FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Scott, FJ Baron-Cohen, S Bolton, P Brayne, C AF Scott, FJ Baron-Cohen, S Bolton, P Brayne, C TI The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test) - Preliminary development of a UK screen for mainstream primary-school-age children SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism spectrum; epidemiology; screening ID AUTISM; DISORDERS AB The article describes a pilot and follow-up study of the preliminary development of a new tool to screen for Asperger syndrome (AS) and related social and communication conditions (the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test, CAST) in children aged 4-11 years, in a non-clinical setting. In the pilot study, parents of 13 children with AS and of 3 7 typically developing children completed the CAST. There were significant differences between the AS and typical sample means. The pilot was used to establish preliminary cut-off scores for the CAST. In the main study, parents of 115 0 primary-school-age children were sent the CAST, and 174 took part in the full data analysis. Results suggest that compared with other tools currently available, the CAST may be useful for identifying children at risk for AS and related conditions, in a mainstream non-clinical sample. Further research is ongoing. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Austism Res Ctr, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. RP Scott, FJ (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Austism Res Ctr, 18B Trumpington Rd, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. RI Bolton, Patrick/E-8501-2010 OI Bolton, Patrick/0000-0002-5270-6262 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BAILEY A, 2001, NIASA WORK GROUP M S Baird G, 2000, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V39, P694, DOI 10.1097/00004583-200006000-00007 Baird G, 2001, ARCH DIS CHILD, V84, P468, DOI 10.1136/adc.84.6.468 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x BREGMAN JD, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P606 Cohen D. J., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE DAWSON S, 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P307 Ehlers S, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P129, DOI 10.1023/A:1023040610384 Howlin P., 2000, CHILD PSYCHOL PSYCHI, V5, P120, DOI DOI 10.1017/S1360641700002288 Howlin P, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P135, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361397012003 Joanette Y., 1997, AUTISM, V1, P37, DOI 10.1177/1362361397011006 KAZAKBERUMENT S, 1999, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V175, P444 Kugler B., 1998, AUTISM, V2, P11, DOI 10.1177/1362361398021003 Law J, 2000, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V42, P190, DOI 10.1017/S0012162200000335 Lord C., 1999, AUTISM DIAGNOSTIC OB LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 National Screening Committee, 1998, 1 REP NAT SCREEN COM Robinson R, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P1 SCOTT FJ, IN PRESS AUTISM INT Tonge B. J., 1999, AUTISM, V3, P117, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361399003002003 Volkmar FR, 1998, AUTISM, V2, P45, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361398021005 WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 NR 25 TC 138 Z9 141 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2002 VL 6 IS 1 BP 9 EP 31 DI 10.1177/1362361302006001003 PG 23 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 525VJ UT WOS:000174094500002 PM 11918111 ER PT J AU Salt, J Shemilt, J Sellars, V Boyd, S Coulson, T McCool, S AF Salt, J Shemilt, J Sellars, V Boyd, S Coulson, T McCool, S TI The Scottish Centre for Autism preschool treatment programme. II: The results of a controlled treatment outcome study SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; early intervention; evaluation; outcome; treatment ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; EARLY INTERVENTION; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; JOINT ATTENTION; DISORDERS; MODEL AB This article evaluates the effectiveness of a developmentally based early intervention programme. Two groups of children were compared, a treatment group and a no-treatment control group. Standardized assessments were administered before and after the intervention period by an independent clinician. Pre-treatment comparisons revealed that the control group had a significantly higher pre-treatment IQ; but the two groups were comparable for age, mental age, socioeconomic status and number of hours of non-experimental therapy. Results demonstrated that children in the treatment group improved significantly more than those in the control group on measures of joint attention, social interaction, imitation, daily living skills, motor skills and an adaptive behaviour composite. A measure of requesting behaviour fell short of statistical significance. The total stress index reduced for treatment group parents and increased for the control group parents (but not significantly). The results of the study are considered to support the efficacy of this treatment approach. C1 Scottish Ctr Autism, Yorkhill NHS Trust, Dept Child & Family Psychiat, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Lanark, Scotland. RP Salt, J (reprint author), Scottish Ctr Autism, Yorkhill NHS Trust, Dept Child & Family Psychiat, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Lanark, Scotland. CR ABIDIN J, 1995, PARENTING STRESS IND Bayley N, 1993, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 CARSTAIRS V, 1981, DEPRIVATION HLTH CHARLOP MH, 1983, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V11, P355, DOI 10.1007/BF00914244 DAWSON G, 1984, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V12, P209, DOI 10.1007/BF00910664 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL FENSKE EC, 1985, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V5, P49, DOI 10.1016/S0270-4684(85)80005-7 Fenson L, 1993, MACARTHUR COMMUNICAT Gresham FM, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P5, DOI 10.1023/A:1026002717402 HARRIS SL, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P23, DOI 10.1007/BF02206854 Hoyson M., 1985, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V8, P157 Kiernan C., 1987, PREVERBAL COMMUNICAT LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 LOWE MM, 1988, SYMBOLIC PLAY TEST 2 Meltzoff A. N., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER Moes D., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU MUNDY P, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P389, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006003 Mundy P, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P653, DOI 10.1023/A:1025802832021 MUNDY P, 1996, EARTH SOCIAL COMMUNI MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 Posten H. O., 1978, Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, V6, DOI 10.1080/00949657808810197 Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 ROGERS SJ, 1991, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V11, P29 ROGERS SJ, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P207, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198903000-00010 Rogers SJ, 1998, J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL, V27, P168, DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_4 SALT J, 1999, CLIN PSYCHOL FORUM, V132, P15 Salt J, 2001, AUTISM, V5, P362, DOI 10.1177/1362361301005004003 Sheinkopf SJ, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P15, DOI 10.1023/A:1026054701472 SIGMAN M, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P293, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293 Smith T, 1999, CLIN PSYCHOL-SCI PR, V6, P33, DOI 10.1093/clipsy/6.1.33 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE Stone W. L., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE WEITZMAN E, 1997, IMPRINT NEWSLETTER I, V18, P10 WETHERBY A, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE World Health Organization, 1993, INT CLASS MENT BEH D NR 36 TC 28 Z9 28 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2002 VL 6 IS 1 BP 33 EP 46 DI 10.1177/1362361302006001004 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 525VJ UT WOS:000174094500003 PM 11918108 ER PT J AU Chandler, S Christie, P Newson, E Prevezer, W AF Chandler, S Christie, P Newson, E Prevezer, W TI Developing a diagnostic and intervention package for 2-to 3-year-olds with autism - Outcomes of the frameworks for communication approach SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; early intervention; language; pragmatics; social communication AB The aim of the research was to develop and evaluate a model of good practice which would make an explicit link between diagnosis and intervention, and so give parents a very clear rationale for the autism-specific yet individualized programme that they were carrying out. It employed an action research design, which essentially is responsive to participants, thus developing a user-friendly model. of service. The programme was based on the developmental perspective that the pragmatics of language are the precursors of speech itself and enable both communication and relationship between child and parents. Since these are impaired in autism they should therefore be prioritized in early intervention. Ten children aged 1: 10 to 2:9 at assessment, and with a diagnosis of autism, underwent an intervention based on home visits, modelling, workshops and written information, with parents as 'therapists' in naturally occurring situations. Within 18 months all children made substantial progress in social interaction and expressive communication, including gestural and verbal communication. C1 Early Years Diagnost Ctr, Nottingham NG15 9AH, England. RP Christie, P (reprint author), Early Years Diagnost Ctr, 272 Longdale Lane, Nottingham NG15 9AH, England. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 Bates E., 1979, EMERGENCE SYMBOLS CO CATTELL P, 1960, MEASUREMENT INTELLIG CHRISTIE P, 1992, HDB CHILD ADOLESCENT CHRISTIE P, 1986, COMMUNICATION, V20, P4 CHRISTIE P, 1998, PROJECT BOOKLETS INT Dewart H, 1988, PRAGMATICS PROFILE E Howlin P, 1998, CHILDREN AUTISM ASPE Howlin P, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P135, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361397012003 JONES G, 1994, EVALUATIVE COMP STUD JONES O, 1977, STUDIES MOTHER INFAN LEWIS R, 1996, MUSICAL INTERACTION NEWSON E, 1976, EARLY MANAGEMENT HAN NEWSON E, 1982, GETTING YOUR HANDICA NEWSON E, 1998, PSYCHOBIOLOGY AUTISM NEWSON E, 2001, 2001 AUTISM ODYSSEY NEWSON E, 1992, CURRENT INTERVENTION NEWSON E, 1985, QUESTIONS PROBING PO NEWSON E, 2001, AUTISM SEARCH COHERE NEWSON E, 1985, DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMEN NEWSON J, 1975, B BRIT PSYCHOL SOC, V28, P437 Newson J., 1974, B BRIT PSYCHOL SOC, V27, P251 PAWLBY SJ, 1977, STUDIES MOTHER INFAN *SUTH HOUS SCH REC, 1989, PREV COMM CHECKL Trevarthen C., 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P599, DOI [10.1017/S0954579400004703, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004703] WALKER M, 1996, MAKATON CORE VOCABUL WIMPORY D, 1986, ENABLING COMMUNICATI NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2002 VL 6 IS 1 BP 47 EP 69 DI 10.1177/1362361302006001005 PG 23 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 525VJ UT WOS:000174094500004 PM 11918109 ER PT J AU Williams, C Wright, B Callaghan, G Coughlan, B AF Williams, C Wright, B Callaghan, G Coughlan, B TI Do children with autism learn to read more readily by computer assisted instruction or traditional book methods? A pilot study SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; children; computer assisted learning ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; OVERSELECTIVITY; COMMUNICATION; STUDENTS AB The study evaluates the progress of eight children aged 3-5 years with autism attending a specialist teaching unit in their development of reading skills in two conditions: computer instructed learning and book based learning. The authors developed a direct observation schedule to monitor autistic behaviours using computerized techniques. The children were matched by age, severity of autistic symptomatology and number of spoken words. They were initially randomly allocated to the computer or book condition and crossed over at 10 weeks. All of the children spent more time on task in the computer condition than in the book condition. By the end of the study after computer assisted learning, five of the eight children could reliably identify at least three words. It was found that children with autism spent more time on reading material when they accessed it through a computer and were less resistant to its use. C1 York NHS Trust, York, N Yorkshire, England. RP Williams, C (reprint author), Lime Trees Child & Family Unit, 31 Shipton Rd, York YO30 5RF, N Yorkshire, England. CR BARTAK L, 1973, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V14, P161, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1973.tb01185.x BERNARD-OPITZ V, 1990, Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, V19, P611 CHEN SHA, 1993, MENT RETARD, V31, P368 COLBY KM, 1973, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V3, P254, DOI 10.1007/BF01538283 COLBY KM, 1971, CURRENT PSYCHIAT THE DAMASIO AR, 1978, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V35, P777 Dawson G., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P49 FERRARA C, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P51, DOI 10.1007/BF02408432 FERSTER CB, 1961, J CHRON DIS, V13, P312, DOI 10.1016/0021-9681(61)90059-5 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN HEDBRING C, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P9, DOI 10.1007/BF01837895 HEIMANN M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P459, DOI 10.1007/BF02178294 HUGHES C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P498, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.498 JONES G, 2000, AUT EUR C GLASG JORDAN R, 1990, COMMUNICATION, V24, P20 JORDAN R, 1990, COMMUNICATION, V24, P23 Jordan R. 