenotypes were associated with de novo formation of a marker chromosome containing 15-20 cM of DNA deleted from his maternally derived chromosome 4. Proximal chromosome 4q therefore is a candidate region for disease genes for both HIES and autism. Identification of genes disrupted or lost during the formation of the marker chromosome as well as linkage studies in kindreds with HIES or autism may help us to understand the etiology of these complex phenotypes. C1 NHGRI, Immunol Genet Sect, GMBB, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIAID, Host Def Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Childrens Natl Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Washington, DC 20010 USA. RP Puck, JM (reprint author), NHGRI, Immunol Genet Sect, GMBB, NIH, Bldg 49,Room 3A14,49 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. 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Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 1 IS 5 BP 213 EP 218 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 248HX UT WOS:000083270000010 PM 11256675 ER PT J AU Philippe, A Martinez, M Guilloud-Bataille, M Gillberg, C Rastam, M Sponheim, E Coleman, M Zappella, M Aschauer, H Van Maldergem, L Penet, C Feingold, J Brice, A Leboyer, M AF Philippe, A Martinez, M Guilloud-Bataille, M Gillberg, C Rastam, M Sponheim, E Coleman, M Zappella, M Aschauer, H Van Maldergem, L Penet, C Feingold, J Brice, A Leboyer, M CA Paris Autism Res Int Sibpair Study TI Genome-wide scan for autism susceptibility genes (vol 8, pg 805, 1999) SO HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS LA English DT Correction CR Philippe A, 1999, HUM MOL GENET, V8, P805, DOI 10.1093/hmg/8.5.805 NR 1 TC 9 Z9 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0964-6906 J9 HUM MOL GENET JI Hum. Mol. Genet. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 8 IS 7 BP 1353 EP 1353 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 217YC UT WOS:000081525700024 ER PT J AU Cox, A Klein, K Charman, T Baird, G Baron-Cohen, S Swettenham, J Drew, A Wheelwright, S AF Cox, A Klein, K Charman, T Baird, G Baron-Cohen, S Swettenham, J Drew, A Wheelwright, S TI Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: Stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; pervasive developmental disorder; diagnosis; Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; stability ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; EARLY RECOGNITION; INTERVIEW; INTERVENTION; INFANCY AB The association between, and stability of, clinical diagnosis and diagnosis derived from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R; Lord, Rutter, & Le Couteur, 1994) was examined in a sample of prospectively identified children with childhood autism and other pervasive developmental disorders assessed at the age of 20 months and 42 months. Clinical diagnosis of autism was stable, with all children diagnosed with childhood autism at age 20 months receiving a diagnosis of childhood autism or a related pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) at age 42 months. Clinical diagnosis of childhood autism was also reasonably sensitive, with all children who went on to receive a clinical diagnosis of childhood autism at 42 months being identified as having autism or PDD at 20 months. However, clinical diagnosis for PDD and Asperger's syndrome lacked sensitivity at 20 months, with several children who subsequently received these diagnoses at 42 months receiving diagnoses of language disorder or general developmental delay, as well as in two cases being considered clinically normal, at the earlier timepoint. The ADI-R was found to have good specificity but poor sensitivity at detecting childhood autism at 20 months; however, the stability of diagnosis from 20 to 42 months was good. In addition, the ADI-R at age 20 months was not sensitive to the detection of related PDDs or Asperger's syndrome. The continuity and discontinuity between behavioural abnormalities identified at both timepoints in the three domains of impairment in autism was examined, both in children who met final clinical criteria for an autistic spectrum disorder, and for children with language disorder who did not, as well as for a small sample of typically developing children. C1 UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Behav Sci Unit, London WC1N 1EH, England. Guys Kings Coll & St Thomas Med Sch, Bloomfield Clin, London, England. Guys Kings Coll & St Thomas Med Sch, Newcomen Ctr, London, England. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Ealing Gen Hosp, W London Healthcare NHS Trust, London, England. RP Charman, T (reprint author), UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Behav Sci Unit, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, England. EM t.charman@ich.ucl.ac.uk RI Charman, Tony/A-2085-2014 OI Charman, Tony/0000-0003-1993-6549 CR Adrien J L, 1992, Acta Paedopsychiatr, V55, P71 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BAIRD G, 1999, UNPUB SCREENING LARG BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 BARONCOHEN S, 1996, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V168, P158, DOI DOI 10.1192/BJP.168.2.158 BISHOP DVM, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P279, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00992.x Butterworth G., 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN Charman T, 1998, AUTISM INT J RES PRA, V2, P61, DOI 10.1177/1362361398021006 Charman T, 1998, INF MENTAL HLTH J, V19, P260, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199822)19:2<260::AID-IMHJ12>3.0.CO;2-W CHARMAN T, IN PRESS UNDERSTANDI DAHLGREN SO, 1989, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V238, P169 Dawson G., 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY Evans DW, 1997, CHILD DEV, V68, P58, DOI 10.2307/1131925 GILLBERG C, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P921, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00834.x Griffiths R, 1986, ABILITIES BABIES Hoyson M., 1985, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V8, P157 LeCouteur A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P785 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 Leiter R. G., 1952, LEITER INT PERFORMAN Lord C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P501, DOI 10.1023/A:1025873925661 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x LORD C, 1993, INF MENTAL HLTH J, V14, P234, DOI 10.1002/1097-0355(199323)14:3<234::AID-IMHJ2280140308>3.0.CO;2-F LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V155, P3 Mahoney WJ, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P278, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00012 MCEVOY RE, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P563, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01036.x ORNITZ EM, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P207, DOI 10.1007/BF01538999 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 Ozonoff S, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P25, DOI 10.1023/A:1026006818310 Pilowsky T, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P143, DOI 10.1023/A:1026092632466 Reynell J., 1985, REYNELL DEV LANGUAGE Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 ROGERS SJ, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P863, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00004 ROGERS SJ, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P207, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198903000-00010 Sheinkopf SJ, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P15, DOI 10.1023/A:1026054701472 SIEGEL B, 1988, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V9, P199 SIGMAN M, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P248 Stone WL, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P219, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098003370 STONE WL, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P639, DOI 10.1007/BF01046106 Stone WL, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P266 STONE WL, 1994, ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED, V148, P174 STRAIN PS, 1985, J DIVISION EARLY SPR, P105 Tanguay PE, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P271, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00011 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 Wing L, 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT World Health Organization, 1993, MENT DIS GLOSS GUID 1981, EC ACTIVITY GREAT BR NR 48 TC 214 Z9 218 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0021-9630 EI 1469-7610 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 719 EP 732 DI 10.1111/1469-7610.00488 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 218LJ UT WOS:000081553800006 PM 10433406 ER PT J AU Plaisted, K Swettenham, J Rees, L AF Plaisted, K Swettenham, J Rees, L TI Children with autism show local precedence in a divided attention task and global precedence in a selective attention task SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE attention; autistic disorder; perception ID TEMPORAL-PARIETAL JUNCTION; INFORMATION; LESIONS; PERCEPTION; FREQUENCY; ABILITIES AB Children with a diagnosis of autism and typically developing children were given two variations of the Navon task (Navon, 1977), which required responding to a target that could appear at the global level, the local level, or both levels. In one variation, the divided attention task, no information was given to children regarding the level at which a target would appear on any one trial. In the other, the selective attention task, children were instructed to attend to either the local or the global level. Typically developing children made most errors when the target appeared at the local level whereas children with autism made more errors when the target appeared at the global level in the divided attention task. Both groups of children were quicker to respond to the global target than the local target in the selective attention task. The presence of normal global processing in the children with autism in one task but not in the other is discussed in terms of a deficit in mechanisms that inhibit local information in the absence of overt priming or voluntary selective attention to local information. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, London WC1E 7HU, England. RP Plaisted, K (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 733 EP 742 DI 10.1111/1469-7610.00489 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 218LJ UT WOS:000081553800007 PM 10433407 ER PT J AU Hughes, C Plumet, MH Leboyer, M AF Hughes, C Plumet, MH Leboyer, M TI Towards a cognitive phenotype for autism: Increased prevalence of executive dysfunction and superior spatial span amongst siblings of children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; siblings; executive function; spatial span ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; FAMILY HISTORY; PARENTS; DEFICITS; TWIN; INDIVIDUALS; MIND; GENERATIVITY; PERSONALITY AB Two studies were conducted to examine executive function skills in siblings of children with autism. In Study 1, four computerised tasks (three executive tasks: the ID/ED set-shifting task; a spatial working memory task; and the Tower of London planning task; and a control spatial span task) from the CANTAB battery were used to compare 31 siblings of children with autism with 32 siblings of children with developmental delay and 32 children from unaffected families. In Study 2, the two sibling groups were compared on two manually administered executive tasks (verbal fluency and list recall). As a group, autism siblings showed superior spatial and verbal span, but a greater than expected number performed poorly on the set-shifting, planning, and verbal fluency tasks. There were no group differences in working memory performance. The implications of these findings for the broader phenotype of autism is discussed. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Hop Robert Debre, F-75019 Paris, France. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 705 EP 718 DI 10.1017/S0021963099004023 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 218LJ UT WOS:000081553800005 PM 10433405 ER PT J AU Mottron, L Belleville, S Menard, E AF Mottron, L Belleville, S Menard, E TI Local bias in autistic subjects as evidenced by graphic tasks: Perceptual hierarchization or working memory deficit? SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; drawing; executive function; hierarchical processing; neuropsychology; visual perception; working memory ID VISUAL AGNOSIA; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; CHILDREN; INDIVIDUALS; MIND; ORGANIZATION; PERFORMANCE; DYSFUNCTION; INFORMATION; ABILITIES AB In the present study, copying tasks were used to assess hierarchical aspects of visual perception in a group of 10 nonsavant autistic individuals with normal intelligence. In Experiment 1, the hierarchical order of graphic construction and the constancy of this order were measured for the copying of objects and nonobjects. In comparison to control participants, autistic individuals produced more local features at the start of the copying. However, they did not differ from controls with respect to graphic constancy. Experiment 2 measured the effect of geometrical impossibility on the copying of figures. Results revealed that autistic individuals were less affected by figure impossibility than were controls. Therefore, these experiments seem to support the notion of a local bias for visual information processing in individuals with autism. Two interpretations are proposed to account for this effect. According to the hierarchical deficit hypothesis, individuals with autism do not manifest the normal global bias in perceiving scenes and objects. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 743 EP 755 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003795 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 218LJ UT WOS:000081553800008 PM 10433408 ER PT J AU Howlin, P AF Howlin, P TI Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Book Review CR SCHOPLER E, 1998, ASPERGER SYNDROME HI NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 830 EP 831 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 218LJ UT WOS:000081553800017 ER PT J AU Jordan, R AF Jordan, R TI Autism and autistic-like conditions in mental retardation. SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Book Review CR Kraijer D. W., 1997, AUTISM AUTISTIC LIKE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 40 IS 5 BP 831 EP 831 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 218LJ UT WOS:000081553800018 ER PT J AU Parisse, C AF Parisse, C TI Cognition and language acquisition in normal and autistic children SO JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS LA English DT Article DE autism; specific language impairment (SLI); language development; cognitive development; CHILDES ID INFANTS AB The relationship between the development of language and cognition in autistic children is addressed in this study. These children present clear cognitive impairments which are usually considered to be the cause of their language problems. An analysis of corpora from the CHILDES database was undertaken to determine whether autistic children more closely follow their parents' language than other children. The linguistic behavior of autistic children was compared with that of Down's syndrome children, SLI children and three groups of normally developing children. Quantitative analysis showed that autistic children do not imitate more than other children in single-word utterances, but only in multi-word utterances. Also, the autistic child's lexicon is closer to the adult's than is the case for other children. Finally, autistic children produce fewer pointers to objects and events than any other group Of children, and also fewer than their parents, whereas other groups of children either match or exceed their parents' use of pointers. The specific linguistic features of autistic children and their abnormal prosodic characteristics suggest that they do not simply reproduce input despite their echolalic speech. A framework taking into account the synergy between language and cognition deficits in autistic children is suggested to explain these unusual features, which suggest the existence of a general distributed anomaly in these children's neuronal mechanisms. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 INSERM, Paris, France. RP Parisse, C (reprint author), Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, Lab Neuropsychol Enfant, Batiment Pharm,3eme Etage,47 Blvd Hop, F-75651 Paris 13, France. 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PD JUL-OCT PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3-4 BP 247 EP 269 DI 10.1016/S0911-6044(99)00017-2 PG 23 WC Linguistics; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 271EX UT WOS:000084582200006 ER PT J AU Townsend, J Courchesne, E Covington, J Westerfield, M Harris, NS Lyden, P Lowry, TP Press, GA AF Townsend, J Courchesne, E Covington, J Westerfield, M Harris, NS Lyden, P Lowry, TP Press, GA TI Spatial attention deficits in patients with acquired or developmental cerebellar abnormality SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cerebellum; visual attention; orienting attention; spatial attention; autism; lesion ID SACCADIC EYE-MOVEMENTS; EARLY INFANTILE-AUTISM; ORIENTING GAZE SHIFTS; NEURAL MECHANISMS; VISUAL-ATTENTION; BRAIN; PET; INVOLVEMENT; PREDICTION; BEHAVIOR AB Recent imaging and clinical studies have challenged the concept that the functional role of the cerebellum is exclusively in the motor domain. We present evidence of slowed covert orienting of visuospatial attention in patients with developmental cerebellar abnormality (patients with autism, a disorder in which at least 90% of all postmortem cases reported to date have Purkinje neuron loss), and in patients with cerebellar damage acquired from tumor or stroke. In spatial cuing tasks, normal control subjects across a wide age range were able to orient attention within 100 msec of an attention-directing cue. Patients with cerebellar damage showed little evidence of having oriented attention after 100 msec but did show the effects of attention orienting after 800-1200 msec. These effects were demonstrated in a task in which results were independent of the motor response. In this task, smaller cerebellar vermal lobules VI-VII (from magnetic resonance imaging) were associated with greater attention-orienting deficits. Although eye movements may also be disrupted in patients with cerebellar damage, abnormal gaze shifting cannot explain the timing and nature of the attention-orienting deficits reported here. These data may be consistent with evidence from animal models that suggest damage to the cerebellum disrupts both the spatial encoding of a location for an attentional shift and the subsequent gaze shift. These data are also consistent with a model of cerebellar function in which the cerebellum supports a broad spectrum of brain systems involved in both nonmotor and motor function. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cognit Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Childrens Hosp, Res Ctr, Lab Res Neurosci Autism, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. San Diego Kaiser Permanente, Dept Neuroradiol, San Diego, CA 92120 USA. RP Townsend, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, MC-0217,9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. 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Neurosci. PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 19 IS 13 BP 5632 EP 5643 PG 12 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 209PL UT WOS:000081056900042 PM 10377369 ER PT J AU Connors, SL Crowell, DE AF Connors, SL Crowell, DE TI Secretin and autism: The role of cysteine SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Letter ID BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER CR BEGLEY DJ, 1994, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V739, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19810.x DROGE W, 1991, AM J MED, V91, pS140, DOI 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90297-B Hanisch U., 1996, BRAIN RES REV, V21, P246 JIANG CL, 1995, TRENDS NEUROSCI, V18, P296, DOI 10.1016/0166-2236(95)93917-M LEITER AB, 1994, GUT PEPTIDES BIOCH P, P147 PARSONS RB, 1997, J NEUROL SCI S1, V152, P562 WADE LA, 1981, J NEUROCHEM, V37, P730 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 38 IS 7 BP 795 EP 796 DI 10.1097/00004583-199907000-00007 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 212NQ UT WOS:000081223400007 PM 10405495 ER PT J AU Martin, A Scahill, L Klin, A Volkmar, FR AF Martin, A Scahill, L Klin, A Volkmar, FR TI Higher-functioning pervasive developmental disorders: Rates and patterns of psychotropic drug use SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE Asperger's disorder; autism; pervasive developmental disorders; psychotropic drugs; drug patterns ID AUTISTIC DISORDER; ASPERGER SYNDROME; DOUBLE-BLIND; CLOMIPRAMINE; ADULTS; DISABILITIES; FLUVOXAMINE; CHILDREN; PLACEBO AB Objective: To explore the frequency, characteristics, and associated target symptoms of psychotropic drug use among subjects with higher-functioning pervasive developmental disorders (HFPDDs). Method: A total of 109 children, adolescents, and adults (mean age = 13.9 years, SD = 6.9) consecutively seeking enrollment into the Yale Child Study Center's Project on Social Learning Disabilities were included in the study. Individuals in whom Asperger's disorder, autism, or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified had been previously diagnosed and who had a documented Full Scale IQ greater than or equal to 70 completed surveys on demographic, clinical, and medication history information. To naturalistically evaluate medication use patterns in this population, each drug class was analyzed with respect to demographic and clinical variables. Results: In all, 55% of subjects were taking psychotropics, with 29.3% taking 2 or more medications simultaneously. Antidepressants were the most commonly used agents (32.1%), followed by stimulants (20.2%) and neuroleptics (16.5%). The clinical presentation of subjects taking psychotropic agents was heterogeneous, and most consistently included anxiety-related target symptoms (in 65% of medicated individuals). Conclusions: Psychotropic medication use appears to be common among subjects with HFPDDs, yet not generally based on the results of empirical research. Clinical heterogeneity among treated subjects suggests that psychiatric comorbidity may be overlooked in this population. C1 Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, Sch Med, Dev Disabil Clin, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Martin, A (reprint author), Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, Sch Med, Dev Disabil Clin, 230 S Frontage Rd,POB 207900, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. 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PD JUL PY 1999 VL 38 IS 7 BP 923 EP 931 DI 10.1097/00004583-199907000-00024 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 212NQ UT WOS:000081223400024 PM 10405512 ER PT J AU Remschmidt, H Fombonne, E AF Remschmidt, H Fombonne, E TI Developmental psychopathology as the basic science for child and adolescent psychiatry and psychiatry SO NERVENARZT LA German DT Article DE developmental psychopathology; sex differences; continuity and change of behavior; classification; prognosis and prediction; implications for diagnostics and therapy ID AGGRESSIVE-HYPERACTIVE BOYS; SEX-DIFFERENCES; DISORDER; CLASSIFICATION; PERSPECTIVE; POPULATION; ADULTHOOD; AUTISM; MALES AB Although the developmental perspective is not new, developmental psychopathology has only recently become an interdisciplinary and integrative field of research for the understanding of normal and pathological development as well. 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We studied metabolites in the hippocampus-amygdala (HA) region and cerebellum. We examined the right HA region and left cerebellar hemisphere of 27 autistic patients 2-18 years old, 21 boys and 6 girls and 10 normal children 6-14 years old, 4 boys and 6 girls, using the STEAM sequence. This sequence was used to minimise the influence of relaxation times. The N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) concentration was significantly lower (P = 0.042) in autistic patients than in normal children (9.37 and 10.95 mM, respectively). There was no significant difference in other metabolites. The correlation coefficient (r value) of NAA between the HA region and cerebellum was 0.616. The decreased NAA concentration may be due to neuronal hypofunction or immature neurons. The NAA concentration in the HA region and cerebellum may be related, because of neuronal circuits or networks. C1 Univ Tokushima, Dept Radiol, Tokushima 7708503, Japan. Univ Tokushima, Dept Pediat, Tokushima 770, Japan. RP Otsuka, H (reprint author), Univ Tokushima, Dept Radiol, 3-18-15 Kuramoto Cho, Tokushima 7708503, Japan. CR BAUMAN M, 1985, NEUROLOGY, V35, P866 CHRISTIANSEN P, 1993, MAGN RESON IMAGING, V11, P799, DOI 10.1016/0730-725X(93)90197-L Chugani DC, 1997, ANN NEUROL, V42, P666, DOI 10.1002/ana.410420420 Haznedar MM, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P1047 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 LOTSPEICH LJ, 1993, INT REV NEUROBIOL, V35, P87 MINSHEW NJ, 1993, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V33, P762, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90017-8 Muller RA, 1998, NEUROSCI LETT, V245, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00151-7 Schaefer GB, 1996, ANN NEUROL, V39, P382, DOI 10.1002/ana.410390316 Skjeldal OH, 1998, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V20, P227, DOI 10.1016/S0387-7604(98)00031-X NR 10 TC 77 Z9 79 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-3940 J9 NEURORADIOLOGY JI Neuroradiology PD JUL PY 1999 VL 41 IS 7 BP 517 EP 519 PG 3 WC Clinical Neurology; Neuroimaging; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 224JL UT WOS:000081894200010 PM 10450847 ER PT J AU Nass, R Gross, A Wisoff, J Devinsky, O AF Nass, R Gross, A Wisoff, J Devinsky, O TI Outcome of multiple subpial transections for autistic epileptiform regression SO PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Child-Neurology-Society CY OCT 21-24, 1998 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Child Neurol Soc ID LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; ACQUIRED APHASIA; EPILEPSY; CHILDHOOD AB Treatment options for atypical forms of Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) are not well delineated. Many patients with typical LKS fail to respond to antiepileptic drug treatment, but some benefit from multiple subpial transections (MSTs). The authors report seven patients with autism or autistic epileptiform regression who responded in varying degrees to MSTs after failed medical management. These patients derived from an original cohort of 36 children (29 males, seven females, ranging from 2 years, 3 months to 11 years, 3 months, mean age = 5 years, 8 months) with a history of language delay or regression, as well as varying degrees of social and behavioral abnormalities, who were evaluated with,video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring over a 2-year period. Fifteen patients had clinical seizures (11 of the 19 children with autistic epileptiform regression and four of 12 autistic children), Epilepsy was refractory to medication in seven, Surgical treatment variously involved MSTs of the left neocortex in temporal, parietal, and frontal regions, often including regions within the classic perisylvian language areas. One patient also had a left temporal lobectomy. In all seven patients, seizure control or EEG improved after MSTs. Language, social, and overall behavior improved to a moderate degree, although improvements were temporary in most. Autistic epileptiform regression resembles LKS in that both may respond to MST. MST is used to treat epilepsy in eloquent regions. The responsiveness of autistic epileptiform regression to MST buttresses the argument that autistic epileptiform regression is a form of focal epilepsy. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10016 USA. NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, New York, NY 10016 USA. RP Nass, R (reprint author), NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, 400 E 34th St RR311, New York, NY 10016 USA. 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Neurol. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 464 EP 470 DI 10.1016/S0887-8994(99)00029-6 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 215UQ UT WOS:000081402200006 PM 10428432 ER PT J AU Fombonne, E AF Fombonne, E TI The epidemiology of autism: a review SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID EARLY-CHILDHOOD AUTISM; INFANTILE-AUTISM; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; MEDICAL DISORDERS; PREVALENCE; CHILDREN; POPULATION; SWEDEN; FRENCH; JAPAN AB Background. There is some uncertainty about the rate and correlates of autism. Method. Twenty-three epidemiological surveys of autism published in the English language between 1966 and 1998 were reviewed. Results. Over 4 million subjects were surveyed; 1533 subjects with autism were identified. The methodological characteristics of each study are summarized, including case definition, case-finding procedures, participation rates and precision achieved. Across surveys, the median prevalence estimate was 5.2 / 10000. Half the surveys had 95 % confidence intervals consistent with population estimates of 5.4-5.5/10000. Prevalence rates significantly increased with publication year, reflecting changes in case definition and improved recognition; the median rate was 7.2/10000 for 11 surveys conducted since 1989. The average male/female ratio was 3.8:1, varying according to the absence or presence of mental retardation. Intellectual functioning within the normal range was reported in about 20 % of subjects. On average, medical conditions of potential causal significance were found in 6 % of subjects with autism, with tuberous sclerosis having a consistently strong association with autism. Social class and immigrant status did not appear to be associated with autism. There was no evidence for a secular increase in the incidence of autism. In eight surveys, rates for other forms of pervasive developmental disorders were two to three times higher than the rate for autism. Conclusion. 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Med. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 769 EP 786 DI 10.1017/S0033291799008508 PG 18 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 227EV UT WOS:000082066200002 PM 10473304 ER PT J AU Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T AF Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T TI Psychiatric morbidity in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: A long-term follow-up study SO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DSM-IV; CHILDHOOD; DISORDER; VALIDITY; ISSUES AB In order to study the validity of disintegrative psychosis (DP), the authors compared 13 patients given this diagnosis in childhood with a control group of 39 patients with infantile autism (IA) matched for sex, age, IQ and social class on measures of psychiatric morbidity. Almost the same proportion of the two groups had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital during a 22-year follow-up period. However, there was a slight tendency (statistically nonsignificant) for the DP group to utilize the psychiatric health care system more frequently than the IA group. They had more admissions and stayed longer in hospital than patients with IA suggesting that they had more psychiatric symptoms than the IA group. The original IA diagnoses were confirmed fairly consistently during the follow-up period, while the DP group was given more heterogenous diagnoses. No diagnosis of schizophrenia was made in either group. C1 Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. Rehabil & Res Ctr Torture Victims, Copenhagen, Denmark. Glostrup Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Glostrup, Denmark. RP Mouridsen, SE (reprint author), Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. 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The validity of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped II depression subscale was evaluated to determine its value in categorizing individuals in these two groups. Suggestions were made for diagnosing depression in persons with severe and profound mental retardation In a second study the above individuals were compared on symptomology to assess comorbidity with related symptoms. These "core," peripheral, or associated features of depression were identified. Implications of the findings for describing and defining depression in these persons are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Matson, JL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. 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PD JUL-AUG PY 1999 VL 20 IS 4 BP 305 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0891-4222(99)00012-8 PG 9 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 214GX UT WOS:000081321200006 PM 10425658 ER PT J AU Perez-Alvarez, F Timoneda, C AF Perez-Alvarez, F Timoneda, C TI Cognition, emotion and behavior. Neuropsycosomatisms and non-neurological paroxysms SO REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA LA Spanish DT Article DE behavior; central nervous system; cognition; emotion; information processing; psychosomatic disorder ID STIMULI AB Introduction. We present neuropsychosomatic disorders diagnosed and treated during the period 1994-1997 Patients and methods. A total of 83 cases, 24 boys and 59 girls, were selected according to suspected diagnosis. Their ages were in relationship with the psychosomatic disorder This 83 cases is 10% of neuropediatric assistance in the period A protocol was designed for disclosing any organic pathology. The psychopedagogic method is based on the PASS theory of intelligence and emotion processing theory of masguerade behavior The success was defined after a period of at least, two years of follow-up. Results. Cephalalgia was the most frequent diagnosis. Language and learning difficulties, attention deficit disorder and pseudo-epilepsy were also frequent. Other diagnoses were amblyopia, paralysis, pseudo-autism tie, sphincter disorder, vertigo, mutism and sleep disorder. Discussion. Concerning differential diagnosis, it must be emphasized that complex partial epilepsy of frontal lobe can mimic psychosomatics disorder as short, less than one minute, automatism. Partial epilepsy of temporal lobe may also mimic psychosomatic disorder but epilepsy does not respond to psychopedagogic remediation. Tumor and migraine must be also disclosed in case of cephalalgia but they do not respond to psychopedagogic remediation. Neurological scientific bases of emotion processing theory are widely explained. Conclusion. Cognition and emotion are functions of the central nervous system so they are competency of neuropediatrician. On the other hand, it is convenient for. neuropediatrician to know about behavioral analysis in order to improve diagnosis and economical cost [REV NEUROL 1999; 29 26-33]. C1 Univ Girona, Hosp Dr J Trueta, Unidad Neuropediat, Serv Pediat, E-17007 Girona, Spain. Univ Girona, Hosp Dr J Trueta, Unidad Neuropsicopedag, E-17007 Girona, Spain. 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Neurologia PD JUL 1 PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 26 EP 33 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 224RC UT WOS:000081911200007 PM 10528306 ER PT J AU Jolliffe, T Baron-Cohen, S AF Jolliffe, T Baron-Cohen, S TI A test of central coherence theory: linguistic processing in high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome: is local coherence impaired? SO COGNITION LA English DT Article DE central coherence theory; Asperger syndrome; autism ID WORD RECOGNITION; SENTENCE COMPREHENSION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDS THEORY; CONTEXT; MIND; MODELS; TEXT; INDIVIDUALS; EXPLORATION AB Central coherence theory (Frith, U., 1989. Autism: Explaining the Enigma. Blackwell, Oxford.) is addressed by exploring linguistic processing in normally intelligent adults with either autism or Asperger syndrome, to test whether local coherence is impaired. Local coherence is the ability to make contextually meaningful connections between linguistic information in short-term or working memory. Experiment 1 demonstrated that individuals with an autism spectrum condition were less likely to use the sentence context spontaneously to provide the context-appropriate pronunciation of a homograph. Experiment 2 presented scenarios which had a situation and outcome which only cohered if a bridging inference was drawn. The clinical groups were less likely to select the most coherent (bridging) inference from competing alternatives. Experiment 3 demonstrated that individuals with an autism spectrum condition were less able to use context to interpret an auditorily presented ambiguous sentence. The findings from Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome have a difficulty in achieving local coherence, while the evidence from Experiment 1 suggests a preference not to strive for coherence. Taken together, these results suggest that individuals with an autism spectrum condition are impaired in achieving local coherence, and they have a preference not to strive for coherence unless instructed to do so, or unless they make a conscious decision to do so. Moreover, the three experiments correlate with one another, which suggests that central coherence may be a unitary force in these different tasks. Of the two clinical groups, the autism group had the greater difficulty in achieving coherence. Possible explanations for the clinical groups' difficulty are explored. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Jolliffe, T (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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CR Horvath K, 1998, J Assoc Acad Minor Phys, V9, P9 NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 PU SCIENTIST INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 MARKET ST SUITE 450, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD JUN 21 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 13 BP 1 EP + PG 0 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 207PX UT WOS:000080946200001 ER PT J AU Bower, H AF Bower, H TI New research demolishes link between MMR vaccine and autism SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT News Item NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUN 19 PY 1999 VL 318 IS 7199 BP 1643 EP 1643 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 210KY UT WOS:000081105600008 PM 10373156 ER PT J AU Craddock, N Lendon, C Cichon, S Culverhouse, R Detera-Wadleigh, S Devon, R Faraone, S Foroud, T Gejman, P Leonard, S McInnis, M Owen, MJ Riley, B Armstrong, C Barden, N van Broeckhoven, C Ewald, H Folstein, S Gerhard, D Goldman, D Gurling, H Kelsoe, J Levinson, D Muir, W Philippe, A Pulver, A Wildenauer, D AF Craddock, N Lendon, C Cichon, S Culverhouse, R Detera-Wadleigh, S Devon, R Faraone, S Foroud, T Gejman, P Leonard, S McInnis, M Owen, MJ Riley, B Armstrong, C Barden, N van Broeckhoven, C Ewald, H Folstein, S Gerhard, D Goldman, D Gurling, H Kelsoe, J Levinson, D Muir, W Philippe, A Pulver, A Wildenauer, D TI Chromosome Workshop: Chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VIth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics CY OCT 07-10, 1998 CL BONN, GERMANY ID BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE-DISORDER; GENOME-WIDE SEARCH; TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE GENE; OLD-ORDER AMISH; SCHIZOPHRENIA SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES; MANIC-DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; RECEPTOR GENE; AMERICAN PEDIGREES; CLOSE LINKAGE AB This report describes linkage data presented at the Workshop on Chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 at the Sixth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics in Bonn, Germany, together with relevant linkage data submitted to the chair and co-chair, and it is presented in the context of the previous literature concerning these chromosomes. We have attempted to collate current linkage data to provide a guide to potentially interesting findings on chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 for the phenotypes of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, autism, and spelling and reading disability. We discuss methodological limitations and provide chromosome ideograms and tables summarizing findings to date. The most promising region currently appears to be 15q13-q15 in the region of the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor for the phenotype of schizophrenia land, perhaps, more generally for functional psychosis). Additionally, 15q11-q13 in the region of GABRB3 holds interest, as a potential site of a susceptibility gene for autism. Two regions on chromosome 11, 11p15 in the region of tyrosine hydroxylase gene and 11q22-q23 in the region of DRD2, continue to retain some interest for functional psychosis. Am. J, Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet,) 88:244-254, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 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PD JUN 18 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 3 BP 244 EP 254 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990618)88:3<244::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 200TE UT WOS:000080555500007 PM 10374739 ER PT J AU Paterson, AD DeLisi, L Faraone, SV Gejman, PV Goossens, D Hovatta, I Kaufmann, CA Klauck, SM Kunugi, H Levinson, DF Mors, O Norton, N Smalley, SL AF Paterson, AD DeLisi, L Faraone, SV Gejman, PV Goossens, D Hovatta, I Kaufmann, CA Klauck, SM Kunugi, H Levinson, DF Mors, O Norton, N Smalley, SL TI Sixth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics X Chromosome Workshop SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VIth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics CY OCT 07-10, 1998 CL BONN, GERMANY DE X chromosome; linkage; bipolar affective disorder; schizophrenia; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism ID GENOME-WIDE SEARCH; SCHIZOPHRENIA SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES; BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE-DISORDER; MILLENNIUM-CONSORTIUM; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; COMPLEX TRAITS; NO EVIDENCE; PROGRESS; LOCI; SCAN AB At the X chromosome workshop of the Sixth World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, new data regarding psychiatric phenotypes and the X chromosome were presented, In the last year a number of groups have published linkage results for the X chromosome in schizophrenia, which provide no significant evidence for linkage. Presentations by groups from Cardiff, Oxford, State University of New York (SUNY), and Finland provide weak nonsignificant evidence for linkage of markers on the Xp11.4-p11.3, Xq21, and Xq26 with schizophrenia. However, the presence of a male-specific transmission ratio distorter (DMS1) that maps to Xp11.4-21.2 [Naumova et al,, 1998: Am, J, Hum, Genet, 62:1493-1499] makes the interpretation of linkage findings in brother-brother pairs difficult in this region. Regarding bipolar affective disorder, little new data were reported, but previous reports provide evidence for linkage to Xq25-q26, Summary tables of linkage results for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can be obtained from http://www.camh.net/ research/x-chromosome/. No linkage or transmission disequilibrium of polymorphisms of MAOA and MAOB in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was seen, Negative results for transmission disequilibrium of polymorphisms of HTR2C and MAOA with autism were provided from German and Austrian families. Am, J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet,) 88:279-286, 1999, (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Psychiat, Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Clarke Div,Neurogenet Sect, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada. RP Paterson, AD (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Psychiat, Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Clarke Div,Neurogenet Sect, 250 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada. 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J. Med. Genet. PD JUN 18 PY 1999 VL 88 IS 3 BP 279 EP 286 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990618)88:3<279::AID-AJMG14>3.0.CO;2-B PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 200TE UT WOS:000080555500014 PM 10374746 ER PT J AU DeStefano, F Chen, RT AF DeStefano, F Chen, RT TI Negative association between MMR and autism SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID UK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Safety & Dev Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP DeStefano, F (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Vaccine Safety & Dev Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CR Bignall J, 1998, LANCET, V351, P966 Chadwick N, 1998, J MED VIROL, V55, P305 Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Duclos P, 1998, DRUG SAFETY, V19, P435, DOI 10.2165/00002018-199819060-00002 *MED COMM AG COMM, 1999, CURR PROBL CURR PHAR, V25, P9 MONTGOMERY SM, GASTROENTEROLOGY, V161, P796 Rodier PM, 1998, MENT RETARD DEV D R, V4, P121, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<121::AID-MRDD9>3.0.CO;2-S Thomas DR, 1998, LANCET, V351, P1927, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)24026-8 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 12 PY 1999 VL 353 IS 9169 BP 1987 EP 1988 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00160-9 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 205GD UT WOS:000080812200003 PM 10376608 ER PT J AU Taylor, B Miller, E Farrington, CP Petropoulos, MC Favot-Mayaud, I Li, J Waight, PA AF Taylor, B Miller, E Farrington, CP Petropoulos, MC Favot-Mayaud, I Li, J Waight, PA TI Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; ADVERSE EVENTS; CASE SERIES; PERTUSSIS; DISORDERS; CHILDREN AB Background. We undertook an epidemiological study to investigate whether measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine may be causally associated with autism. Methods. Children with autism born since 1979 were identified from special needs/disability registers and special schools in eight North Thames health districts, UK. Information from clinical records was linked to immunisation data held on the child health computing system. We looked for evidence of a change in trend in incidence or age at diagnosis associated with the introduction of MR IR vaccination to the UK in 1988. Clustering of onsets within defined postvaccination periods was investigated by the case-series method. Findings. We identified 498 cases of autism (261 of core autism, 166 of atypical autism, and 71 of Asperger's syndrome). In 293 cases the diagnosis could be confirmed by the criteria of the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD10: 214 [82%] core autism, 52 [31%] atypical autism. 27 [38%] Asperger's syndrome). There was a steady increase in cases by year of birth with no sudden "step-up" or change in the trend line after the introduction of MMR vaccination. There was no difference in age at diagnosis between the cases vaccinated before or after 18 months of age and those never vaccinated. There was no temporal association between onset of autism within 1 or 2 years after vaccination with MMR (relative incidence compared with control period 0.94 [95% Cl 0.60-1.47] and 1.09 [0.79-1.52]). Developmental regression was not clustered in the months after vaccination (relative incidence within 2 months and 4 months after MMR vaccination 0.92 [0.38-2.21] and 1.00 [0.52-1.95]). No significant temporal clustering for age at onset of parental concern was seen far cases of core autism or atypical autism with the exception of a single interval within 6 months of MMR vaccination. This appeared to be an artifact related to the difficulty of defining precisely the onset of symptoms in this disorder. Interpretation. Our analyses do not support a causal association between MMR vaccine and autism. If such an association occurs, it is so rare that it could not be identified in this large regional sample. C1 UCL, Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Community Child Hlth, London NW3 2QG, England. Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Ctr Communicable Dis Surveillance, Immunisat Div, London NW9 5EQ, England. Open Univ, Dept Stat, Milton Keynes, Bucks, England. RP Taylor, B (reprint author), UCL, Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Community Child Hlth, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, England. CR Bedford H, 1998, LANCET, V351, P907, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70320-2 *CDSC, 1998, COMMUN DIS REP CDR W, V8, P345 Chadwick N, 1998, J MED VIROL, V55, P305 Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 FARRINGTON CP, 1995, BIOMETRICS, V51, P228, DOI 10.2307/2533328 Farrington CP, 1996, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V143, P1165 FARRINGTON P, 1995, LANCET, V345, P567, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90471-9 Fombonne E, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P1561, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66566-7 Gangarosa EJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P356, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1 Gillberg C., 1998, AUTISM, V2, P423, DOI 10.1177/1362361398024007 Lee JW, 1998, LANCET, V351, P905, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)26012-0 Morrell JM, 1997, AM J PRIMATOL, V41, P37, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)41:1<37::AID-AJP3>3.0.CO;2-0 Nicholl A., 1998, BMJ-BRIT MED J, V316, P715 SIEGEL B, 1988, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V9, P199 THOMPSON NP, 1995, LANCET, V345, P1071, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90816-1 THOMPSON NP, 1995, EUR J GASTROEN HEPAT, V7, P385 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 WAKEFIELD AJ, 1993, J MED VIROL, V39, P345, DOI 10.1002/jmv.1890390415 Wing L, 1996, BRIT MED J, V312, P327 NR 19 TC 348 Z9 353 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 12 PY 1999 VL 353 IS 9169 BP 2026 EP 2029 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01239-8 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 205GD UT WOS:000080812200012 PM 10376617 ER PT J AU Abell, F Krams, M Ashburner, J Passingham, R Friston, KJ Frackowiak, R Happe, F Frith, C Frith, U AF Abell, F Krams, M Ashburner, J Passingham, R Friston, KJ Frackowiak, R Happe, F Frith, C Frith, U TI The neuroanatomy of autism: a voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans SO NEUROREPORT LA English DT Article DE amygdala; anterior cingulate; autism; social cognition; structural MRI AB AUTISM is a biological disorder which affects social cognition, and understanding brain abnormalities of the former will elucidate the brain basis of the latter. We report structural MRI data on 15 high-functioning individuals with autistic disorder. A voxel-based whole brain analysis identified grey matter differences in an amygdala centered system relative to 15 age- and IQ-matched controls. Decreases of grey matter were found in anterior parts of this system (right paracingulate sulcus, left inferior frontal gyrus). Increases were found in posterior parts (amygdala/peri-amygdaloid cortex, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus), and in regions of the cerebellum. These structures are implicated in social cognition by animal, imaging and histopathological studies. This study therefore provides converging evidence of the physiological basis of social cognition. NeuroReport 10:1647-1651 (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WCIB 3AR, England. UCL, Dept Psychol, London WCIB 3AR, England. UCL, Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, London WC1N 3BG, England. 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Method: All English language papers on the prevalence of autism were reviewed. Ten of the studies retrieved were not used in the final analysis because they did not meet full criteria for inclusion in the review. The remaining 20 studies, published between 1966 and 1997, were subdivided into US studies (n=2) and non-US studies (n=18), and the latter group was subdivided into four 8-year periods. Results: The early studies yielded prevalence rates of under 0.5 in 1000 children, whereas the later ones showed a mean rate of about 1 in 1000. There was a marked difference in prevalence rates between those studies that included some children born before 1970 (low rates) and those that included only children born in 1970 and after thigh rates). This is probably due to the lower rates obtained by use of criteria strictly based on Kanner's description of his syndrome. The US studies reported atypically low rates. 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Rev. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 213 EP 262 DI 10.1006/drev.1998.0474 PG 50 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 200WN UT WOS:000080563200001 ER PT J AU King-Sears, ME AF King-Sears, ME TI Teacher and researcher co-design self-management content for an inclusive setting: Research training, intervention, and generalization effects on student performance SO EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; ACTIVITY SCHEDULES; SCHOOL SETTINGS; CHILDREN; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR; PRODUCTIVITY; CLASSROOM; SKILLS AB Self-management instruction lead toward a decreased level of adult supervision for a second grade student with multiple disabilities during travel periods throughout each day. Changing conditions multiple baseline design was used in settings in which all adult accompanied the student in the hallways. This study blended (a) self-management instruction, (b) generalization methodologies (general case programming and multiple exemplars) and (c) a high level of teacher involvement in designing and monitoring the self-management system. Implications for researchers and practitioners co-designing self-management content for inclusive settings are described, as well as implications for self-management as "specialized instruction" that promotes student independence and fades adult support. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP King-Sears, ME (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, 9601 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. CR Alberto P. A., 1995, APPL BEHAV ANAL TEAC BINDER C, 1994, BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION, P21 Browder D. M., 1985, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V10, P200 CARPENTER SL, 1997, TECHING STUDENTS INC, P322 CHIRON R, 1983, SCH PSYCHOL REV, V12, P87 Deshler D. 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PD JUN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 2 BP 134 EP 156 PG 23 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 346WU UT WOS:000088894700002 ER PT J AU Noterdaeme, M Amorosa, H AF Noterdaeme, M Amorosa, H TI Evaluation of emotional and behavioral problems in language impaired children using the Child Behavior Checklist SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE developmental speech and language disorder behavioural problems; CBCL ID LONG-TERM CONSISTENCY; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; SPEECH/LANGUAGE PROFILES; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SPEECH; PREVALENCE; OUTCOMES AB Speech and language impaired children are at special risk for developing psychiatric disorders. Attention deficit, aggressive behaviour as well as overanxiety and excessive shyness have been reported in speech and language impaired children. The purpose of this study was to determine how the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) could be used as a screening instrument in language impaired children. In a sample of 83 language impaired children, emotional and behavioural problems were evaluated using the CBCL. Independent of this assessment, DSM-IV diagnoses were established for all children. Sixty-six of the 83 children had a psychiatric diagnosis. The use of the Total Behavior Problem score (TBP) as a global measure of behavioural disturbance showed that children with a psychiatric diagnosis had significantly higher scores on the TBP score than children without a psychiatric diagnosis. The specificity of the TBP was 88.2%, the sensitivity 75.8%, and the false classification rate 21.6%. The most frequently reported behavioural disturbances were problems on scale VI ("Attention Problems"-39 children) and on scale I("Withdrawn"-32 children). A small group of children with a receptive language disorder and pronounced compulsive behavioural problems had elevated scores on scale V ("Thought Problems"). C1 Heckscher Klin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, D-81479 Munich, Germany. RP Noterdaeme, M (reprint author), Heckscher Klin Kinder & Jugendpsychiat, Wolfratshauser Str 350, D-81479 Munich, Germany. CR Achenbach T. M., 1991, INTEGRATIVE GUIDE 19 Achenbach TM, 1991, MANUAL CHILD BEHAV C Achenbach TM, 1993, EMPIRICALLY BASED TA American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th AMOROSA H, 1986, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V14, P289 BAKER L, 1982, J COMMUN DISORD, V15, P113, DOI 10.1016/0021-9924(82)90025-9 BARTAK L, 1975, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V126, P127, DOI 10.1192/bjp.126.2.127 BARTHLENWEIS M, 1994, TEILLEISTUNGSSTORUNG BAUER A, 1972, VERFAHREN MESSUNG BI BECK B, 1993, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V21, P101 Beitchman JH, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P815, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199606000-00022 BEITCHMAN JH, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P528, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60013-1 BEITCHMAN JH, 1985, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V8, P721 Beitchman JH, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P804, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199606000-00021 BEITCHMAN JH, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P112, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198901000-00021 BERGER F, 1990, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V18, P71 CANTWELL DP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P19, DOI 10.1007/BF02212715 CANTWELL DP, 1987, J COMMUN DISORD, V20, P151, DOI 10.1016/0021-9924(87)90006-2 Dopfner M., 1994, HDB ELTERNFRAGEBOGEN Dopfner M., 1994, KINDH ENTWICKL, V3, P54 DOPFNER M, 1994, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V22, P189 *HAMB WECHSL INT K, 1983, HDB TEST Kaufman AS, 1991, KAUFMAN ASSESSMENT B PAUL R, 1983, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V22, P525, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198311000-00002 Remschmidt H, 1994, MULTIAXIALES KLASSIF Remschmidt H., 1990, PSYCHISCHE AUFFALLIG Taylor E, 1991, EPIDEMIOLOGY CHILDHO NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1018-8827 J9 EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY JI Eur. Child Adolesc. Psych. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 71 EP 77 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 217CV UT WOS:000081483000002 PM 10435455 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI IACAPAP declaration of Venice - Autism and pervasive developmental disorders SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Editorial Material NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1018-8827 EI 1435-165X J9 EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY JI Eur. Child Adolesc. Psych. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 157 EP 158 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 217CV UT WOS:000081483000014 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S Ring, HA Wheelwright, S Bullmore, ET Brammer, MJ Simmons, A Williams, SCR AF Baron-Cohen, S Ring, HA Wheelwright, S Bullmore, ET Brammer, MJ Simmons, A Williams, SCR TI Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE; FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; WORKING-MEMORY; RECOGNITION; MINDS; PET; COMPREHENSION; CHILDREN; ABLATION AB There is increasing support for the existence of 'social intelligence' [Humphrey (1984) Consciousness Regained], independent of general intelligence. Brothers [(1990) J. Cog. Neurosci., 4, 107-118] proposed a network of neural regions that comprise the 'social brain': the orbito-frontal cortex (OFC), superior temporal gyrus (STG) and amygdala. We tested Brothers' theory by examining both normal subjects as well as patients with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome (AS), who are well known to have deficits in social intelligence, and perhaps deficits in amygdala function [Bauman & Kemper (1988) J, Neuropath. Exp. Neurol,, 47, 369], We used a test of judging from the expressions of another person's eyes what that other person might be thinking or feeling. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we confirmed Brothers' prediction that the STG and amygdala show increased activation when using social intelligence. Some areas of the prefrontal cortex also showed activation. In contrast, patients with autism or AS activated the fronto-temporal regions but not the amygdala when making mentalistic inferences from the eyes. These results provide support for the social brain theory of normal function, and the amygdala theory of autism. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. St Bartholomews & Royal London Sch Med, Acad Dept Psychol Med, London E1 1BB, England. Univ London, Inst Psychiat, Dept Biostat & Comp, London SE5 8AF, England. Univ London, Inst Psychiat, Dept Clin Neurosci, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RI Williams, Steve/D-6979-2011; Ring, Howard/G-6684-2011; Simmons, Andrew/B-8848-2008; Brammer, Michael/B-7128-2012; Bullmore, Edward/C-1706-2012 OI Simmons, Andrew/0000-0003-2306-5811; Brammer, Michael/0000-0001-9800-2052; Bullmore, Edward/0000-0002-8955-8283 CR ADOLPHS R, 1994, NATURE, V372, P669, DOI 10.1038/372669a0 American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994, DSM 4 DIAGN STAT MAN BACHEVALIER J, 1991, ADV NEUROPSYCHIATRY, V1 BaronCohen S, 1997, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V9, P548, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.548 BARONCOHEN S, IN PRESS NEUROCASE BARONCOHEN S, 1994, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V165, P640, DOI 10.1192/bjp.165.5.640 BARONCOHEN S, 1994, ORIGINS UNDERSTANDIN BARONCOHEN S, 1999, IN PRESS LEARNING IN BARONCOHEN S, 1994, CAH PSYCHOL COGN, V13, P513 BaronCohen S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x Bauman M.L, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM BAUMAN ML, 1988, J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR, V47, P369 Bolton PF, 1997, LANCET, V349, P392, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80012-8 Bonda E, 1996, J NEUROSCI, V16, P3737 Brammer MJ, 1997, MAGN RESON IMAGING, V15, P763, DOI 10.1016/S0730-725X(97)00135-5 Breiter HC, 1996, NEURON, V17, P875, DOI 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80219-6 BROTHERS L, 1992, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V4, P107, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.2.107 Brothers L., 1990, CONCEPTS NEUROSCIENC, V1, P27 BROTHERS L, 1990, BEHAV BRAIN RES, V41, P199, DOI 10.1016/0166-4328(90)90108-Q Bullmore E, 1996, MAGN RESON MED, V35, P261, DOI 10.1002/mrm.1910350219 Calder AJ, 1996, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH, V13, P699, DOI 10.1080/026432996381890 CAMPBELL R, 1990, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V28, P1123, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(90)90050-X DAMASIO A, 1990, BEHAV BRAIN RES, V14, P81 DESPOSITO M, 1995, NATURE, V378, P279, DOI 10.1038/378279a0 EDGINGTON ES, 1980, RANDOMISATION TESTS ESLINGER PJ, 1985, NEUROLOGY, V35, P1731 FLETCHER PC, 1995, COGNITION, V57, P109, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-R Fodor Jerry A., 1983, MODULARITY MIND FRITH CD, 1991, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V29, P1137, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(91)90029-8 Gillberg IC, 1993, EUROPEAN CHILD ADOLE, V2, P50 GOEL V, 1995, NEUROREPORT, V6, P1741, DOI 10.1097/00001756-199509000-00009 Happe F, 1996, NEUROREPORT, V8, P197, DOI 10.1097/00001756-199612200-00040 Humphrey N., 1984, CONSCIOUSNESS REGAIN, P14 Karmiloff-Smith A., 1992, MODULARITY KARMILOFFSMITH A, 1995, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V7, P196, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1995.7.2.196 Ketter TA, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P59 KLING A, 1992, NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPE Morris JS, 1996, NATURE, V383, P812, DOI 10.1038/383812a0 OGAWA S, 1990, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V87, P9868, DOI 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868 PERRETT D I, 1990, International Journal of Comparative Psychology, V4, P25 PERRETT DI, 1985, PROC R SOC SER B-BIO, V223, P293, DOI 10.1098/rspb.1985.0003 Phillips ML, 1997, NATURE, V389, P495, DOI 10.1038/39051 Price CJ, 1997, P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI, V264, P1785 Price CJ, 1996, NEUROIMAGE, V3, P40, DOI 10.1006/nimg.1996.0005 Rapin I, 1998, ANN NEUROL, V43, P7, DOI 10.1002/ana.410430106 SACKS O, 1994, ANTHR MARS Salmon E, 1996, BRAIN, V119, P1617, DOI 10.1093/brain/119.5.1617 Scott SK, 1997, NATURE, V385, P254, DOI 10.1038/385254a0 Tager-Flusberg H, 1998, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V10, P631, DOI 10.1162/089892998563031 Talairach J., 1988, COPLANAR STEREOTAXIC TRANEL D, 1990, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V47, P349 WEINBERGER D, 1998, PREFRONTAL CORTEX EX Whalen PJ, 1998, J NEUROSCI, V18, P411 Whiten Andrew, 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN WISE R, 1991, BRAIN, V114, P1803, DOI 10.1093/brain/114.4.1803 Young AW, 1996, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V34, P31, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(95)00062-3 NR 56 TC 719 Z9 736 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-816X J9 EUR J NEUROSCI JI Eur. J. Neurosci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1891 EP 1898 DI 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 203RL UT WOS:000080720600006 PM 10336657 ER PT J AU Cazzullo, AG Musetti, MC Musetti, L Bajo, S Sacerdote, P Panerai, A AF Cazzullo, AG Musetti, MC Musetti, L Bajo, S Sacerdote, P Panerai, A TI beta-endorphin levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and long-term naltrexone treatment in autistic children SO EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beta-endorphin; autism; naltrexone; behavioural improvement ID BEHAVIORAL SUMMARIZED EVALUATION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DOUBLE-BLIND; SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; RATS; SYMPTOMS; OPIOIDS AB We assessed the clinical and biological effects of high-dose, long-term Naltrexone (NTX) treatment in 11 children (3-11 years), who had been diagnosed as autistic. The drug was given following an open design, for 12 weeks. beta-Endorphin (beta-END.) was assayed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 1 and 3 months of treatment, and 6 months after the completion of the course. Baseline beta-END levels were higher than in healthy age-matched controls. In seven patients treatment reduced beta-END, whose levels rose in four children. Autistic symptoms were considerably attenuated in all cases, with functional improvements involving several areas. There was a close correlation between the reduction in beta-END levels and the decrease of social withdrawal, and an evident - though weak - correlation between increases in beta-END and decreases in stereotypy and abnormal speech. Both effects persisted after treatment stopped. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V./ECNP. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Milan, Inst Child & Adolescent Neurol & Psychiat Sci, I-20161 Milan, Italy. Univ Milan, Dept Pharmacol Chemotherapy & Med Toxicol, I-20129 Milan, Italy. RP Cazzullo, AG (reprint author), Univ Milan, Inst Child & Adolescent Neurol & Psychiat Sci, Via GF Besta 1, I-20161 Milan, Italy. 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Neuropsychopharmacol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 4 BP 361 EP 366 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 212ZK UT WOS:000081247400012 PM 10422898 ER PT J AU Sawyer, AM AF Sawyer, AM TI Autism: Preparing for adulthood SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Maudsley Hosp, Childrens Hosp, London, England. RP Sawyer, AM (reprint author), Maudsley Hosp, Childrens Hosp, London, England. CR Howlin P., 1997, AUTISM PREPARING ADU NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU AVENUE PUBLISHING COMPANY PI LONDON PA 55 WOODSTOCK AVE, LONDON NW11 9RG, ENGLAND SN 0020-7640 J9 INT J SOC PSYCHIATR JI Int. J. Soc. Psychiatr. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 45 IS 2 BP 154 EP 154 DI 10.1177/002076409904500217 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 215XB UT WOS:000081407800019 ER PT J AU O'Hanrahan, S Fitzgerald, M O'Regan, M AF O'Hanrahan, S Fitzgerald, M O'Regan, M TI Personality traits in parents of people with autism SO IRISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE autism; personality traits; parents ID CHILDREN AB Objectives: This study set out to explore if there were measurable personality characteristics specific to parents of people with autism. Method: Parents of 12 people with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of autism presented for the study. Each of the people with autism were matched where possible with a counterpart without autism but with a lifelong disability on parameters of age, sex and IQ level. Parents of the 'autism' and 'non-autism' groups were then interviewed in detail using four personality assessment instruments. Scores were tabulated for both mothers and fathers in each group and intergroup comparisons were made. Results: No significant personality profile difference was identifiable between the two parental groups. Conclusions: Personality traits specific to parents of people with autism are not identifiable in this study thus casting doubt on the validity of personality phenotypes as measurable heritability factors in autism. C1 Clydian Community Care Trust, Deeside CH5 2EP, Clwyd, Wales. Trinity Coll, Dept Stat, Dublin 2, Ireland. RP O'Hanrahan, S (reprint author), Clydian Community Care Trust, Catherine Gladstone House, Deeside CH5 2EP, Clwyd, Wales. CR Bettelheim B., 1967, EMPTY FORTRESS INFAN BOLTON P, 1990, International Review of Psychiatry, V2, P67, DOI 10.3109/09540269009028273 Cattell R. B., 1970, HDB 16 PERSONALITY F DESPERT JL, 1971, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V1, P363, DOI 10.1007/BF01540528 EISENBER.L, 1972, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V2, P338, DOI 10.1007/BF01538167 FOLSTEIN C, 1997, J PSYCHOL PSYCHIAT, V18, P297 GILLBERG C, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P99, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb02275.x Gillberg C., 1995, CLIN CHILD NEUROPSYC HAGERMAN RJ, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1127, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00933.x HODGSON RJ, 1977, BEHAV RES THER, V15, P389, DOI 10.1016/0005-7967(77)90042-0 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KOEGEL RL, 1983, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V51, P683 PIVEN J, 1994, PSYCHOL MED, V24, P783 RUST J, 1987, BR J CLIN PSYCHOL, V16, P151 RUTTER M, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P311, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x RUTTER M, 1974, PSYCHOL MED, V4, P147 TYER P, 1987, MANUAL PERSONALITY A WOLFF S, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P143, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00699.x NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 PU IRISH INST PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LTD PI DUBLIN 7 PA IRISH J PSYCHOL MEDICINE, BRENDANS HOSPITAL, RATHDOWN RD, DUBLIN 7, IRELAND SN 0790-9667 J9 IRISH J PSYCHOL MED JI Irish J. Psychol. Med. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 59 EP 60 PG 2 WC Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 210LZ UT WOS:000081108100006 ER PT J AU Hagopian, LP Thompson, RH AF Hagopian, LP Thompson, RH TI Reinforcement of compliance with respiratory treatment in a child with cystic fibrosis SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE noncompliance; behavioral pediatrics; shaping ID DISABILITIES AB An 8-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis (CF), mental retardation, and autism exhibited noncompliance with respiratory treatments that were essential for the management of his CE A treatment involving shaping cooperation while still allowing escape for aggression and avoidance behavior resulted in increases compliance with respiratory treatments and decreases in problem behavior. Treatment gains were maintained over 3 months. C1 Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Behav Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Hagopian, LP (reprint author), Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Behav Psychol, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. CR AMARI A, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P341, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-341 FISHER W, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P491, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-491 IWATA BA, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P197, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197 McComas JJ, 1998, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V31, P287, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-287 NR 4 TC 18 Z9 18 PU JOURNAL APPL BEHAV ANAL PI LAWRENCE PA DEPT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA SN 0021-8855 J9 J APPL BEHAV ANAL JI J. Appl. Behav. Anal. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 32 IS 2 BP 233 EP 236 DI 10.1901/jaba.1999.32-233 PG 4 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 210DW UT WOS:000081090700015 PM 10396778 ER PT J AU Mickelson, KD Wroble, M Helgeson, VS AF Mickelson, KD Wroble, M Helgeson, VS TI "Why my child?": Parental attributions for children's special needs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SELF-BLAME; PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS; THREATENING EVENTS; ADJUSTMENT; BELIEFS; INFANTS; DEPRESSION; CANCER; AUTISM AB Although research exists on how attributions for traumatic life events are related to adjustment, little has focused on parents' attributions for their children's special needs. Parents were interviewed twice over 1 year about their attributions for their children's special needs. We used parents' open-ended responses during the initial interview to construct a ratings survey for the second interview. Parents of children with Down's syndrome made attributions to genetic fluke, age, and fate/God's will; parents of autistic children made attributions to heredity and environment; parents of developmentally delayed children made attributions to medical problems and stress during pregnancy. Self-blame attributions and attributions to the environment were related to worse adjustment, whereas attributions to fate/God's will were related to better adjustment. Implications for family interventions and physicians are discussed. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Care Policy, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Mickelson, KD (reprint author), Kent State Univ, Dept Psychol, POB 5190, Kent, OH 44242 USA. CR AFFLECK G, 1985, J PEDIATR PSYCHOL, V10, P293, DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/10.3.293 AFFLECK G, 1982, AM J MENT DEF, V86, P575 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BAUMEISTER AA, 1995, ADV ABNORMAL CHILD P, P283 Bearison David J., 1993, Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, V11, P47 BROWN JD, 1988, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V54, P316, DOI 10.1037//0022-3514.54.2.316 Campbell N., 1987, BIOLOGY Crandall C. 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J., 1995, EXPLANATORY STYLE, P71 SHAPP LC, 1992, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V16, P295 SILVER LB, 1991, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, P522 TAYLOR SE, 1983, AM PSYCHOL, V38, P1161, DOI 10.1037//0003-066X.38.11.1161 TAYLOR SE, 1984, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V46, P489, DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.489 TENNEN H, 1986, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V50, P690, DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.690 TENNEN H, 1990, PSYCHOL BULL, V108, P209, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.209 TYSON ME, 1988, HDB DEV PHYSICAL DIS, P336 VIEYRA MA, 1990, BASIC APPL SOC PSYCH, V11, P219, DOI 10.1207/s15324834basp1102_8 WEINER B, 1985, PSYCHOL REV, V92, P548, DOI 10.1037//0033-295X.92.4.548 WONG PTP, 1981, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V40, P650, DOI 10.1037//0022-3514.40.4.650 Wortman C. B., 1977, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V35, P351, DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.35.5.351 NR 38 TC 12 Z9 13 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0021-9029 J9 J APPL SOC PSYCHOL JI J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1263 EP 1292 DI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02039.x PG 30 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 233KJ UT WOS:000082425800009 ER PT J AU Bolman, WM Richmond, JA AF Bolman, WM Richmond, JA TI A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial of low dose dimethylglycine in patients with autistic disorder SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; dimethylglycine ID RECEPTOR AB As the treatability of the syndrome of autism becomes more possible there is a great deal more interest in the effectiveness of various therapies. Although the very influential nonmedical literature cited in the Autism Research Review International Newsletter finds that dimethylglycine (DMG) is regarded as more effective than the usual psychopharmacologic drugs, there have been no studies of DMG using the currently accepted research methodology. We report a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study of low dose DMG and placebo in a sample of eight autistic males ranging in age from 4 years 5 months to 30 years 8 months, who completed the full 3 1/2-month study consisting of drug-free baseline periods at the beginning, end, and in-between two, 1-month double-blind trials in which DMG or placebo was given. Measures included the Campbell-NIMH rating scale, an experimental rating scale, and an individualized scale created for each child. Analysis of all three scales revealed no statistically significant differences, and parent reports were equally distributed. The major methodologic weaknesses of the study are thought to be the low dosage of DMG and the small sample size. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Med, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Tripler Army Med Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96859 USA. RP Bolman, WM (reprint author), 1600 Kapiolani Blvd,620, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. CR BALLIET M, 1992, AUTISM RES REV INT, V6, P6 CAMPBELL M, 1985, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V21, P1047 Cohen D. J, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE Dawson G., 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P307 DOERFEL KS, 1995, AUTISM RES REV INT, V9, P7 DUNN KL, 1990, AUTISM RES REV INT, V4, P7 GASCON G, 1989, EPILEPSIA, V30, P90, DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05288.x GIBBS L, 1996, AUTISM RES REV INT, V10, P7 GILLBERG C, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P375, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00004 GRANDIN T, 1986, EMERGENCE LABELED AU, P141 HART D, 1992, AUSTIM RES REV INT, V6, P6 JELEN N, 1991, AUSTISM RES REV INT, V5, P7 JOSS L, 1991, AUTISM RES REV INT, V5, P7 KUTZIN A, 1992, AUTISM RES REV INT, V6, P6 MCBAIN CJ, 1994, PHYSIOL REV, V74, P723 MCDOUGLE CJ, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P707 MONIHAN M, 1990, AUSTISM RES REV INT, V6, P6 OREILLY B, 1991, AUTISM RES REV INT, V5, P7 PAUL IA, 1994, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V269, P95 PRICE ML, 1996, AUSTISM RES REV INT, V10, P7 REZNEK K, 1993, AUTISM RES REV INT, V7, P6 RIMLAND B, 1990, AUTISM RES REV INT, V4, P3 SCHULTZ N, 1992, AUTISM RES REV INT, V6, P6 STITTEN S, 1990, AUTISM RES REV INT, V4, P7 TURUBA R, 1994, AUTISM RES REV INT, V8, P7 VALENTINE S, 1993, AUTISM RES REV INT, V7, P6 VENABLES D, 1994, AUTISM RES REV INT, V8, P7 ZHIVAGO K, 1993, AUTISM RES REV INT, V7, P7 1992, AUSTISM RES REV INT, V6, P6 1993, AUTISM RES REV INT, V7, P7 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 191 EP 194 DI 10.1023/A:1023023820671 PG 4 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400002 PM 10425581 ER PT J AU Rogers, T Kalaydjieva, L Hallmayer, J Petersen, PB Nicholas, P Pingree, C McMahon, WM Spiker, D Lotspeich, L Kraemer, H McCague, P Dimiceli, S Nouri, N Peachy, T Yang, J Hinds, D Risch, N Myers, RM AF Rogers, T Kalaydjieva, L Hallmayer, J Petersen, PB Nicholas, P Pingree, C McMahon, WM Spiker, D Lotspeich, L Kraemer, H McCague, P Dimiceli, S Nouri, N Peachy, T Yang, J Hinds, D Risch, N Myers, RM TI Exclusion of linkage to the HLA region in ninety multiplex sibships with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE histocompatibility; HLA region; autism-affected sib pairs ID DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; INCREASED FREQUENCY; CHILDREN; PAIRS; TWIN; ASSOCIATION; DISORDERS; BEHAVIOR; DISEASE; TRAITS AB Several studies have suggested a role for the histocompatibility complex of loci (HLA) in the genetic susceptibility to autism. We have tested this hypothesis by linkage analysis using genetic marker loci in the HLA region on chromosome 6p in multiplex families with autism. We have examined sharing of alleles identical by descent in 97 affected sib pairs from 90 families. Results demonstrate no deviation from the null expectation of 50% sharing of alleles in this region; in fact, for most marker loci, the observed sharing was less than 50%. Thus, it is unlikely that loci in this region contribute to the genetic etiology of autism to any significant extent in our families. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Edith Cowan Univ, Ctr Human Genet, Perth, WA, Australia. Univ Western Australia, Graylands Hosp, Ctr Clin Res Neuropsychiat, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. Univ Utah, Dept Psychiat, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Spiker, D (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CR BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BOLTON P, 1990, International Review of Psychiatry, V2, P67, DOI 10.3109/09540269009028273 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x CHESS S, 1977, J AUTISM CHILDHOOD S, V7, P79 DANIELS WW, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V32, P120, DOI 10.1159/000119223 DEYKIN EY, 1979, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V109, P628 FARID NR, 1979, J CLIN INVEST, V63, P108, DOI 10.1172/JCI109263 FOLSTEIN S, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P297, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x GHAZIUDDIN M, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P107, DOI 10.1007/BF01046406 HAILE RW, 1983, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V12, P8, DOI 10.1093/ije/12.1.8 Hauser ER, 1996, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V13, P117, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2272(1996)13:2<117::AID-GEPI1>3.0.CO;2-5 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 MACKINTOSH P, 1978, BRIT MED BULL, V34, P291 MARKOWITZ PL, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P245 OLSON JM, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V56, P788 PLIOPLYS AV, 1994, DEV BRAIN DYSFUNCT, V7, P12 RISCH N, 1993, AM J HUM GENET, V53, P185 RISCH N, 1990, AM J HUM GENET, V46, P229 RITVO ER, 1985, AM J PSYCHIAT, V142, P64 SINGH VK, 1993, BRAIN BEHAV IMMUN, V7, P97, DOI 10.1006/brbi.1993.1010 SMALLEY SL, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P125 SPENCE MA, 1985, BEHAV GENET, V15, P1 SPIELMAN RS, 1993, AM J HUM GENET, V52, P506 SPIKER D, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V54, P27, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320540107 STEFFENBURG S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P405, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00254.x STUBBS EG, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P49, DOI 10.1007/BF01531114 STUBBS EG, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P37, DOI 10.1007/BF01550276 SVEJGAARD A, 1989, GENET EPIDEMIOL, V6, P1, DOI 10.1002/gepi.1370060104 TODD RD, 1986, PSYCHIAT DEV, V2, P147 vanGent T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P337 WARREN RP, 1992, IMMUNOGENETICS, V36, P203, DOI 10.1007/BF00215048 Warren RP, 1996, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V67, P97 WARREN RP, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P189, DOI 10.1007/BF01531729 WARREN RP, 1991, CLIN EXP IMMUNOL, V83, P438 Warren RP, 1996, MOL CHEM NEUROPATHOL, V28, P77, DOI 10.1007/BF02815207 WEIZMAN A, 1982, AM J PSYCHIAT, V139, P1462 NR 38 TC 29 Z9 30 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 195 EP 201 DI 10.1023/A:1023075904742 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400003 PM 10425582 ER PT J AU Volden, J Johnston, J AF Volden, J Johnston, J TI Cognitive scripts in autistic children and adolescents SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE scriptal knowledge; autism; dysfunctional social behavior ID INSTRUCTION AB People normally rely on cognitive scripts to structure social interaction. As the dysfunctional social behavior of people with autism extends to situations that are commonly scripted, one wonders whether a partial explantion might be either absent or deficient scriptal representations. Twenty-four relatively high-functioning subjects with autism were compared to typically developing children who had been selected to be similar to the autistic subjects in terms of nonverbal mental age and language level. All subjects were presented with a series of three tasks designed to assess the presence of cognitive social scripts. Results indicated that basic scriptal knowledge was intact but that reliable differences in expressive language persisted. C1 Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Volden, J (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Brown L., 1990, TEST NONVERBAL INTEL Brown R, 1996, J EDUC PSYCHOL, V88, P18, DOI 10.1037//0022-0663.88.1.18 FIVUSH H, 1986, EVENT KNOWLEDGE STRU, P71 FRITH U, 1989, AUTISM UNDERSTANDING Hammill D., 1988, TEST LANGUAGE DEV 2 HAMMILL D, 1988, TEST LANGUAGE DEV, V2 Happe F., 1994, AUTISM INTRO PSYCHOL HARRIS P, 1995, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P228 HOBSON P, 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO HOBSON P, 1995, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P204 HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P321, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x Hudson J, 1991, DEV NARRATIVE STRUCT, P89 Kirk R. E., 1968, EXPT DESIGN PROCEDUR LEWIS V, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P325 LOVELAND K A, 1991, Ecological Psychology, V3, P99, DOI 10.1207/s15326969eco0302_3 LOVELAND KA, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P177, DOI 10.1007/BF02284758 Ozonoff S., 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P199 REID DK, 1991, REM SPEC EDUC, V12, P8 Schopler E., 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P3 Siegal S, 1956, NONPARAMETRIC STAT B VOLDEN J, 1993, J CLIN SPEECH LANGUA, V3, P36 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 203 EP 211 DI 10.1023/A:1023028021580 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400004 PM 10425583 ER PT J AU Baranek, GT AF Baranek, GT TI Autism during infancy: A retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9-12 months of age SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE home movies; autistic symptoms; developmental disabilities; early diagnosis; sensory processing; social responsiveness ID 1ST 2 YEARS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DOWN-SYNDROME; HOME MOVIES; CHILDHOOD; SYMPTOMS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; EXPRESSIONS AB This retrospective video study explored the usefulness of sensory-motor measures in addition to social behaviors as early predictors of autism during infancy. Three groups included 11 children with autism, 10 with developmental disabilities, and 11 typically developing children. Home videos were edited to obtain a IO-minute cross-section of situations at 9-12 months for each subject. Using interval scoring, raters coded several behavioral categories (i.e., Looking, Affect, Response to Name, Anticipatory Postures, Motor/Object Stereotypies, Social Touch, Sensory Modulation). Nine items, in combination, were found to discriminate the three groups with a correct classification rate of 93.75%. These findings indicate that subtle symptoms of autism are present at 9-12 months, and suggest that early assessment procedures need to consider sensory processing/sensory-motor functions in addition to social responses during infancy. Furthermore, prior to a time that they reported autistic symptoms, caregivers used compensatory strategies to increase the saliency of stimuli in order to engage their children more successfully; these strategies may provide a window for earlier diagnosis. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Dev & Learning, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Div Occupat Therapy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Baranek, GT (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Dev & Learning, CB 7255, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 213 EP 224 DI 10.1023/A:1023080005650 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400005 PM 10425584 ER PT J AU Sicotte, C Stemberger, RMT AF Sicotte, C Stemberger, RMT TI Do children with PDDNOS have a theory of mind? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE theory of mind; language impairment; PDDNOS ID DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; AUTISM; CHILDHOOD; SCHIZOPHRENIA AB This study sought to differentiate PDDNOS from a similar nonautistic disorder (i.e., language impairment) on the basis of a cognitive deficit, theory-of-mind (ToM). ToM is an ability to infer mental states in others and has been found to be highly prevalent in autism, a disorder that shares many characteristics with PDDNOS (Baron-Cohen, 1985; Volkmar & Cohen, 1988). A sample of 28 children with either PDDNOS or a language impairment formed two groups (n = 14), matched on gender and verbal mental age. Participants were administered the brain function task (Baron-Cohen, 1989) and the false belief task (Perner, Frith, Leslie, & Leekam, 1989) to assess ToM. Results suggest that children with PDDNOS are deficient in a ToM ability, however, this relationship is not as strong as in previous studies with autistic samples, suggesting that children with PDDNOS may have a greater ToM ability. The existence of PDDNOS on the higher end of a spectrum of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders as well as the construct of ToM itself existing on a continuum are discussed. C1 Loyola Coll, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. RP Sicotte, C (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Psychol, 10 Chafee Rd,Suite 8, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P579, DOI 10.1007/BF02212859 Baron-Cohen S, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P880 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P285, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BISHOP DVM, 1989, BRIT J DISORD COMMUN, V24, P107 BOWLER DM, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x COHEN DJ, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P213, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60228-4 DAHL EK, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P170, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60223-5 Dunn L. 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F., 1991, DIAGNOSING LEARNING PERNER J, 1985, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V39, P437, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x PORTER B, 1992, CHILD CARE HLTH DEV, V18, P57, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1992.tb00340.x Premack D., 1978, BEHAVIORAL BRAIN SCI, V4, P515, DOI [10.1017/S0140525X00076512, DOI 10.1017/S0140525X00076512] PROVENCE S, 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P677 RIMLAND B, 1971, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V1, P161, DOI 10.1007/BF01537955 RIMLAND B, 1993, AUTISM RES REV INT, V7, P2 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE TOWBIN KE, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P775, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00011 Towbin KE, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P123 VOLKMAR F, 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT Wechsler D., 1991, MANUAL WECHSLER INTE WIIG E, 1989, CLIN EVALUATION LANG NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 225 EP 233 DI 10.1023/A:1023032122489 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400006 PM 10425585 ER PT J AU Vig, S Jedrysek, E AF Vig, S Jedrysek, E TI Autistic features in young children with significant cognitive impairment: Autism or mental retardation? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; differential diagnosis; preschool children; developmental delays; cognitive impairment ID 1992 AAMR DEFINITION; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION SCALE; STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; EARLY RECOGNITION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; LANGUAGE; ADULTS; PREVALENCE AB This review addresses the issues and challenges related to the differential diagnosis of autism in preschool children with significant cognitive impairment. Issues affecting differential diagnosis include the use of traditional diagnostic guidelines for preschoolers with developmental delays developmental changes in behavioral characteristics, the involvement of cognitive factors in symptom expression, and the overlap between autism and mental retardation in individuals with significant cognitive impairment. The usefulness of autistic features for differential diagnosis is explored in terms of the core deficits of autism. C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Rose F Kennedy Ctr, Childrens Evaluat & Rehabil Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. RP Vig, S (reprint author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Rose F Kennedy Ctr, Childrens Evaluat & Rehabil Ctr, 1410 Pelham Pkwy S, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. 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P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P197, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000390 HOWLIN P, 1995, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V37, P406 JARROLD C, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01046221 KAMINER RK, 1984, PERSPECTIVES PROGR M, V2, P289 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 Leslie Alan M., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P205, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000407 Lord C, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P1542, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00024 Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x LORD C, 1993, INF MENTAL HLTH J, V14, P234, DOI 10.1002/1097-0355(199323)14:3<234::AID-IMHJ2280140308>3.0.CO;2-F Luckasson R., 1992, MENTAL RETARDATION D MACMILLAN DL, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V100, P87 MACMILLAN DL, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P325 Mars AE, 1998, J PEDIATR-US, V132, P500, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70027-7 MCEVOY RE, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P563, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01036.x MUNDY P, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P387 MUNDY P, 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P213, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000419 Mundy P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P173, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000365 MUNDY P, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P657, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x MYERS BA, 1989, MENT RETARD, V27, P85 Nordin V, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P297 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 PARKS SL, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P255, DOI 10.1007/BF01531565 PHILLIPS W, 1992, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V4, P375, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000845 PRIZANT BM, 1990, ZERO 3, V11, P1 Rojahn J, 1997, AM J MENT RETARD, V102, P137, DOI 10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0137:TSBSFA>2.0.CO;2 RUFF HA, 1991, PLAY DIAGNOSIS ASSES Rutter M., 1994, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, P569 RUTTER M, 1995, AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC IN RUTTER M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF01495054 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SCHULTZ TM, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V99, P376 Seibert J. M., 1982, PROCEDURES MANUAL EA SIGMAN M, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P647, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00189.x SIGMAN M, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P293, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293 Sigman M., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P103 Smith T, 1997, AM J MENT RETARD, V102, P238, DOI 10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0238:IBTFPW>2.0.CO;2 STONE WL, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P639, DOI 10.1007/BF01046106 STONE WL, 1994, ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED, V148, P174 THOMPSON TJ, 1985, AM J MENT DEF, V89, P580 VANBOURGONDIEN ME, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P493 Vig S, 1996, MENT RETARD, V34, P244 Volkmar F. R., 1996, PSYCHOSES PERVASIVE, P129 VOLKMAR FR, 1990, ISSUES DEV APPROACH, P246 WAGNER AE, 1994, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V6, P21 Waterhouse L, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P59, DOI 10.1007/BF02276235 WENAR C, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P317, DOI 10.1007/BF01531662 Westby C., 1980, LANG SPEECH HEAR SER, V11, P154 Westby C. E., 1991, PLAY DIAGNOSIS ASSES, P131 Wetherby A., 1993, COMMUNICATION SYMBOL WING L, 1981, ASSESSING HANDICAPS, P133 WING L, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P31, DOI 10.1007/BF01531339 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 World Health Organization, 1993, CLASS MENT BEH DIS D *ZER 3 NAT CTR CLI, 1994, DIAGN CLASS MENT HLT NR 81 TC 38 Z9 38 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 235 EP 248 DI 10.1023/A:1023084106559 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400007 PM 10425586 ER PT J AU El-Ghoroury, NH Romanczyk, RG AF El-Ghoroury, NH Romanczyk, RG TI Play interactions of family members towards children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE play interactions; family members; autism ID LANGUAGE PATTERNS; PEER; MOTHERS; DISABILITIES; INTERVENTION; SIBLINGS; PARENTS; FATHERS; SKILLS; SPEECH AB The play interactions of family members towards children with autism were examined in the current study. Siblings, mothers, and fathers of nine families of a child with autism were observed in dyadic play interactions with the child. Results revealed that mothers and fathers exhibited more play behaviors towards children with autism than siblings, while the children with autism initiated more interactions towards siblings than towards parents. Vineland scale scores were correlated with parental behaviors and the initiations of children with autism towards parents. Results suggest that parents may compensate for their child's disability level by initiating more play interactions. Implications include teaching parents how to pace play interactions to allow children with autism to initiate play interactions. C1 SUNY Binghamton, Dept Psychol, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. RP El-Ghoroury, NH (reprint author), SUNY Binghamton, Dept Psychol, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. CR ALPERT CL, 1992, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V16, P31 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BECKMAN P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P378 CELIBERTI DA, 1993, BEHAV THER, V24, P573, DOI 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80319-3 COE DA, 1991, CHILD FAM BEHAV THER, V13, P13, DOI 10.1300/J019v13n03_02 Dunn L. M., 1981, PEABODY PICTURE VOCA GOLINKOFF RM, 1979, CHILD DEV, V50, P28, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb02975.x Guralnick MJ, 1986, CHILDRENS SOCIAL BEH, P93 HART B, 1980, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V13, P407, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-407 HENDRICKSON JM, 1982, BEHAV MODIF, V6, P323, DOI 10.1177/014544558263002 HODAPP RM, 1984, CHILD DEV, V55, P772, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb03814.x Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KNOTT F, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P965, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01343.x KOHLER FW, 1990, CLIN PSYCHOL REV, V10, P441, DOI 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90047-E KONSTANTAREAS MM, 1988, APPL PSYCHOLINGUIST, V9, P403, DOI 10.1017/S0142716400008080 KONSTANTAREAS MM, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P647, DOI 10.1007/BF02211882 MCGEE GG, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P117, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-117 PAKIZEGI B, 1978, CHILD DEV, V49, P479 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SCHREIBMAN L, 1989, INNOVATIONS CHILD BE, P395 SLOSSON RL, 1982, SLOSSON INTELLIGENCE Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE STONE WL, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P513, DOI 10.1007/BF02216056 STONEMAN Z, 1987, AM J MENT RETARD, V92, P290 TREMBLAY A, 1981, BEHAV MODIF, V5, P237, DOI 10.1177/014544558152006 VANDELL DL, 1979, J GENET PSYCHOL, V134, P299 VANDELL DL, 1987, CHILD DEV, V58, P176, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb03498.x WARREN SF, 1986, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V51, P291 WOLCHIK SA, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P167, DOI 10.1007/BF01531817 WOLCHIK SA, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P43, DOI 10.1007/BF01531673 NR 30 TC 30 Z9 31 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 249 EP 258 DI 10.1023/A:1023036223397 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400008 PM 10425587 ER PT J AU Ghaziuddin, M Burmeister, M AF Ghaziuddin, M Burmeister, M TI Deletion of chromosome 2 q37 and autism: A distinct subtype? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; chromosome 2; genetics ID TERMINAL DELETION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; LONG ARM; PHENOTYPE; RECEPTOR AB Several reports have described the occurrence of chromosome abnormalities in autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits, communication impairment, and a restricted range of interests. These include the fragile X abnormality and 15q duplications. In this report, we describe two cases of chromosome 2q37 and review the literature on this topic. We propose that deletion of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q37) may be associated with some cases of autism and with a distinct phenotype. Increased awareness of the dysmorphic features associated with 2q37 deletions may aid in the molecular genetic analysis of this chromosome anomaly and clarify its relationship with autism. C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Div Child Psychiat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Psychiat & Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Ghaziuddin, M (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Div Child Psychiat, Taubman Ctr Box 0390,1500 E Med Ctr Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 259 EP 263 DI 10.1023/A:1023088207468 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400009 PM 10425588 ER PT J AU Thomas, JB AF Thomas, JB TI Understanding the nature of autism: A practical guide. SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Thomas, JB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. CR Janzen J., 1996, UNDERSTANDING NATURE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 265 EP 266 DI 10.1023/A:1023040324306 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400010 ER PT J AU Lord, C AF Lord, C TI Is secretin a useful treatment in autism? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Editorial Material NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 269 EP 269 DI 10.1023/A:1023092308376 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 214WW UT WOS:000081351400012 ER PT J AU Comi, AM Zimmerman, AW Frye, VH Law, PA Peeden, JN AF Comi, AM Zimmerman, AW Frye, VH Law, PA Peeden, JN TI Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN; MYELIN BASIC-PROTEIN; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDREN; ASSOCIATION; DISEASE AB Autism is an age-dependent neurologic disorder that is often associated with autoimmune disorders in the patients' relatives. To evaluate the frequency of autoimmune disorders, as well as various prenatal and postnatal events in autism, we surveyed the families of 61 autistic patients and 46 healthy controls using questionnaires. The mean number of autoimmune disorders was greater in families with autism; 46% had two or more members with autoimmune disorders. As the number of family members with autoimmune disorders increased from one to three, the risk of autism was greater, with an odds ratio that increased from 1.9 to 5.5, respectively. In mothers and first-degree relatives of autistic children, there were more autoimmune disorders (16% and 21%) as compared to controls (2% and 4%), with odds ratios of 8.8 and 6.0, respectively. The most common autoimmune disorders in both groups were type 1 diabetes, adult rheumatoid arthritis, hypothyroidism, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Forty-six percent of the autism group reported having relatives with rheumatoid diseases, as compared to 26% of the controls. Prenatal maternal urinary tract, upper respiratory and vaginal infections, asphyxia; prematurity, and seizures were more common in the autistic group, although the differences were not significant. Thirty-nine percent of the controls, but only 11% of the autistic group, reported allergies. An increased number of autoimmune disorders suggests that in some families with autism, immune dysfunction could interact with various environmental factors to play a role in autism pathogenesis. C1 Johns Hopkins Hosp, Dept Pediat Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21212 USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Tennessee, Dev & Genet Ctr, Knoxville, TN USA. RP Comi, AM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Hosp, Dept Pediat Neurol, Harvey 811,600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21212 USA. 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Child Neurol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 6 BP 388 EP 394 DI 10.1177/088307389901400608 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 205EQ UT WOS:000080808700008 PM 10385847 ER PT J AU Roach, ES DiMario, FJ Kandt, RS Northrup, H AF Roach, ES DiMario, FJ Kandt, RS Northrup, H TI Tuberous sclerosis consensus conference: Recommendations for diagnostic evaluation SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARDIAC RHABDOMYOMA; COMPLEX; ANGIOMYOLIPOMAS; CHILDREN; AUTISM; HEART AB At the recent Tuberous Sclerosis Consensus Conference, a subcommittee proposed recommendations to guide the rational use of diagnostic studies in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Recommendations were made for diagnostic evaluation at the time of diagnosis, when testing helps both to establish the diagnosis and to identify potential complications. Additional guidelines were proposed for the ongoing surveillance of established patients to detect later complications of tuberous sclerosis complex. In the absence of comprehensive population studies to govern the use of diagnostic studies in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex, the panel developed guidelines based on the disorder's natural history concentrating on complications that are common, clinically significant, and more easily managed when found early. Finally, the group made suggestions for the use of diagnostic tests to identify family members who have tuberous sclerosis complex. Although these recommendations should standardize and improve our use of diagnostic studies in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex, the clinical approach in a given patient must remain flexible enough to meet the needs of individual patients and families. C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Div Child Neurol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. 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Child Neurol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 6 BP 401 EP 407 DI 10.1177/088307389901400610 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 205EQ UT WOS:000080808700010 PM 10385849 ER PT J AU Myowa-Yamakoshi, M Matsuzawa, T AF Myowa-Yamakoshi, M Matsuzawa, T TI Factors influencing imitation of manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN HOMO-SAPIENS; INFANT IMITATION; TOOL USE; COGNITION; GESTURES; AUTISM; MEMORY AB The purpose of the study was to investigate what kind of factors determine the degree of difficulty for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) when they imitate actions. Five adult chimpanzees were instructed to perform 48 arbitrary manipulatory actions consisting of different bodily motor patterns and object directionality. Results showed that actions in which an object is directed toward another external location (another object and one's own body) were easier to perform than those that involved manipulating a single object alone. Actions involving unfamiliar motor patterns were more difficult to perform than those involving familiar motor patterns that were already present in the subject's repertoire. Error responses were characterized as perseverative repetition of previously instructed actions. These findings suggest that chimpanzees find the directionality of manipulated objects a more salient cue than details of the demonstrator's body movements performing the manipulation. C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Behav & Brain Sci, Primate Res Inst, Sect Language & Intelligence, Inuyama, Aichi 4848506, Japan. RP Myowa-Yamakoshi, M (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Behav & Brain Sci, Primate Res Inst, Sect Language & Intelligence, Inuyama, Aichi 4848506, Japan. 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PD JUN PY 1999 VL 113 IS 2 BP 128 EP 136 DI 10.1037/0735-7036.113.2.128 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Zoology GA 206AQ UT WOS:000080854200003 PM 10384721 ER PT J AU Murphy, G Hall, S Oliver, C Kissi-Debra, R AF Murphy, G Hall, S Oliver, C Kissi-Debra, R TI Identification of early self-injurious behaviour in young children with intellectual disability SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE children; early development; early intervention; self-injurious behaviour ID LESCH-NYHAN DISEASE; ABERRANT BEHAVIOR; CLASSIFICATION; ASSESSMENTS; PEOPLE AB Very little is known about the early stages of self-injurious behaviour (SIB) in young children with developmental disabilities, even though there has been a great deal of research into the prevalence, assessment and treatment of well-established SIB in older individuals. In the present initial study, teachers in special schools for children under I I years of age with severe intellectual disability and/or autism were asked to identify children who were beginning to show early self-injury (the index group). These children were then matched to classroom controls (of the same ability level and mobility), and teachers were interviewed about the children's behaviours and skills. The index children showed significantly more potential SIB than the control group children, but there was overlap between the groups in terms of percentage duration of potential SIB, suggesting that teachers do not find it easy to identify children with 'early' SIB. The index children's skills and problem behaviours, their sensory impairments and degree of autism did not differ significantly from those of the control group. When all the children showing any potential SIB were pooled together, it transpired that developmental age and degree of mobility were significantly correlated with percentage duration of SIE, suggesting that these characteristics may be important risk markers. The index children were also observed at 3-month intervals at school over the following 18 months and self-injury clearly escalated for some of the index children, while it did not do so for others. Using regression analysis, increases in SIB were shown to be associated only with the degree of concern expressed about the child's behaviour at time I by the teacher, no other variables predicting increases in SIB. C1 Univ Kent, Tizard Ctr, Canterbury CT2 7LZ, Kent, England. Univ Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Middlesex Univ, London N17 8HR, England. RP Murphy, G (reprint author), Univ Kent, Tizard Ctr, Canterbury CT2 7LZ, Kent, England. 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PD JUN PY 1999 VL 43 BP 149 EP 163 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00183.x PN 3 PG 15 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 210HC UT WOS:000081098200002 PM 10392602 ER PT J AU Pedersen, OS Liu, Y Reichelt, KL AF Pedersen, OS Liu, Y Reichelt, KL TI Serotonin uptake stimulating peptide found in plasma of normal individuals and in some autistic urines SO JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autism; peptide; platelet; serotonin; stimulation; uptake ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AGGREGATION; PLATELETS; ALBUMIN; SEPARATION; MELATONIN; BINDING; GROWTH; BLOOD; ACID AB We have isolated a tripeptide from normal plasma and autistic urines which stimulates the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) into platelets. This peptide was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by sequenation and mass-spectrometry. Synthetic peptide showed cochromatography with the biological sample in the HPLC systems used. Close to 60% of the autistic children diagnosed using the Diagnostic Statistical Manual III-R had an increased HPLC peak eluting like this peptide in their urines compared with controls. C1 Univ Oslo, Pediat Res Inst, Rikshosp, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. RP Pedersen, OS (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Pediat Res Inst, Rikshosp, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. 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Pept. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 6 BP 641 EP 646 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00058.x PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 208DA UT WOS:000080973900007 PM 10408338 ER PT J AU Robertson, JM Tanguay, PE L'ecuyer, S Sims, A Waltrip, C AF Robertson, JM Tanguay, PE L'ecuyer, S Sims, A Waltrip, C TI Domains of social communication handicap in autism spectrum disorder SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; Asperger's disorder; affective reciprocity; joint attention; theory of mind; social communication ID JOINT ATTENTION; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; NORMAL-CHILDREN; MOTHER-INFANT; PRETEND PLAY; MIND; BEHAVIOR; EXPRESSIONS; CAREGIVERS; PERCEPTION AB `Objective: To investigate whether specific "social communication" handicaps could be identified in autism spectrum disorder using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and to compare the results with those found in a previous factor-analysis study using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Method: All subjects were evaluated with both instruments. J.R. and P.E.T. independently diagnosed autism, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified in 51 children. Items from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule that represented social communication behaviors were factor-analyzed. Results: Three factors were identified: joint attention, affective reciprocity;and theory of mind. These are the same social communication domains that were identified in the previous study. Conclusions: These 3 social communication domains have been discussed in the literature regarding normal development and in previous research on autism spectrum disorders. if these domains are replicated in larger sample sizes, they could be used to monitor the results of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions in autism spectrum disorders. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Dept Psychiat, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP Robertson, JM (reprint author), Bingham Child Guidance Ctr, 200 E Chestnut St, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. 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PD JUN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 6 BP 738 EP 745 DI 10.1097/00004583-199906000-00022 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 200UQ UT WOS:000080558800022 PM 10361793 ER PT J AU MacLean, JE Szatmari, P Jones, MB Bryson, SE Mahoney, WJ Bartolucci, G Tuff, L AF MacLean, JE Szatmari, P Jones, MB Bryson, SE Mahoney, WJ Bartolucci, G Tuff, L TI Familial factors influence level of functioning in pervasive developmental disorder SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; genetics; Asperger's disorder ID AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; GENETICS; TWIN; SIBLINGS; PAIRS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; HETEROGENEITY; RELIABILITY AB Objective: To determine whether siblings with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) tend to have the same type and number of PDD symptoms or a similar level of functioning. Method: The familiar correlations for PDD subtype, symptom totals, adaptive behaviors, and nonverbal IQ were calculated for 94 children with PDD from 46 families. Results: On variables measuring PDD symptoms, only impairments in nonverbal communication and verbal/nonverbal status tended to run true within families. There was no familial aggregation of PDD subtype. In contrast, measures of nonverbal IQ and adaptive behaviors in socialization and communication showed a moderate degree of familial resemblance. The degree of familial resemblance did not change ii the analysis was restricted only to those families in which both affected children met criteria for autism. Conclusion: Insofar as the familial resemblance seen in PDD is due to genetic factors, these data provide some evidence that higher- and lower-functioning PDD children may arise from separate genetic mechanisms. Current gene-mapping studies of PDD may need to take this evidence of genetic heterogeneity into account. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat, Hamilton, ON, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Pediat, Hamilton, ON, Canada. York Univ, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Behav Sci, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Szatmari, P (reprint author), Hamilton Hlth Sci Corp, Canadian Ctr Studies Children Risk, Chedoke Campus,Patterson Bldg,2nd Floor,POB 2000, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. 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Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 6 BP 746 EP 753 DI 10.1097/00004583-199906000-00023 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 200UQ UT WOS:000080558800023 PM 10361794 ER PT J AU Thomaidis, L Stefou, M Youroukos, S Kambakos, C Bakoula, C AF Thomaidis, L Stefou, M Youroukos, S Kambakos, C Bakoula, C TI Prevalence of medical disorders in children with autism SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Athens, Dept Paediat 1, Dev Assessment Unit, Athens, Greece. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 6 MA 199 BP 920 EP 920 DI 10.1203/00006450-199906000-00217 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 200VM UT WOS:000080560800218 ER PT J AU Heyman, I Frampton, I van Heyningen, V Hanson, I Teague, P Taylor, A Simonoff, E AF Heyman, I Frampton, I van Heyningen, V Hanson, I Teague, P Taylor, A Simonoff, E TI Psychiatric disorder and cognitive function in a family with an inherited novel mutation of the developmental control gene PAX6 SO PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS LA English DT Article DE PAX6; development; forebrain; psychology; psychiatry; genetics ID BOUNDARY FORMATION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; TURNERS-SYNDROME; EXPRESSION; EYE; FOREBRAIN; DEFECTS; PATTERNS; AUTISM; DOSAGE AB The PAX family of developmental control genes are known to play important roles in the early patterning of the central nervous system. One member of this family, PAX6, is involved in eye development in invertebrates as well as in mouse and man, but is also widely expressed in the developing forebrain. Humans with a mutation in this gene have abnormalities of eye development, and the results presented here suggest, for the first time, that this mutation may also be associated with subtle abnormalities of frontal lobe function in the family studied. We carried out genotyping of individuals within a single family, with and without the characteristic eye abnormalities of PAX6 mutation, and only those individuals with the mutation showed significant abnormalities on tests of frontal lobe function. These individuals also had higher rates of psychiatric disorder. PAX6 is highly conserved between mouse and man, and although the neuroanatomical phenotype associated with PAX6 heterozygosity has only been studied in mice, the resultant cellular disorganization seen in mice is likely to be present in the human forebrain. Although these mice have no obvious behavioural phenotype, the results presented here suggest that humans with the equivalent mutation display a neurobehavioural phenotype. 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Genet. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 85 EP 90 DI 10.1097/00041444-199906000-00006 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences SC Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 219DD UT WOS:000081591900005 PM 10412187 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI Opening the door to families touched by autism SO PSYCHOLOGIST LA English DT News Item NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER LE1 7DR, LEICS, ENGLAND SN 0952-8229 J9 PSYCHOLOGIST JI Psychologist PD JUN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 6 BP 276 EP 276 PG 1 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 203UD UT WOS:000080725400002 ER PT J AU Odom, SL McConnell, SR McEvoy, MA Peterson, C Ostrosky, M Chandler, LK Spicuzza, RJ Skellenger, A Creighton, M Favazza, PC AF Odom, SL McConnell, SR McEvoy, MA Peterson, C Ostrosky, M Chandler, LK Spicuzza, RJ Skellenger, A Creighton, M Favazza, PC TI Relative effects of interventions supporting the social competence of young children with disabilities SO TOPICS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 67th International Symposium on Early Childhood Intervention - Theory, Evaluation, and Practice CY 1993 CL BIELEFELD, GERMANY HO UNIV BIELEFELD ID PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; TEACHER PROMPTS; PEER-INITIATION; SKILLS; BEHAVIOR; INTEGRATION; HANDICAPS; SETTINGS; AUTISM AB This study compared the effects of different intervention approaches designed to promote peer-related social competence of young children with disabilities. 