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G., 1992, AUTISM IDENTIFICATIO, P21 RUSSO DC, 1978, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V6, P189, DOI 10.1007/BF00919124 RUTTER M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF01495054 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SNOWLING M, 1986, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V42, P392, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(86)90033-0 Sperber D., 1986, RELEVANCE COMMUNICAT WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE Yamamoto J, 1999, RES DEV DISABIL, V20, P355, DOI 10.1016/S0891-4222(99)00017-7 NR 39 TC 42 Z9 43 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2002 VL 6 IS 1 BP 71 EP 91 DI 10.1177/1362361302006001006 PG 21 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 525VJ UT WOS:000174094500005 PM 11918110 ER PT J AU Celani, G AF Celani, G TI Human beings, animals and inanimate objects - What do people with autism like? SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; categorization abilities; Down's syndrome; interpersonal relationships; sorting by preference ID CHILDREN; CATEGORIZATION; PREFERENCES AB An experimental strategy based on the 'sorting by preference' approach was used to obtain information about the nature of the autistic syndrome. Twelve participants with autism (mean age 11:9 years), 12 with Down's syndrome (mean age 11: 5 years) and 12 typically developing children (mean age 6:2 years) were matched on gender (M:F 9:3) and on verbal mental age. In a forced choice procedure they had to choose between: human beings or inanimate objects (relatedness condition); animals or inanimate objects (animate condition),drawings of a child handling a thing or of the same child in contact with another person (interpersonal relationship condition); pleasant or unpleasant situations without living beings (control condition). The performances of the groups differed only on the relatedness condition and on the interpersonal relationship condition. The results are discussed in the context of the social difficulties experienced by individuals with autism. C1 Univ Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. RP Celani, G (reprint author), Dept Psychol, Viale Berti Pichat 5, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P301 BARTHELEMY C, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P23, DOI 10.1007/BF01046400 Celani G, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P57, DOI 10.1023/A:1025970600181 Greenwald M.K., 1989, J PSYCHOPHYSIOL, V3, P51 HABERMAN SJ, 1973, BIOMETRICS, V29, P205, DOI 10.2307/2529686 Hobson R. Peter, 1993, AUTISM DEV MIND HOBSON RP, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P237 INOUE M, 1993, JAPANESE J BEHAV THE, V19, P37 KLIN A, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P29, DOI 10.1007/BF02206995 Lang P. J., 1988, INT AFFECTIVE PICTUR LELORD G, 1994, AUTISMO INFANTILE OCONNOR N, 1963, BRIT J SOC CLIN PSYC, V3, P29 TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1985, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V40, P450, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(85)90077-3 THAUT MH, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P425, DOI 10.1007/BF01487071 UNGERER JA, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P3, DOI 10.1007/BF01487256 WECHSLER D, 1973, WPPSI SCALA INTELLIG WECHSLER D, 1987, WISC R SCALA INTELLI Wing L., 1976, EARLY CHILDHOOD AUTI World Health Organization, 1992, INT STAT CLASS DIS I NR 20 TC 20 Z9 20 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2002 VL 6 IS 1 BP 93 EP 102 DI 10.1177/1362361302006001007 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 525VJ UT WOS:000174094500006 PM 11918112 ER PT J AU Latif, A Heinz, P Cook, R AF Latif, A Heinz, P Cook, R TI Iron deficiency in autism and Asperger syndrome SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autistic spectrum disorder; iron deficiency; iron deficiency anaemia ID ANEMIC INFANTS; CHILDREN; SUPPLEMENTATION; CHILDHOOD; THERAPY; BRAIN AB This research considers the prevalence of iron deficiency in children with autism and Asperger syndrome and examines whether this will influence guidelines and treatment. Retrospective analysis of the full blood count and, as far as available, serum ferritin measurements of 9 6 children (5 2 with autism and 44 with Asperger syndrome) was undertaken. Six of the autistic group were shown to have iron deficiency anaemia and, of the 23 autistic children who had serum ferritin measured, 12 were iron deficient. Only two of the Asperger group had iron deficiency anaemia and, of the 22 children who had their serum ferritin measured, only three were iron deficient. Iron deficiency, with or without anaemia, can impair cognition and affect and is associated with developmental slowing in infants and mood changes and poor concentration in children. This study showed a very high prevalence of iron deficiency in children with autism, which could potentially compromise further their communication and behavioural impairments. C1 Royal Glamorgan Hosp, Children Ctr, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, Mid Glamorgan, Wales. Univ Glamorgan, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, M Glam, Wales. RP Latif, A (reprint author), Royal Glamorgan Hosp, Children Ctr, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, Mid Glamorgan, Wales. 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Results indicated significant group differences in ratings of depression, anxiety, somatic complaints and burnout. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the best predictors of the dependent measures. Both hardiness and social support were predictive of successful adaptation. The relationships among hardiness, support and coping are discussed. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Douglass Dev Disabil Ctr, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Weiss, MJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Douglass Dev Disabil Ctr, 25 Gibbons Circle, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. CR AFFLECK G, 1993, COGNITIVE COPING FAM ALBANESE AL, 1996, TEACHING CHILDREN AU American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BARRERA M, 1981, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V9, P435, DOI 10.1007/BF00918174 Beck A. 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P., 1990, FAMILIES PROFESSIONA VENTERS M, 1982, FAMILY STRESS COPING, P120 WIKLER LM, 1986, FAMILIES HANDICAPPED, P167 WOLF LC, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P157, DOI 10.1007/BF02212727 NR 65 TC 129 Z9 131 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2002 VL 6 IS 1 BP 115 EP 130 DI 10.1177/1362361302006001009 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 525VJ UT WOS:000174094500008 PM 11918107 ER PT J AU Stone, WL Yoder, PJ AF Stone, WL Yoder, PJ TI Predicting spoken language level in children with autism spectrum disorders SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism spectrum; motor imitation; speech and language therapy; spoken language ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; NONVERBAL-COMMUNICATION; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; JOINT ATTENTION; 2ND YEAR; PLAY; IMITATION; BEHAVIOR; VALUES; SKILLS AB Thirty-five children who received an autism spectrum diagnosis at the age of 2 years (24 with autism, 11 with PDD-NOS) were re-evaluated 2 years later to examine factors related to the development of spoken language. Child variables (play level, motor imitation ability and joint attention) and environmental variables (socioeconomic status and hours of speech/language therapy between ages 2 and 3) were used to predict an aggregate measure of language outcome at age 4, After controlling for age 2 language skills, the only significant predictors were motor imitation and number of hours of speech/language therapy. Implications of these results for understanding the early developmental course of autism spectrum disorders and the effects of intervention are discussed. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Child Dev Ctr, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. RP Stone, WL (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Child Dev Ctr, 426 Med Ctr S,2100 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. 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B., 1998, J CHILDRENS COMMUNIC, V20, P1 MCCATHREN RB, IN PRESS J EARLY INT MCCUNE L, 1995, DEV PSYCHOL, V31, P198, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.31.2.198 MUNDY P, 1988, CHILD DEV, V59, P235, DOI 10.2307/1130406 MUNDY P, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P63 MUNDY P, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF02206861 MUNDY P, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P349, DOI 10.1007/BF01487065 MUNDY P, 1995, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V38, P157 Piaget J, 1962, PLAY DREAMS IMITATIO Prizant BM, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P173, DOI 10.1007/BF02172007 PROVENCE S, 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P677 RICHMAN AL, 1992, DEV PSYCHOL, V28, P614, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.614 ROBBINS FR, 1991, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V15, P173 Rogers S. 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E., 1989, MANY FACES IMITATION, P73 Stone WL, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P219, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098003370 STONE WL, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P639, DOI 10.1007/BF01046106 Stone WL, 1997, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V25, P475, DOI 10.1023/A:1022685731726 TAMISLEMONDA CS, 1994, DEV PSYCHOL, V30, P283, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.30.2.283 WHITEHURST GJ, 1994, J EDUC PSYCHOL, V86, P542, DOI 10.1037//0022-0663.86.4.542 WRIGHT JD, 1976, AM SOCIOL REV, V41, P527, DOI 10.2307/2094258 Yando R., 1978, IMITATION DEV PERSPE YODER PJ, 1989, J CHILD LANG, V16, P141 Yoder PJ, 1999, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V22, P126 ZIMMERMAN I, 1991, PRESCHOOL LANGUAGE S, V3 NR 68 TC 103 Z9 104 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD DEC PY 2001 VL 5 IS 4 BP 341 EP 361 DI 10.1177/1362361301005004002 PG 21 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 503WA UT WOS:000172823500002 PM 11777253 ER PT J AU Salt, J Sellars, V Shemilt, J Boyd, S Coulson, T McCool, S AF Salt, J Sellars, V Shemilt, J Boyd, S Coulson, T McCool, S TI The Scottish centre for autism preschool treatment programme. I: A developmental approach to early intervention SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; early intervention; parent training; treatment ID JOINT ATTENTION; CHILDREN AB Early intervention is an area of intense current interest for parents and professionals. This article describes a mainstream National Health Service (NHS) approach to early intervention, developed at the Scottish Centre for Autism. The aims of treatment are to improve the child's early social communication and social interaction skills, leading to the potential development of play and flexibility of behaviour This is achieved by 1:1 intensive treatment by trained therapists, and a schedule of parent training. The treatment protocol incorporates a child led approach; the use of imitation as a therapeutic strategy; using language contingent on activities; and the introduction of flexibility into play and social exchanges. C1 Scottish Ctr Autism, Yorkhill NHS Trust, Dept Child & Family Psychiat, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Lanark, Scotland. RP Salt, J (reprint author), Scottish Ctr Autism, Yorkhill NHS Trust, Dept Child & Family Psychiat, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Lanark, Scotland. CR DAWSON G, 1984, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V12, P209, DOI 10.1007/BF00910664 Dawson G., 1990, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V2, P151, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000675 TOMASELLO M, 1986, CHILD DEV, V57, P1454, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00470.x Freeman BJ, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P641, DOI 10.1023/A:1025850715183 Hoare P., 1996, CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL P, V1, P229, DOI 10.1177/1359104596012005 *INT ASS AUT EUR, 2000, DESCR AUT Kaufman B. N, 1976, SON RISE LEWY AL, 1992, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V20, P555, DOI 10.1007/BF00911240 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 MCDADE A, 1996, PARTNERSHIP PARENTS Nadel J., 1993, NEW PERSPECTIVES EAR *NAS, 2000, NAS EARL BIRD PROGR SALT J, 1999, CLIN PSYCHOL FORUM, V132, P15 SALT J, IN PRESS AUTISM, V6 SHIELDS J, 1999, BRIT J THERAPY REHAB, V6, P526 Smith T, 1999, CLIN PSYCHOL-SCI PR, V6, P33, DOI 10.1093/clipsy/6.1.33 TIEGERMAN E, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P27, DOI 10.1007/BF02408553 Watson LR, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P51, DOI 