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PD SUM PY 1999 VL 19 IS 2 BP 75 EP 91 DI 10.1177/027112149901900202 PG 17 WC Education, Special SC Education & Educational Research GA 213HZ UT WOS:000081267800002 ER PT J AU Happe, F AF Happe, F TI Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? SO TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID CENTRAL COHERENCE; NEURAL MECHANISMS; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; FIELD-DEPENDENCE; RIGHT-HEMISPHERE; CHILDREN; ABILITIES; MEMORY; SAVANT; COMPREHENSION AB Autism a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social and communicative development and restricted interests and activities. This article will argue that we can discover more about developmental disorders such as autism through demonstrations sf task success than through examples of task failure. Even in exploring and explaining what people with autism find difficult such as social interaction demonstration of competence on contrasting tasks has been crucial to defining the nature of the specific deficit. Deficit accounts of autism cannot explain, however, the assets seen in this disorder; for example, savant skills in maths, music and drawing, and islets of ability in visuospatial tests and rote memory. An alternative account reviewed here, suggests that autism is characterized by a cognitive style biased towards local rather than global information processing termed 'weak central coherence'. Evidence that weak coherence might also characterize the relatives of people with autism, and form part, of the extended phenotype of this largely genetic disorder, is discussed. This review concludes by considering some outstanding questions concerning the specific cognitive mechanism for coherence and the neural basis of individual differences in this aspect of information processing. C1 Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Happe, F (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, 111 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. 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SCI. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 3 IS 6 BP 216 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01318-2 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 204JQ UT WOS:000080761300002 ER PT J AU Helmkamp, CE Bigelow, LB Paltan-Ortiz, JD Torrey, EF Kleinman, JE Herman, MM AF Helmkamp, CE Bigelow, LB Paltan-Ortiz, JD Torrey, EF Kleinman, JE Herman, MM TI Evaluation of superior vermal Purkinje cell placement in mental illness SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE cerebellar vermis; Purkinje cells; schizophrenia; bipolar illness; alcoholism; neurodevelopment ID CEREBELLAR ATROPHY; SCHIZOPHRENIC-PATIENTS; COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; AUTISM; PATHOLOGY; BRAIN AB Background: A number of neuroimaging and neuropathological studies have reported abnormalities in the cerebellar vermis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder In an effort to further understand vermal abnormalities in mental illness, we have analyzed ectopic placement of Purkinje-like cells. Methods: The superior cerebellar vermis was evaluated in 39 cases of severe mental illness [schizophrenia (n = 12), bipolar disease (n = 12), and depression (n = IS)]. We also examined 9 subjects with polysubstance abuse and IS normal controls. All normally placed Purkinje cells and displaced Purkinje-like cells (i.e., in the internal granule layer and intrafoliar white matter) were counted in the same foliar field. The ratio of displaced Purkinje-like cells to total Purkinje cells and Purkinje cell density were calculated. Results: No significant difference in the ratio of displaced to normally placed Purkinje cells or in Purkinje cell density between groups of subjects was found. Conclusions: Our study does not support a hypothesis of abnormalities of Purkinje cell migration or other events related to their displacement as a basis for the vermal abnormalities reported previously in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:1370-1375 (C) 1999 Society of Biological Psychiatry. C1 St Elizabeth Hosp, Ctr Neurosci, NIMH, Clin Brain Disorders Branch, Washington, DC 20032 USA. RP Herman, MM (reprint author), NIMH, CBDB, Sect Neuropathol, NIH, Bldg 36,Room 3A24,36 Convent Dr,MSC 4091, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. 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Psychiatry PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 10 BP 1370 EP 1375 DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00153-X PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 198FJ UT WOS:000080411800014 PM 10349043 ER PT J AU Gurrieri, F Battaglia, A Torrisi, L Tancredi, R Cavallaro, C Sangiorgi, E Neri, G AF Gurrieri, F Battaglia, A Torrisi, L Tancredi, R Cavallaro, C Sangiorgi, E Neri, G TI Pervasive developmental disorder and epilepsy due to maternally derived duplication of 15q11-q13 SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROXIMAL 15Q; AUTISM AB Duplications of chromosome 15 have been reported in individuals with atypical autism, varying degrees of mental retardation, and epilepsy. The authors report the molecular analysis, neurophysiologic, and clinical evaluation of a 12-year-old boy with atypical autism and epilepsy due to a maternally derived 15q11-q13 duplication. 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SO A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT LA French DT Article DE autism; home movies; joint attention; theory of mind AB This study was conducted to investigate both abilites development in autistic children, which progress during first years of life, joint attention and theory of mind. Various works found that autistic children exhibited dysfunctionings in both this abilities. The objective of this research was to show evidence of that joint attention disorder in autistic children implied further psychological disorders such as theory of mind. Preliminary analysis of data from a longitudinal study performed based upon horne movies (0-2 years of age) and psychological examinations of autistic and normal children (2-6 years of age) showed a relationship between the intensity of joint attention disorder and the theory of mind developmental delay. C1 Univ Paris 05, Inst Psychol, F-75270 Paris, France. 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Apprentiss. Enfant PD MAY PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 42 EP 48 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 283VG UT WOS:000085296300002 ER PT J AU Bris, S Gerard, CL Adrien, JL AF Bris, S Gerard, CL Adrien, JL TI Development of "theory of mind" and Piagetian conservation' stage with dysphasic children SO A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT LA French DT Article DE child development; dysphasia; autism; "theory of mind"; Piagetian conservation AB When comparing a group of normal children with a group of dysphasic children as to their capacity of "theory of mind" and conservation, the authors wonder which is the role played by the language in the acquisition of the "theory of mind" and in which way the access to the "theory of mind" and the access to Piaget' stage of concrete operations are related. C1 Psychol Clin, F-75014 Paris, France. Hop Robert Debre, Serv Reeduc Fonctionnelle, F-75019 Paris, France. CHU Bretonneau, INSERM U316, F-37044 Tours, France. Univ Paris 05, Inst Psychol, F-75270 Paris 06, France. 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Apprentiss. Enfant PD MAY PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 49 EP 58 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 283VG UT WOS:000085296300003 ER PT J AU Rollins, PR AF Rollins, PR TI Early pragmatic accomplishments and vocabulary development in preschool children with autism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT American-Speech-Language-Hearing-Association Convention CY NOV 21, 1996 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Amer Speech Language Hearing Assoc DE autism; pragmatics; joint attention; vocabulary development ID COMMUNICATION; PROFILES; SPEECH; GROWTH; ACTS AB This longitudinal parallel case study followed the development of pragmatic accomplishments and vocabulary development in five children with autism from the prelinguistic to early one-word stage of language. As would be expected, there was considerable variability in the rates of vocabulary acquisition across the five children. 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J. Speech-Lang. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 181 EP 190 PG 10 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 199PD UT WOS:000080490100010 ER PT J AU D'Angelo, EJ Ritholz, M AF D'Angelo, EJ Ritholz, M TI Recognition memory in asperger's disorder and high functioning autism SO CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU SWETS ZEITLINGER PUBLISHERS PI LISSE PA P O BOX 825, 2160 SZ LISSE, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1637 J9 CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL JI Clin. Neuropsychol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 13 IS 2 BP 225 EP 225 PG 1 WC Psychology, Clinical; Clinical Neurology; Psychology SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 226CF UT WOS:000082002200057 ER PT J AU Harris, NS Courchesne, E Townsend, J Carper, RA Lord, C AF Harris, NS Courchesne, E Townsend, J Carper, RA Lord, C TI Neuroanatomic contributions to slowed orienting of attention in children with autism SO COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE visual attention; orienting attention; cerebellum; autism; child; diagnosis ID DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; JOINT ATTENTION; BRAIN; CEREBELLUM; ABNORMALITY; CAREGIVERS; ABILITIES; LANGUAGE; DEFICITS; PEOPLE AB Previous research has demonstrated that adult autistic patients are abnormally slow to orient attention, with degree of slowed orienting associated with severity of cerebellar hypoplasia. This research was extended to children who, at ages two through six, met diagnostic criteria for autism and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An average of 3 years later, when old enough to participate in behavioral experiments, the children returned to the laboratory and completed a spatial attention paradigm. Degree of slowed attentional orienting to visual cues was significantly correlated with degree of cerebellar hypoplasia, but not with size of other neuroanatomic regions. Additionally, there was a trend for orienting speed to differ between diagnostic outcome subgroups; children with confirmed diagnoses of autism at time of behavioral testing had larger orienting deficits than those who no longer met diagnostic criteria for autism. This research is among the first to establish a specific brain-behavior Link in autistic children. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Childrens Hosp, Res Ctr, Lab Res Neurosci Autism, San Diego, CA USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Courchesne, E (reprint author), Lab Res Neurosci Autism, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. CR Akshoomoff NA, 1997, INT REV NEUROBIOL, V41, P575 AKSHOOMOFF NA, 1994, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V6, P388, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.388 AKSHOOMOFF NA, 1992, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V106, P731, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.106.5.731 Allen G, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P1940, DOI 10.1126/science.275.5308.1940 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ARTHUR G, 1980, ADAPTATION LEITER IN Bailey A, 1998, BRAIN, V121, P889, DOI 10.1093/brain/121.5.889 Blinkov S. 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L., 1986, STANFORDBINET INTELL TOWNSEND J, SPATIAL ATTENTION DE Townsend J, 1996, J Int Neuropsychol Soc, V2, P541 Townsend J, 1996, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V8, P563 WAINWRIGHTSHARP JA, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P1, DOI 10.1007/BF01066415 Wechsler D, 1991, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC, V3rd WETHERBY AM, 1984, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V27, P364 ZILBOVICIUS M, 1995, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P248 NR 57 TC 95 Z9 97 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6410 J9 COGNITIVE BRAIN RES JI Cognit. Brain Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 8 IS 1 BP 61 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0926-6410(99)00006-3 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Neurosciences; Neuroimaging SC Computer Science; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 195CW UT WOS:000080232400006 ER PT J AU Greenshields, IR DiMario, F AF Greenshields, IR DiMario, F TI A system for computing neuromorphometry from magnetic resonance Images SO COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE image processing; computed geometry; automated measurements; neuromorphometry; magnetic resonance imaging ID GRAY-MATTER; BRAIN; MR; VOLUME; SEGMENTATION; AUTISM; WHITE AB A new technique for the automated measurement of a variety of gross neuroanatomical structures (such as cerebral ventricles) is described. The system exploits the local statistical properties of dual-echo magnetic resonance images of the brain to produce a fully unsupervised classification of these images into a variety of tissue types. Following this, a simple region agglomeration procedure aggregates the segmented regions by class. and submits these regions to a computational-geometric analysis from which a wide variety of measures are derived. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Storrs, CT 06268 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Pediat Neurol, Farmington, CT USA. RP Greenshields, IR (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Storrs, CT 06268 USA. 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I., 1975, P 7 ANN ACM S THEOR, P224, DOI 10.1145/800116.803772 Von Mises R., 1964, MATH THEORY PROBABIL WINDHAM JP, 1988, J COMPUT ASSIST TOMO, V12, P1, DOI 10.1097/00004728-198801000-00001 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0010-4825 J9 COMPUT BIOL MED JI Comput. Biol. Med. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 157 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0010-4825(99)00003-7 PG 17 WC Biology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 206PV UT WOS:000080889000001 PM 10390137 ER PT J AU Philippe, A Martinez, M Guilloud-Bataille, M Gillberg, C Rastam, M Sponheim, E Coleman, M Zappella, M Aschauer, H van Maldergem, L Penet, C Feingold, J Brice, A Leboyer, M AF Philippe, A Martinez, M Guilloud-Bataille, M Gillberg, C Rastam, M Sponheim, E Coleman, M Zappella, M Aschauer, H van Maldergem, L Penet, C Feingold, J Brice, A Leboyer, M CA Paris Austim Res Int Sibpair Study TI Genome-wide scan for autism susceptibility genes SO HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS LA English DT Article ID SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; COMPLEX TRAITS; DISORDER; DISEASES; 15Q AB Family and twin studies have suggested a genetic component in autism. We performed a genome-wide screen with 264 microsatellites markers in 51 multiplex families, using non-parametric linkage methods. Families were recruited by a collaborative group including clinicians from Sweden, France, Norway, the USA, Italy, Austria and Belgium. Using two-point and multipoint affected sib-pair analyses, 11 regions gave nominal P-values of 0.05 or lower. Four of these regions overlapped with regions on chromosomes 2q, 7q, 16p and 19p identified by the first genome-wide scan of autism performed by the International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium. Another of our potential susceptibility regions overlapped with the 15q11-q13 region identified in previous candidate gene studies. Our study revealed six additional regions on chromosomes 4q, 5p, 6q, 10q, 18q and Xp, We found that the most significant multipoint linkage was close to marker D6S283 (maximum lod score = 2.23, P = 0.0013). C1 Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, INSERM, U289, F-75013 Paris, France. Univ Paris 07, INSERM, U155, F-75005 Paris, France. Hop St Louis, INSERM, U358, F-75010 Paris, France. Hop Robert Debre, Serv Psychopathol Enfant & Adolescent, F-75019 Paris, France. Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Leboyer, M (reprint author), Hop Henri Mondor, INSERM, U513, 8 Rue Gen Sarrail, F-94010 Creteil, France. EM leboyer@ext.jussieu.fr RI Martinez, Maria/B-3111-2013 OI Martinez, Maria/0000-0003-2180-4537 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Cao QH, 1997, GENOMICS, V43, P1, DOI 10.1006/geno.1997.4815 Cook EH, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P1077, DOI 10.1086/301832 Cook EH, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P247 Cook EH, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P928 Dib C, 1996, NATURE, V380, P152, DOI 10.1038/380152a0 Elston RC, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P255 Gillberg C, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P191 HEBEBRAND J, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V54, P268, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320540316 Hinds DA, 1996, ASPEX PACKAGE AFFECT HOLMANS P, 1993, AM J HUM GENET, V52, P362 Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 Klauck SM, 1997, HUM MOL GENET, V6, P2233, DOI 10.1093/hmg/6.13.2233 KRUGLYAK L, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V57, P439 LANDER E, 1995, NAT GENET, V11, P241, DOI 10.1038/ng1195-241 LATHROP GM, 1984, AM J HUM GENET, V36, P460 LERMARK A, 1998, NAT GENET, V3, P213 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Martinsson T, 1996, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V5, P185 OCONNELL JR, 1995, NAT GENET, V11, P402, DOI 10.1038/ng1295-402 Pericak-Vance MA, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, pA40 RISCH N, 1990, AM J HUM GENET, V46, P222 RITVO ER, 1990, AM J PSYCHIAT, V147, P1614 Schroer RJ, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V76, P327, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<327::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-M Small SL, 1997, BRAIN LANG, V60, P127 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTATIVE TERWILLIGER J, 1996, PROGRA SIBPAIR SIBPA Terwilliger JD, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, P430, DOI 10.1086/514855 NR 29 TC 364 Z9 374 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0964-6906 J9 HUM MOL GENET JI Hum. Mol. Genet. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 8 IS 5 BP 805 EP 812 DI 10.1093/hmg/8.5.805 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 192ZG UT WOS:000080109200009 PM 10196369 ER PT J AU Hobson, RP Lee, A AF Hobson, RP Lee, A TI Imitation and identification in autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 Biennial Meeting of the Society-of-Research-in-Child-Development CY MAR-APR -, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Soc Res Child Dev DE autistic disorder; body image; child development; nonverbal communication; theory of mind; imitation; social engagement; self-development ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; NORMAL-CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; PERCEPTION; ABILITIES; DISORDERS AB This study was designed to test the prediction that adolescents with autism would have specific limitations in imitating the "style'' of another person's actions. In a series of original tasks that tested the delayed imitation of novel nonsymbolic actions, 16 participants with autism and 16 nonautistic participants group-matched for age and verbal ability were proficient in copying goal-directed actions, but in 3 out of 4 tasks, strikingly fewer participants with autism imitated with style with which the demonstrator executed the actions. An additional finding was that on 2 conditions that involved copying self-orientated actions, only 5 of the participants with autism but 15 of the 16 nonautistic participants spontaneously adopted the orientation-to-self on at least 1 occasion. The results are discussed with reference to theories concerning imitation deficits in autism, and with regard to the proposal that autism involves an impairment in intersubjective contact between affected individuals and others (Hobson, 1989, 1993; Rogers & Pennington, 1991). C1 Tavistock Clin, Adult Dept, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, London NW3 5BA, England. UCL, London, England. RP Hobson, RP (reprint author), Tavistock Clin, Adult Dept, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, 120 Belsize Lane, London NW3 5BA, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1997, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Barresi J, 1996, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V19, P107 BARTAK L, 1975, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V126, P127, DOI 10.1192/bjp.126.2.127 Bosch G., 1970, INFANTILE AUTISM Charman T, 1997, DEV PSYCHOL, V33, P781, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.33.5.781 CHARMAN T, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P403, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006015 CURCIO F, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01539631 CURCIO F, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P181, DOI 10.1007/BF01537867 DAWSON G, 1984, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V12, P209, DOI 10.1007/BF00910664 DEMYER MK, 1974, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V4, P42, DOI 10.1007/BF02104999 DEMYER MK, 1972, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V2, P264, DOI 10.1007/BF01537618 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL HAMMES JGW, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P331, DOI 10.1007/BF01531515 HEIMANN M, 1992, BEHAV NEUROL, V5, P219, DOI 10.3233/BEN-1992-5404 HERTZIG ME, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P195, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198903000-00008 Hobson R. 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J., 1991, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V3, P137, DOI DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000043 ROGERS SJ, 1998, IMITATION INFANCY Rogers SJ, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P2060, DOI 10.2307/1131609 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SIGMAN M, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P293, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293 SMITH IM, 1994, PSYCHOL BULL, V116, P259, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.259 Stern D., 1985, INTERPERSONAL WORLD Stone W.L., 1990, PEDIATRICS, V64, P1688 TOMASELLO M, 1993, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V16, P495 TOMASELLO M, 1993, CHILD DEV, V64, P1668 WHITEN A, 1998, INTERSUBJECTIVE COMM WING L, 1969, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V10, P1, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1969.tb02066.x NR 44 TC 147 Z9 147 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry PD MAY PY 1999 VL 40 IS 4 BP 649 EP 659 DI 10.1111/1469-7610.00481 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 196FX UT WOS:000080299300015 PM 10357170 ER PT J AU Rutter, M Andersen-Wood, L Beckett, C Bredenkamp, D Castle, J Groothues, C Kreppner, J Keaveney, L Lord, C O'Connor, TG AF Rutter, M Andersen-Wood, L Beckett, C Bredenkamp, D Castle, J Groothues, C Kreppner, J Keaveney, L Lord, C O'Connor, TG CA English Romanian Adoptees Study Team TI Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; institutional care; psychological privation; cognitive impairment; preschool children; social deficits; repetitive behaviour; circumscribed interests; sensory preoccupations ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; EX-INSTITUTIONAL ADOLESCENTS; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; EXTREME DEPRIVATION; EARLY-CHILDHOOD; FAMILY; CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR AB Six per cent of child in a sample of III children who were adopted into U.K. families from Romania, and who were systematically assessed at the ages of 4 and 6 years, showed autistic-like patterns of behaviour. A further 6 % showed milder (usually isolated) autistic features. Such autistic characteristics were not found in a similarly studied sample of 52 children adopted in the first 6 months of life within the U.K. The children from Romania with autistic patterns showed clinical features closely similar to "ordinary" autism at 4 years but they differed with respect to the improvement seen by age 6 years, to an equal sex ratio, and to a normal head circumference. The children from Romania with autistic features tended to differ from the other Romanian adoptees with respect to a greater degree of cognitive impairment and a longer duration of severe psychological privation. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Rutter, M (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk,Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. RI Rutter, Michael/C-8570-2013 CR Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BERKSON G, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V100, P137 BERUMENT S, 1998, UNPUB AUTISM SCREENI BLAKEMORE C, 1991, CIBA F SYMP, V156, P129 Bowlby John, 1946, 44 JUVENILE THIEVES Brown R, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P693, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01696.x Bryson SE, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P165, DOI 10.1007/BF02172005 CASSIDY J, 1992, UNPUB ATTACHMENT ORG CHISHOLM K, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P283 Clarke A. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 40 IS 4 BP 537 EP 549 DI 10.1017/S0021963099003935 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 196FX UT WOS:000080299300006 PM 10357161 ER PT J AU Connolly, AM Chez, MG Pestronk, A Arnold, ST Mehta, S Deuel, RK AF Connolly, AM Chez, MG Pestronk, A Arnold, ST Mehta, S Deuel, RK TI Serum autoantibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant, autism, and other neurologic disorders SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Meeting of the Child-Neurology-Society CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1997 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Child Neurol Soc ID COMPLEMENT C4B PROTEIN; INFANTILE-AUTISM; ACQUIRED APHASIA; T-CELLS; CONVULSIVE DISORDER; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; ANTIBODIES; ABNORMALITIES AB Objective: Etiologically unexplained disorders of language and social development hale often been reported to improve in patients treated with immune-modulating regimens. Here we determined the frequency of autoantibodies to brain among such children. Design: We collected sera from a cohort of children with (I) pure Landau-Kleffner syndrome (n = 2), (2) Landau-Kleffner syndrome variant (LKSV, n = 11), and (3) autistic spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 11). None had received immune-modulating treatment before the serum sample was obtained, Control sera (n = 71) were from 29 healthy children, 22 with nonneurologic illnesses (NNIs), and 20 children with other neurologic disorders (ONDs). We identified brain autoantibodies by immunostaining of human temporal cortex and antinuclear autoantibodies using commercially available kits. Results: IgG anti-brain autoantibodies were present in 45% of sera from children with LKSV, 27% with ASD, and 10% with ONDs compared with 2% from healthy children and control children with NNIs. IgM autoantibodies were present in 36% of sera from children with ASD, 9% with LKSV, and 15% with ONDs compared with 0% of control sera. Labeling studies identified one antigenic target to be endothelial cells. Antinuclear antibodies with titers greater than or equal to 1:80 were more common in children with ASD and control children with ONBs, Conclusion: Children with LKSV and ASD have a greater frequency of serum antibodies to brain endothelial cells and to nuclei than children with NNIs or healthy children. The presence of these antibodies raises the possibility that autoimmunity plays a role in the pathogenesis of language and social developmental abnormalities in a subset of children with these disorders. C1 Washington Univ, St Louis Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, St Louis, MO USA. Washington Univ, St Louis Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO USA. Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Connolly, AM (reprint author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Box 8111, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. CR AARDEN LA, 1975, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V254, P505, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29197.x APPLETON RE, 1995, ARCH DIS CHILD, V72, P386 Delgiudice-Asch G, 1997, CNS SPECTRUMS, V2, P61 DELONG GR, 1981, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V38, P191 ECHENNE B, 1992, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V14, P216 Fayad MN, 1997, EPILEPSIA, V38, P489, DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01740.x FOLSTEIN S, 1977, NATURE, V265, P726, DOI 10.1038/265726a0 Gupta S, 1998, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V85, P106, DOI 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00021-6 Gupta S, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P439, DOI 10.1007/BF02172828 Gupta S, 1996, J CHILD NEUROL, V11, P501 Happe F, 1996, BRAIN, V119, P1377, DOI 10.1093/brain/119.4.1377 Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 Itoh Y, 1997, AUTOIMMUNITY, V25, P243, DOI 10.3109/08916939708994733 LANDAU WM, 1957, NEUROLOGY, V7, P523 LANDAU WM, 1992, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V49, P353 LERMAN P, 1991, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V33, P257 MANTOVANI JF, 1980, NEUROLOGY, V30, P524 MARIEN P, 1993, ACTA NEUROL BELG, V93, P183 NEVSIMALOVA S, 1992, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V14, P342 Nordin V, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P297 PAQUIER PF, 1992, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V49, P354 PERNIOLA T, 1993, EPILEPSIA, V34, P551, DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02594.x Plioplys AV, 1998, J CHILD NEUROL, V13, P79 RAPIN I, 1995, J CHILD NEUROL, V10, P267 REAP EA, 1990, J LAB CLIN MED, V115, P481 SHAFFER D, 1994, DIAGNOSTIC STAT MAN, V4, P67 SHAFRIR Y, 1995, EPILEPSIA, V36, P1050, DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb00965.x SINGH VK, 1993, BRAIN BEHAV IMMUN, V7, P97, DOI 10.1006/brbi.1993.1010 Singh VK, 1996, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V64, P135, DOI 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00161-1 Singh V K, 1988, Ann N Y Acad Sci, V540, P602, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27186.x SOPRANO AM, 1994, PEDIATR NEUROL, V11, P230, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(94)90108-2 STUBBS EG, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P49, DOI 10.1007/BF01531114 TODD RD, 1986, PSYCHIAT DEV, V2, P147 TODD RD, 1988, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V23, P644, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90012-1 vanGent T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P337 WARREN RP, 1994, ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED, V148, P180 WARREN RP, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P333, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198705000-00008 WARREN RP, 1990, IMMUNOL INVEST, V19, P245, DOI 10.3109/08820139009041839 Warren RP, 1996, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V67, P97 WARREN RP, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P189, DOI 10.1007/BF01531729 WARREN RP, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V31, P53, DOI 10.1159/000119172 WARREN RP, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P873, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00005 WARREN RP, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1009, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199508000-00010 NR 43 TC 135 Z9 137 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 134 IS 5 BP 607 EP 613 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70248-9 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 195HM UT WOS:000080244600018 PM 10228297 ER PT J AU Feldman, HM Kolmen, BK Gonzaga, AM AF Feldman, HM Kolmen, BK Gonzaga, AM TI Naltrexone and communication skills in young children with autism SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; naltrexone; language; communication; psychopharmacology ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; INFANTILE-AUTISM; JOINT ATTENTION; LANGUAGE; ECHOLALIA; DISORDERS; ENZYMES; ADULTS AB Objective: To evaluate the effect of naltrexone on communication skills of young children with autism. Method: Twentyfour children with autism, 3.0 to 8.3 years old (mean 5.1) who were living at home and attending appropriate school programs, participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Naltrexone, 1.0 mg/kg, or placebo was administered daily for 2 weeks. Communication was evaluated from videotaped samples of seminaturalistic parent-child interaction. Child and parent language were assessed using similar measures. Results: in this heterogeneous sample. the median number of words the child produced on placebo was 9.5 (range 0-124). The median proportion of utterances with echolalia was 0.16. No differences were found between the naltrexone and placebo conditions in any of the measures of children or parents' communication. Significant correlations were found between the child's number of words and developmental quotient (Spearman p = 0.58, p =.003) and between the child's and parent's number of words (p = 0.55, p =.005). Conclusions: Previous studies showed that naltrexone was associated with modest reductions in hyperactivity and restlessness in this group of children with autism. In this short-term study, the medication did not lead to improvement in communication, a core deficit of autism. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Pediat,Div Gen Acad Pediat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Allegheny Gen Hosp, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA. RP Feldman, HM (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Pediat,Div Gen Acad Pediat, 3705 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. 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Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 38 IS 5 BP 587 EP 593 DI 10.1097/00004583-199905000-00021 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 190HE UT WOS:000079956100021 PM 10230191 ER PT J AU Halfon, N Newacheck, PW AF Halfon, N Newacheck, PW TI Prevalence and impact of parent-reported disabling mental health conditions among US children SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE disability; chronic illness; chronic condition; epidemiology ID CHILDHOOD PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; SERVICE UTILIZATION; PRIMARY CARE; ADOLESCENTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; IMPAIRMENTS; ADJUSTMENT; PREDICTORS; SYMPTOMS AB Objective: To provide a current national profile of the prevalence and impact of parent-reported disabling mental health conditions in U.S. children. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive analysis of 99,513 children younger than 18 years old included in the 1992-1994 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The response rate exceeded 94% in each year. Disability is defined as the long-term reduction in a child's ability to perform social role activities, such as school or play, as a result of his/her mental health condition. Results: On average, 2.1% of U.S. children were reported to suffer from a disabling mental health condition in 1992-1994. The most common reported causes of disability include mental retardation, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and learning disabilities. While national prevalence estimates were produced for some low-prevalence conditions such as autism (38/100,000), for many specific diagnoses the reported prevalence rates were too low for accurate national population estimates using this data set. Logistic regression analysis demonstrates that prevalence of a disabling mental health condition was higher for older children; males; children from low-income, single-parent families; and those with less education. These conditions are also associated with high rates of special education participation (approximately 80%) and health system use. Conclusions: The NHIS provides a useful and untapped resource for estimating the prevalence of disabling mental health conditions. These conditions are increasingly prevalent and have a profound impact on children and the educational and health care systems. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Inst Hlth Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Halfon, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. 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Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 38 IS 5 BP 600 EP 609 DI 10.1097/00004583-199905000-00023 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 190HE UT WOS:000079956100023 PM 10230193 ER PT J AU Nelson, KB AF Nelson, KB TI The neurologically impaired child and alleged malpractice at birth SO NEUROLOGIC CLINICS LA English DT Article ID FACTOR-V-LEIDEN; SPASTIC CEREBRAL-PALSY; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; INFANTS; WEIGHT; ASPHYXIA; RISK; CHORIOAMNIONITIS; ERYTHROPOIETIN; ANTECEDENTS AB Some of the largest awards in medical litigation have been made for neurologic impairment in children. Neurologists are often asked to serve as expert witnesses in such cases, to testify concerning causation of the neurologic disability and to assist the court in estimating life expectancy. An especially common topic of contention has been the role of birth asphyxia in the cause of neurologic impairment. The group of congenital neurologic disorders called the Developmental Disabilities includes mental retardation (developmental cognitive disability), cerebral palsy (developmental motor disability), epilepsy, autism, and learning disabilities. The old hypothesis was that all these are commonly the results of birth asphyxia; that hypothesis has not been confirmed by studies over the past decade or two.(6,30,32) In fact, the majority of each of the Developmental Disabilities-even mental retardation for which a number of specific causes are now recognized-are still largely biologically unexplained Except when these disabilities occur in the same individual, each has a different spectrum of causes. This article focuses on recent evidence concerning the origin of cerebral palsy (CP), probably the most common topic of litigation concerning neurologically impaired infants; this article focuses especially on what is known of the cause of CP in term and near-term infants, who make up the enormous majority of all births. In the course of this century, there have been striking declines in maternal and in fetal and infant mortality and injuries, and there have also been declines in diagnosed birth asphyxia.(19) Physical trauma to the fetus during birth is now rare. Neonatal care has also improved drastically. These improvements in obstetric and neonatal care have not been followed by a net decline in the CP rate in any birthweight group, however(20,28,37,46); because of the improved survival of fragile premature or very ill infants, there has been some increase in CP. The observation that improved medical care has not led to less CP has been made repeatedly and in different populations. The occurrence of CP is not a good indicator of the quality of medical care in a population or in an individual. C1 NINDS, Neuroepidemiol Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Nelson, KB (reprint author), 7550 Wisconsin Ave,Room 714, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. CR ADAMSON SJ, 1995, BRIT MED J, V311, P598 Alexander JM, 1998, OBSTET GYNECOL, V91, P725, DOI 10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00056-8 BARKOVICH AJ, 1990, AM J NEURORADIOL, V11, P1087 BEAULIEU MD, 1982, CAN MED ASSOC J, V127, P214 BENIRSCHKE K, 1990, PATHOLOGY HUMAN PLAC, P636 BLAIR E, 1988, J PEDIATR-US, V112, P515, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80161-6 Brennan TA, 1996, NEW ENGL J MED, V335, P1963, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199612263352606 Buscher U, 1996, GEBURTSH FRAUENHEILK, V56, P243, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-1022268 Casalaz DM, 1998, ARCH DIS CHILD, V78, pF112 CLEARY GM, 1998, PEDIATR CLIN N AM, V45, P5121 CRICHTON JU, 1995, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V37, P567 Debus O, 1998, ARCH DIS CHILD, V78, pF121 DizonTomson DS, 1997, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V177, P402, DOI 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70205-9 ELLENBERG JH, 1988, J PEDIATR-US, V113, P546 GRETHER JK, 1993, PEDIATRICS, V92, P854 Grether JK, 1997, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V278, P207, DOI 10.1001/jama.278.3.207 GUNN AJ, 1997, FETAL NEONATAL BRAIN, P59 Guyer B, 1997, PEDIATRICS, V100, P905, DOI 10.1542/peds.100.6.905 Hagberg B, 1996, ACTA PAEDIATR, V85, P954, DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14193.x HARBORD MG, 1994, J PAEDIATR CHILD H, V30, P93, DOI 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00587.x Hoon AH, 1997, J PEDIATR-US, V131, P240, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70160-4 HUTTON JL, 1994, BRIT MED J, V309, P531 *I MED, 1989, MED PROF LIAB DEL OB, P75 Jazayeri A, 1998, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V178, P433, DOI 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70415-6 Kraus FT, 1997, HUM PATHOL, V28, P246, DOI 10.1016/S0046-8177(97)90114-3 Leikin E, 1997, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V177, P27, DOI 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70433-2 MACGILLIVRAY I, 1995, PAEDIATR PERINAT EP, V9, P146, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00130.x MYERS RE, INTRAUTERINE ASPHYXI, P37 NAULTY CM, 1994, AM J PERINAT, V11, P377, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-994601 NELSON KB, 1986, NEW ENGL J MED, V315, P81, DOI 10.1056/NEJM198607103150202 Nelson KB, 1998, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V179, P507, DOI 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70387-4 Nelson KB, 1996, NEW ENGL J MED, V334, P613, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199603073341001 NELSON KB, 1981, PEDIATRICS, V68, P36 Nelson KB, 1998, ANN NEUROL, V44, P665, DOI 10.1002/ana.410440413 NIELSEN TF, 1995, REPRODUCTIVE HLTH CA, P279 PETTERSON B, 1993, BRIT MED J, V307, P1239 Pharoah POD, 1996, ARCH DIS CHILD, V75, pF169, DOI 10.1136/fn.75.3.F169 Pharoah POD, 1997, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V39, P292 PINTOMARTIN JA, 1995, PEDIATRICS, V95, P249 REDLINE RW, 1995, HUM PATHOL, V26, P80, DOI 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90118-3 Salafia CM, 1997, RHEUM DIS CLIN N AM, V23, P85, DOI 10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70316-1 SCHELLER JM, 1992, AM J DIS CHILD, V146, P1110 SCHELLER JM, 1994, OBSTET GYNECOL, V83, P624 SCOTT H, 1976, ARCH DIS CHILD, V51, P712 deKlerk OL, 1997, PEDIATRICS, V100, part. no., DOI 10.1542/peds.100.4.e8 STANLEY FJ, 1988, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V158, P89 Steinlin M, 1998, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V20, P199, DOI 10.1016/S0387-7604(98)00019-9 Strauss DJ, 1998, PEDIATR NEUROL, V18, P143, DOI 10.1016/S0887-8994(97)00172-0 Tabbutt S, 1994, J Perinatol, V14, P66 Thorarensen O, 1997, ANN NEUROL, V42, P372, DOI 10.1002/ana.410420316 TRIMBOS JB, 1978, BRIT J OBSTET GYNAEC, V85, P900, DOI 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1978.tb15851.x Verma U, 1997, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V176, P275, DOI 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70485-X VOLPE JJ, 1992, AM J NEURORADIOL, V13, P79 WASSERSTRUM N, 1995, CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V42, P353, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02642.x Williams K, 1998, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V40, P376 Zain HA, 1998, J REPROD MED, V43, P367 NR 56 TC 16 Z9 16 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0733-8619 J9 NEUROL CLIN JI Neurol. Clin. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 17 IS 2 BP 283 EP + DI 10.1016/S0733-8619(05)70131-6 PG 12 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 201QD UT WOS:000080605700008 PM 10196409 ER PT J AU Szabo, CA Wyllie, E Dolske, M Stanford, LD Kotagal, P Comair, YG AF Szabo, CA Wyllie, E Dolske, M Stanford, LD Kotagal, P Comair, YG TI Epilepsy surgery in children with pervasive developmental disorder SO PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME; INFANTILE SPASMS; AUTISM AB Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) is occasionally associated with medically intractable complex partial seizures. The outcome of PDD was explored in three males and two females who underwent epilepsy surgery at 32 months to 8 years of age (mean = 4 years) after onset of epilepsy at 1 week to 21 months of age (mean = 11 months). Four children had temporal lobe resections (three right, one left; two for focal cortical dysplasia, and two for tumors), and one had a right temporoparieto-occipital resection (for focal cortical dysplasia), Each child underwent repeated evaluations by a pediatric neuropsychologist and psychiatrist. Fourteen to 47 months (mean = 23 months) after operation, one child with persistent seizures had moderate developmental and behavioral improvement, three children (two seizure free, one with rare staring spells) had mild developmental and behavioral improvement, and the remaining child (seizure free) experienced a worsening of her PDD, The four children with mild-to-moderate improvement in postoperative cognitive and behavioral development still demonstrated persistent delay. Cognitive gains were confirmed by neuropsychologic testing in the oldest patient but were not reflected in test results from the three younger children, who had more modest improvement. The child with worsening of her PDD had cognitive and emotional deterioration to babbling, echolalia, aggressiveness, decreased social interaction, and increased mouthing of objects beginning several months postoperatively, These results suggest that families should be counseled that PDD symptoms in children with focal epileptogenic lesions may or may not improve after epilepsy surgery, even if the surgery is successful with respect to seizure control. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Neurol, San Antonio, TX USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Neurol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Psychiat, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. Florida Hosp Rehabil & Sports Med, Orlando, FL USA. Amer Univ Beirut, Dept Neurosurg, Beirut, Lebanon. RP Szabo, CA (reprint author), Cleveland Clin Fdn, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. 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Neurol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 20 IS 5 BP 349 EP 353 DI 10.1016/S0887-8994(99)00003-X PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 200UH UT WOS:000080558100002 PM 10371379 ER PT J AU Sears, LL Vest, C Mohamed, S Bailey, J Ranson, BJ Piven, J AF Sears, LL Vest, C Mohamed, S Bailey, J Ranson, BJ Piven, J TI An MRI study of the basal ganglia in autism SO PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE autism; caudate; motor stereotypy; obsessive-compulsive behavior; striatum ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CAUDATE-NUCLEUS; DOUBLE-BLIND; SIZE; FLUVOXAMINE; TOMOGRAPHY; DEFICITS AB 1. High-resolution MRI scans were obtained from 35 relatively high-functioning persons with autism and 36 healthy controls, comparable in age, gender, and IQ. 2. Volumetric measurements were obtained from manual tracing of the bilateral caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. 3. An increased volume of the caudate nuclei was found in subjects with autism. Caudate enlargement was proportional to increased total brain volume in subjects with autism. 4. Caudate volume was associated with compulsions and rituals, difficulties with minor change, and complex motor mannerisms in autism. 5. Based on evidence of caudate abnormalities, a second MRI study was completed which replicated the finding of caudate enlargement in autism using an independent sample. 6. The caudate may be part of an abnormal distributed neural network in autism and involved in the ritualistic - repetitive behaviors of the disorder. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Mental Hlth Clin Res Ctr, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Piven, J (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Mental Hlth Clin Res Ctr, MEB RM 1-293, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. 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Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry PD MAY PY 1999 VL 23 IS 4 BP 613 EP 624 DI 10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00020-2 PG 12 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 200XB UT WOS:000080564500006 PM 10390720 ER PT J AU Levitt, JG Blanton, R Capetillo-Cunliffe, L Guthrie, D Toga, A McCracken, JT AF Levitt, JG Blanton, R Capetillo-Cunliffe, L Guthrie, D Toga, A McCracken, JT TI Cerebellar vermis lobules VIII-X in autism SO PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE autism; cerebellum; IQ; MRI; vermis ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; BRAIN; HYPOPLASIA; ABNORMALITY; DAMAGE; MEMORY; MRI AB 1. The aim was to investigate cerebellar vermis cross-sectional area in a group of high-functioning autistic children and normal control children. 2. Cerebellar vermis area measurements were completed on MRI scans from 8 autistic children (mean age 12.5 +/- 2.2, mean IQ 83.3 +/- 11.9) and 21 normal children (mean age 12.0 +/- 2.8, mean IQ 115 +/- 11). 3. The area of cerebellar vermis lobules Vm-X was significantly smaller in the autistic children than in the normal control subjects. ANCOVA demonstrated a confounding effect of IQ on these results. 4. Larger studies of autistic and normal subjects will be needed to assess the relationship between cerebellar abnormalities, autistic symptoms and IQ. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Lab Neuroimaging, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Neuropsychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Levitt, JG (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Biobehav Sci, 760 Westwood Plaza NPI 47-417, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. 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Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry PD MAY PY 1999 VL 23 IS 4 BP 625 EP 633 DI 10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00021-4 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 200XB UT WOS:000080564500007 PM 10390721 ER PT J AU Chugani, DC Sundram, BS Behen, M Lee, ML Moore, GJ AF Chugani, DC Sundram, BS Behen, M Lee, ML Moore, GJ TI Evidence of altered energy metabolism in autistic children SO PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE autism; lactate; N-acetyl-asparate; magnetic resonance spectroscopy ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHIES; HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; LACTIC-ACIDOSIS; COENZYME-Q10; BRAIN; WATER; ENCEPHALOPATHY; QUANTIFICATION AB 1. In this pilot study, the authors investigated the hypotheses there are increased concentrations of lactate in brain and plasma and reduced brain concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) in autistic children. 2. NAA and lactate levels in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and the cerebellum of 9 autistic children were compared to 5 sibling controls using MRS. Plasma lactate levels were measured in 15 autistic children compared to 15 children with epilepsy. 3. Preliminary results show lower levels of NAA cerebellum in autistic children (p=0.043). Lactate was detected in the frontal lobe in one autistic boy, but was not detected any of the other autistic subjects or siblings. 4. Plasma lactate levels were higher in the 15 autistic children compared to 15 children with epilepsy (p=0.0003). 5. Higher plasma lactate in the autistic group is consistent;with metabolic changes in some autistic children. The findings of altered brain NAA and lactate in autistic children suggest that MRS may be useful characterizing regional neurochemical and metabolic abnormalities in autistic children. C1 Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, PET Ctr,Dept Pediat, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. RP Chugani, DC (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, PET Ctr,Dept Pediat, 3901 Beaubien Blvd, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. 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Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry PD MAY PY 1999 VL 23 IS 4 BP 635 EP 641 DI 10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00022-6 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 200XB UT WOS:000080564500008 PM 10390722 ER PT J AU Ellis, HD Gunter, HL AF Ellis, HD Gunter, HL TI Asperger syndrome: a simple matter of white matter? SO TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID HIGH-FUNCTIONING AUTISM; RIGHT-HEMISPHERE; CHILDREN; MIND; ADULTS; DISORDER; ABNORMALITIES; DYSFUNCTION; LANGUAGE; DEFICITS AB Asperger syndrome, one of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders, is formally diagnosed on the basis of a cluster of cognitive, social and motor signs. It is also associated with poor visuo-spatial skills, good verbal performance, gauche social behavior and clumsiness, Many of the difficulties evident in those with Asperger syndrome are closely associated with right-hemisphere dysfunction, In this respect they also resemble signs used to diagnose what has been labelled Nonverbal Learning Disorder. Here, these are treated as being the same or closely-related disorders; with a possible common underlying aetiology; that is, a neurodevelopmental abnormality affecting white matter. This review examines the ability of this approach to account for a wide range of characteristics of the Asperger syndrome, and contrasts this with a theory-of-mind approach, which, although able to account for the primary features of Asperger syndrome, is less successful at explaining some of its secondary features. C1 Univ Cardiff, Sch Psychol, Cardiff CF1 3YG, S Glam, Wales. RP Ellis, HD (reprint author), Univ Cardiff, Sch Psychol, POB 901, Cardiff CF1 3YG, S Glam, Wales. 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PD MAY PY 1999 VL 3 IS 5 BP 192 EP 200 DI 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01315-7 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 192WE UT WOS:000080102000007 ER PT J AU Bellugi, U Lichtenberger, L Mills, D Galaburda, A Korenberg, JR AF Bellugi, U Lichtenberger, L Mills, D Galaburda, A Korenberg, JR TI Bridging cognition, the brain and molecular genetics: evidence from Williams syndrome SO TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC-STENOSIS; SHORT-TERM-MEMORY; SYNDROME DELETION; HEMIZYGOTIC DELETION; BEUREN-SYNDROME; 1A GENE; INDIVIDUALS; ABILITIES; LANGUAGE; CHILDREN AB Williams syndrome (WMS) is a rare sporadic disorder that yields a distinctive profile of medical, cognitive, neurophysiological, neuroanatomical and genetic characteristics. The cognitive hallmark of WMS is a dissociation between language and face processing (relative strengths) and spatial cognition (profound impairment). Individuals with WMS also tend to be overly social, behavior that is opposite to that seen in autism. A genetic hallmark of WMS is a deletion on chromosome band 7q11.23. Williams syndrome is also associated with specific neuromorphological and neurophysiological profiles: proportional sparing of frontal,limbic and neocerebellar structures is seen using MRI; and abnormal functional organization of the neural systems that underlie both language and face processing is revealed through studies using event related potentials. The non-uniformity in the cognitive, neuromorphological and neurophysiological domains of WMS make it a compelling model for elucidating the relationships between cognition, the brain and, ultimately, the genes. C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. 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PD MAY PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 197 EP 207 DI 10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01397-1 PG 11 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 215JE UT WOS:000081377900003 PM 10322491 ER PT J AU Cooke, AZ AF Cooke, AZ TI Andy and autism (Was Andy Warhol autistic?) SO ARTNEWS LA English DT News Item CR LEVINSON B, RAIN MAN RATEY J, SHADOW SYNDROMES NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ARTNEWS ASSOCIATES PI NEW YORK PA 48 WEST 38TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10018 USA SN 0004-3273 J9 ART NEWS JI Artnews PD MAY PY 1999 VL 98 IS 5 BP 32 EP 32 PG 1 WC Art SC Art GA 190GZ UT WOS:000079955600003 ER PT J AU Leboyer, M Bellivier, F Schurhoff, F Plumet, MH AF Leboyer, M Bellivier, F Schurhoff, F Plumet, MH TI Candidate symptom and endophenotypes in autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hop Henri Mondor, Serv Psychiat Adultes, F-94000 Creteil, France. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 8 SU S MA 19 BP 6S EP 6S PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 189NN UT WOS:000079911600021 ER PT J AU Buxbaum, J Cook, E Pericak-Vance, M Piven, J AF Buxbaum, J Cook, E Pericak-Vance, M Piven, J TI Molecular genetic analysis of autism SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 8 SU S MA 145 BP 45S EP 45S PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 189NN UT WOS:000079911600145 ER PT J AU Buckley, PF Lys, C Findling, R Friedman, L Schulz, SC Xue, M Ng, T AF Buckley, PF Lys, C Findling, R Friedman, L Schulz, SC Xue, M Ng, T TI An MR spectroscopy study of adolescent-onset schizophrenia and autism SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Psychiat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Cleveland Clin Educ Fdn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 8 SU S MA 362 BP 112S EP 113S PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 189NN UT WOS:000079911600361 ER PT J AU Wilcox, JA Ramirez, AL AF Wilcox, JA Ramirez, AL TI A family study of autism associated with chromosome 22 SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, El Paso, TX 79905 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 8 SU S MA 463 BP 143S EP 143S PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 189NN UT WOS:000079911600462 ER PT J AU Fisch, GS Holden, JJK Carpenter, NJ Howard-Peebles, PN Maddalena, A Pandya, A Nance, W AF Fisch, GS Holden, JJK Carpenter, NJ Howard-Peebles, PN Maddalena, A Pandya, A Nance, W TI Age-related language characteristics of children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Workshop on the Fragile X Syndrome and X-Linked Mental Retardation CY AUG 16-22, 1997 CL ONTARIO, CANADA DE fragile X; speech and language; cognition; memory ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; MALES; COMPREHENSION; MULTICENTER; ACQUISITION; AUTISM AB In addition to moderate-to-severe mental retardation (MR), the fragile X [fra(X)] mutation produces significant impediments in speech and language. Severe delays in speech and language have been demonstrated in both adult males and young individuals with the fra(X) mutation. Having observed longitudinal declines in IQ scores in young males with fra(X) and given the relationship between cognitive ability and language skill, we wanted to determine whether speech-language deficits in young males with fra(X) were age-related in ways comparable with those observed in cognitive deficits. We examined a small sample (n = 16) of children and adolescents, ages 6-17 years, using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamental-Preschool (CELF-P), The CELF-P is used to evaluate language c2eficits in preschool children and assesses receptive and expressive language ability. It is standardized for children ages 3-7 years and provides age-normed standard scores. To evaluate changes in language scores, we converted raw scores into age-equivalents. Results indicate that males with fra(X) have significantly lower age equivalent scores compared with females. A cross-sectional analysis of males' age-equivalent scores reveals that a plateau is reached at approximately 48 months. Our findings suggest that, as with IQ and adaptive behavior scores, language development in young, fully mutated fra(X) individuals appears to reach a plateau as they age. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Yale Univ, Gen Clin Res Ctr, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Ongwanada Resource Ctr, Kingston, ON, Canada. Queens Univ, Kingston, ON, Canada. Chapman Inst Med Genet, Tulsa, OK USA. Genet & IVF Inst, Fairfax, VA 22039 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Fisch, GS (reprint author), Yale Univ, Gen Clin Res Ctr, 530 Hunter Bldg,333 Cedar St,POB 208019, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. 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PD APR 2 PY 1999 VL 83 IS 4 BP 253 EP 256 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 179QC UT WOS:000079339300004 PM 10208157 ER PT J AU Piven, J Palmer, P AF Piven, J Palmer, P TI Psychiatric disorder and the broad autism phenotype: Evidence from a family study of multiple-incidence autism families SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID PARENTS; TWIN; HISTORY; INDIVIDUALS; DEFICITS AB Objective: Several studies have shown familial aggregation of some axis I psychiatric disorders in families ascertained th rough a single autistic proband. In this study the authors examined the rate of axis I psychiatricdisorders in nonautistic relatives from multiple-incidence autism families and the possible relationship of these disorders to the broad autism phenotype. Method: The rates of axis I psychiatric disorders, assessed by using semistructured and family history interviews, were compared in parents, grandparents, and aunts and uncles ascertained through 25 families of multiple-incidence autism probands and 30 families of probands with Down's syndrome. The possible association between selected psychiatric disorders and the broad autism phenotype, assessed directly through semistructured interviews and observational rating measures, was also examined in the two groups of parents. Results: The parents of the autistic probands had significantly higher rates of major depressive disorder and social phobia than the parents of the Down's syndrome probands. The high rate of depression in the parents of the autistic probands was consistent with the high rates of depression and anxiety detected in the grandparents and aunts and uncles in the autism families by family history. There was no evidence of an association, within individuals, between either depression or social phobia and the broad autism phenotype. Conclusions: Relatives of autistic individuals have high rates of major depression and social phobia that are not associated with the broad autism phenotype and cannot be explained by the increased stress associated with raising an autistic child. Alternative mechanisms and the scientific and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Piven, J (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Rm 1-293,Med Educ Bldg, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. 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J. Psychiat. PD APR PY 1999 VL 156 IS 4 BP 557 EP 563 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 184CV UT WOS:000079592500009 PM 10200734 ER PT J AU Pletnikov, MV Rubin, SA Vasudevan, K Moran, TH Carbone, KM AF Pletnikov, MV Rubin, SA Vasudevan, K Moran, TH Carbone, KM TI Developmental brain injury associated with abnormal play behavior in neonatally Borna disease virus-infected Lewis rats: a model of autism SO BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Borna disease virus; Lewis rat; social interaction; play; brain; development ID SOCIAL-INTERACTION; JUVENILE RATS; FEMALE RATS; CEREBELLAR; NEUROBIOLOGY; MICE AB Play behavior, nonsocial exploratory activity, and nonplay social interaction were observed in male juvenile Lewis rats with brain developmental injury following neonatal infection with Borna disease virus (BDV). These behaviors were tested using the 'intruder-resident' paradigm, with social isolation of residents for six days prior to testing. Four experimental pairings of infected (BDV) and uninfected (NL) rats were studied as follows: NL-NL; NL-BDV; BDV-NL; and BDV-BDV (the first member is the resident, the second member is the intruder). Observation of social activities was carried out for 10 min on two consecutive days, Nonsocial exploratory activity (e.g, ambulation and rearing) was similar in BDV and NL residents. Duration of nonplay social investigation (e.g. sniffing, approach, and follow) was higher in BDV residents as compared to NL residents when tested on the first test day. On the second day, all rats showed similar level of nonplay social interaction. When confronted with NL intruders, NL residents exhibited significantly more play behavior compared to the NL-BDV, BDV-NL and BDV-BDV pairs, when play behavior was measured by the number of 'pins'. Moreover, irrespective of a type of intruder, NL residents demonstrated higher play soliciting behavior than BDV residents, indicating attenuated readiness to play in BDV-infected rats. The number of pins and play solicitations in BDV-NL pairs significantly increased over the two days of testing, while play activity in NL-BDV pairs declined on the second test day. This pattern suggests that the degree of social reinforcement on the first day of testing affected the level of play on the second day. These data demonstrate deficits in play behavior and other social interactions following BDV-associated developmental brain injury, thus supporting the value of the neonatally BDV-infected rat as an animal model of autism. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US FDA, Lab Pediat & Resp Viral Dis, OVRR, CBER, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. 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PD APR PY 1999 VL 100 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0166-4328(98)00111-9 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 176EG UT WOS:000079137600005 PM 10212052 ER PT J AU Kawashima, R Sugiura, M Kato, T Nakamura, A Hatano, K Ito, K Fukuda, H Kojima, S Nakamura, K AF Kawashima, R Sugiura, M Kato, T Nakamura, A Hatano, K Ito, K Fukuda, H Kojima, S Nakamura, K TI The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring - A PET study SO BRAIN LA English DT Article DE PET; regional cerebral blood flow; amygdala; gaze direction discrimination; social contact ID EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; TEMPORAL-LOBE; FACES; ACTIVATION; NEURONS; MONKEYS; AUTISM; CORTEX; EYE AB Social contact often initially depends on ascertaining the direction of the other person's gaze. We determined the brain areas involved in gaze monitoring by a functional neuroimaging study. 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The purpose of a medical evaluation is to detect particular etiologies, and manifestations like clinical or subclinical epilepsy or behavior problems that might mandate pharmacologic intervention. Defining a unique syndrome or genetic etiology may benefit Ether family members, although, currently, specific causes are detectable in only a small minority of individuals on the autistic spectrum. The paper lists elements of the history, examination, and laboratory testing most likely to be informative in clinical practice. Ordering large numbers of tests in the absence of a specific clinical indication is not recommended because it is invasive, wasteful and unlikely to generate useful data. This is not true, of course, in the context of a hypothesis-driven, approved research protocol where collecting standardized data and applying the most up-to-date research technologies is appropriate. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Albert Einstein Coll Med, Saul R Korey Dept Neurol, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Rose F Kennedy Ctr Res Mental Retardat & Human De, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. RP Rapin, I (reprint author), Albert Einstein Coll Med, Saul R Korey Dept Neurol, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. 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PD APR PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 152 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0387-7604(99)00009-1 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 198YF UT WOS:000080451500002 PM 10372899 ER PT J AU Happe, F Brownell, H Winner, E AF Happe, F Brownell, H Winner, E TI Acquired 'theory of mind' impairments following stroke SO COGNITION LA English DT Article DE theory of mind; autism; right hemisphere stroke ID BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; AUTISTIC CHILDS APPRAISAL; RIGHT-HEMISPHERE DAMAGE; DOUBLE DISSOCIATION; FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; FRONTAL DAMAGE; COMPREHENSION; LANGUAGE; EMOTION AB The ability to attribute thoughts and feelings to self and others ('theory of mind') has been hypothesised to have an innate neural basis and a dedicated cognitive mechanism. Evidence in favour of this proposal has come from autism; a brain-based developmental disorder which appears to be characterised by impaired theory of mind, despite sometimes good general reasoning skills/IQ. To date no case of specific acquired theory of mind impairment has been reported. The present study examined theory of mind in adults who had suffered right hemisphere stroke, a group known to show pragmatic and social difficulties. In one study using story materials and two using cartoons, patients' understanding of materials requiring attribution of mental states (e.g. ignorance, false belief) was significantly worse than their understanding of non-mental control materials. Data from healthy elderly subjects, and a small group of left hemisphere patients (who received the tasks in modified form), suggest that this impairment on mental stare tasks is not a function of task difficulty. The findings support the notion of a dedicated cognitive system for theory of mind, and suggest a role for the healthy right hemisphere in the attribution of mental states. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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Two of the children also had mental retardation. Several types of cerebral maldevelopment/dysfunction have been reported in CHARGE association. With regard to aetiology, involvement of the neural crest has been suggested. Autism in CHARGE association may represent a neuro-endocrine dysfunction. Children with a CHARGE association have many medical problems and therefore autistic behaviour can easily be overlooked. A multidisciplinary approach with respect to assessment, treatment, and habilitation is of vital importance. C1 Huddinge Univ Hosp, Dept Paediat, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden. Cent Hosp Skovde, S-54185 Skovde, Sweden. Botkyrka Habilitat Ctr, Norsborg, Sweden. Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Fernell, E (reprint author), Huddinge Univ Hosp, Dept Paediat, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD APR PY 1999 VL 41 IS 4 BP 270 EP 272 DI 10.1017/S0012162299000572 PG 3 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 195ZJ UT WOS:000080282800011 PM 10355813 ER PT J AU Heyman, M Lightdale, JR Andelman, RB Glidden, D Siegal, B Elliott, GR AF Heyman, M Lightdale, JR Andelman, RB Glidden, D Siegal, B Elliott, GR TI Patterns of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 1999 VL 116 IS 4 MA G2433 BP A554 EP A554 PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 187GJ UT WOS:000079778402434 ER PT J AU Lahr, CJ Limehouse, V O'Day, AS AF Lahr, CJ Limehouse, V O'Day, AS TI Secretin and autism: A central nervous system action? SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 St Francis Xavier Hosp, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR PY 1999 VL 116 IS 4 MA G2715 BP A621 EP A621 PN 2 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 187GJ UT WOS:000079778402716 ER PT J AU Sperry, LA Whaley, KT Shaw, E Brame, K AF Sperry, LA Whaley, KT Shaw, E Brame, K TI Services for young children with autism spectrum disorder: Voices of parents and providers SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE autism spectrum disorder; families; parents; service delivery systems; service providers AB This article explores the perspectives of service providers and parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder regarding service systems. Transcripts From focus groups conducted at national meetings sponsored by NECTAS were analyzed for emergent themes. A comparison of parent and provider focus group transcripts yielded points of convergence in the areas of collaboration, family support, financial issues, equity, early identification, advocacy, training, and inclusion. Divergent themes included access, home programming, the lan (IDEA), best practice, and transition. Parents and providers agreed upon the importance of a coordinated, family-centered service delivery system that recognizes the expertise of both parties. C1 Univ N Carolina, Natl Early Childhood Tech Assistance Syst, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. RP Sperry, LA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Natl Early Childhood Tech Assistance Syst, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. CR AGOSTA J, 1985, FAMILY CARE PERSONS Bailey D. 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PD APR PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 17 EP 33 PG 17 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 181CE UT WOS:000079422400005 ER PT J AU Russell, J Jarrold, C Hood, B AF Russell, J Jarrold, C Hood, B TI Two intact executive capacities in children with autism: Implications for the core executive dysfunctions in the disorder SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE executive functioning; autism ID CENTRAL COHERENCE; MIND; PERFORMANCE; COMPREHENSION; RECOGNITION; INDIVIDUALS; TASK AB Many studies have shown that children with autism perform at a much lower level than control subjects on tests of executive functioning, defined as tasks requiring subjects to hold information in mind while suppressing a prepotent response. These tasks have invariably required subjects to (a) follow arbitrary and novel rules and (b) make a nonverbal response. We report that when one of these features is absent, children with autism are not impaired relative to controls. They perform at a similar level to normally developing children on the "tubes" task (containing no arbitrary and novel rules) and on the day/night task (in which the output is verbal). Results are consistent, at least, with the hypothesis that children with autism are challenged by executive tasks because they are unlikely to encode rules in a verbal form. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Russell, J (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR ABRAHAMSEN EP, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P75, DOI 10.1007/BF02206858 ADRIEN JL, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P249, DOI 10.1007/BF02179287 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Baddeley A, 1974, RECENT ADV LEARNING, V8 Baddeley A. D., 1986, WORKING MEMORY Baddeley A. D., 1974, WORKING MEMORY, V8 BALAMORE U, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P850, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.20.5.850 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BIRO S, 1997, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE Brian JA, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P865, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01482.x BRYSON SE, 1983, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V92, P250, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.92.2.250 Burgess P. W., 1997, METHODOLOGY FRONTAL CARRUTHERS P, 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI CURCIO F, 1974, J AUTISM CHILDHOOD S, V4, P383 DAWSON G, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P281 Diamond A, 1996, PHILOS T R SOC B, V351, P1483, DOI 10.1098/rstb.1996.0134 Duncan J., 1995, COGNITIVE NEUROSCIEN Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL ESKES GA, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P61, DOI 10.1007/BF02206857 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 GERSTADT CL, 1994, COGNITION, V53, P129, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-X Happe FGE, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P873, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x Happe FGE, 1997, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V15, P1 HAPPE FGE, 1993, COGNITION, V48, P101, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-R HERMELIN B, 1975, Q J EXP PSYCHOL, V27, P295, DOI 10.1080/14640747508400488 Hood BM, 1995, COGNITIVE DEV, V10, P577, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90027-6 HUGHES C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P498, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.498 Hulburt R., 1994, PSYCHOL MED, V24, P385 Jarrold C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P25, DOI 10.1023/A:1025817121137 JARROLD V, 1998, UNPUB WEAKENED GENER LANCY DF, 1982, CHILD DEV, V53, P1233 LESLIE AM, 1987, PSYCHOL REV, V94, P412, DOI 10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 Ozonoff S., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x Pennington B. F., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS Pennington BF, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x PERNER J, 1998, LANGUAGE THOUGHT Povinelli DJ, 1995, Q REV BIOL, V70, P393, DOI 10.1086/419170 Russell J., 1996, AGENCY ITS ROLE MENT RUSSELL J, IN PRESS J COGNITIVE Russell J, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P177, DOI 10.1023/A:1026009203333 Russell J., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS RUSSELL J, 1998, AGENCY PSYCHOPATHOLO Schooler C, 1997, J EXP PSYCHOL GEN, V126, P19 SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x Thompson RKR, 1997, J EXP PSYCHOL ANIM B, V23, P31, DOI 10.1037/0097-7403.23.1.31 NR 48 TC 80 Z9 81 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1023/A:1023084425406 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400002 PM 10382130 ER PT J AU Fombonne, E Roge, B Claverie, J Courty, S Fremolle, J AF Fombonne, E Roge, B Claverie, J Courty, S Fremolle, J TI Microcephaly and macrocephaly in autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; macrocephaly; microcephaly ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; CHILDREN; FAMILY; BRAIN AB ddData from a series of 126 autistic children ages 2-16 years and referred to an Autism Diagnosis Unit in South-West France were examined. Macrocephaly (head circumference > 97th centile) was observed in 16.7% of the sample, a significantly higher proportion than that expected. Macrocephaly was more frequent among older subjects but was otherwise not associated with gender, developmental level, the presence of epilepsy or of medical disorders, or severity of autistic symptomatology. Microcephaly (head circumference < 3rd centile) was also significantly raised and found in 15.1% of the: sample. Microcephaly was significantly associated with the presence of medical disorders. Results support those from recent studies suggesting a raised rate of macrocephaly in autism which, pooling published data, can be estimated to be 20%. It is argued that the raised incidence of microcephaly among low-functioning autistic subjects with medical disorders might have contributed to delay the recognition of an increased bead circumference among a minority of subjects with idiopathic autism. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Hop La Grave, Unite Diagnost & Evaluat Austisme, Toulouse, France. Univ Toulouse Le Mirail, Toulouse, France. RP Fombonne, E (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. CR Bailey A, 1998, BRAIN, V121, P889, DOI 10.1093/brain/121.5.889 BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BAILEY A, 1993, LANCET, V341, P1225, DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91065-T Bauman ML, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF02172012 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Caviness V. S., 1992, ANN NEUROL, V32, P475 Davidovitch M, 1996, J CHILD NEUROL, V11, P389 Fombonne E, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P667, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01694.x Griffiths R, 1970, ABILITIES YOUNG CHIL Guerin P, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P203 HOF PR, 1991, ACTA NEUROPATHOL, V82, P321 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KEMPER TL, 1993, NEUROL CLIN, V11, P175 Lainhart JE, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P282, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199702000-00019 MASONBROTHERS A, 1990, PEDIATRICS, V86, P514 Piven J, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P530, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199604000-00020 PIVEN J, 1992, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V31, P491, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90260-7 PIVEN J, 1995, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P1145 Schopler E., 1986, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Sempe M, 1979, AUXOLOGIE METHODE SE STEG JP, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P299, DOI 10.1007/BF01540677 Stevenson RE, 1997, LANCET, V349, P1744, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)62956-X TIROSH E, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P84 TUCHMAN RF, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V88, P1211 Woodhouse W, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P665, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01458.x World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE NR 26 TC 143 Z9 147 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.1023/A:1023036509476 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400003 PM 10382131 ER PT J AU Realmuto, GM Ruble, LA AF Realmuto, GM Ruble, LA TI Sexual behaviors in autism: Problems of definition and management SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE sexual behavior in autism; leuprolide; antiandrogen; masturbation ID AWARENESS AB Surveys of sexual behavior in autism suggest a variety of behavioral expression. However, the course of sexual development in autism is unplotted, leaving questions about the normalcy of specific behaviors. Even less is known about deviations of sexual development and the incidence of paraphilias in this population. We explore the problems of definition of sexual behaviors and describe a case report that highlights the difficulties of management. An application of a testosterone-suppressing medication and its effect on sexual behavior are reported. After failure of behavioral and educational programs, leuprolide, an injectable antiandrogen, resulted in suppression of behaviors and retention of the participants' community placement. Follow-up for almost 3 years shows no abnormal physical effects. Dosage has been tapered over that period to a low but effective dose. Directions for research are discussed. C1 Univ Minnesota, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Ctr Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Pediat, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP Realmuto, GM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Ctr Hlth, Box 95,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. CR Adams W. V., 1983, AUTISM ADOLESCENTS A, P11 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BLUMER D, 1975, J NERV MENT DIS, V160, P127, DOI 10.1097/00005053-197502000-00007 DALLDORF J, 1983, AUTISM ADOLESCENTS A, P149 DEMEYER N, 1979, PARENTS CHILDREN AUT ELGAR S, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P214 FERRARA C, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P51, DOI 10.1007/BF02408432 FORD A, 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P430 GIL E, 1993, SEXUALIZED CHILDREN, P21 GRIFFITHS D, 1989, CHANGING APPROPRIATE Hingsburger D., 1991, HABILITATIVE MENTAL, V10, P51 HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P671, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00191.x Howlin P, 1986, SOCIAL BEHAV AUTISM JOHNSON P, 1987, MENTAL HANDICAP SEXU, P62 JOHNSON TC, 1993, SEXUALIZED CHILDREN, P41 Lord C, 1984, APPLIED DEV PSYCHOL, V1, P165 Mesibov G. B., 1983, AUTISM ADOLESCENTS A, P37 Money J., 1968, SEX ERRORS BODY DILE OUSLEY OY, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P471, DOI 10.1007/BF02206871 RICH SS, 1994, MOVEMENT DISORD, V9, P353, DOI 10.1002/mds.870090317 Ruble L, 1992, THESIS INDIANA U BLO RUBLE LA, 1993, ARCH SEX BEHAV, V22, P229, DOI 10.1007/BF01541768 SCHOPLER E, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P266 VANBOURGONDIEN M, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P43 WETHERBY AM, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P295, DOI 10.1007/BF01531661 WING L, 1972, AUTISTIC CHILDREN GU Wolfensburger W., 1972, PRINCIPLE NORMALIZAT NR 27 TC 38 Z9 38 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 121 EP 127 DI 10.1023/A:1023088526314 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400004 PM 10382132 ER PT J AU Ehlers, S Gillberg, C Wing, L AF Ehlers, S Gillberg, C Wing, L TI A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age children SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism spectrum disorders; children; Screening Questionnaire ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; RATING-SCALES; PARENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMPAIRMENTS; DISABILITY; CHILDHOOD; VALIDITY AB The high-functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) is a 27-item checklist for completion by lay informants when assessing symptoms characteristic of Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with normal intelligence or mild mental retardation. Data for parent and teacher ratings in a clinical sample are presented along with various measures of reliability and validity. Optimal cutoff scores were estimated, using Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis. Findings indicate that the ASSQ is a useful brief screening device for the identification of autism spectrum disorders in clinical settings. C1 Gothenburg Univ, Sahlgrens Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. Ctr Social & Commun Disorders, Bromley, England. RP Ehlers, S (reprint author), Gothenburg Univ, Sahlgrens Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. CR ACHENBACH TM, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V101, P213, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 American Psychiatric Association, 1997, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 Asperger H., 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P37, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511526770.002 Barkley R. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 129 EP 141 DI 10.1023/A:1023040610384 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400005 PM 10382133 ER PT J AU Hering, E Epstein, R Elroy, S Iancu, DR Zelnik, N AF Hering, E Epstein, R Elroy, S Iancu, DR Zelnik, N TI Sleep patterns in autistic children SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE sleep patterns; actigraph; autism; questionnaire AB Sleep disturbances are regarded as a common clinical feature in autistic children. This concept is based primarily on informal observations or studies conducted with questionnaires. In this study we compared data obtained by questionnaires to that obtained with actigraphy. Among 22 autistic children, 12 were reported as having sleep problems and 8 patients completed 72 hours actigraphy. While the employment of questionnaires disclosed that autistic children had an earlier morning awakening time and multiple and early night arousals, acti-graphic monitoring showed that with the exception of an earlier morning arousal time (p = .045), sleep patterns of autistic children were similar to that of normal children. Parental oversensitivity to sleep disturbances of the autistic children may explain this phenomenon. C1 Carmel Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, IL-34362 Haifa, Israel. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Med, Sleep Lab, Haifa, Israel. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Med, Carmel Med Ctr, Dept Pediat,Child Dev Ctr, Haifa, Israel. RP Zelnik, N (reprint author), Carmel Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, IL-34362 Haifa, Israel. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Gillberg C, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P191 HOSHINO Y, 1984, FOLIA PSYCHIAT NEU J, V38, P45 OKAWA M, 1986, J NEUROL, V233, P274, DOI 10.1007/BF00314159 RAPIN I, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P751 RICHDALE AL, 1995, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V4, P175 Sadeh A, 1989, J AMBULATORY MONITOR, V2, P209 SADEH A, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P494 TANGUAY PE, 1976, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V6, P275, DOI 10.1007/BF01543468 WEBSTER JB, 1982, SLEEP, V5, P389 NR 10 TC 76 Z9 76 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 143 EP 147 DI 10.1023/A:1023092627223 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400006 PM 10382134 ER PT J AU Coe, DA Matson, JL Russell, DW Slifer, KJ Capone, GT Baglio, C Stallings, S AF Coe, DA Matson, JL Russell, DW Slifer, KJ Capone, GT Baglio, C Stallings, S TI Behavior problems of children with Down syndrome and life events SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Down syndrome; behavior problems ID FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; RETARDED-CHILDREN; ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; ETIOLOGIC FACTORS; ADOLESCENTS; ADJUSTMENT; AUTISM; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; DISORDERS; DISEASES AB Behavior problems of 44 children with Down syndrome between the ages of 6 and 15 and 44 controls without mental retardation matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status were compared on the basis of mother and teacher ratings. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 157 EP 160 DI 10.1023/A:1023096728131 PG 4 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400008 PM 10382136 ER PT J AU Willemsen-Swinkels, SHN Buitelaar, JK van Berckelaer-Onnes, IA van Engeland, H AF Willemsen-Swinkels, SHN Buitelaar, JK van Berckelaer-Onnes, IA van Engeland, H TI Brief report: Six months continuation treatment in naltrexone-responsive children with autism: An open-label case-control design SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID ABERRANT BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; DOUBLE-BLIND; CLONIDINE; DISORDER; TRIAL C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Child Psychiat, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. Leiden State Univ, Vakgrp Orthoped, NL-2333 AK Leiden, Netherlands. RP Willemsen-Swinkels, SHN (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Dept Child Psychiat, AZU B-01-201,POB 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 167 EP 169 DI 10.1023/A:1023000929040 PG 3 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400010 PM 10382138 ER PT J AU Assumpcao, F Santos, RCS Rosario, M Mercadante, M AF Assumpcao, F Santos, RCS Rosario, M Mercadante, M TI Brief report: Autism and Aarskog syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Inst Psychiat, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Inst Butantan, Serv Genet, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sch Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Assumpcao, F (reprint author), R Manoel Nobrega,1240 Ap81B, BR-04001000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. 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PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 179 EP 181 DI 10.1023/A:1023005029949 PG 3 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400012 PM 10382140 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, M AF Fitzgerald, M TI Cycles and epicycles of autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter C1 Child & Family Ctr, Dublin 10, Ireland. RP Fitzgerald, M (reprint author), Child & Family Ctr, Ballyfermot Rd, Dublin 10, Ireland. CR JORDAN DR, 1972, DYSLEXIA CLASSROOM NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 183 EP 183 DI 10.1023/A:1023057114019 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400013 PM 10382141 ER PT J AU Volkmar, F AF Volkmar, F TI Can you explain the difference between autism and Asperger syndrome? My 6-year-old son has had bath diagnoses and I wonder if it makes any difference at all in terms of his intervention program. SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 Asperger H., 1979, COMMUNICATION, V13, P45 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Klin A., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P94 WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 2 BP 185 EP 186 DI 10.1023/A:1023009230857 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 206AG UT WOS:000080853400014 PM 10382142 ER PT J AU Cardaioli, E Dotti, MT Hayek, G Zappella, M Federico, A AF Cardaioli, E Dotti, MT Hayek, G Zappella, M Federico, A TI Studies on mitochondrial pathogenesis of Rett syndrome: ultrastructural data from skin and muscle biopsies and mutational analysis at mtDNA nucleotides 10463 and 2835 SO JOURNAL OF SUBMICROSCOPIC CYTOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY LA English DT Letter DE Rett syndrome; mitochondrial DNA; mutational analysis; autism ID AUTISM; DNA AB In order to verify the pathogenic role of mitochondria in Rett syndrome, the results are reported of skin and muscle biopsies in two RS patients, showing morphological ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondrial number and size. The investigation on two recently described mtDNA mutations (at nt 10463 and 2835) (Lewis et al., 1995; Tang et al., 1997) gave contrasting results with respect to previously reported data. In particular, the first mutation has been found in seven subjects, five of whom were from two different control groups, while the second mutation has been not detected in any of the 26 patients and controls. Although these results present some signs of a morphological impairment of mitochondria, they do not support the hypothesis that the two mutations may have a primary role in the pathogenesis of the syndrome and indicate the need for further investigations on the role of mtDNA in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. C1 Univ Siena, Inst Neurol Sci, Res Ctr Neurohandicaps, I-53100 Siena, Italy. Hosp Siena, Unit Child Neurol & Psychiat, Siena, Italy. RP Federico, A (reprint author), Univ Siena, Inst Neurol Sci, Res Ctr Neurohandicaps, Viale Bracci, I-53100 Siena, Italy. 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PD APR PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 301 EP 304 PG 4 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 245QG UT WOS:000083119200017 PM 10457616 ER PT J AU Leontovich, TA Mukhina, JK Fedorov, AA Belichenko, PV AF Leontovich, TA Mukhina, JK Fedorov, AA Belichenko, PV TI Morphological study of the entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation, and basal ganglia in Rett syndrome patients SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Rett syndrome; entorhinal cortex; hippocampal formation; basal ganglia; morphology; stereotyped movements ID AREA 35 CORTICES; DENTATE GYRUS; RHESUS-MONKEY; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL CORTICES; IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS; SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS; MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; LOBE AFFERENTS; COMBINED GOLGI; CA1 AB Entorhinal cortex (EC), fascia dentata (FD), hippocampus (HP), and basal ganglia (BG) were studied in Rett syndrome (RS) cases and compared with control brains and an autism case, Kluver-Barrera and Golgi methods were used. In RS most of the areas of EC, HP, and FD showed severe cell hypochromia. In the EC all cells of layer II and most in layer III were in a state of total chromatolysis or were "ghost" cells, but the cells of layers V and VI were preserved and moderately hyperchromic. In FD and up the majority of the granular cells and cells of CA3 and CA4 fields were severely hypochromic, whereas in the CA1 field most cells were normal or slightly hypercaryochromic. In BG mostly mild or moderate aberration from normal cell structure was observed: in striatum, mild hypercaryochromia of small neurons and more expressive hyperchromia of large neurons were found; and in pallidum, mild or moderate hypercaryochromia to severe hyperchromia in pallidum internum was found. Degeneration of thick myelinated fibers was evident in pallidum. Large striatal and pallidal neurons showed signs of constructive changes in Golgi slices. These data allow the determination of the cause of the main symptoms of RS. 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Dis. PD APR PY 1999 VL 6 IS 2 BP 77 EP 91 DI 10.1006/nbdi.1998.0234 PG 15 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 195JJ UT WOS:000080246700001 PM 10343323 ER PT J AU Zhong, N Ye, LL Ju, WN Tsiouris, J Cohen, I Brown, WT AF Zhong, N Ye, LL Ju, WN Tsiouris, J Cohen, I Brown, WT TI 5-HTTLPR variants not associated with autistic spectrum disorders SO NEUROGENETICS LA English DT Article DE autism; serotonin transporter; genotypes; polymorphism; fragile X syndrome ID SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER GENE; FRAGILE-X; 1ST-DEGREE RELATIVES; BLOOD SEROTONIN; DOUBLE-BLIND; POLYMORPHISM; PROBANDS; LINKAGE; PLACEBO AB To determine whether there is an association of polymorphic variants of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and autistic spectrum disorders, we analyzed the 5-HTTLPR genotypes of 72 autistic subjects, 11 fragile X syndrome patients with autistic behavior, 43 normal subjects, and 49 fragile X syndrome non-autistic subjects. 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However, it is unclear whether these cognitive subsystems can fractionate developmentally. The present study describes an investigation of visual memory of a patient (PE) with multiple developmental disorders. PE was congenitally deaf, had Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and autism, with non-verbal ability in the normal range. The patient presented with a recognition memory impairment: for unknown human faces. This contrasted with his superior recognition memory for unknown buildings, landscapes and outdoor scenes. PE's memory impairment for fades could not be explained by a general deficit in face processing. Interestingly, PE also showed a recognition memory impairment for animals. These findings indicate that different domains of the visual memory system can be fractionated developmentally, In particular, it demonstrates that topographical memory can develop independently from other aspects of visual memory. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Naval Hosp, Dept Pediat, Camp Lejeune, NC USA. Ctr Child Study, Sect Neurodev Pediat, Ft Worth, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD APR PY 1999 VL 45 IS 4 MA 780 BP 134A EP 134A PN 2 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 182AQ UT WOS:000079476700781 ER PT J AU Bresnahan, M Brown, AS Susser, E Cohen, P AF Bresnahan, M Brown, AS Susser, E Cohen, P TI Gestational timing of prenatal rubella in schizophrenia: Comparison with autism SO SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 New York State Psychiat Inst, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10032 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-9964 J9 SCHIZOPHR RES JI Schizophr. Res. PD APR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 37 EP 37 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 174XH UT WOS:000079061400102 ER PT J AU Lys, C Findling, R Friedman, L Schulz, SC Xue, M Ng, T Buckley, PF AF Lys, C Findling, R Friedman, L Schulz, SC Xue, M Ng, T Buckley, PF TI Frontal lobe metabolism and aberrant neurodevelopment: A comparative MRS study among adolescents with autism, schizophrenia, and healthy subjects SO SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Psychiat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-9964 J9 SCHIZOPHR RES JI Schizophr. Res. PD APR PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 226 EP 226 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 174XH UT WOS:000079061400656 ER PT J AU Smodlaka-Larrouy, C AF Smodlaka-Larrouy, C TI Voce delizia SO REVUE FRANCAISE DE PSYCHANALYSE LA French DT Article DE nostalgia; narcissism; autism; voice; opera AB Proust's writing creates in the reader a particular interior voice that evokes a nostalgic object-relation, Freud indicates the feeling of nostalgia as a very early outcome of the distress and anxiety linked to the loss of the object. From this primordial experience of loss, and from the nostalgic link with the object proceeds the creation of the diverse figures of the human voice. RP Smodlaka-Larrouy, C (reprint author), 20 Bis,Blvd Bastille, F-75012 Paris, France. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PRESSES UNIV FRANCE PI EVRY PA DEPT DES REVUES 14, AVENUE DU BOIS-DE-L'EPINE B.P. 90, 91003 EVRY, FRANCE SN 0035-2942 J9 REV FR PSYCHANAL JI Rev. Fr. Psychanal. PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 563 EP + PG 7 WC Psychology, Psychoanalysis SC Psychology GA 208QC UT WOS:000081002000014 ER PT J AU Rapin, I AF Rapin, I TI Autism in search of a home in the brain SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID INFANTILE C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, RF Kennedy Ctr Res Mental Retardat & Human Deve, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Saul R Korey Dept Neurol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. RP Rapin, I (reprint author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, RF Kennedy Ctr Res Mental Retardat & Human Deve, Room 807 Kennedy Ctr,1410 Pelham Pkwy S, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. 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Background: Cerebellar and neocortical systems models of autism have been proposed. Courchesne and colleagues have argued that cognitive deficits such as shifting attention disturbances result from dysfunction of vermal lobules VI and VII. Such a vermal deficit should be associated with dysmetric saccadic eye movements because of the major role these areas play in guiding the motor precision of saccades. In contrast, neocortical models of autism predict intact saccade metrics, but impairments on tasks requiring the higher cognitive control of saccades. Methods: A total of 26 rigorously diagnosed nonmentally retarded autistic subjects and 26 matched healthy control subjects were assessed with a visually guided saccade task and two volitional saccade tasks, the oculomotor delayed-response task and the antisaccade task. Results: Metrics and dynamics of the visually guided saccades were normal in autistic subjects, documenting the absence of disturbances in cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII and in automatic shifts of visual attention. Deficits were demonstrated on both volitional saccade tasks, indicating dysfunction in the circuitry of prefrontal cortex and its connections with the parietal cortex, and associated cognitive impairments in spatial working memory and in the ability to voluntarily suppress context-inappropriate responses. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate intrinsic neocortical, not cerebellar, dysfunction in autism, and parallel deficits in higher order cognitive mechanisms and not in elementary attentional and sensorimotor systems in autism. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Minshew, NJ (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, 3811 OHara St,430 Bellefield Towers, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Luna, Beatriz/F-1201-2010 CR AMMONS RB, 1962, PSYCHOL REP, V11, P111 Bailey A, 1998, BRAIN, V121, P889, DOI 10.1093/brain/121.5.889 BARONE P, 1989, BRAIN BEHAV EVOLUT, V33, P132, DOI 10.1159/000115915 Bauman ML, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF02172012 Bennetto L, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P1816, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x Burack J. 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Of the 21 cases, 17 had normal brain weights and 1 was micrencephalic. Compared with the normal median (1,460 g), three autism cases were megalencephalic: two (1,810 g and 1,820 g) had been previously reported and one (1,880 g) was a new case. Brain weight is thus normal in most postmortem cases of autism. There are, however, rare cases of megalencephaly and possibly micrencephaly. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cognit Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Childrens Hosp, Res Ctr, Lab Res Neurosci Autism, San Diego, CA USA. Natl Ctr Hosp Mental Nervous & Muscular Disorders, Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Outpatient Dept, Tokyo, Japan. RP Courchesne, E (reprint author), Lab Res Neurosci Autism, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr,Room 201, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. CR Bailey A, 1998, BRAIN, V121, P889, DOI 10.1093/brain/121.5.889 Blinkov S. 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Polish Acad Sci, Inst Human Genet, PL-60479 Poznan, Poland. Univ Med Sci, Dept Dev Neurol, Poznan, Poland. RP Kwiatkowski, DJ (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Expt Med & Med Oncol, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. 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Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 4 PY 1999 VL 340 IS 9 BP 703 EP 707 DI 10.1056/NEJM199903043400905 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 172ZB UT WOS:000078955200005 PM 10053179 ER PT J AU Edelson, SM Edelson, MG Kerr, DCR Grandin, T AF Edelson, SM Edelson, MG Kerr, DCR Grandin, T TI Behavioral and physiological effects of deep pressure on children with autism: A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of Grandin's Hug Machine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY LA English DT Article DE anxiety; arousal (physiologic) ID TOUCH; RESPONSIVITY; STIMULI AB Objective. One symptom common to many persons with autism is a high arousal or anxiety level. This study investigated the effects of deep pressure on arousal and anxiety reduction in autism with Grandin's Hug Machine, a device that allow self-administration of lateral body pressure. Method. Twelve children with autism were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (receiving deep pressure) or a placebo group (not receiving deep pressure but in the disengaged Hug Machine). All children received two 20-min sessions a week over a 6-week period. Arousal was measured behaviorally with the Conners Parent Rating Scale and physiologically with galvanic skin response (GSR) readings. Results. Behavioral results indicated d significant reduction in tension and a marginally significant reduction in anxiety far children who received the deep pressure compared with the children who did not. Additionally, children in the experimental group, whose GSR measures decreased on average, after deep pressure, were somewhat move likely to have higher GSR arousal a priori. Conclusion. These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that deep pressure may have a calming effect for persons with autism, especially those with high levels of arousal or anxiety. 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PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 53 IS 2 BP 145 EP 152 PG 8 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 176GL UT WOS:000079143100005 PM 10200837 ER PT J AU Stone, WL Ousley, OY Hepburn, SL Hogan, KL Brown, CS AF Stone, WL Ousley, OY Hepburn, SL Hogan, KL Brown, CS TI Patterns of adaptive behavior in very young children with autism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL ON MENTAL RETARDATION LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL; MENTAL-RETARDATION; FOLLOW-UP; STABILITY; ADOLESCENTS; DISORDERS; SCORES; SCALES; AGE AB The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were used to investigate patterns of adaptive behavior in children with autism who were under 36 months of age. Subjects were 30 children with autism and 30 children with developmental delay matched on CA and MA. Relative to controls, the autistic group demonstrated weaker socialization and communication skills and greater discrepancies between adaptive behavior and MA. Different patterns of relations between adaptive behavior domains and cognitive and language skills were obtained for the two groups. Preliminary support for the utility of adaptive behavior profiles in identifying subgroups of children with autism is provided. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for early diagnosis of autism. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. RP Stone, WL (reprint author), Vanderbilt Child Dev Ctr, Med Ctr S, Room 426, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. 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PD MAR PY 1999 VL 104 IS 2 BP 187 EP 199 DI 10.1352/0895-8017(1999)104<0187:POABIV>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 260VR UT WOS:000083974600008 PM 10207581 ER PT J AU Chugani, DC Muzik, O Behen, M Rothermel, R Janisse, JJ Lee, J Chugani, HT AF Chugani, DC Muzik, O Behen, M Rothermel, R Janisse, JJ Lee, J Chugani, HT TI Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and nonautistic children. SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; DOUBLE-BLIND; DISORDER; TRYPTOPHAN; DEPLETION; ADULTS AB Serotonin content, serotonin uptake sites, and serotonin receptor binding measured in animal studies are all higher in the developing brain, compared with adult values, and decline before puberty. Furthermore, a disruption of synaptic connectivity in sensory cortical regions can result from experimental increase or decrease of brain serotonin before puberty. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether brain serotonin synthesis capacity is higher in children than in adults and whether there are differences in serotonin synthesis capacity between autistic and nonautistic children. Serotonin synthesis capacity was measured in autistic and nonautistic children at different ages, using alpha[C-11]methyl-L-tryptophan and positron emission tomography. Global brain values for serotonin synthesis capacity (K complex) were obtained for autistic children (n = 30), their nonautistic siblings (n = 8), and epileptic children without autism (n = 16), K-complex values were plotted according to age and fitted to linear and five-parameter functions, to determine developmental changes and differences in serotonin synthesis between groups. For nonautistic children, serotonin synthesis capacity was more than 200% of adult values until the age of 5 years and then declined toward adult values. Serotonin synthesis capacity values declined at an earlier age in girls than in boys. In autistic children, serotonin synthesis capacity increased gradually between the ages of 2 years and 15 years to values 1.5 times adult normal values and showed no sex difference. Significant differences were detected between the autistic and epileptic groups and between the autistic and sibling groups for the change with age in the serotonin synthesis capacity. These data suggest that humans undergo a period of high brain serotonin synthesis capacity during childhood, and that this developmental process is disrupted in autistic children. C1 Childrens Hosp Michigan, PET Ctr, Dept Pediat, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Childrens Hosp Michigan, Dept Radiol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Childrens Hosp Michigan, Dept Neurol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Childrens Hosp Michigan, Dept Psychiat, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Hlth Care Effectiveness Res, Detroit, MI USA. RP Chugani, HT (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Michigan, PET Ctr, Dept Pediat, 3901 Beaubien Blvd, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. 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Neurol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1002/1531-8249(199903)45:3<287::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 172CP UT WOS:000078905000003 PM 10072042 ER PT J AU Assumpcao, FB Kuczynski, E Gabriel, MR Rocca, CC AF Assumpcao, FB Kuczynski, E Gabriel, MR Rocca, CC TI Validity and reliability of a scale for the assessment of austistic behaviour SO ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA LA Spanish DT Article DE autism; diagnostic; evaluation scale ID AUTISM; MIND AB This study aimed to translate, to adapt and to validate the scale of autistic traits (ATA) developed by Ballabriga et al. in Barcelona, by the analysis of 31 patients with mental deficiency and 30 patients with autism, according to the DSM-IV criteria. The "cut off point" found was 15 (p=0.05); the reliability coefficient was 0.27; the construct validity showed low agreement (kappa=0.04) and the internal validity was 100%, with all evaluated patients having their clinical diagnosis confirmed through the scale application. The correlation index was 0.42, showing that it is specific for autism. The scale presents discrimination capacity and internal consistency, and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.71. We consider that achieved results show that the scale is reliable to be used in our population. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Psicol, Pos Grad Programa Neurosiencias, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Psicol, Pos Grad Dept Psiquiatria, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Psicol, Pos Grad Dept Fisiol Funct, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Hosp Clin, Inst Psiquiatria,Serv Psiquiatria Infuncia & Adol, BR-05403900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. CR APA, 1995, MAN DIAGN EST TRANST *APA, 1989, MAN DIAGN EST TRANST Ballabriga M. C., 1994, REV PSIQUIATRIA INFA, V4, P254 BARON-COHEN S, 1990, International Review of Psychiatry, V2, P81, DOI 10.3109/09540269009028274 BARONCOHEN S, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P379, DOI 10.1007/BF02212194 BARONCOHEN S, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P33 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BARTHELEMY C, 1986, NEUROPSYCHIATRIE ENF, V34, P636 HOBSON RP, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P1 LELORD GF, 1986, NEUROPSYCHIAT ENFAN, V34, P119 VOLKMAR FR, 1988, AM J PSYCHIAT, V145, P1404 Wing L, 1988, ASPECTS AUTISM BIOL NR 12 TC 7 Z9 14 PU ASSOC ARQUIVOS DE NEURO- PSIQUIATRIA PI SAO PAULO SP PA PR AMADEU AMARAL 47/33, 01327-010 SAO PAULO SP, BRAZIL SN 0004-282X J9 ARQ NEURO-PSIQUIAT JI Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1590/S0004-282X1999000100005 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 178XB UT WOS:000079293500005 PM 10347719 ER PT J AU Terai, K Munesue, T Hiratani, M AF Terai, K Munesue, T Hiratani, M TI Excessive water drinking behavior in autism SO BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Chubu Part of the Japanese-Society-of-Psychosomatic-Medicine CY MAY 13, 1995 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Japanese Soc Psychosomat Med DE water drinking behavior; polydipsia; autism; mental retardation; residential factor ID GROWTH-HORMONE RESPONSE; INFANTILE-AUTISM; L-DOPA; INTOXICATION AB The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of polydipsia in 49 autistic children, and also the influence of psychotropic drugs and residential factors on water drinking behavior, as compared with in 89 mentally retarded children, in schools for mentally handicapped children in Fukui prefecture. Questionnaires were used to detect polydipsia and to assess the severity of the water drinking behavior in the autistic children and mentally retarded children. The incidence of polydipsia in the autistic children tended to be higher (P = 0.074) than that in the retarded children. The severity of water drinking behavior was significantly higher in autism (P = 0.022) than in mental retardation. The majority of the autistic children with polydipsia had been taking no psychotropic drugs. The incidence of polydipsia showed no significant difference between two residential situations, i.e. 'not at home' and 'at home'. The present study suggests that polydipsia or excessive water drinking behavior occurs more often in autism than in mental retardation, possibly due to some intrinsic factor in autism itself. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Noto Second Hosp, Div Neuropsychiat, Nanao, Ishikawa 9260816, Japan. Fukui Prefectural Mental Hlth Ctr, Fukui 9100846, Japan. Kanazawa Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neuropsychiat, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208640, Japan. Ctr Dev Med & Educ Handicapped Children Fukui Pre, Fukui 9100846, Japan. RP Terai, K (reprint author), Noto Second Hosp, Div Neuropsychiat, 55 Fujihashi Machi, Nanao, Ishikawa 9260816, Japan. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT ASHTON MG, 1977, BRIT MED J, V30, P1134 BREMNER AJ, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V158, P244, DOI 10.1192/bjp.158.2.244 DEUTSCH SI, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P59, DOI 10.1007/BF01531578 DEUTSCH SI, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P205, DOI 10.1007/BF01531606 FUJIMOTO Y, 1994, RINSYOH SEISHIN IGAK, V23, P1049 Hiratani Michio, 1997, No To Hattatsu, V29, P367 HIRATANI M, 1992, INT CONGR SER, V965, P383 MATSUDA G, 1992, KEIO IGAKU TOKYO, V69, P159 MATUK F, 1977, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V34, P374 REALMUTO GM, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P455, DOI 10.1007/BF02216052 RINGEL RA, 1986, NEUROLOGY, V36, P1506 SMITH WO, 1980, AM J PSYCHIAT, V137, P1055 VINCENT FM, 1978, ANN INTERN MED, V89, P147 NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0387-7604 J9 BRAIN DEV-JPN JI Brain Dev. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 21 IS 2 BP 103 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0387-7604(98)00079-5 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 180GD UT WOS:000079377000006 PM 10206527 ER PT J AU Surian, L Leslie, AM AF Surian, L Leslie, AM TI Competence and performance in false belief understanding: A comparison of autistic and normal 3-year-old children. SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIND; KNOWLEDGE; TASK; REPRESENTATION; THINKING; STATES; GRASP; PASS AB Using a standard prediction of action task, we find that normally developing 3-year-old children successfully take into account a protagonist's false belief when asked a 'look first' question. When asked this same question in a true belief scenario, 3-year-olds also correctly predict a protagonist's action even though in this case the correct answer is the second (full) location rather than the first (empty) location. This rules out the use of a low-level response strategy. In a second experiment, children aged 3.5 years who failed a standard 'think' question passed a 'look first' question. A control group of older children with autism, who performed at the 3.5-year-old level on the 'think' question, showed no improvement in performance on the 'look first' question. Taken together, the two studies confirm that a minimal modification to the standard false belief task helps normally developing preschoolers to calculate the content of a false belief. Current: neuropsychological models of 'theory of mind' development typically contrast autistic children with normally developing 4-year-olds who pass standard false belief tasks. Our present results extend current models by comparing autistic children with 3-year-olds who also fail standard tasks. Apparently, the two groups do not fail for the same reasons. Whereas 3-year-olds' difficulties on theory of mind tasks appear to be due to performance factors, autistic children's difficulties appear to be caused by a deeper metarepresentational impairment. C1 Univ Padua, Dept Dev Psychol, I-35131 Padua, Italy. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Cognit Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. RP Surian, L (reprint author), Univ Padua, Dipartimento Psicol Sviluppo & Socializzaz, Via Venezia 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Appleton M, 1996, SOC DEV, V5, P275, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9507.1996.tb00086.x BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Carlson SM, 1998, CHILD DEV, V69, P672, DOI 10.2307/1132197 Chandler M. 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M., 1990, CHILDS THEORY MIND WELLMAN HM, 1988, COGNITION, V30, P239, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(88)90021-2 ZAITCHIK D, 1991, COGNITIVE DEV, V6, P91, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(91)90008-2 NR 47 TC 51 Z9 52 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER LE1 7DR, LEICS, ENGLAND SN 0261-510X J9 BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL JI Br. J. Dev. Psychol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 17 BP 141 EP 155 DI 10.1348/026151099165203 PN 1 PG 15 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 183ZT UT WOS:000079585400009 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S AF Baron-Cohen, S TI Children with autism: A developmental perspective. SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. CR Capps L., 1997, CHILDREN AUTISM DEV NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER LE1 7DR, LEICS, ENGLAND SN 0261-510X J9 BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL JI Br. J. Dev. Psychol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 17 BP 160 EP 161 PN 1 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 183ZT UT WOS:000079585400014 ER PT J AU Fein, D Stevens, M Dunn, M Waterhouse, L Allen, D Rapin, I Feinstein, C AF Fein, D Stevens, M Dunn, M Waterhouse, L Allen, D Rapin, I Feinstein, C TI Subtypes of pervasive developmental disorder: Clinical characteristics SO CHILD NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUNCTIONING AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; DSM-III-R; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER; MEDICAL CONDITIONS; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; FAMILY HISTORY; RETT SYNDROME; FOLLOW-UP; SUBCLASSIFICATION AB Previous analysis of data from 505 preschool children with disordered communication, falling into the a priori categories of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), Developmental Language Disorder, and Nonautistic Low IQ, showed that PDD is statistically distinct from nonPDD. Current analyses of the 194 children with PDD also showed the existence of two subgroups within PDD. Children in these two subgroups are sharply divided on the basis of overall cognitive level; children in both groups share major symptom areas, but specific behavioral manifestations differ. Differing developmental trajectories into school age validate the distinction. A clinically usable algorithm for classifying PDD children into the two subgroups, based on social developmental level and degree of social abnormality, is provided. The findings suggest that high- and low-functioning individuals with PDD should be conceptualized as essentially distinct and should be studied separately for etiology, pathophysiology, course, and treatment. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. New Jersey Med Coll, Trenton, NJ USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Fein, D (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, U-20, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. 