10.1023/A:1026063003289 WEITZMAN E, 1997, IMPRINT NEWSLETTER I, V18, P10 NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD DEC PY 2001 VL 5 IS 4 BP 362 EP 373 DI 10.1177/1362361301005004003 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 503WA UT WOS:000172823500003 PM 11777254 ER PT J AU Zercher, C Hunt, P Schuler, A Webster, J AF Zercher, C Hunt, P Schuler, A Webster, J TI Increasing joint attention, play and language through peer supported play SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE integration; play; play groups; twins ID AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; PRETEND PLAY AB The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of participation in an integrated play group on the joint atten- tion, symbolic play and language behavior of two young boys with autism. Two 6-year-old twin brothers participated in this study, along with three typically developing girls, ages 5, 9 and 11. A multiple base-line design was used with three phases: no intervention, intervention with adult coaching, and intervention without adult coaching. After being trained, the three typically developing children implemented the integrated play group techniques in 30 minute weekly play group sessions for over 16 weeks. Results indicate that participation in the integrated play group produced dramatic increases in shared attention to objects, symbolic play acts, and verbal utterances on the part of the participants with autism. These increases were maintained when adult support was withdrawn. Implications of these findings for inclusion of children with autism are discussed. C1 San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. RP Zercher, C (reprint author), SRI Int, Mailstop 135104,333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th AUWARTER M, 1986, CHILDRENS WORLDS CHI BOUCHER J, 1990, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V8, P205 Bruner J. S., 1983, CHILDS TALK LEARNING Charman T, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P325, DOI 10.1023/A:1025806616149 CORSARO WA, 1986, CHILDRENS WORLDS CHI Guralnick M., 1992, SOCIAL COMPETENCE YO, P37 Jarrold C, 1996, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P275 JARROLD C, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01046221 Kazdin A. E., 1982, SINGLE CASE RES DESI LEWIS V, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P325 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 MUNDY P, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P63 ODOM SL, 1993, INTEGRATING YOUNG CH Piaget J, 1962, PLAY DREAMS IMITATIO RICKS DM, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P191, DOI 10.1007/BF01538152 SHCULER AL, 2000, TRANSACTIONAL FDN LA SIGMAN M, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P293, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293 Vygotsky L. S., 1962, THOUGHT LANGUAGE Werner H., 1963, SYMBOL FORMATION ORG Wolfberg P. J., 1999, PLAY IMAGINATION CHI WOLFBERG PJ, 1993, CHILD LANGUAGE TEACH, V15, P41 WOLFBERG PJ, 1995, INT PLAY J, V3, P38 WOLFBERG PJ, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P467, DOI 10.1007/BF01046051 NR 24 TC 31 Z9 33 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD DEC PY 2001 VL 5 IS 4 BP 374 EP 398 DI 10.1177/1362361301005004004 PG 25 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 503WA UT WOS:000172823500004 PM 11777255 ER PT J AU Magiati, I Howlin, P AF Magiati, I Howlin, P TI Monitoring the progress of preschool children with autism enrolled in early intervention programmes - Problems in cognitive assessment SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE cognitive assessment; early intervention; progress ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; YOUNG-CHILDREN; STABILITY; LANGUAGE; AGE; INTELLIGENCE; SCORES AB This report examines how conclusions about the progress of preschool children enrolled in early intervention programmes may be influenced by the use of different cognitive assessment tools. As part of a longitudinal treatment outcome study, 24 children with autism aged between 27 and 58 months were each tested on the Bayley, Merrill-Palmer and Vineland scales. Their performance on each of these tests was compared. Results showed that, while scores on the different tests were highly correlated, actual test scores varied considerably, With the Bayley Lending to produce the lowest IQ scores and the Merrill-Palmer the highest. These findings have important implications, as it is evident that judgements about the effects of therapy may be significantly influenced by the selection of the tests for pre- and post-treatment assessments. Possible ways of collecting, recording and reporting test data, so as to avoid spurious conclusions about treatment effects, are discussed. C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London SW17 0RE, England. RP Magiati, I (reprint author), St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, England. RI Howlin, Patricia/A-7622-2011 CR *AM GUID SERV, 1997, MULL SCAL EARL LEARN BallabanGil K, 1996, PEDIATR NEUROL, V15, P217, DOI 10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00219-6 Bayley N, 1993, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT CLARK P, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P201, DOI 10.1007/BF01531685 CLARK P, 1979, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V20, P271, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1979.tb00514.x FREEMAN BJ, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P459, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60565-3 GOODE S, UNPUB FOLLOW UP STUD Gresham FM, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P5, DOI 10.1023/A:1026002717402 Harris SL, 2000, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V30, P137, DOI 10.1023/A:1005459606120 HOWLIN P, 1994, EUR J DISORDER COMM, V29, P279 Howlin P, 1987, TREATMENT AUTISTIC C Koegel LK, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P233, DOI 10.1023/A:1025894213424 KOEGEL RL, 1985, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V26, P185, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb02259.x Lewis M, 1985, HDB INTELLIGENCE THE, P505 LOCKYER L, 1969, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V115, P865, DOI 10.1192/bjp.115.525.865 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P483, DOI 10.1007/BF02212853 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 LORD C, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P575, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00269.x LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 MAGIATI I, 2000, 1 MALT INT C AUT JUL Sheinkopf SJ, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P15, DOI 10.1023/A:1026054701472 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE Stutsman R., 1948, MERRILL PALMER SCALE Wechsler D., 1990, WECHSLER PRESCHOOL P NR 24 TC 37 Z9 39 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD DEC PY 2001 VL 5 IS 4 BP 399 EP 406 DI 10.1177/1362361301005004005 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 503WA UT WOS:000172823500005 PM 11777256 ER PT J AU Gabriels, RL Hill, DE Pierce, RA Rogers, SJ Wehner, B AF Gabriels, RL Hill, DE Pierce, RA Rogers, SJ Wehner, B TI Predictors of treatment outcome in young children with autism - A retrospective study SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; children; outcome; treatment ID RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE DISORDER; EARLY ADULT LIFE; FOLLOW-UP; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; FAMILY STRESS; EARLY INTERVENTION; DOWN-SYNDROME; CONTINUITY; MOTHERS; PARENTS AB This study examined predictors of developmental outcomes in 17 children diagnosed with autism or PDD-NOS, who received generic treatment over a mean period of 37 months. Pre-treatment evaluations occurred at a mean age of 31 months with follow-up evaluations at a mean age of 69 months. Significantly different developmental trajectories were observed among the participants at follow-up, separating the participants into two distinct groups (high and low outcome). However, groups did not differ significantly in treatment intensity or other outcome prediction measures. Pre-treatment developmental intelligence levels between the two groups approached significance. The results raise questions regarding the effect of treatment intensity and type, family stress factors, and intelligence ability in very early childhood on, outcome. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Gabriels, RL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, 4200 E 9th Ave,C221, Denver, CO 80262 USA. CR Albanese A. 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K., 2000, AUTISM, V4, P426, DOI 10.1177/1362361300004004007 Mawhood L, 2000, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V41, P547, DOI 10.1017/S002196309900579X McCubbin H, 1996, FAMILY ASSESSMENT RE, P103 McCubbin HI, 1996, FAMILY ASSESSMENT RE McCubbin HI, 1996, FAMILY ASSESSMENT RE, P307 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 Mullen E, 1995, MULLEN SCALES EARLY Nordin V, 1998, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V97, P99, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09970.x Ozonoff S, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P25, DOI 10.1023/A:1026006818310 PROVENCE S, 1983, WORKING DISADVANTAGE Rogers SJ, 1998, J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL, V27, P168, DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_4 Sanders JL, 1997, CHILD FAM BEHAV THER, V19, P15, DOI 10.1300/J019v19n04_02 Sheinkopf SJ, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P15, DOI 10.1023/A:1026054701472 Sigman M, 1999, MONOGR SOC RES CHILD, V64, P1, DOI 10.1111/1540-5834.00002 Sigman M, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P817 Smith T, 2000, AM J MENT RETARD, V105, P269, DOI 10.1352/0895-8017(2000)105<0269:RTOIEI>2.0.CO;2 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE Stone WL, 1999, AM J MENT RETARD, V104, P187, DOI 10.1352/0895-8017(1999)104<0187:POABIV>2.0.CO;2 Terman L. M., 1973, STANFORD BINET INTEL Wechsler D., 1989, WECHSLER PRESCHOOL P WETHERBY AM, 1982, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V47, P63 Woodcock R. W., 1989, WOODCOCK JOHNSON PSY Zimmerman I.L., 1992, PRESCHOOL LANGUAGE S NR 46 TC 47 Z9 47 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD DEC PY 2001 VL 5 IS 4 BP 407 EP 429 DI 10.1177/1362361301005004006 PG 23 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 503WA UT WOS:000172823500006 PM 11777257 ER PT J AU Boyd, RD Corley, MJ AF Boyd, RD Corley, MJ TI Outcome survey of early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism in a community setting SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; behavioral treatment; early intervention ID RECOVERY; DISORDER; PROJECT; LOVAAS AB This article presents findings from an outcome survey of the effects of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism in a community setting. Results from both indi- vidual case reviews and parent questionnaires are presented, with the data failing to support any instances of 'recovery' while still yielding a high degree of parental satisfaction with the treatment. Moreover, a follow-up inquiry into the type of services each child was receiving in his or her post-EIBI setting documents continued dependence on extensive educational and related developmental services, suggesting that the promise of future treatment sparing did not materialize. Limitations of the survey in evaluating community-based EIBI services are discussed a-long with the need for further research designed to document the effectiveness of services provided to young children with ASD in the community. C1 Golden Gate Reg Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Boyd, RD (reprint author), 120 Howard St, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x Boyd RD, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P211, DOI 10.1023/A:1026065321080 Cattell-Gordon D, 1998, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V10, P79 Dawson G., 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY Feinberg E, 1998, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V10, P54 Green G., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P15 Gresham FM, 1997, BEHAV DISORDERS, V22, P185 Gresham FM, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P5, DOI 10.1023/A:1026002717402 Harris SL, 2000, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V30, P137, DOI 10.1023/A:1005459606120 Jacobson J, 1998, BEHAV INTERVENT, V13, P201, DOI DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 LOVAAS OI, 1989, J BEHAV THER EXP PSY, V20, P17 Luiselli J. K., 2000, AUTISM, V4, P426, DOI 10.1177/1362361300004004007 Matson JL, 1996, RES DEV DISABIL, V17, P433, DOI 10.1016/S0891-4222(96)00030-3 Maurice C., 1993, LET ME HEAR YOUR VOI MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MESIBOV GB, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P379 MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 PERRY R, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P232, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199502000-00019 SCHOPLER E, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P162 Sheinkopf SJ, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P15, DOI 10.1023/A:1026054701472 SMITH GE, 1910, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVE, V6, P9 Smith JR, 1999, IEEE ROBOT AUTOM MAG, V6, P49, DOI 10.1109/100.755814 SMITH T, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V100, P317 Smith T, 1997, AM J MENT RETARD, V102, P238, DOI 10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0238:IBTFPW>2.0.CO;2 STONE RK, 1989, AM J MENT RETARD, V93, P627 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 29 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD DEC PY 2001 VL 5 IS 4 BP 430 EP 441 DI 10.1177/1362361301005004007 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 503WA UT WOS:000172823500007 PM 11777258 ER PT J AU Park, RJ Bolton, PF AF Park, RJ Bolton, PF TI Pervasive developmental disorder and obstetric complications in children and adolescents with tuberous sclerosis SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE cognitive development; obstetric complications; pervasive developmental disorder; tuberous sclerosis ID CARDIAC TUMORS; AUTISM; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION; PREGNANCY; DIAGNOSIS; BEHAVIOR; FETAL; GENE; 9Q34 AB Children with autism have an increased risk for obstetric complications but it is not known whether these are of primary aetiological significance. It is also unclear whether obstetric complications play a secondary role in shaping phenotypic expression in individuals at genetic risk for autism. We investigated this question by studying the role of obstetric complications in determining phenotypic manifestations in tuberous sclerosis, a single gene disorder frequently associated with autism spectrum disorders. Obstetric histories of 43 children with non-familial TS and 40 unaffected siblings were obtained using a structured parent interview. ADI-R, ADOS-G and IQ evaluations were undertaken. Children with TS experienced more obstetric complications than their unaffected siblings, but these were related to mild rather than severe adversities. No differences in obstetric complications were found in children with and without autism spectrum disorders and there was no positive correlation between obstetric adversities and severity of autism spectrum disorders or intellectual impairments. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Dev Psychiat Sect, Autism & Related Condit Res Ctr, Cambridge CB3 9JE, England. RP Park, RJ (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Dev Psychiat Sect, Autism & Related Condit Res Ctr, 18B Trumpington Rd, Cambridge CB3 9JE, England. RI Bolton, Patrick/E-8501-2010 OI Bolton, Patrick/0000-0002-5270-6262 CR BAILLY C, 1995, MED MALADIES INFECT, V25, P1 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Bolton PF, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P272, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199702000-00018 BOLTON PF, UNPUB NEURO EPILEPTI Bolton PF, 1997, LANCET, V349, P392, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80012-8 Carter SM, 1996, OBSTET GYNECOL, V88, P724, DOI 10.1016/0029-7844(96)00103-2 NELLIST M, 1993, CELL, V75, P1305 Fombonne E, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P1561, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66566-7 GILLBERG C, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P153, DOI 10.1007/BF01531816 GILLBERG IC, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P50 Goodship J, 1997, PRENATAL DIAG, V17, P867, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199709)17:9<867::AID-PD139>3.0.CO;2-B Guschmann M., 1997, General and Diagnostic Pathology, V143, P255 Harrison JE, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P603, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01687.x HOLLEY DG, 1995, J AM COLL CARDIOL, V26, P516, DOI 10.1016/0735-1097(95)80031-B HUNT A, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P323, DOI 10.1007/BF01046223 HUNT A, 1987, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V29, P190 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Mullen E, 1995, MULLEN SCALES EARLY OSBORNE J, 1993, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V35, P276 OSBORNE JP, 1988, ARCH DIS CHILD, V63, P1423 Park SH, 1997, ACTA NEUROPATHOL, V94, P180 PETRIKOVSKY BM, 1990, AM J PERINAT, V7, P133, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-999464 POVEY S, 1994, ANN HUM GENET, V58, P107, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1994.tb01881.x RANTAKALLIO P, 1985, ARCH DIS CHILD, V60, P946 RANTAKALLIO P, 1986, ACTA PAEDIATR SCAND, V75, P586, DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10255.x RAO SR, 1990, J MAR ARCHAEOL, V1, P59 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE VANOPPEN ACC, 1991, PRENATAL DIAG, V11, P915, DOI 10.1002/pd.1970111206 vanSlegtenhorst M, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P805 Wagner M, 1996, PATHOLOGE, V17, P462, DOI 10.1007/s002920050188 WALLACE G, 1990, ARCH DIS CHILD, V65, P377 Weschler D., 1974, WESCHLER INTELLIGENC Wu Chang-Teng, 1997, Japanese Heart Journal, V38, P133 NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD SEP PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 237 EP 248 DI 10.1177/1362361301005003002 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GM UT WOS:000171810100001 PM 11708584 ER PT J AU Adrien, JL Roux, S Couturier, G Malvy, J Guerin, P Debuly, S Lelord, G Barthelemy, C AF Adrien, JL Roux, S Couturier, G Malvy, J Guerin, P Debuly, S Lelord, G Barthelemy, C TI Towards a new functional assessment of autistic dysfunction in children with developmental disorders - The Behaviour Function Inventory SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; behaviour; function; scale ID AUDITORY-EVOKED-POTENTIALS; SUMMARIZED EVALUATION; SPECTRUM DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; RELIABILITY; IMITATION; ABILITIES; BRAIN; VALIDITY; SCALE AB In order to assess particular disorders of psychological development and functioning in children with developmental disorders, we have developed a new tool, the Behaviour Function Inventory (BFI), based on 11 neurophysiological functions, disorders of which are considered to contribute to the core autistic syndrome. This article reports the reliability and validity study of this new scale. Factorial analysis computed on the 55 initial items identified six main dimensions which we characterized and labelled: interaction dysfunction, praxis dysfunction, auditory dysfunction, attention dysfunction, islet of ability and emotional dysfunction. Relationships between these six new variables and diagnostic subgroups, and chronological and developmental age, are discussed. The BFI offers precise information of the functional symptomatology of autism, showing clear evidence of some disordered areas of functioning. This new approach may provide valuable information in clinical research, especially for psychopathology and physiopathology studies. C1 Inserm U316, Tours, France. RP Adrien, JL (reprint author), Univ Tours, CHU Bretonneau, Serv Explorat Fonctionnelles & Neurophysiol Pedop, 2 Bd Tonnelle, F-37044 Tours, France. CR Adrien J. 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Peter, 1993, AUTISM DEV MIND HOBSON RP, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P237 HUGHES C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P498, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.498 Lelord G, 1991, AUTISME ENFANT Lewis MH, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P231, DOI 10.1007/BF02172018 MALVY J, 1997, NEUROPSYCHIAT ENFAN, V45, P749 MALVY J, 1994, ANAE, V26, P33 MARTINEAU J, 1992, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V82, P60, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(92)90183-I Mundy P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P173, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000365 Ornitz E., 1988, BRAIN DYSFUNCT, V1, P309 ORNITZ EM, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P251, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61084-0 ORNITZ EM, 1983, INT J NEUROSCI, V19, P85, DOI 10.3109/00207458309148648 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 PERRONBORELLI M, 1978, ECHELLES DIFFERENTIE Rogers S. J., 1991, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V3, P137, DOI DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000043 ROUX S, 1998, AUTISM, V4, P345 Sauvage D, 1988, AUTISME NOURRISSON J SCHOPLER E, 1989, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AUTISM, P167 Seibert J. M., 1982, PROCEDURES MANUAL EA SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x SMITH IM, 1994, PSYCHOL BULL, V116, P259, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.259 TREVARTHEN C, 1996, CAHIERS CERFEE, V13, P9 WESCHSLER D, 1981, ECHELLE INTELLIGENCE WETHERBY AM, 1984, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V27, P364 NR 53 TC 11 Z9 11 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD SEP PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 249 EP 264 DI 10.1177/1362361301005003003 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GM UT WOS:000171810100002 PM 11708585 ER PT J AU Perry, DW Marston, GM Hinder, SAJ Munden, AC Roy, A AF Perry, DW Marston, GM Hinder, SAJ Munden, AC Roy, A TI The phenomenology of depressive illness in people with a learning disability and autism SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE aggression; autism; behavioural disorder; depression; self-injurious behaviour ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; FLUOXETINE TREATMENT; SELF-INJURY; ADULTS; DISORDER; AGGRESSION; SEROTONIN; CHILDREN; EFFICACY AB People with autism may develop new behaviours in adolescence or early adult life, in addition to those associated with the primary disorder. Some of these behaviours have been postulated to be symptoms of depressive disorder. This article notes the methodological problems of investigating depression in people with autism. The authors also attempt to clarify the symptoms that may be significant in diagnosing depression in this group, by using treatment response methods. C1 Gulson Rd Hosp, Coventry CV1 2HR, W Midlands, England. Newtown Hosp, Newtown, Worcs, England. RP Perry, DW (reprint author), Gulson Rd Hosp, River House,Gulson Rd, Coventry CV1 2HR, W Midlands, England. CR Berney TP, 2000, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V176, P20, DOI 10.1192/bjp.176.1.20 Clarke D, 1999, AUTISM, V3, P149, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361399003002005 Clarke DJ, 1999, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V43, P413, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.043005413.x *CLIN PSYCH COMM, 1965, BRIT MED J, P881 Cooper Sally-Ann, 1996, Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, V13, P105 COOPER SA, 1994, MENT HAND SECT ROYAL Department of Health, 1995, HLTH NAT STRAT PEOPL Fraser WI, 2000, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V176, P10, DOI 10.1192/bjp.176.1.10 Ghaziuddin M, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P111, DOI 10.1023/A:1026036514719 GHAZIUDDIN M, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V159, P721, DOI 10.1192/bjp.159.5.721 GHAZIUDDIN M, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P508 GILLBERG C, 1989, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AUTISM, P375 GOODMAN WK, 1989, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V46, P36 Hellings JA, 1996, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V57, P333 HOLMES N, 1982, PSYCHOL MED, V12, P879 HUMBLE M, 1992, INT CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V6, P21, DOI 10.1097/00004850-199206005-00003 LAINHART JE, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P587, DOI 10.1007/BF02172140 LOWRY MA, 1992, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V36, P296 Marston GM, 1997, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V41, P476, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1997.tb00739.x MEINS W, 1995, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V39, P41 Meins W, 1996, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V40, P222, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1996.750750.x Perry DW, 1996, HUM PSYCHOPHARM CLIN, V11, P425, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1077(199609)11:5<425::AID-HUP822>3.0.CO;2-O REISS S, 1993, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V37, P287 RICKETTS RW, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P865, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00024 SOVNER R, 1993, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V37, P301 SPREAT S, 1989, COMPR PSYCHIAT, V30, P505, DOI 10.1016/0010-440X(89)90080-1 World Health Organization, 1992, INT CLASS MENT BEH D, V10th NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD SEP PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 265 EP 275 DI 10.1177/1362361301005003004 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GM UT WOS:000171810100003 PM 11708586 ER PT J AU Gillott, A Furniss, F Walter, A AF Gillott, A Furniss, F Walter, A TI Anxiety in high-functioning children with autism SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE anxiety; autism; social worries; specific language impairment AB High-functioning children with autism were compared with two control groups on measures of anxiety and social worries. Comparison control groups consisted of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and normally developing children. Each group consisted of 15 children between the ages of 8 and 12 years and were matched for age and gender. Children with autism were found to be most anxious on both measures. High anxiety subscale scores for the autism group were separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These findings are discussed within the context of theories of autism and anxiety in the general population of