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PD MAR PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 1 EP 23 DI 10.1076/chin.5.1.1.7075 PG 23 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 171CV UT WOS:000078845600001 ER PT J AU Barak, Y Kimhi, R Stein, D Gutman, J Weizman, A AF Barak, Y Kimhi, R Stein, D Gutman, J Weizman, A TI Autistic subjects with comorbid epilepsy: A possible association with viral infections SO CHILD PSYCHIATRY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE autism; epilepsy; viral infections ID SEASON; BIRTH; DISORDERS; CHILDREN; INFLUENZA; DISEASE AB This study evaluates the comorbidity of epilepsy as a variable supporting a viral hypothesis in Autism. Data covering a 30-year period (1960-1989), including general population live births, autistic births, and incidence of viral encephalitis and viral meningitis, were collected for Israel. 290 autistic births were evaluated. The annual birth pattern of subjects with comorbid epilepsy fit the seasonality of viral meningitis. These findings support the role of viral C.N.S. infections in the causality of this disorder. C1 Abarbanel Mental Hlth Ctr, IL-59100 Bat Yam, Israel. Geha Mental Hosp, Petah Tiqwa, Israel. RP Barak, Y (reprint author), Abarbanel Mental Hlth Ctr, 15 Keren,Kayemet St, IL-59100 Bat Yam, Israel. 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Hum. Dev. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1023/A:1022669125423 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 172DU UT WOS:000078908600005 PM 10080966 ER PT J AU Oller, JW Rascon, D AF Oller, JW Rascon, D TI Applying sign theory to autism SO CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS LA English DT Review DE abstraction; Asperger syndrome; autism; dysfunction; general sign theory; language aquisition; severity of disorder; true narrative representations ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; CHILDREN; LANGUAGE; CHILDHOOD; INFANTS AB Sign theory concerns how any sign-a sensation, movement, conventional (linguistic) sign, or combination of these-is assigned meaning by its user(s). Two developments are applied to autism: (1)the theory of true narrative representations (TNR-theory) shows how the creation and comprehension of any sensible sign-and, thus, the normal unfolding of intelligence-is utterly dependent on connecting signs appropriately with the material world; and (2)the theory of abstraction (A-theory) shows how meaningful connections are created. A-theory generates a sign hierarchy 30 layers deep, hypothesized to be universal. Based on that hierarchy, 16 degrees of autistic disorder, A(0) to A(15), are defined for persons stranded early in the hierarchy. Asperger syndrome appears at A(14) and A(15). A general hypothesis is deduced from A-theory showing that severe symptoms can persist at milder degrees of autism, but symptoms dependent on higher levels of abstraction cannot be displayed by a person stymied at a lower level. Diagnostic advantages are considered. C1 Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Communicat Disorders, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Communicat Disorders, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Oller, JW (reprint author), Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Communicat Disorders, POB 43170, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. 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PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 13 IS 2 BP 77 EP 112 PG 36 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA 165PZ UT WOS:000078531400001 ER PT J AU Smith, T AF Smith, T TI Outcome of early intervention for children with autism SO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE LA English DT Review DE autism; early intervention; treatment; outcome ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; FOLLOW-UP; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; YOUNG AUTISM; REPLICATION; STABILITY; PARENTS; COMMUNICATION; INTELLIGENCE; ACQUISITION AB Since 1980, 12 peer-reviewed outcome studies (nine on behavior analytic programs, one on Project TEACCH, and two on Colorado Health Sciences) have focused on early intervention for children with autism. Mean IQ gains of 7-28 points were reported in studies of behavior analytic programs, and 3-9 in studies on TEACCH and Colorado. Gains were also reported on other measures in some studies. Individual children varied greatly in treatment responsivity. No fully randomized studies have been published, and studies with features such as large sample sites and blind examiners have been rare. Further progress is likely to require more rigorous clinical trials, more comprehensive pretreatment and follow-up assessments, and greater attention to brain-behavior relationships. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Psychol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Smith, T (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Psychol, POB 644820, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. CR Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 AOYAMI S, 1995, JAPANESE J SPECIAL E BAER DM, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P373 Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 Baron-Cohen S, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS Bayley N., 1969, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 Bondy A. 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PD SPR PY 1999 VL 6 IS 1 BP 33 EP 49 DI 10.1093/clipsy/6.1.33 PG 17 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 168ZQ UT WOS:000078723400004 ER PT J AU Riikonen, R Vanhala, R AF Riikonen, R Vanhala, R TI Levels of cerebrospinal fluid nerve-growth factor differ in infantile autism and Rett syndrome SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; BRAIN; SEROTONIN; CHILDREN; SPECT; NEUROPATHOLOGY; ABNORMALITIES; PATIENT AB Autism and Rett syndrome (RS) are both developmental disorders of unknown origin. Autism is a behaviourally defined syndrome. RS, which affects girls only, is characterized by a profound learning disability following early normal development, with a consistent cluster of clinical features. Differentiation of RS from infantile autism in the very early stages of the disorders is not always easy. Both syndromes still lack discriminative laboratory markers for accurate diagnosis and differentiation. We decided to compare the CSF nerve-growth factor (NGF) levels of children with infantile autism and children with RS using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our findings of mainly normal CSF NGF in autism and low to negligible values in RS are in agreement with the different morphological and neurochemical findings (brain growth, affected brain areas, neurotransmitter metabolism) in the two syndromes. CSF NGF could be used as a biochemical marker for differentiation of patients with autism from those with RS. C1 Univ Kuopio, Childrens Hosp, Dept Child Neurol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Hosp Children & Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland. RP Riikonen, R (reprint author), Univ Kuopio, Childrens Hosp, Dept Child Neurol, POB 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 148 EP 152 DI 10.1017/S0012162299000328 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 179ND UT WOS:000079333300002 PM 10210246 ER PT J AU Kent, L Evans, J Paul, M Sharp, M AF Kent, L Evans, J Paul, M Sharp, M TI Comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; DOWNS-SYNDROME; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; ADULTS; INDIVIDUALS; POPULATION; BEHAVIOR; DEFICITS; RATES AB The aim of the study was to identify the comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in a population of children with Down syndrome (DS), All children with DS within a defined population of South Birmingham were identified. The Asperger Syndrome Screening Questionnaire and the Child Autism Rating Scale were completed and diagnosis made according to ICD-10 criteria following interview and observation, Thirty-three of 58 identified children completed the measures, four of whom received a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder. This is equivalent to a minimum comorbid rate of 7%. The questionnaire items concerning social withdrawal, restricted or repetitive interests, clumsiness, and unusual eye contact were associated with an autistic disorder, Of the remaining 29 participating children, 11 also displayed marked obsessional and ritualistic behaviours, The comorbid occurrence of autism and DS is at least 7%. It is important that these children are identified and receive appropriate education and support. A full assessment of social, language, and communication skills and behaviour is crucial, particularly in children with DS who appear different from other children with DS. 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PD MAR PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 153 EP 158 DI 10.1017/S001216229900033X PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 179ND UT WOS:000079333300003 PM 10210247 ER PT J AU Alderson, P Goodey, C AF Alderson, P Goodey, C TI Autism in Special and Inclusive Schools: 'there has to be a point to their being there' SO DISABILITY & SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB What kind of schools are most suitable for pupils affected by autism? This article reviews meanings of autism and autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). We report evidence from observations in schools and interviews with pupils and adults, drawing on a qualitative study of special education in two contrasting education authorities one with special autistic schools, the other with inclusive schools. Current theory, policy and practice in the education of pupils with autistic tendencies are discussed in relation to the data. C1 Univ London, Inst Educ, Social Sci Res Unit, London WC1H 0NS, England. RP Alderson, P (reprint author), Univ London, Inst Educ, Social Sci Res Unit, 18 Woburn Sq, London WC1H 0NS, England. CR Alderson P., 1998, ENABLING ED EXPERIEN ASPERGER H, 1944, AUTISTISCHEN PSYCHOP Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN Gardner H., 1993, UNSCHOOLED MIND CHIL Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 MCNAMARA S, 1995, CHANGING BEHAV TEACH Proctor R., 1988, RACIAL HYGIENE MED N Wing L, 1996, BRIT MED J, V312, P327 WING L, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P31, DOI 10.1007/BF01531339 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0968-7599 J9 DISABIL SOC JI Disabil. Soc. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 249 EP 261 PG 13 WC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 183DJ UT WOS:000079538500008 ER PT J AU Tordjman, S Antoine, C Cohen, DJ Gauvain-Piquard, A Carlier, M Roubertoux, P Ferrari, P AF Tordjman, S Antoine, C Cohen, DJ Gauvain-Piquard, A Carlier, M Roubertoux, P Ferrari, P TI Study of the relationships between self-injurious behavior and pain reactivity in infantile autism SO ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCHIATRIE CLINIQUE BIOLOGIQUE ET THERAPEUTIQUE LA French DT Article DE autism; pain reactivity; self-injurious behavior ID PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN; MUTILATION; CORTISOL AB Autism can be considered as an early general developmental disorder, characterized by problems of social interaction, problems of verbal and non verbal communication, and behavioral or ideational stereotypes. However, within autism we observe a clinical heterogeneity of autistic disorders which suggests the possibility of autistic subtypes. Several authors hypothesize an analgesia among autistic children; this analgesia may be related to self-mutilation found among autistics. The current research had two objectives. 1) to develop and validate evaluation tools for measuring aggression directed towards the self (Yale-Paris Self-injurious Behavior Scale : YAPA SIB) and pain reactivity (Pre-Linguistic Behavioral Pain Reactivity Scale : PL-BPRS); instruments appropriate for autistics and capable of showing different behavioral sub-types; 2) to study in 80 autistic children pain reactivity, self-injurious behavior, and their relation in different observational situations. The results show that the scales of self-injurious behavior and pain reactivity have good discriminative capacity, good test-retest reliability and good validity. The results suggest additionally that the apparent decreased pain reactivity observed in autistics does not derive from a real analgesia but from a different mode of pain expression related to difficulties with verbal communication, body representation and certain cognitive disorders (learning disorders, problems representing sensations and emotions, problems establishing cause-effect relationships). Additionally, there is a significant relationship between certain self-injurious behaviors and the apparent reduced pain reactivity. Interpretations oft his result are presented and the possible role of stress in autism is discussed. C1 Univ Paris Sud, Fdn Vallee, F-94257 Gentilly, France. Yale Child Study Ctr, New Haven, CT USA. Inst Gustave Roussy, Unite Psychiat & Oncopsychol, Villejuif, France. CNRS, UPR 9074, F-45071 Orleans, France. CR ADES J, 1990, NEUROPSYCHIATRIE, V5, P31 AJURIAGUERRA J, 1962, PSYCHIAT ENFANT, V21, P427 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARON J, 1983, AM J MENT DEFIC, V88, P177 BARON J, 1985, AM J MENT DEFIC, V90, P124 Bleuler E, 1911, DEMENTIA PRAECOX GRO BRAUNER A, 1972, VIVRE AVEC UN ENFANT BROOKER AE, 1982, PSYCHOL REP, V50, P587 BULLINGER A, 1995, CAHIERS CTNE RHI, V67, P59 CAMPBELL M, 1990, BRAIN DYSFUNCT, P299 CARRAZ Y, 1973, Revue de Neuropsychiatrie Infantile et d'Hygiene Mentale de l'Enfance, V21, P217 COLLIGNON P, 1992, JOURNEES POLYHANDICA, P1 DEHEN H, 1978, PAIN, V5, P351, DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(78)90003-9 DUMESNIL F, 1989, AUTISME PSYCHOSES PR, P53 FERRARI P, 1983, NEUROPSYCHIAT ENFAN, V31, P225 GILLBERG C, 1990, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V12, P88 GRANDIN T, 1993, ARAPI, V2, P19 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 LEMAY M, 1980, B SCI HOP RIVIERE DE, V3, P85 LEZINE I, 1959, ENFANCE, V12, P95, DOI 10.3406/enfan.1959.1427 LOMBARD MC, 1979, PAIN, V6, P163, DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(79)90123-4 MISES R, 1988, PSYCHIAT ENFANT, V31, P67 POZNANSKI EO, 1976, CLIN PEDIATR, V15, P1114, DOI 10.1177/000992287601501205 RICHARDSON JS, 1983, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V18, P99 RITVO ER, 1983, AUTISME VERITE REFUS ROSS DL, 1987, PEDIATR NEUROL, V3, P83, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(87)90032-4 ROSSITCH E, 1992, PAIN, V50, P209, DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90164-7 SANDMAN CA, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P83, DOI 10.1007/BF02207000 SANDMAN CA, 1981, PHARMACOL THERAPEUT, V13, P39, DOI 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90066-8 SHENTOUB SA, 1961, PSYCHIAT ENFANT, V3, P37 SHENTOUB SA, 1961, PSYCHIAT ENFANT, V3, P111 Tordjman S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P705, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01697.x WILLEMSENSWINKELS SHN, 1995, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V52, P766 WING L, 1980, EARLY CHILDHOOD AUTI 1993, CIM, V10, P103 NR 36 TC 27 Z9 27 PU DOIN EDITEURS PI PARIS PA 47 RUE SAINT-ANDRE-DES-ARTS, F-75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0013-7006 J9 ENCEPHALE JI Enceph.-Rev. Psychiatr. Clin. Biol. Ther. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 25 IS 2 BP 122 EP 134 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 200TB UT WOS:000080555200006 PM 10370885 ER PT J AU Trillingsgaard, P AF Trillingsgaard, P TI The script model in relation to autism SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE non-retarded autism; script; theory-of-mind; verbal IQ ID MIND; CHILDREN AB The primary purpose of this study was to investigate autistic children's scripts for social routines. Scripts specify familiar events in terms of who does what, when, to whom, and why. Scripts are verbalizations of mental event representations, containing and organizing generalized knowledge of how the world works. Scripts are presumed to be of vital importance for the development of shared meaning, communication, and social behaviour. In this study, children with autism were asked to explain well known social routines, such as how you shop in a supermarket, make a cake or celebrate a birthday. The scripts of the 12 children with nonretarded autism were compared to scripts of matched normal control children. Despite the fact that all of the participating children with autism had an IQ above 90 and a mental age between 8 and 14, a significant difference in autistic and normal control children's ability to generate scripts for familiar social routines was found. The results are discussed in relation to the same children's ability to pass theory-of-mind tests and their verbal intelligence. C1 Univ Aarhus, Inst Psychol, D-8240 Aarhus, Denmark. RP Trillingsgaard, P (reprint author), Univ Aarhus, Inst Psychol, Asylvej 4, D-8240 Aarhus, Denmark. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P285, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Dahlgren SO, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P759, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01469.x FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 Happe F., 1994, AUTISM INTRO PSYCHOL HAPPE F, 1994, 6 M ASS SPEC SCH TRE LOVELAND KA, 1993, UNDERSTANDIGN OTHER Nelson K., 1981, ADV DEV PSYCHOL, VI, P131 Nelson K., 1986, EVENT KNOWLEDGE STRU Nelson K., 1996, LANGUAGE COGNITIVE D Nelson K, 1985, MAKING SENSE ACQUISI PRIOR M, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P587, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00799.x SLACKMAN EA, 1986, EVENT REPRESENTATION TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1059, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01809.x TRILLINGSGAARD A, 1988, TILEGNET BIRTHE HOEG TYMCHUK AJ, 1977, J MENT DEFIC RES, V21, P133 *WISC, 1977, DAN STAND World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1018-8827 J9 EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY JI Eur. Child Adolesc. Psych. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 8 IS 1 BP 45 EP 49 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 194CE UT WOS:000080173900006 ER PT J AU Clark, T Feehan, C Tinline, C Vostanis, P AF Clark, T Feehan, C Tinline, C Vostanis, P TI Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE ADHD-autism-pervasive-DAMP ID CONDUCT DISORDER; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; PREVALENCE; SAMPLE; COMORBIDITY; DISABILITY AB Children with the syndrome of disorders of attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) invariably fill diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and commonly have symptoms of autistic spectrum disorders. This study estimates the rate of autistic symptoms in a sample of children with ADHD by using the parent-rated Autism Criteria Checklist. A high proportion of parents (between 65-80%) reported significant difficulties in social interaction (particularly in empathy and peer relationships), and communication (particularly in imaginative ability, nonverbal communication and maintaining conversation). The nature and relationship between ADHD and pervasive developmental disorders is considered, as well as implications for assessment, diagnosis and treatment. C1 Parkview Clin, Birmingham B13 8QE, W Midlands, England. Oaklands Child & Adolescent Ctr, Birmingham B29, W Midlands, England. RP Vostanis, P (reprint author), Parkview Clin, 60 Queensbridge Rd, Birmingham B13 8QE, W Midlands, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th CANTWELL D, 1973, J PAEDIAT PSYCHOL, V3, P163 Danforth JS, 1996, J PSYCHOPATHOL BEHAV, V18, P227, DOI 10.1007/BF02229046 DUPAUL GJ, 1991, J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL, V20, P245, DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2003_3 Ehlers S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P207, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01855.x GILLBERG C, 1982, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V23, P131, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1982.tb00058.x Gillberg C., 1995, CLIN CHILD NEUROPSYC GILLBERG CL, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01959.x GILLBERG IC, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P3 GILLBERG IC, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P631, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00275.x Greene RW, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P571, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199605000-00011 LAMBERT NM, 1980, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V8, P33, DOI 10.1007/BF00918160 MCARDLE P, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P279, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01825.x Rutter M., 1994, CHILD ADOLESCENT PSY Sandberg S, 1996, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V169, P10, DOI 10.1192/bjp.169.1.10 SANDBERG ST, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P293, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb00034.x SANDBERG ST, 1978, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V20, P279 SCHACHAR R, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P639, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199505000-00016 SEMRUDCLIKEMAN M, 1992, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V31, P439, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199205000-00009 SZATMARI P, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P219, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00236.x TAYLOR E, 1986, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V149, P760, DOI 10.1192/bjp.149.6.760 VOSTANIS P, IN PRESS AUTISM World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE NR 23 TC 100 Z9 104 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1018-8827 J9 EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY JI Eur. Child Adolesc. Psych. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 8 IS 1 BP 50 EP 55 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 194CE UT WOS:000080173900007 PM 10367741 ER PT J AU Ryu, YH Lee, JD Yoon, PH Kim, DI Lee, HB Shin, YJ AF Ryu, YH Lee, JD Yoon, PH Kim, DI Lee, HB Shin, YJ TI Perfusion impairments in infantile autism on technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer brain single-photon emission tomography: comparison with findings on magnetic resonance imaging SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE autism; brain; technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer; single-photon emission tomography; magnetic resonance imaging ID CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; ABNORMALITIES; SPECT; MR; MATURATION; HYPOPLASIA; METABOLISM; CHILDREN; VII AB The neuro-anatomical substrate of autism has been the subject of detailed investigation. Because previous studies have not demonstrated consistent and specific neuro-imaging findings in autism and most such studies have been performed in adults and school-aged children, we performed a retrospective review in young children in search of common functional and anatomical abnormalities with brain single-photon emission tomography (SPET) using technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and correlative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient population was composed of 23 children aged 28-92 months (mean: 54 months) who met the diagnostic criteria of autism as defined in the DSM-IV and CARS. Brain SPET was performed after intravenous injection of 185-370 MBq of Tc-99m-ECD using a brain-dedicated annular crystal gamma camera. MRI was performed in all patients, including T1, T2 axial and T1 sagittal sequences. SPET data were assessed visually. Twenty patients had abnormal SPET scans revealing focal areas of decreased perfusion. Decreased perfusion of the cerebellar hemisphere (20/23), thalami (19/23), basal ganglia (5/23) and posterior parietal (10/23) and temporal (7/23) areas were noted on brain SPET, By contrast all patients had normal MRI findings without evidence of abnormalities of the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar hemisphere, thalami, basal ganglia or parietotemporal cortex, In conclusion, extensive perfusion impairments involving the cerebellum, thalami and parietal cortex were found in this study. SPET may be more sensitive in reflecting the pathophysiology of autism than MRI. However, further studies are necessary to determine the significance of thalamic and parietal perfusion impairment in autism. C1 Yonsei Univ, Yongdong Severance Hosp, Coll Med, Dept Diagnost Radiol,Div Nucl Med, Seoul 135270, South Korea. Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Seoul, South Korea. RP Ryu, YH (reprint author), Yonsei Univ, Yongdong Severance Hosp, Coll Med, Dept Diagnost Radiol,Div Nucl Med, Kangnam Gu Dogok Dong 146-92, Seoul 135270, South Korea. 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J. Nucl. Med. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 253 EP 259 DI 10.1007/s002590050385 PG 7 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 176KH UT WOS:000079149900011 PM 10079316 ER PT J AU Marks, SU Schrader, C Levine, M AF Marks, SU Schrader, C Levine, M TI Paraeducator experiences in inclusive settings: Helping, hovering, or holding their own? SO EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN LA English DT Article ID SPECIAL-EDUCATION; SEVERE DISABILITIES; PATENT MEDICINE; STUDENTS; SCHOOL; PLACEMENT; CHILDREN; REFORM AB The perspectives and experiences of 20 paraeducators working with inclusion students with disabilities who also present significant behavioral challenges were investigated in this research. The inclusion students were in Grades K through 8 and represented a range of disability categories (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, serious emotional disturbance [SED] learning disability, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [AD/HD]). Findings from this study indicate that paraeducators tend to assume high levels of responsibility for managing the academic and behavioral needs for special education students in inclusive settings. This tendency appears to be due to the nature of the job, which can create conflicting roles in meeting both the needs of inclusion students us well us those of general education teachers. C1 Behav Counseling & Res Ctr, San Rafael, CA USA. RP Schrader, C (reprint author), 454 Las Gallinas Ave 131, San Rafael, CA 94903 USA. 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PD SPR PY 1999 VL 65 IS 3 BP 315 EP 328 PG 14 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 176QZ UT WOS:000079164400003 ER PT J AU Shin, YJ Lee, KS Min, SK Emde, RN AF Shin, YJ Lee, KS Min, SK Emde, RN TI A Korean syndrome of attachment disturbance mimicking symptoms of pervasive developmental disorder SO INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INFANT-MOTHER ATTACHMENT; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; REPRESENTATIONS; TRANSMISSION; TEMPERAMENT; SECURITY; BEHAVIOR AB The variations of disturbances in attachment have received little attention in a cultural context. This report describes a clinical syndrome of 25 Korean children (2 to 4 years of age) who presented with serious disturbances of attachment relationships with caregivers and with problems in social and language development, in some ways mimicking symptoms of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). The children did not have a history of severe abuse or chaotic family environments. Many of the children were referred to Yonsei University Hospital outpatient clinic in Seoul, Korea, with a preliminary diagnosis of autism. Extensive medical and psychological assessments were carried out and results were striking. Changes in child symptoms began to take place during evaluations and difficulties in caregiving relationships became apparent. A subgroup of 10 children received treatment for a year or more with varying degrees of improvement. The clinical features are discussed in terms of some particular Korean cultural and contextual factors. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Program Early Dev Studies, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Yonsei Univ, Seoul 120749, South Korea. Ewha Womans Univ, Seoul, South Korea. RP Emde, RN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Program Early Dev Studies, 4200 E 9th Ave,Campus Box C268-69, Denver, CO 80262 USA. CR Achenbach T. 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Health J. PD SPR PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 60 EP 76 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199921)20:1<60::AID-IMHJ5>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 17 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 173ZP UT WOS:000079009900005 ER PT J AU Terwogt, MM Rieffe, C Tuijn, AH Harris, PL Mant, I AF Terwogt, MM Rieffe, C Tuijn, AH Harris, PL Mant, I TI Children's spontaneous correction of false beliefs in a conversation partner SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID MIND DEVELOPMENT; DECEPTION; DIFFICULTY; ABILITY; MARKER; AUTISM; TASK AB preschool children were tested for their ability to vary the verbal information they offered regarding an object's location depending on whether the person searching for that object was Likely to infer or misinfer its location. Older children (mean age: 5 years 3 months) offered information in a selective fashion: If the location of the hidden object could be readily inferred by their conversation partner, they indicated its location only when explicitly asked but if its location was likely to be misinferred, they often indicated that location prior to being explicitly asked. The response pattern of younger children (mean age: 3 years 6 months) was less conclusive. A relatively large number of younger children took matters "into their own hands" and immediately grasped for the concealed object, irrespective of whether its location could be readily inferred. However, the reactions of the remaining 3-year-olds suggest that even at this age children may be sensitive to the likely beliefs of their conversation partner. C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Dev Psychol, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. 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PD MAR PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 248 EP 250 DI 10.1177/105345129903400413 PG 3 WC Education, Special SC Education & Educational Research GA 169KL UT WOS:000078746900011 ER PT J AU Ryan, SG AF Ryan, SG TI Genetic susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATTENTION-DEFICIT DISORDER; TRANSMISSION-DISEQUILIBRIUM TEST; D4 RECEPTOR LOCUS; TOURETTE SYNDROME; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; COMPLEX TRAITS; HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; SEGREGATION ANALYSIS; DNA POLYMORPHISMS; PROPOSED LINKAGE AB A large body of evidence suggests that genetic factors influence Liability to many common neurodevelopmental disorders. Examples include Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and dyslexia. Characterization of the genetic component of susceptibility to these conditions at a molecular level should improve classification, elucidate fundamental neurobiologic mechanisms of disease, and suggest novel approaches to treatment. Susceptibility loci for complex traits could be identified by detecting linkage to a well-mapped genetic marker or by detecting association with a putative high-risk allele at a candidate locus. This article reviews the principles underlying these complementary approaches, and notes recent progress in specific conditions. As the molecular epidemiology of susceptibility to common neurodevelopmental disorders emerges, it might be increasingly possible to identify "high-risk" and "low-risk" genotypes. Clinicians should understand the nature of this kind of information in order to appreciate its power as well as its limitations. C1 Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Pediat Neurol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Ryan, SG (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Pediat Neurol, 516-A Abramson Ctr,3517 Civic Ctr Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 40 IS 3 BP 335 EP 345 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003710 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 184PN UT WOS:000079621500004 PM 10190335 ER PT J AU Khan, SG Levy, HL Legerski, R Quackenbush, E Reardon, JT Emmert, S Sancar, A Li, L Schneider, TD Cleaver, JE Kraemer, KH AF Khan, SG Levy, HL Legerski, R Quackenbush, E Reardon, JT Emmert, S Sancar, A Li, L Schneider, TD Cleaver, JE Kraemer, KH TI Xeroderma pigmentosum group C splice mutation associated with autism and hypoglycinemia (vol 111, pg 791, 1998) SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Correction CR Khan SG, 1998, J INVEST DERMATOL, V111, P791, DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00391.x NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-202X J9 J INVEST DERMATOL JI J. Invest. Dermatol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 112 IS 3 BP 402 EP 402 PG 1 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 172KF UT WOS:000078921500030 ER PT J AU Tanguay, PE AF Tanguay, PE TI Understanding autism - a work in progress SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY & NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material DE autism; child developmental disorders, pervasive; history of medicine; mental disorders diagnosed in childhood C1 Univ Louisville, Dept Psychiat, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP Tanguay, PE (reprint author), Bingham Child Guidance Clin, 200 E Chestnut St, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. CR Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 Asperger H., 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P37, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511526770.002 Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BARR MW, 1898, J NERV MENT DIS, V25, P21 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Tanguay PE, 1998, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V37, P271, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00011 WHO, 1977, ICD 9 CLASS MENT BEH WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 1180-4882 J9 J PSYCHIATR NEUROSCI JI J. Psychiatry Neurosci. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 95 EP 96 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 178WU UT WOS:000079292800001 PM 10212550 ER PT J AU Trottier, G Srivastava, L Walker, CD AF Trottier, G Srivastava, L Walker, CD TI Etiology of infantile autism: a review of recent advances in genetic and neurobiological research SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY & NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Review DE autism, infantile; autoimmunity; catecholamines; cerebellum; cerebral cortex; child developmental disorders, pervasive; genetics; mental disorders diagnosed in childhood; pregnancy complications; serotonin; temporal robe ID FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; BRAIN-STEM; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; MULTIPLEX FAMILIES; TEMPORAL-LOBE; FLUID LEVELS; 2 MARKERS AB The etiology of autism is complex, and in most cases the underlying pathologic mechanisms are unknown. Autism is a hetereogeneous disorder, diagnosed subjectively on the basis of a large number of criteria. Recent research has investigated genetics, in utero insults and brain function as well as neurochemical and immunological factors. On the basis of family and twin studies, there appears to be a genetic basis for a wide "autistic syndrome." About a quarter of cases of autism are associated with genetic disorders such as fragile X syndrome or with infectious diseases such as congenital rubella. Genetic studies have shown an association between autism markers of brain development such as 3 markers of the c-Harvey-ros oncogene and the homeobox gene EN2. In some cases, autism is associated with insults early in gestation, including thalidomide embryopathy. Autism may arise from abnormal central nervous system functioning, since most autistic patients have indications of brain dysfunction, and about half of them have abnormal electroencephalograms. Similarly, the pattern of evoked response potentials and conduction time is altered in autistic I children. There is substantial evidence from neuroimaging studies that dysfunctions in the cerebellum and possibly the temporal lobe and association cortex occur in autistic symptoms. Neurochemical studies have investigated the role of serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine, since levels of these neurotransmitters are altered in autism, although other hypotheses implicate overactive brain opioid systems and changes in oxytocin neurotransmission. Autoimmunity may also play a role; antibodies against myelin basic protein are often found in children with autism, who also have increased eosinophil and basophil response to IgE-mediated reactions. In summary, the prevailing view is that autism is caused by a pathophysiologic process arising from the interaction of an early environmental insult and a genetic predisposition. 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Psychiatry Neurosci. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 103 EP 115 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 178WU UT WOS:000079292800003 PM 10212552 ER PT J AU Kalow, W AF Kalow, W TI Pharmacogenetic research: a revolutionary science SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY & NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material DE Alzheimer disease; apolipoproteins E; autism; bipolar disorder; genetics; genotype; pharmacogenetics; schizophrenia C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Pharmacol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. RP Kalow, W (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Pharmacol, Med Sci Bldg, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 1180-4882 J9 J PSYCHIATR NEUROSCI JI J. Psychiatry Neurosci. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 139 EP 140 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 178WU UT WOS:000079292800007 PM 10212556 ER PT J AU Szatmari, P AF Szatmari, P TI Heterogeneity and the genetics of autism SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY & NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Review DE autism; child development disorders, pervasive; genetic heterogeneity; genetics; linkage (genetics); pharmacogenetics ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; FAMILY HISTORY; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEX-DIFFERENCES; CHILDREN; TWIN; LINKAGE; POPULATION; PHENOTYPE; RELATIVES AB The objective of this review is to summarize recent data on the genetics of autism, highlight the evidence for genetic heterogeneity and extend the implications of these findings for the identification of susceptibility genes in this disorder. Family studies have shown that autism runs in families and twin studies indicate that the basis of that familial aggregation is genetic. As a result the prospects for the identification of susceptibility genes using either linkage or association studies are quite good. However, recent evidence is accumulating suggesting that the disorder is genetically heterogeneous; higher functioning individuals with autism may arise from separate genetic mechanisms that lower functioning ones. If true, this will make the detection of linkage and association much more difficult. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Hamilton, ON, Canada. RP Szatmari, P (reprint author), Chedoke Campus,1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. 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Psychiatry Neurosci. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 159 EP 165 PG 7 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 178WU UT WOS:000079292800011 PM 10212560 ER PT J AU Frith, U Happe, F AF Frith, U Happe, F TI Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? SO MIND & LANGUAGE LA English DT Article ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; NORMAL-CHILDREN; FALSE BELIEF; KNOWLEDGE; ADULTS; REPRESENTATION; ATTRIBUTION; EXPERIENCE; DECEPTION; FEELINGS AB Autism provides a model for exploring the nature of self-consciousness: self-consciousness requires the ability to reflect on mental states, and autism is a disorder with a specific impairment in the neurocognitive mechanism underlying this ability. Experimental studies of normal and abnormal development suggest that the abilities to attribute mental states to self and to others are closely related. Thus inability to pass standard 'theory of mind' tests, which refer to others' false beliefs, may imply lack of self-consciousness. Individuals who persistently fail these tests may, in the extreme, be unable to reflect on their intentions or to anticipate their own actions. In contrast, individuals with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome often possess a late-acquired, explicit theory of mind, which appears to be the result of effortful learning. An experimental study with three people with Asperger syndrome suggested that level of performance on standard theory of mind tasks was strongly related to the ability to engage in introspection. Qualitative differences in the introspections of high-functioning people with autism are also reflected in autobiographical accounts which may give a glimpse of what it is like to be autistic. C1 UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England. Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London, England. 