children. Suggestions for future research-are made. C1 Highbury Hosp, Dept Learning Disabil, Nottingham NG6 9DR, England. Univ Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Derbyshire Childrens Hosp, Derby, England. RP Gillott, A (reprint author), Highbury Hosp, Dept Learning Disabil, Nottingham NG6 9DR, England. CR American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Attwood T., 1997, ASPERGERS SYNDROME G BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J CLIN PSYCHOL, V28, P193 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P385 CAPPS L, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1169, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00936.x Despert JL, 1965, EMOTIONALLY DISTURBE Gillberg C., 1984, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V26, P122 Groden J., 1994, BEHAV ISSUES AUTISM HAPPE FGE, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P129, DOI 10.1007/BF02172093 Howlin P, 1998, CHILDREN AUTISM ASPE Howlin P., 1997, AUTISM PREPARING ADU JAMES EM, 1994, INT HDB PHOBIC ANXIE Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 King NJ, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P389, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01524.x KOMOTO J, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02408557 LOVELAND KA, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE Schopler E, 1994, BEHAV ISSUES AUTISM Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE Spence S. H., 1995, SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINI Spence S. H., 1997, CHILD PSYCHOL PORTFO Spence SH, 1997, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V106, P280, DOI 10.1037//0021-843X.106.2.280 SPENCE SH, 1994, M ASS ADV BEH THER S SZATMARI P, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P213, DOI 10.1007/BF02211842 TANTAM D, 1991, AUTISM ASPERGERS SYN THOMAS G, 1998, ASPERGER SYNDROME PR NR 25 TC 204 Z9 204 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD SEP PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 277 EP 286 DI 10.1177/1362361301005003005 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GM UT WOS:000171810100004 PM 11708587 ER PT J AU Bernabei, P Camaioni, L AF Bernabei, P Camaioni, L TI Developmental profile and regression in a child with autism - A single case study SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; cognitive development; communicative development; early diagnosis; home video; regression ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; YOUNG-CHILDREN; SPEECH LOSS; FOLLOW-UP; AGE; SENSORIMOTOR; INFANCY; COMMUNICATION; ONSET AB The developmental profile of a child with autism during the first 3 years of life is presented. Clinical material obtained from different sources is discussed: home videos from birth to 3 years, and cognitive and communicative evaluations at 24, 34 and 38 months. The videos show how the child appeared to make progress up to 12 months, but from 12 to 18 months some abilities that had been previously acquired were lost, and a decrease in social interaction, communication and language was observed. From 18 to 38 months communicative and linguistic abilities remained unchanged, but social interactive behaviours continued to decrease. The particular profile identified is discussed as one of the possible pathways through which autism may develop. C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Childhood Neurol & Psychiat Sci, I-00147 Rome, Italy. RP Bernabei, P (reprint author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Childhood Neurol & Psychiat Sci, Via Giulio Adamoli 28, I-00147 Rome, Italy. CR ABRAHAMSEN EP, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P75, DOI 10.1007/BF02206858 Baird G, 2000, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V39, P694, DOI 10.1097/00004583-200006000-00007 Baranek GT, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P213, DOI 10.1023/A:1023080005650 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 BERNABEI P, 1999, PSICHIATRIA INFANZIA, V66, P135 Bernabei P., 1998, AUTISM, V2, P243, DOI 10.1177/1362361398023003 Camaioni L, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P715, DOI 10.1023/A:1025858917000 Camaioni L, 1991, 1ST LANGUAGE, V11, P345, DOI DOI 10.1177/014272379101103303 CAMAIONI L, 1992, QUESTIONARIO SVILUPP CURCIO F, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01539631 Eaves LC, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P557, DOI 10.1007/BF02172276 KURITA H, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P175, DOI 10.1007/BF01058149 KURITA H, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P191, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60447-7 Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x LOSCHE G, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P749, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00815.x Mundy P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P173, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000365 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 ROGERS SJ, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P863, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00004 SCHOPLER E, 1988, CHILDREN AUTISM RATI Stone WL, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P266 Uzgiris I., 1975, ASSESSMENT INFANCY O VINTER A, 1993, SVILUPPO SENSOMOTORI Volkmar F. R., 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P47 VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P717, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00784.x WETHERBY AM, 1982, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V47, P63 WETHERBY AM, 1984, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V27, P364 NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD SEP PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 287 EP 297 DI 10.1177/1362361301005003006 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GM UT WOS:000171810100005 PM 11708588 ER PT J AU Silver, M Oakes, P AF Silver, M Oakes, P TI Evaluation of a new computer intervention to teach people with autism or Asperger syndrome to recognize and predict emotions in others SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism; computer; emotion; intervention ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; NORMAL-CHILDREN; MIND; ABILITY; EXPRESSIONS; BELIEF; SKILLS AB This randomized controlled trial looked at the effect of a new computer program designed to teach people with autistic spectrum disorders to better recognize and predict emotional responses in others. Two groups of 11 children (age 12-18) with autism or Asperger syndrome at two special schools participated: one group used the computer program for 10 half-hour sessions over 2 weeks. Within-program data showed a significant reduction in errors made from first to last use. Students were assessed pre- and post-intervention using facial expression photographs, cartoons depicting emotion-laden situations, and non-literal stories. Scores were not related to age or verbal ability. The experimental group made gains relative to the control group on all three measures. Gains correlated significantly with the number of times the computer program was used and results suggest positive effects. Further research could assess whether these gains generalized into real life or improved performance on theory of mind measures. C1 St Jamess Univ Hosp, Child & Family Unit, Leeds LS9 7TF, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Hull, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, N Humberside, England. RP Silver, M (reprint author), St Jamess Univ Hosp, Child & Family Unit, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, W Yorkshire, England. CR Attwood T., 2000, AUTISM, V4, P85, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361300004001006 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BaronCohen S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x BERNARD-OPITZ V, 1990, Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, V19, P611 Boone R., 1996, FOCUS AUTISM OTHER D, V11, P69 Brumback RA, 1996, J CHILD NEUROL, V11, P427 Buitelaar JK, 1999, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V11, P39, DOI 10.1017/S0954579499001947 Celani G, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P57, DOI 10.1023/A:1025970600181 CHEN SHA, 1993, MENT RETARD, V31, P368 COHEN J, 1992, PSYCHOL BULL, V112, P155, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL ECKMAN P, 1975, UNMASKING FACE FEIN D, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1157, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00935.x Gray C. 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A., 1996, FOCUS AUTISM OTHER D, V11, P115 Moore D., 1998, COMMUNICATION SUM, P20 Muris P, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P67, DOI 10.1023/A:1025922717020 Nelson K.E., 1998, AUTISM, V2, P139, DOI 10.1177/1362361398022003 OZONOFF S, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P415, DOI 10.1007/BF02179376 PANYAN MV, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P375, DOI 10.1007/BF02409828 RUTTER M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF01495054 SILVER M, 2000, THESIS HULL U Spence S. H., 1980, SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINI Spence S. H., 1995, SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINI Stein N. L., 1989, COGNITION EMOTION, V3, P343, DOI 10.1080/02699938908412712 Swettenham J, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P157, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01387.x TANGUAY P E, 1990, Brain Dysfunction, V3, P197 TANTAM D, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P623, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00274.x YUILL N, 1984, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V2, P73 NR 43 TC 92 Z9 92 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD SEP PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 299 EP 316 DI 10.1177/1362361301005003007 PG 18 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GM UT WOS:000171810100006 PM 11708589 ER PT J AU Field, T Field, T Sanders, C Nadel, J AF Field, T Field, T Sanders, C Nadel, J TI Children with autism display more social behaviors after repeated imitation sessions SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; imitation; social behaviour; stiff face paradigm ID TO-FACE INTERACTION AB Based on earlier studies, an adult's imitations of the behaviors of children with autism lead to increased social behavior in the children. The present study explored the effects of repeated sessions of imitation. Twenty children were recruited from a school for children with autism to attend three sessions during which an adult either imitated all of the children's behaviors or simply played with the child. During the second session the children in the imitation group spent a greater proportion of time showing distal social behaviors toward the adult including: (1) looking; (2) vocalizing; (3) smiling; and (4) engaging in reciprocal play. During the third session, the children in the imitation group spent a greater proportion of time showing proximal social behaviors toward the adult including: (1) being close to the adult; (2) sitting next to the adult; and (3) touching the adult. These data suggest the potential usefulness of adult imitative behavior as an early intervention. C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Touch Res Inst, Miami, FL 33101 USA. Inst Psychobiol, CNRS, Paris, France. RP Field, T (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Touch Res Inst, POB 016820, Miami, FL 33101 USA. EM tfield@mednet-med.miami.edu CR American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARANEK GT, 1999, POST S SRCD APR COHEN J, 1968, PSYCHOL BULL, V70, P213, DOI 10.1037/h0026256 DAWSON G, 1984, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V12, P209, DOI 10.1007/BF00910664 Dawson G., 1990, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V2, P151, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000675 ESCALONA A, 2000, J AUTISM DEV DISORDE FIELD TM, 1977, CHILD DEV, V48, P763, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01232.x KERVELLA C, 1999, ENFANCE, V2, P191 LUBIN L, 1981, INT J BEHAV DEV, V4, P443 MARTINI M, 2000, UNPUB CHILDREN AUTIS Nadel J., 2000, AUTISM, V4, P133, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361300004002003 NADEL J, 2000, UNPUB CHILDREN AUTIS TRONICK E, 1978, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V17, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62273-1 NR 13 TC 45 Z9 45 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD SEP PY 2001 VL 5 IS 3 BP 317 EP 323 DI 10.1177/1362361301005003008 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GM UT WOS:000171810100007 PM 11708590 ER PT J AU Werth, A Perkins, M Boucher, J AF Werth, A Perkins, M Boucher, J TI 'Here's the weavery looming up': Verbal humour in a woman with high-functioning autism SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism; creativity; verbal humour; word play AB A case study of Grace, a 29-year-old woman with high-functioning autism, is presented. Grace is unusual for a person with autism in that she produces a great deal of humorous and creative word play. She is also unusual in that she writes and then audio-records letters' to her family, and produces copious cartoon-like drawings which she annotates, with the result that multiple examples of her humour are available in permanent form. We present examples of Graces use of puns, jokes, neologisms, portmanteau words, irreverent humour, irony, sarcasm and word play based on her obsessional interests. The examples are used to illustrate the forms and content of Grace's humour, and are discussed in relation to current theories of autism and of normal humour. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. Community Hlth S London NHS Trust, London, England. Univ Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. RP Perkins, M (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. CR ASPERGER H, 1992, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P37 Attardo Salvatore, 1994, LINGUISTIC THEORIES Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Crystal David, 1998, LANGUAGE PLAY Dowker A, 1996, PSYCHOL MED, V26, P913 Everard M. P., 1976, INT S AUT ST GALL SW FORABOSCO G, 1992, HUMOR, V5, P45, DOI 10.1515/humr.1992.5.1-2.45 Freud Sigmund, 1976, JOKES THEIR RELATION, VVI HAPPE FGE, 1993, COGNITION, V48, P101, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-R Happe FGE, 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P207, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511526770.007 KANNER L, 1946, AM J PSYCHIAT, V103, P242 Klinger L. G., 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P119 Koestler A., 1964, ACT CREATION McGhee Paul E., 1979, HUMOR ITS ORIGIN DEV Mesibov G., 1992, HIGH FUNCTIONING IND, P143 Mindess H., 1971, LAUGHTER LIBERATION Reddy V., 1997, INFANT DEV RECENT AD, P247 REDDY V, IN PRESS BRIT J PSYC RICKS DM, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P191, DOI 10.1007/BF01538152 SCHULTZ TR, 1976, HUMOUR LAUGHTER THEO STJAMES PJ, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P603 VANBOURGONDIEN ME, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P417 Wing L., 1996, AUTISTIC SPECTRUM GU NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 111 EP 125 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002002 PG 15 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700001 PM 11706860 ER PT J AU Shah, K AF Shah, K TI What do medical students know about autism? SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; early diagnosis; medical training ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INTERVENTION AB Although recent research indicates the importance of early recognition and intervention for children with autism, it is clear that many families remain very dissatisfied with the diagnostic process. In order to improve this situation, it is essential that primary care practitioners, such as GPs, are fully aware of the core symptoms of autism. The present study reports on autism awareness amongst 250 medical students at different stages of their training. Differences between first-year and fourth-year students were compared with respect to their knowledge of various aspects of autism, including diagnosis, cause, symptomatology, treatment and outcome. Fourth-year students were significantly more likely to respond correctly to questions related to diagnostic criteria and core symptoms. However no significant differences were found between first-year and fourth-year students for other aspects, such as possible causes, IQ profiles, prognosis and treatment. These findings suggest that more emphasis needs to be placed on teaching medical students about autism if diagnosis and access to intervention are to be improved. C1 Care Of Professor P Howlon, Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London SW17 0RE, England. RP Shah, K (reprint author), Care Of Professor P Howlon, Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London SW17 0RE, England. CR Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BOLTON P, 1999, PSYCHOL MED, V28, P385 EHLERS S, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1327, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x Fombonne E, 1999, PSYCHOL MED, V29, P769, DOI 10.1017/S0033291799008508 Howlin P, 1999, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V41, P834, DOI 10.1017/S0012162299001656 Howlin P, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P135, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361397012003 Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x *NAT AUT SOC, 1997, MAN PEOPL HAV AUT SP Ozonoff S, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P25, DOI 10.1023/A:1026006818310 Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE WING L, 1976, PSYCHOL MED, V6, P89 Wing L, 1993, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, V2, P61, DOI 10.1007/BF02098832 NR 13 TC 21 Z9 22 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 127 EP 133 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002003 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700002 PM 11706861 ER PT J AU Grant, CM Grayson, A Boucher, J AF Grant, CM Grayson, A Boucher, J TI Using tests of false belief with children with autism: how valid and reliable are they? SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; false belief; reliability; theory of mind; validity ID TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY; MENTAL-RETARDATION; MIND ABILITIES; INDIVIDUALS; TASKS; KNOWLEDGE AB Twenty-two children with autism were given four tests of false belief understanding: the Sally-Anne task, two variants of the deceptive box task, and the three boxes task. The overall consistency of the children's performance was high, 77 percent of the participants either passing or failing all of the tasks. The convergent validity (across-task consistency) of the deceptive box and the three boxes paradigms was high, and the convergent validity of the three boxes and Sally-Anne tasks was also acceptable. However, a weaker level of convergent validity was found for the deceptive box and Sally-Anne tasks, suggesting that these paradigms test slightly different aspects of cognition. The reliability (within-child consistency) of the children's performances across two versions of the deceptive box task was high. These findings are discussed in terms of their practical implications for practitioners and researchers. C1 Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. Open Univ, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England. Univ Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. RP Grant, CM (reprint author), Queens Med Ctr, South Block,Floor E, Nottingham NG7 2UG, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Charman T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P725, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01699.x Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL EISENMAJER R, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P351 FLEISS JL, 1969, PSYCHOL BULL, V72, P323, DOI 10.1037/h0028106 Happe F., 1994, AUTISM INTRO PSYCHOL Hughes C, 2000, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V41, P483, DOI 10.1017/S0021963099005533 LESLIE AM, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P315 MACGREGOR E, 1998, AUTISM, V2, P367 MAYES LC, 1994, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V12, P555 Mayes LC, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P313, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01408.x Mitchell P., 1996, ACQUIRING CONCEPTION PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x Peterson DM, 1999, MIND LANG, V14, P80, DOI 10.1111/1468-0017.00104 PRIOR M, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P587, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00799.x Riggs KJ, 1998, COGNITIVE DEV, V13, P73, DOI 10.1016/S0885-2014(98)90021-1 Russell J., 1996, AGENCY ITS ROLE MENT Vygotsky Lev Semyonovitch, 1978, MIND SOC DEV HIGHER WIMMER H, 1983, COGNITION, V13, P103, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 Yirmiya N, 1998, PSYCHOL BULL, V124, P283, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.283 Yirmiya N, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P1003, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01497.x Zelazo PD, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P479, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01429.x NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 135 EP 145 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002004 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700003 PM 11706862 ER PT J AU Blackshaw, AJ Kinderman, P Hare, DJ Hatton, C AF Blackshaw, AJ Kinderman, P Hare, DJ Hatton, C TI Theory of mind, causal attribution and paranoia in Asperger syndrome SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; causal attributions; paranoia; theory of mind ID SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTIONS; PERSECUTORY DELUSIONS; SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS; DEPRESSION; MEMORY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; DISCREPANCIES; AUTISM; PEOPLE; MODEL AB Theory of mind (ToM) deficits are central to autistic spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome. Research in psychotic disorders has developed a cognitive model of paranoid delusions involving abnormal causal attributions for negative events. Possible aetiologies of these include deficits in social reasoning, specifically ToM. The present study investigated this attributional model of paranoia in Asperger syndrome. Participants diagnosed with Asperger syndrome scored significantly higher on a measure of paranoia and lower on a measure of ToM, compared with the control group. They did not differ in self-concept and causal attributions, contrary to the attributional model of paranoia. A regression analysis highlighted private self-consciousness as the only predictor of paranoia. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Clin Psychol, Liverpool L69 3GB, Merseyside, England. Univ Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Univ Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, England. RP Kinderman, P (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Clin Psychol, Whelan Bldg,Quadrangle,Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GB, Merseyside, England. RI Hatton, Chris/C-1924-2013 OI Hatton, Chris/0000-0001-8781-8486 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Bennetto L, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P1816, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x BENTALL RP, 1998, OUTCOME INNOVATION P BENTALL RP, 1994, BEHAV RES THER, V32, P331, DOI 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90131-7 Bowler DM, 1997, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V35, P65, DOI 10.1016/S0028-3932(96)00054-1 BOWLER DM, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x BREWIN CR, 1985, PSYCHOL BULL, V98, P297, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.297 CORCORAN R, 1995, SCHIZOPHR RES, V17, P5, DOI 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00024-G DAVIS HL, 1995, AUST J PSYCHOL, V47, P25, DOI 10.1080/00049539508258765 FENIGSTEIN A, 1975, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V43, P522, DOI 10.1037/h0076760 FENIGSTEIN A, 1992, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V62, P129, DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.129 FOMBONNE E, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P227, DOI 10.1177/1362361397012008 Frith CD, 1996, PSYCHOL MED, V26, P521 Frith C.D., 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY SCHI HIGGINS ET, 1986, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V4, P1 Kinderman P, 1997, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V106, P341, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.106.2.341 Kinderman P, 1996, PERS INDIV DIFFER, V20, P261, DOI 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00186-7 KINDERMAN P, 1997, BEHAV COGN PSYCHOTH, V25, P269 Kinderman P, 1996, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V105, P106, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.106 Klin A., 2000, ASPERGER SYNDROME LEZAK MD, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL A Nelson H. E., 1982, NATL ADULT READING T REHM LP, 1988, BEHAV ASSESSMENT PRA SCOTT L, 1993, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V102, P282, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.282 Stroop JR, 1935, J EXP PSYCHOL, V18, P643, DOI 10.1037/0096-3445.121.1.15 TANTAM D, 1989, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND WELLS A, 1997, COGNITIVE THERAPY AN Wing L., 1996, AUTISTIC SPECTRUM GU WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 Young J. E., 1990, COGNITIVE THERAPY PE ZIGMOND AS, 1983, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V67, P361, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x NR 33 TC 50 Z9 51 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 147 EP 163 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002005 PG 17 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700004 PM 11706863 ER PT J AU Shu, BC Lung, FW Tien, AY Chen, BC AF Shu, BC Lung, FW Tien, AY Chen, BC TI Executive function deficits in non-retarded autistic children SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; executive function; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) ID CARD SORTING TEST; FRONTAL-LOBE DAMAGE; DEVELOPMENTAL NORMS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; TEST-PERFORMANCE; INDIVIDUALS; PARENTS; MIND; MEN AB The purpose of this study was to examine differences between Taiwanese children with autism and their typically developing peers on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Twenty-six children with autism of normal IQ were included, and matched for chronological age with 52 controls. The WCST scores of the typically developing children were significantly higher for categories completed and percent conceptual level than in