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CR Boghossian P., 1989, PHILOS TOPICS, V17, P5 BURGE T, 1988, J PHILOS, V85, P649 Churchland P. M., 1984, MATTER CONSCIOUSNESS Davidson D, 1987, P ADDRESSES AM PHILO, DOI DOI 10.2307/3131782 Davies M., 1995, FOLK PSYCHOL THEORY Gerland G., 1997, REAL PERSON LIFE OUT GRANDIN T, 1984, J ORTHOMOL MED, V13, P144 JOLLIFFE T, 1992, COMMUNICATION, V26, P12 PAPPAS G, 1996, WARRANT CONT EPISTEM, P239 Ryle G., 1949, CONCEPT MIND STRAWSON PF, 1959, INDIVIDUALS ESSAY DE Williams D, 1994, SOMEBODY SOMEWHERE NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-1064 J9 MIND LANG JI Mind Lang. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 23 EP 31 DI 10.1111/1468-0017.00101 PG 9 WC Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Psychology GA 194XL UT WOS:000080220000002 ER PT J AU Scholl, BJ Leslie, AM AF Scholl, BJ Leslie, AM TI Modularity, development and 'theory of mind' SO MIND & LANGUAGE LA English DT Article ID CHILDS THEORY; LILLARD 1998; FALSE BELIEF; REPRESENTATION; CONSTRAINTS; CULTURE; AUTISM; TASK AB Psychologists and philosophers have recently been exploring whether the mechanisms which underlie the acquisition of 'theory of mind' (ToM) are best characterized as cognitive modules or as developing theories. In this paper, we attempt to clarify what a modular account of ToM entails, and why it is an attractive type of explanation. Intuitions and arguments in this debate often turn on the role of development: traditional research on ToM focuses on various developmental sequences, whereas cognitive modules are thought to be static and 'anti-developmental'. We suggest that this mistaken view relies on an overly limited notion of modularity, and we explore how ToM might be grounded in a cognitive module and yet still afford development. Modules must 'come on-line', and even fully developed modules may still develop internally, based on their constrained input. We make these points concrete by focusing on a recent proposal to capture the development of ToM in a module via parameterization. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers Ctr Cognit Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Scholl, BJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Rutgers Ctr Cognit Sci, Psychol Bldg Addit,Busch Campus, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BARONCOHEN S, 1994, CAH PSYCHOL COGN, V13, P513 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Bartsch K., 1995, CHILDREN TALK MIND CARSTON R, 1996, COGNITIVE SCI INTRO, P53 CHARMAN T, 1995, COGNITIVE DEV, V10, P287, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90013-6 CHARMAN T, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1105, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00929.x DASSER V, 1989, SCIENCE, V243, P365, DOI 10.1126/science.2911746 DUNN J, 1991, CHILD DEV, V62, P1352, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01610.x FODOR JA, 1992, COGNITION, V44, P283, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90004-2 Fodor Jerry A., 1983, MODULARITY MIND FREEMAN NH, 1995, COGNITION, V56, P31, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)00654-4 Garfield Jay, 1994, COMPANION PHILOS MIN, P441 GARFIELD JL, 1989, MODULARITY KNOWLEDGE Gauvain M, 1998, PSYCHOL BULL, V123, P37, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.123.1.37 Gopnik A., 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI, P169 Gopnik A., 1994, MAPPING MIND DOMAIN, P257, DOI DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511752902.011 Gopnik Alison, 1997, WORDS THOUGHTS THEOR GUEHENEUC K, 1997, 8 EUR C DEV PSYCH RE Happe F., 1994, AUTISM INTRO PSYCHOL Harris P., 1990, CAUSES DEV, P215 Heider F, 1944, AM J PSYCHOL, V57, P243, DOI 10.2307/1416950 Hickling AK, 1997, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V15, P339 Jenkins JM, 1996, DEV PSYCHOL, V32, P70, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.32.1.70 Karmiloff-Smith A., 1992, MODULARITY DEV PERSP Lenneberg E., 1967, BIOL FDN LANGUAGE Leslie A. 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PD MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 131 EP 153 DI 10.1111/1468-0017.00106 PG 23 WC Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Psychology GA 194XL UT WOS:000080220000007 ER PT J AU Fost, JW AF Fost, JW TI Neural rhythmicity, feature binding, and serotonin: A hypothesis SO NEUROSCIENTIST LA English DT Article DE oscillations; reward; seizure; religion; language; music ID TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY; CAT VISUAL-CORTEX; AUTISTIC DISORDER; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; DEPRESSION; BEHAVIOR; MODULATION; RESPONSES; NEURONS; BRAIN AB Natural selection favors animals that make successful predictive theories about the world. The first step in the formation of these theories is the construction of complex, multifeature percepts. This process requires resolution of the binding problem, possibly via rhythmic cortical oscillations, as suggested by von der Malsburg, Singer, Koch & Crick, and others. If the binding process were made rewarding, animals might enjoy theory-making and spontaneously become "smarter." I argue that the serotonergic raphe may have been used by evolution to link cortical binding with limbic reward centers and so serve as a neural substrate for the enjoyment of successful theory-making. I present evidence, from the study of such disorders as obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism and such drugs as d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) a nd 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), suggesting that rhythmicity, reward, and pattern recognition are causally linked. I also propose that the genus Homo has tied powerful symbol manipulation hardware ("language") to the binding/theory-making circuits, allowing the construction, rehearsal, and communication of sophisticated models of the world. I suggest that many interesting phenomena, such as music-induced euphoria, deja vu, and the so-called "temporal lobe personality" can be explained by the interactions between these systems. C1 Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst MS013, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. 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The children with autism showed appropriate electrodermal responses to the distress cues. However, and surprisingly, the children with autism were hyporesponsive to the threatening stimuli. The results are interpreted with reference to the violence inhibition mechanism model (Blair, 1995) and possible frontal lobe dysfunction in autism. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 UCL, Dept Psychol, London WC1H 0AH, England. UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1H 0AH, England. RP Blair, RJR (reprint author), UCL, Dept Psychol, Gower St, London WC1H 6BT, England. 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J., 1988, INT AFFECTIVE PICTUR LOVELAND KA, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P409 Mandler G., 1984, MIND BODY OZONOFF S, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P343, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01574.x Pennington BF, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x Phillips W, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1383, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01670.x PRIOR M, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P587, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00799.x SIGMAN MD, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P796, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01662.x STEVENS S, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P245, DOI 10.1007/BF02409577 TANTAM D, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P623, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00274.x TRANEL D, 1994, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, V31, P427, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01046.x Turiel E., 1983, DEV SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE VANENGELAND H, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P261 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 YIRMIYA N, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P150, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03603.x ZAHN TP, 1987, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V96, P135, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.96.2.135 NR 41 TC 72 Z9 73 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0191-8869 J9 PERS INDIV DIFFER JI Pers. Individ. Differ. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 477 EP 485 DI 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00154-8 PG 9 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 164KH UT WOS:000078462800005 ER PT J AU Peterson, CC Siegal, M AF Peterson, CC Siegal, M TI Representing inner worlds: Theory of mind in autistic, deaf, and normal hearing children SO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FALSE BELIEFS; KNOWLEDGE; MOTHERS AB The purpose of the study reported here was to examine the degree to which delays or deficits in developing a theory of mind nle specific to children with elitism or extend to other groups of a typical children with varying conversational experience and awareness. The performance of deaf children from a variety of conversational backgrounds was compared with that of autistic and normal hearing children on a range of tasks requiring representation of others' mental states. Native signers, oral deaf children, and normal hearing children scored similarly and their performance exceeded that shown by signing deaf children from hearing families and children with autism. The latter two groups did nor differ significantly from each other: These results point to an interplay among biology conversation, and culture in the development of a theory of,mind. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Psychol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Sheffield, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England. RP Peterson, CC (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Psychol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Baron-Cohen S., 1992, PSYCHOLOGIST, V5, P9 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Brown JR, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P836, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01767.x Bruner J., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P267 Carty B., 1990, CROSS CULTURAL COMMU, P233 DELEAU M, 1996, B PSYCHOL, V3, P1 DUNN J, 1994, ORIGINS UNDERSTANDIN, P297 Dunn L. M., 1981, PEABODY PICTURE VOCA FLETCHER PC, 1995, COGNITION, V57, P109, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-R Fodor J., 1987, PSYCHOSEMANTICS PROB FRITH U, 1991, TRENDS NEUROSCI, V14, P433, DOI 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90041-R GUEHENEUC K, 1997, 8 EUR C DEV PSYCH RE Harris D. B., 1963, CHILDRENS DRAWINGS M Harris P. L., 1989, CHILDREN EMOTION LEEKAM SR, 1991, COGNITION, V40, P203, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90025-Y Lewis C, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P2930, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01896.x Lillard AS, 1997, PSYCHOL SCI, V8, P268, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00437.x Marschark M., 1993, PSYCHOL DEV DEAF CHI MEADOW KP, 1975, REV CHILD DEV RES, V5, P441 MEADOW KP, 1981, AM ANN DEAF, V126, P454 Morford JP, 1997, CHILD DEV, V68, P420, DOI 10.2307/1131669 Neville HJ, 1997, BRAIN LANG, V57, P285, DOI 10.1006/brln.1997.1739 PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x Peterson C. C., 1997, EMERGENCE CORE DOMAI, P55 Peterson CC, 1998, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V16, P301 PETERSON CC, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P459, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x PREMACK D, 1992, COGNITION CONCEPTUAL, P188 Siegal M., 1997, KNOWING CHILDREN EXP Siegal M, 1996, DEV PSYCHOL, V32, P322, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.322 SIEGAL M, 1991, COGNITION, V38, P1, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90020-5 SIEGAL M, 1994, ORIGINS UNDERSTANDIN, P427 Tager-Flusberg H., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P138 Wellman H. M., 1990, CHILDS THEORY MIND NR 34 TC 121 Z9 123 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0956-7976 J9 PSYCHOL SCI JI Psychol. Sci. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2 BP 126 EP 129 DI 10.1111/1467-9280.00119 PG 4 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 191VD UT WOS:000080041500007 ER PT J AU Bolte, S Dickhut, H Poustka, F AF Bolte, S Dickhut, H Poustka, F TI Patterns of parent-reported problems indicative in autism SO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHILD-BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; RELIABILITY; INDIVIDUALS; DISORDERS; VALIDITY AB Parental report Child Behavior Checklists (CBCL) of 77 male and female subjects aged 4-18 years were analyzed in this study. Individuals had been given diagnoses of autistic disorder using the Autism Diagnostic-Interview-Revised (ADI-R) within a research project on the genetics of autism. A feature of behavior problems independent of sex but influenced by age and IQ level could be identified for the autistic sample with highest relative scores on the scales measuring attention problems, social problems and thought problems a nd low scores on the scale for somatic complaints. C1 Univ Frankfurt, Klin Psychiat & Psychotherapie Kindes & Jugendalt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany. RP Bolte, S (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt, Klin Psychiat & Psychotherapie Kindes & Jugendalt, Deutschordenstr 50, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany. EM Boelte@em.uni-frankfurt.de CR Achenbach TM, 1991, MANUAL CHILD BEHAV C American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Dawson G, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P179, DOI 10.1007/BF02172008 Dopfner M., 1994, KINDH ENTWICKL, V3, P54 DOPFNER M, 1994, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V22, P189 EDELBROCK C, 1980, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V8, P441, DOI 10.1007/BF00916500 FOMBONNE E, 1989, PSYCHOL MED, V19, P777 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 MOONEY KC, 1984, TEST CRITIQUES, V1, P168 Poustka F, 1996, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, V29, P145 POUSTKA F, 1994, ACTA PAEDOPSYCHIATR, V56, P69 RESCORLA L, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P475, DOI 10.1007/BF02211868 RUBIOSTIPEC M, 1990, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V18, P393, DOI 10.1007/BF00917642 RUHL D, 1995, Z KINDER JUG-PSYCH, V23, P95 SPARROW S, 1996, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE Tsai LY, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF02172004 WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE NR 18 TC 31 Z9 32 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0254-4962 J9 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY JI Psychopathology PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 32 IS 2 BP 93 EP 97 DI 10.1159/000029072 PG 5 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 172JM UT WOS:000078919800005 PM 10026453 ER PT J AU Sigafoos, J Roberts-Pennell, D Graves, D AF Sigafoos, J Roberts-Pennell, D Graves, D TI Longitudinal assessment of play and adaptive behavior in young children with developmental disabilities SO RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XVth Biennial Meeting of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Behavioural-Development CY JUL 01-04, 1998 CL BERN, SWITZERLAND SP Int Soc Study Behav Dev ID SYMBOLIC PLAY; MENTAL-RETARDATION; AUTISM; SKILLS AB Deficits in appropriate play have been widely documented among children with developmental disabilities. However, there has been little research on the development of play or the relation between play and adaptive behavior iii such children. The present study involved a longitudinal assessment of play and adaptive behavior among 13 preschool children with developmental disabilities. Children were assessed every 6 months over a 3-year period. Assessments included standardized ratings of adaptive behavior and videotape observations during unstructured free-play times in the preschool classroom. Adaptive behavior increased by almost one standard deviation from the first to the last round of data collection. Appropriate play was observed during approximately 20% of each 30-min observation and showed little overall change over 3 years of study. Observed play was primarily functional (57%) and exploratory (28%) with less constructive (5%) and pretend (10%) play. Adaptive behavior scores were not consistently correlated with the amount or type of play. The results suggest little overall relation between appropriate play and other major domains of adaptive behavior: Implications for play-based assessment and intervention in early childhood special education are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 New Childrens Hosp, Childrens Hosp Educ Res Inst, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia. Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Univ Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. RP Sigafoos, J (reprint author), New Childrens Hosp, Childrens Hosp Educ Res Inst, POB 3515, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Baroff G. S., 1991, DEV DISABILITIES PSY BARONCOHEN S, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P139 Bredekamp S, 1992, REACHING POTENTIALS, V1 Bzoch K., 1991, RECEPTIVE EXPRESSIVE DUKER PC, 1986, AM J MENT RETARD, V91, P51 FAVELL JE, 1982, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V2, P83, DOI 10.1016/0270-4684(82)90007-6 Garvey C., 1991, PLAY Green G., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P15 HANLINE MF, 1993, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V18, P121 HERSEN M, 1990, PSYCHOL ASPECTS DEV Horne BM, 1942, PEDAGOG SEMIN J GEN, V61, P33 JARROLD C, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01046221 JOHNSON JE, 1985, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V5, P69 LEWIS V, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P105, DOI 10.1007/BF02178499 LI AKF, 1981, MENT RETARD, V19, P121 LUISELLI JK, 1992, SELF INJURIOUS BEHAV MALONE DM, 1994, REM SPEC EDUC, V15, P177 Malone DM, 1995, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V15, P459 Malone DM, 1998, INT J DISABIL DEV ED, V45, P127, DOI 10.1080/1034912980450202 MATSON JL, 1991, HDB MENTAL RETARDATI Moyles J., 1994, EXCELLENCE PLAY Pepler Debra J., 1982, PLAY CHILDREN CURREN QUINN JM, 1984, CHILDS PLAY DEV APPL, P63 REMINGTON B, 1996, INT J DISABILITY DEV, V43, P101, DOI 10.1080/0156655960430202 Sailor W., 1975, TOPEKA ASS RETARDED SCALES B, 1991, PALY SOCIAL CONTEXT Schopler E, 1994, BEHAV ISSUES AUTISM Sigafoos J, 1995, EDUC TRAIN MENT RET, V30, P329 SMITH PK, 1985, EARLY CHILD DEV CARE, V19, P25, DOI 10.1080/0300443850190103 Snell M.E., 1987, SYSTEMATIC INSTRUCTI STAHMER AC, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P123, DOI 10.1007/BF02178500 Sutton-Smith B., 1976, PSYCHOL PLAY Tardif C, 1995, INT J BEHAV DEV, V18, P727 NR 34 TC 18 Z9 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-4222 J9 RES DEV DISABIL JI Res. Dev. Disabil. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2 BP 147 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0891-4222(98)00038-9 PG 15 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 180QK UT WOS:000079396500004 PM 10198944 ER PT J AU Sturmey, P AF Sturmey, P TI Behavioral interventions for young children with autism: A manual for parents and professionals. SO RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Book Review CR Maurice C., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTIONS NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-4222 J9 RES DEV DISABIL JI Res. Dev. Disabil. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2 BP 181 EP 182 PG 2 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 180QK UT WOS:000079396500011 ER PT J AU Sturmey, P AF Sturmey, P TI Let me hear your voice: A family's triumph over autism. SO RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Book Review CR Maurice C., 1993, LET ME HEAR YOUR VOI NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-4222 J9 RES DEV DISABIL JI Res. Dev. Disabil. PD MAR-APR PY 1999 VL 20 IS 2 BP 181 EP 182 PG 2 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 180QK UT WOS:000079396500010 ER PT J AU Ottem, E AF Ottem, E TI The structures of the WISC-R subtests: A comparison of the IQ-profiles of reading impaired and autistic subjects SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE WISC-R; structures; reading impairment; autism AB The present paper is an analysis of the WISC-R test profiles of reading impaired subjects and autistic subjects. It is argued that well-known classification systems such as Bannatyne's categories (1974) and Kaufman's factors (1975) cannot explain differences in the peaks and troughs across the two populations. A new classification system is then developed. The 11 different WISC-R subtests are characterised in terms of a combination of three modes of cognitive functioning: a knowledge mode (declarative-procedural), a processing mode (transformation-preservation of information), and a verbal-nonverbal mode (verbal-nonverbal-processing). When reanalysed within this reference frame, the IQ profiles of reading impaired subjects (N = 114) and autistic subjects (data from 12 studies reviewed by Happe, 1994) were similar regarding differences in the verbal-nonverbal dimension. However, the IQ profiles showed an opposite pattern in the declarative-procedural dimension, and an opposite pattern in the preservation-transformation dimension. Thus, the new classification system allows one to interpret the IQ-profiles of both groups within a single and coherent reference frame. C1 Natl Ctr Logoped, N-0950 Oslo, Norway. RP Ottem, E (reprint author), Natl Ctr Logoped, Bredtvetveien 4, N-0950 Oslo, Norway. CR Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN Guilford JP., 1967, NATURE HUMAN INTELLI HAPPE FGE, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1461, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01287.x HORN JL, 1966, J EDUC PSYCHOL, V57, P253, DOI 10.1037/h0023816 Kaufman A. S., 1994, INTELLIGENT TESTING Kaufman A. S., 1979, INTELLIGENT TESTING KAUFMAN AS, 1975, J LEARN DISABIL, V9, P160 Matarazzo J. D., 1972, WECHSLERS MEASUREMEN Meeker M. N., 1969, STRUCTURE INTELLECT SHAH A, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P613, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x TORGESEN JK, 1994, J LEARN DISABIL, V27, P276 WESCHSLER D, 1974, WISC R MANUAL NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0036-5564 J9 SCAND J PSYCHOL JI Scand. J. Psychol. PD MAR PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1111/1467-9450.00092 PG 9 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 191KE UT WOS:000080020900001 PM 10216459 ER PT J AU Smitha, B Thakar, J Watve, M AF Smitha, B Thakar, J Watve, M TI Do bee eaters have theory of mind? SO CURRENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REPRESENTATION; CHILDREN; AUTISM; DELAY AB Theory of mind, or the ability to think about another individual's mental states, is not widely known in animals. We describe in this paper a test for the theory of mind in birds and present suggestive evidence for theory of mind in the small green bee eater. Bee eaters were observed to hesitate entering their nest in the presence of a human observer. The hesitation was significantly reduced when the observer was unable to see the nest, although the bird could see the observer clearly and at a comparable distance. This suggests that the birds can appreciate the visual perspective of the observer and take a decision based on the observer's vision, Further, if the observer had seen the nest before in the presence of the bird, the frequency of nest visits was observed to be less than that when the observer had not seen the nest, suggesting that the bird can probably differentiate what the observer knows and what he does not. Such a behaviour needs a mental capacity so far only known in humans and a few other primates. C1 Abasaheb Garware Coll, Dept Microbiol, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India. Life Res Fdn, Pune 411030, Maharashtra, India. RP Watve, M (reprint author), Abasaheb Garware Coll, Dept Microbiol, Karve Rd, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India. CR BaronCohen S, 1997, CHILD DEV, V68, P48 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P285, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x BARONCOHEN S, 1986, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V4, P113 BARONCOHEN S, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P33 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Byrne R., 1995, THINKING APE EVOLUTI DHARAMKUMARSING.RS, 1972, 60 INDIAN BIRDS Griffin DR, 1998, ANIMAL COGNITION, V1, P3, DOI 10.1007/s100710050002 Heyes CM, 1998, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V21, P101 Leavens DA, 1998, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V21, P123, DOI 10.1017/S0140525X98330708 LESLIE AM, 1987, PSYCHOL REV, V94, P412, DOI 10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412 Matheson MD, 1998, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V21, P124, DOI 10.1017/S0140525X98340704 Premack D., 1978, BEHAVIORAL BRAIN SCI, V4, P515, DOI [10.1017/S0140525X00076512, DOI 10.1017/S0140525X00076512] SEYFARTH RM, 1992, SCI AM, V267, P122 SHREEDHAR S, 1993, CURR SCI, V25, P489 Wardlaw A.C., 1985, PRACTICAL STAT EXPT WIMMER H, 1983, COGNITION, V13, P103, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN PI BANGALORE PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA SN 0011-3891 J9 CURR SCI INDIA JI Curr. Sci. PD FEB 25 PY 1999 VL 76 IS 4 BP 574 EP 577 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 177BD UT WOS:000079186800024 ER PT J AU Mohandas, TK Park, JP Spellman, RA Filiano, JJ Mamourian, AC Hawk, AB Belloni, DR Noll, WW Moeschler, JB AF Mohandas, TK Park, JP Spellman, RA Filiano, JJ Mamourian, AC Hawk, AB Belloni, DR Noll, WW Moeschler, JB TI Paternally derived de novo interstitial duplication of proximal 15q in a patient with developmental delay SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE agencies of the corpus callosum; autism; mental retardation; communication disorder; chromosome 15; duplication 15q ID PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; HUMAN-DISEASE; REGION; CHROMOSOME; 15Q11-13; DELETIONS; AUTISM; ATAXIA AB Interstitial duplications of proximal 15q containing the Prader-Willi syndrome/ Angelman syndrome (PWS/AS) region have been found in patients with autism or atypical autism, In these cases with an abnormal phenotype, the duplications were maternally derived. Paternal origin of the duplication has been associated with a normal phenotype, We report on a patient who presented with nonspecific developmental delay and partial agenesis of the rostral corpus callosum. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using probes specific for the PWS/AS region demonstrated a double signal on one chromosome 15, indicating the presence of an interstitial duplication of proximal 15q involving the PWS/AS region in the patient, Parental chromosomes were normal with FISH studies. Methylation analysis at exon alpha of the SNRPN locus showed a maternal band at 4.2 kb and a paternal band of apparent double intensity at 0.9 kb, suggestive of one copy of the maternal allele and two copies of the paternal allele in the patient. Microsatellite analysis was informative at the GABRB3 locus in the family, which showed the inheritance of two different paternal alleles and a maternal allele in the patient consistent with the origin of this duplication from an unequal crossing over between the two chromosome 15 homologs in the father. This is the first report of an abnormal phenotype associated with a paternally derived duplication of proximal 15q shown to contain the PWS/AS region by molecular techniques. Am. J. Med. Genet, 82:294-300, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Ctr Genet & Child Dev, Lebanon, NH 03767 USA. Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lebanon, NH 03767 USA. Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Lebanon, NH 03767 USA. Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Lebanon, NH 03767 USA. RP Moeschler, JB (reprint author), Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Ctr Genet & Child Dev, Lebanon, NH 03767 USA. 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J. Med. Genet. PD FEB 12 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 4 BP 294 EP 300 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990212)82:4<294::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-U PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 163VB UT WOS:000078426100004 PM 10051161 ER PT J AU Messerschmitt, P AF Messerschmitt, P TI What about autism? SO A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT LA French DT Editorial Material NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU P D G COMMUNICATION PI PARIS PA 30 RUE D ARMAILLE, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0999-792X J9 ANAE JI A N A E-Approche Neuropsychol. Apprentiss. Enfant PD FEB PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 225NU UT WOS:000081968300001 ER PT J AU Hollander, E DelGiudice-Asch, G Simon, L Schmeidler, J Cartwright, C DeCaria, CM Kwon, J Cunningham-Rundles, C Chapman, F Zabriskie, JB AF Hollander, E DelGiudice-Asch, G Simon, L Schmeidler, J Cartwright, C DeCaria, CM Kwon, J Cunningham-Rundles, C Chapman, F Zabriskie, JB TI B lymphocyte antigen D8/17 and repetitive behaviors in autism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 150th Annual Meeting of the American-Psychiatric-Association CY MAY 17-23, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Psychiat Assoc ID AUTOIMMUNE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; RHEUMATIC HEART-DISEASE; FEVER; ANTIBODIES; CHILDREN; CHOREA; ADULTS; MARKER AB Objective: Monoclonal antibody D8/17 identifies a B lymphocyte antigen with expanded expression in rheumatic fever, Sydenham's chorea, and subgroups of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome with repetitive behaviors. The authors examined the rate of D8/17 expression in children with autism and its correlation with severity of repetitive behaviors. Method: Blood samples from 18 patients with autism and 14 comparable medically ill children were evaluated for percentage of D8/17-positive B cells by immunofluorescence and for streptococcal antibodies. Severity of repetitive behaviors was also determined. Results: The frequency of individuals with greater than or equal to 11% D8/17-positive cells was significantly higher in the autistic patients (78%) than the comparison subjects (21%), severity of repetitive behaviors significantly correlated with D8/17 expression, and D8/17-positive patients had significantly higher compulsion scores than D8/17-negative patients. Conclusions: D8/17 expression is high in patients with autism and may serve as a marker for compulsion severity within autism. C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Seaver Autism Res Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USA. Rockefeller Univ, Lab Clin Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA. RP Hollander, E (reprint author), Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Box 1230,1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. 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J. Psychiat. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 156 IS 2 BP 317 EP 320 PG 4 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 163ZF UT WOS:000078436500025 PM 9989573 ER PT J AU Mannens, M Alders, M AF Mannens, M Alders, M TI Genomic imprinting: concept and clinical consequences SO ANNALS OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE Angelman syndrome; Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome; genomic imprinting; Prader-Willi syndrome; Silver-Russell syndrome; tumour development; Turner's syndrome; uniparental disomy ID BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN-SYNDROME; ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION; POTASSIUM CHANNEL GENE; PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; MOUSE H19 GENE; POSITIONAL CLONING; TURNERS-SYNDROME; DNA METHYLATION; REGION; EXPRESSION AB One of the major discoveries in modern genetics is the phenomenon of genomic, or parental, imprinting. The parent-of-origin effects seen after transmission of an imprinted gene from parents to their children do nor follow the genetic rules postulated by Gregor Mendel, This has obvious consequences for genetic counselling. Aberrant imprinting can lead to a wide variety of clinical disorders ranging from the development of tumours to pronounced growth abnormalities and from mental retardation to developmental disorders of language or autism as seen in Turner's syndrome. Here we describe the basic principles of genomic imprinting and discuss a number of well-characterized clinical disorders associated with genomic imprinting. C1 Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Clin Genet, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Mannens, M (reprint author), Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Clin Genet, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. 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Med. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 4 EP 11 DI 10.3109/07853899909019258 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 181GT UT WOS:000079433700002 PM 10219710 ER PT J AU Einfeld, S Tonge, B AF Einfeld, S Tonge, B TI Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, 2nd edition. SO AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Monash Univ, Ctr Dev Psychiat, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. RP Einfeld, S (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. CR Cohen D. J, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-8674 J9 AUST NZ J PSYCHIAT JI Aust. N. Z. J. Psych. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 115 EP 117 DI 10.1080/0004867900023 PG 3 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 179DT UT WOS:000079310900030 ER PT J AU Einfeld, S Tonge, B AF Einfeld, S Tonge, B TI Parent survival manual - a guide to crisis resolution in autism. SO AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Monash Univ, Ctr Dev Psychiat, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. RP Einfeld, S (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. CR Schopler E., 1995, PARENT SURVIVAL MANU NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-8674 J9 AUST NZ J PSYCHIAT JI Aust. N. Z. J. Psych. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 115 EP 117 DI 10.1080/0004867900023 PG 3 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 179DT UT WOS:000079310900033 ER PT J AU Einfeld, S Tonge, B AF Einfeld, S Tonge, B TI Autism - preparing for adulthood. SO AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Monash Univ, Ctr Dev Psychiat, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. RP Einfeld, S (reprint author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia. CR Howlin P., 1997, AUTISM PREPARING ADU NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-8674 J9 AUST NZ J PSYCHIAT JI Aust. N. Z. J. Psych. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 115 EP 117 DI 10.1080/0004867900023 PG 3 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 179DT UT WOS:000079310900032 ER PT J AU Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T AF Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T TI Epilepsy in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: a long-term validation study SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DSM-IV; CHILDREN; CHILDHOOD; DISORDER; SYMPTOMS AB This study aimed to investigate the validity of disintegrative psychosis (DP) as defined in the ICD-9, The history of epilepsy in 13 subjects with DP was compared with that of 39 subjects with infantile autism (IA) who were matched for sex, age, IQ, and socioeconomic status (SES). The average follow-up time was 22 and 23 gears (range 11 to 33 years). A significant difference was found between the DP and IA groups in terms of incidence of epilepsy, 77% versus 33% respectively. The peak period of onset of epilepsy occurred before puberty in both groups. Different types of epilepsy were seen, but the psychomotor variant accounted for 50% in the DP group, while 46% of the IA group had the psychomotor and 62% had the grand mal variant. The types are not mutually exclusive. Individuals without epilepsy had significantly higher IQ scores than those with epilepsy, but only within the IA group. The increased risk of developing epilepsy in the DP group is most likely a reflection of an underlying early brain pathology probably present in most individuals with DP, On the whole our findings can be seen as a contribution to the validation of DP as separate from IA, as these two conditions could be distinguished in terms of the way they develop with reference to epilepsy. C1 Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. Holbaek Hosp, Dept Child Psychiat, DK-4300 Holbaek, Denmark. Glostrup Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark. RP Mouridsen, SE (reprint author), Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. 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PD FEB PY 1999 VL 41 IS 2 BP 110 EP 114 DI 10.1017/S0012162299000213 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 169XQ UT WOS:000078775300007 PM 10075096 ER PT J AU Dennis, M Lockyer, L Lazenby, AL Donnelly, RE Wilkinson, M Schoonheyt, W AF Dennis, M Lockyer, L Lazenby, AL Donnelly, RE Wilkinson, M Schoonheyt, W TI Intelligence patterns among children with high-functioning autism, phenylketonuria, and childhood head injury SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Review DE autism; head injury; PKU ID EXECUTIVE FUNCTION DEFICITS; SEVERE BRAIN INJURY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; LEARNING-DISABILITIES; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; LOBE; ADOLESCENTS; INDIVIDUALS; DISORDERS AB High-functioning children with autistic-spectrum disorder show the typical pattern of lower Comprehension relative to their own scores on Block Design. This profile is shared, almost exactly, by age- and IQ-matched children with poorer control PKU. Quite distinct profiles are shown by children with better control PKU, who show no difference between Block Design and Comprehension, and by children with head injury involving frontal lobe contusion, who show slightly better Comprehension than Block Design. The data bear on several questions: the relation between Comprehension deficits and language functions measured by Vocabulary; the limits of the advantages conveyed by higher IQ to autistic individuals; whether impaired Comprehension in autism indexes persisting symptoms and/or impairments on theory of mind tasks; the possibility that dopamine deficiency is common to autism and poorer control PKU; and the need for future research aimed at understanding the relations among neurodevelopmental disorders. C1 Hosp Sick Children, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Hosp Sick Children, Dept Psychiat, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Hosp Sick Children, Dept Clin Genet, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. RP Dennis, M (reprint author), Hosp Sick Children, Dept Psychol Res, 555 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. 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PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 5 EP 17 DI 10.1023/A:1025962431132 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174DQ UT WOS:000079019200002 PM 10097991 ER PT J AU Muller, RA Behen, ME Rothermel, RD Chugani, DC Muzik, O Mangner, TJ Chugani, HT AF Muller, RA Behen, ME Rothermel, RD Chugani, DC Muzik, O Mangner, TJ Chugani, HT TI Brain mapping of language and auditory perception in high-functioning autistic adults: A PET study SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Review DE autism; language; auditory perception; functional asymmetry; cerebellum; positron emission tomography ID CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; HIGH-LEVEL AUTISM; INFANTILE-AUTISM; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRIES; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; CORPUS-CALLOSUM; CHILDREN AB We examined the brain organization for language and auditory functions in five high-functioning autistic and five normal adults, using [(15)O]-water positron emission tomography (PET). Cerebral blood flow was studied for rest, listening to tones, and listening to, repeating, and generating sentences. The autism group (compared to the control group) showed (a) reversed hemispheric dominance; during verbal auditory stimulation; (b) a trend towards reduced activation of auditory cortex during acoustic stimulation; and (c) reduced cerebellar activation during non verbal auditory perception and possibly expressive language. These results are compatible with findings of cerebellar anomalies and may suggest a tendency towards atypical dominance for language in autism. C1 Wayne State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Wayne State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Wayne State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. Wayne State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Muller, RA (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Res Ctr, 8110 La Jolla Shores Dr,Suite 200, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. 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