the autism group. Scores on perseverative responses, perseverative errors, the number of trials to complete the first category and non-perseverative errors were significantly higher in the autism group. The implications of these findings are discussed. C1 Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Sch Nursing, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. Mil Kaohsiung Gen Hosp, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Shu, BC (reprint author), Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Coll Med, Sch Nursing, 1 Univ Rd, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. CR ANDERSON SW, 1991, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V13, P909, DOI 10.1080/01688639108405107 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Berg EA, 1948, J GEN PSYCHOL, V39, P15 CHELUNE GJ, 1986, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V8, P219, DOI 10.1080/01688638608401314 COURCHESNE E, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P55, DOI 10.1007/BF01837899 DAMASIO AR, 1991, FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION, P217 Dawson G, 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO DUNCAN J, 1986, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH, V3, P271, DOI 10.1080/02643298608253360 GRAFMAN J, 1990, PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL, V71, P1120, DOI 10.2466/PMS.71.8.1120-1122 GRANT DA, 1948, J EXP PSYCHOL, V38, P404, DOI 10.1037/h0059831 Harris P., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P228 Heaton RK, 1993, WISCONSIN CARD SORTI Hobson R. P., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO Hughes C, 1997, PSYCHOL MED, V27, P209, DOI 10.1017/S0033291796004308 HUGHES C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P498, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.498 LANDA R, 1992, PSYCHOL MED, V22, P245 MCEVOY RE, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P563, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01036.x ORNITZ EM, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P251, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61084-0 OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x OZONOFF S, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P429, DOI 10.1007/BF01046049 OZONOFF S, IN PRESS LEARNING CO Pennington BF, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x PRIOR M, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P581, DOI 10.1007/BF02216063 ROSSELLI M, 1993, CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL, V7, P145, DOI 10.1080/13854049308401516 RUMSEY JM, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P23, DOI 10.1007/BF01837896 RUMSEY JM, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P155, DOI 10.1007/BF02284715 RUMSEY JM, 1988, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V10, P201, DOI 10.1080/01688638808408236 Rutter M., 1978, AUTISM REAPPRAISAL C Shallice T, 1991, FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTIO Shu BC, 2000, CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL, V14, P275, DOI 10.1076/1385-4046(200008)14:3;1-P;FT275 STEEL JG, 1984, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V23, P704 SZATMARI P, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P130, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199001000-00021 Tien Allen Y., 1996, Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, V12, P479 WELSH MC, 1988, DEV NEUROPSYCHOL, V4, P199 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P157 NR 35 TC 28 Z9 30 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 165 EP 174 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002006 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700005 PM 11706864 ER PT J AU Tjus, T Heimann, M Nelson, KE AF Tjus, T Heimann, M Nelson, KE TI Interaction patterns between children and their teachers when using a specific multimedia and communication strategy - Observations from children with autism and mixed intellectual disabilities SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; communication; intellectual disabilities; interaction; multimedia ID SKILLS; MICROCOMPUTER AB This study reports on observed interaction patterns between 20 children with autism and mixed intellectual disabilities (mean chronological age = 11:4 years; language age = 4:7 years) and their nine teachers working with a specially developed multimedia program aiming to increase literacy skills. An increase in verbal expression was found over time for the total group. Children with autism also showed increased enjoyment and willingness to seek help from their teachers. Teachers for both diagnostic groups reduced their instructions on how to handle the computer during the program but the decrease was greater in the teachers for children with autism. When the total group of children was subdivided according to language age (high versus low), it appears that those with a low language age showed an increase in verbal expressiveness from start to end of training. Those with a high language age showed increased enjoyment. It is concluded that more detailed studies of the interaction patterns between teachers and children are needed, and these should be related to children's language level as well as to diagnostic group. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Psychol, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Tjus, T (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Psychol, Box 500, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BERNARD-OPITZ V, 1990, Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, V19, P611 COHEN J, 1960, EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS, V20, P37, DOI 10.1177/001316446002000104 COLBY KM, 1973, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V3, P254, DOI 10.1007/BF01538283 Conti-Ramsden G., 1994, INPUT INTERACTION LA, P183 HAGTVET B, 1984, REYNELLS SPRAKTES Heimann M., 1993, SCANDINAVIAN J LOGOP, V18, P3 HEIMANN M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P459, DOI 10.1007/BF02178294 JORDAN R, 1994, COMMUNICATION, V24, P20 JORDAN R, 1990, COMMUNICATION, V24, P23 Nelson K. E., 1997, COMMUNICATION LANGUA, P295 NELSON KE, 1991, BIOL BEHAV ASPECTS L, P399 NELSON KE, 1991, ALPHA INTERACTIVE LA Nelson K.E., 1998, AUTISM, V2, P139, DOI 10.1177/1362361398022003 NELSON KE, 1993, PSYCHOL PERSPECTIVES, P123 PRINZ PM, 1985, AM ANN DEAF, V130, P444 PRINZ PM, 1985, APPL PSYCHOLINGUIST, V6, P283, DOI 10.1017/S0142716400006214 Raven J. C., 1984, COLOURED PROGR MATRI Reynell J., 1977, REYNELL DEV LANGUAGE Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Snow C. E., 1995, HDB CHILD LANGUAGE, P180 WING L, 1989, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AUTISM, P5 NR 22 TC 15 Z9 18 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 175 EP 187 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002007 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700006 PM 11706865 ER PT J AU McGregor, E Campbell, E AF McGregor, E Campbell, E TI The attitudes of teachers in Scotland to the integration of children with autism into mainstream schools SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; integration; teachers' attitudes ID SOCIAL-INTERACTION; STUDENTS; STRATEGIES; PEERS AB Around 4600 school-age children in Scotland fall within the spectrum of autistic disorders, of whom 780 have been identified in schools. This study sought the views of 23 specialist and 49 mainstream teachers, 22 with experience of autism, 27 without. They were questioned about the advantages and disadvantages of integration into mainstream for autistic children, their own ability to cope and predictors of success. Questionnaires were issued to special units and to mainstream primary and secondary schools. A minority of mainstream respondents believed children with autism should be integrated where possible. Mainstream teachers with experience of autism showed more confidence to deal with the children than those without experience. Many expressed concerns about effects on mainstream pupils but most were willing to undertake more training. Specialist teachers were more positive, although they acknowledged possible disadvantages for both groups of children and stressed that the success of integration depends on the individual child. C1 Univ Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. Univ Abertay, Dundee, Scotland. RP McGregor, E (reprint author), Children Scotland, 5 Shandwick Pl, Edinburgh EH2 4RG, Midlothian, Scotland. CR BARBER C, 1996, BRIT J SPECIAL ED, V23, P19, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8578.1996.tb00938.x BURACK J, 1997, HDB AUTISM DEV DISOR Farrell P, 1997, J APPL RES INTELLECT, V10, P1 FARRELL P, 1995, BRIT J LEARNING DISA, V23, P156 Hall J., 1996, WHOSE CHOICE CONTENT Helps S, 1999, AUTISM, V3, P287, DOI 10.1177/1362361399003003006 Hoyson M., 1985, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V8, P157 JORDAN R, 1997, 46 RES INT UN SCOTT Kamps DM, 1995, BEHAV DISORDERS, V21, P89 LUSTHAUS E, 1992, MCGILL J ED, V27, P293 Mesibov GB, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P337, DOI 10.1007/BF02172478 MYLES BS, 1989, J SPEC EDUC, V22, P479 ODOM S, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V19, P59 ODOM SL, 1986, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V19, P59, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1986.19-59 ODOM SL, 1984, AM J ORTHOPSYCHIAT, V54, P544 Pierce K., 1997, FOCUS AUTISM OTHER D, V12, P207 Roeyers H, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P303, DOI 10.1007/BF02172476 SAINATO DM, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P127, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-127 Schwartz IS, 1998, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V18, P132 *SCOTT EX STAT, 1999, SUMM RES SEPT 1998 S STAINBACK S, 1992, CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES WHINNERY KW, 1991, REM SPEC EDUC, V12, P6 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 189 EP 207 PG 19 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700007 PM 11706866 ER PT J AU Weiskop, S Matthews, J Richdale, A AF Weiskop, S Matthews, J Richdale, A TI Treatment of sleep problems in a 5-year-old boy with autism using behavioural principles SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autism; behavioural; intervention; parent training; sleep problems ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; DISABILITIES; DISTURBANCE; EXTINCTION; BEDTIME; INFANTS; WAKING AB This article presents a case study which is part of a larger project on sleep problems in children with autism. The successful treatment of sleep problems (night settling, night waking, and co-sleeping) in a boy of 5 years 4 months with autism is described. The intervention was based on behavioural principles and involved the parents attending an individually-run parent training programme. The programme consisted of an interview, three weekly training sessions and a review session. The parents learned how to use a bedtime routine, reinforcement, effective instructions, partner support strategies and extinction procedures. Once the techniques were implemented, the child learned how to settle himself to bed and how to sleep alone for the entire night. For this child, the results of the sleep programme were clinically significant as measured by a scale of goal achievement, and were maintained at a 3 month and a 12 month follow-up. C1 RMIT Univ, Dept Psychol & Disabil Studies, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. RP Richdale, A (reprint author), RMIT Univ, Dept Psychol & Disabil Studies, POB 71, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. CR ADAMS LA, 1989, PEDIATRICS, V84, P756 ANDERS TF, 1979, PEDIATRICS, V63, P860 Bramble D, 1997, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V39, P543 CLEMENTS J, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P399, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01841.x Didden R, 1998, J BEHAV THER EXP PSY, V29, P85, DOI 10.1016/S0005-7916(97)00038-4 DURAND VM, 1990, BEHAV MODIF, V14, P37, DOI 10.1177/01454455900141003 DURAND VM, 1996, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V21, P114 EDWARDS KJ, 1994, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V15, P207 FERBER R, 1986, SOLVE YOUR CHILDS SL France KG, 1996, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, V5, P581 FRANCE KG, 1991, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V12, P308 GRIFFIN MW, 1978, PARENTS THERAPISTS B Hewitt K., 1985, MENTAL HANDICAP, V13, P112 HOWLIN P, 1984, BEHAV PSYCHOTHER, V12, P257 HUDSON A, 1995, BEHAV CHANGE, V12, P207 Johns T, 1996, J CLIN NURS, V5, P3, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2702.1996.tb00220.x JONES DPH, 1983, ARCH DIS CHILD, V58, P442 KERR S, 1994, CHILD CARE HLTH DEV, V20, P379, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1994.tb00400.x MCDONALD J, 1995, BETTER BEDTIME BEHAV MESSER DJ, 1994, CHILD CARE HLTH DEV, V20, P267, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1994.tb00389.x MILAN MA, 1981, CHILD BEHAV THERAPY, V3, P13 MURPHY GC, 1985, BEHAV CHANGE, V2, P6 Patzold LM, 1998, J PAEDIATR CHILD H, V34, P528 Piazza CC, 1997, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V39, P414 RICHDALE AL, 1995, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V4, P175 Richdale AL, 1999, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V41, P60, DOI 10.1017/S0012162299000122 RICHMAN N, 1981, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V20, P281, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60989-4 RICHMAN N, 1985, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V26, P591, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb01643.x SADEH A, 1994, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V62, P63, DOI 10.1037//0022-006X.62.1.63 Sanders MR, 1993, BEHAV FAMILY INTERVE SHREIBMAN L, 1984, PROGRAMMING EFFECTIV, P295 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE Wiggs L, 1996, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V40, P518, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1996.799799.x WILLIAMS CR, 1958, J SOC PSYCHOL, V59, P269 WOLF M, 1964, BEHAV RES THER, V1, P305 Zimmerman I.L., 1992, PRESCHOOL LANGUAGE S ZUCKERMAN B, 1987, PEDIATRICS, V80, P664 NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 209 EP 221 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002009 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700008 PM 11706867 ER PT J AU Wheelwright, S Baron-Cohen, S AF Wheelwright, S Baron-Cohen, S TI The link between autism and skills such as engineering, maths, physics and computing - A reply to Jarrold and Routh, Autism, 1998, 2 (3): 281-9 SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE domain specificity; folk physics; folk psychology; genetics; parental occupation; phenotype AB In the first edition of this journal, we published a paper reporting that fathers and grandfathers of children with autism were over-represented in the field of engineering (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997). This result was interpreted as providing supporting evidence for the folk-psychology/folk-physics theory of autism. After carrying out further analyses on the same data, Jarrold and Routh (1998) found that fathers of children with autism were also over-represented in accountancy and science. They suggested that these results could either provide additional support for the folk-psychology/folk-physics theory or be accounted for by an over-representation of professionals amongst the fathers of children with autism. Here we present evidence that engineers are still over-represented among fathers of children with autism, even taking into account the professional bias. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Autism Res Ctr, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Wheelwright, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Autism Res Ctr, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR Baron-Cohen S, 1999, NEUROCASE, V5, P475, DOI 10.1080/13554799908402743 BARONCOHEN S, IN PRESS J DEV LEARN Baron-Cohen S, 2000, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V12, P489, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400003126 Baron-Cohen S., 1998, AUTISM, V2, P296, DOI 10.1177/1362361398023008 BARONCOHEN S, 1997, CHILDRENS THEORIES Baron-Cohen Simon, 2000, UNDERSTANDING OTHER Baron-Cohen Simon, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P101, DOI 10.1177/1362361397011010 FOLSTEIN SE, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P3, DOI 10.1007/BF02211815 Happe F, 1999, TRENDS COGN SCI, V3, P216, DOI 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01318-2 JARROLD C, 1997, AUTISM, V1, P101 NR 10 TC 17 Z9 18 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 2 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1177/1362361301005002010 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GH UT WOS:000171809700009 PM 11706868 ER PT J AU Jarbrink, K Knapp, M AF Jarbrink, K Knapp, M TI The economic impact of autism in Britain SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; cost of illness; early intervention; education; health services ID RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE DISORDER; EARLY ADULT LIFE; FOLLOW-UP; EARLY INTERVENTION; CHILDREN; OUTCOMES; PREVALENCE; PATTERNS; DRUGS AB Little is known about the economic impact of autism. This study estimated the economic consequences of autism in the United Kingdom, based on published evidence and on the reanalysis of data holdings at the Centre for the Economics of Mental Health (CEMH). With an assumed prevalence of 5 per 10,000, the annual societal cost for the UK was estimated to exceed pound1 billion. The lifetime cost for a person with autism exceeded pound2.4 million. The main costs were for living support and day activities. Family costs account for only 2.3 percent of the total cost, but a lack of relevant information limited our ability to estimate these costs. Minor improvements in life outcome for people with autism could substantially reduce costs over the lifetime. C1 Inst Psychiat, Ctr Econ Mental Hlth, London SE5 8AF, England. Univ London London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, London WC2A 2AE, England. RP Knapp, M (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Ctr Econ Mental Hlth, De Crespigny Pk,Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. CR AMAN MG, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1672, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199512000-00018 BEECHAM J, 1996, INCLUSIVE SPECIAL ED Beecham J, 1992, MEASURING MENTAL HLT, P163 BEECHAM J, 2000, UNPUB MEETING NEED C Beecham J., 1995, EC EVALUATION MENTAL, P61 BIRENBAUM A, 1990, HLTH CARE FINANCING, V14 BIRENBAUM A, 1993, MENT RETARD, V31, P67 *BMA RPSGP, 1998, 35 BMA RPSGB BONE M, 1989, OPCS SURVEYS DISABIL CHADWICK O, 1998, PREVENTION BEHAV DIS CLEGG J, 1999, MENTAL HLTH RES REV, V6, P27 *DEP ED EMPL, 1999, LOC ED AUTH CURR EXP *DEP ED EMPL, 1999, STAT ED SCH ENGL *DEP HLTH, 1999, IND NAT HLTH EXP LIF EMERSON E, 2000, IN PRESS AM J MENTAL FITZGERALD M, 1997, IRISH FAMILIES STRES Fombonne E, 1998, AUTISM PERVASIVE DEV, P32 FUJIURA GT, 1994, AM J MENT RETARD, V99, P250 GILLBERG C, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P375, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00004 Gillberg C, 1999, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V99, P399, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00984.x Gresham FM, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P5, DOI 10.1023/A:1026002717402 Howlin P., 1996, AUTISM SCREENING QUE Howlin P, 2000, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V41, P561, DOI 10.1017/S0021963099005806 Howlin P., 1997, AUTISM PREPARING ADU Howlin P, 1987, TREATMENT AUTISTIC C Isager T., 1999, AUTISM, V3, P7, DOI 10.1177/1362361399003001002 Jacobson J, 1998, BEHAV INTERVENT, V13, P201, DOI DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X JANICKI MP, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P73, DOI 10.1007/BF01531361 JONES GE, 1992, REPORT 3 PROVISION A JONES GE, 1992, REPORT 2 ED PROVISIO KAPLAN CA, 1995, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V166, P291, DOI 10.1192/bjp.166.3.291 KEVIN K, 1997, AM J MENT RETARD, V10, P505 KOBAYASHI R, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P395, DOI 10.1007/BF01048242 Larsen FW, 1997, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V6, P181 VENTER A, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P489, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x Lotter V., 1978, AUTISM REAPPRAISAL C, P475 Martin A, 1999, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V38, P923, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199907000-00024 Mawhood L, 2000, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V41, P547, DOI 10.1017/S002196309900579X Mawhood L, 1999, AUTISM INT J RES PRA, V3, P229, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361399003003003 NETTEN A, 1999, UNIT COST HLTH SOCIA NETTEN A, 1998, UNIT COST HLTH SOCIA *OFF NAT STAT, 1998, FAM SPEND 1997 98 *OFF NAT STAT, 1998, NEW EARN SURV 1998 Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 RUMSEY JM, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P465, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60566-5 Smith K, 1996, HEALTH POLICY, V35, P61, DOI 10.1016/0168-8510(95)00769-5 SVERD J, 1995, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D, V25, P221 SZATMARI P, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P213, DOI 10.1007/BF02211842 Venter A., 1992, HIGH FUNCTIONING IND, P187 Wing L, 1993, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, V2, P61, DOI 10.1007/BF02098832 WOLF L, 1986, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V31, P550 1991, EC APPRAISAL CENTRAL NR 52 TC 80 Z9 82 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 7 EP 22 DI 10.1177/1362361301005001002 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GG UT WOS:000171809600001 PM 11708392 ER PT J AU Koning, C Magill-Evans, J AF Koning, C Magill-Evans, J TI Social and language skills in adolescent boys with Asperger syndrome SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; language skills; social skills ID AUTISM; PERCEPTION; CHILDREN AB Twenty-one adolescent boys with Asperger syndrome and 21 boys matched on age and an estimate of IQ were assessed using standardized measures of social perception (Child and Adolescent Social Perception Measure, CASP), social skills (parent, teacher, and student forms of the Social Skills Rating System, SSRS), number of close friends and frequency of contact (Child Behavior Checklist) and expressive and receptive language (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised). There were significant differences between groups on CASP scores, SSRS scores, number of friends, frequency of contact and social competence. There was also a significant difference on receptive language. The clinically and statistically significant differences between the groups on the measures of social skills help us understand the nature of the social deficits in Asperger syndrome and suggest the need to focus on specific deficits. These findings are discussed in relation to diagnostic criteria and intervention. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Occupat Therapy, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada. Glenrose Rehabil Hosp, Edmonton, AB, Canada. RP Magill-Evans, J (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Occupat Therapy, Room 2-64 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada. CR Achenbach T. 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M., 1990, SOCIAL SKILLS RATING Howlin P, 1998, CHILDREN AUTISM ASPE KERBESHIAN J, 1990, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V156, P721, DOI 10.1192/bjp.156.5.721 KERBESHIAN J, 1986, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V148, P731, DOI 10.1192/bjp.148.6.731 Klin A, 1996, ASPERGER SYNDROME TR KLIN A, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1127, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01361.x Koning C, 2001, OCCUP THER J RES, V21, P49 MAGILLEVANS J, 1995, J NONVERBAL BEHAV, V19, P151, DOI 10.1007/BF02175502 MAGILLEVANS J, 1996, CAN OCC THER C OTT O MARRIAGE K, 1993, AUST NZ J PSYCHIAT, V27, P666, DOI 10.3109/00048679309075829 OZONOFF S, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P415, DOI 10.1007/BF02179376 SCOTT DW, 1985, PSYCHOL MED, V15, P683 Semel E., 1987, CLIN EVALUATION LANG SZATMARI P, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1662, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199512000-00017 SZATMARI P, 1989, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V34, P554 TANTAM D, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P245, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00713.x Tantam D., 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P147, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511526770.005 Weschler D., 1991, WESCHLER INTELLIGENC WILLEMS L, 1995, J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND, V10, P6 Wing L., 1992, HIGH FUNCTIONING IND, P129 WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 World Health Organization, 1990, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE NR 32 TC 89 Z9 89 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 23 EP 36 DI 10.1177/1362361301005001003 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GG UT WOS:000171809600002 PM 11708387 ER PT J AU Carrington, S Graham, L AF Carrington, S Graham, L TI Perceptions of school by two teenage boys with Asperger syndrome and their mothers: a qualitative study SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; inclusion ID DIAGNOSIS AB This qualitative study aimed to develop an understanding of the challenges faced by teenage boys with Asperger syndrome and their mothers. A case study approach was used to collect data from two 13-year-old boys who have Asperger syndrome and their mothers in Queensland, Australia. Data were collected through the use of semistructured interviews. The words of the boys and their mothers provide a valuable insight into the personal experiences and feelings of the participants. An inductive approach to data analysis identified four themes: (1) developmental differences; (2) problems associated with the general characteristics of Asperger syndrome (i.e. communication and social difficulties, restricted range of interests, a need for routine); (3) stress; and (4) 'masquerading'. The first three themes relate strongly to the current literature, but the emergence of masquerading is of particular interest in developing a fuller understanding of (he experiences of individuals with Asperger syndrome at school. C1 Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Learning & Dev, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. RP Carrington, S (reprint author), Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Learning & Dev, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. RI Graham, Lorraine/B-2145-2010; Carrington, Suzanne/I-9756-2012 OI Graham, Lorraine/0000-0002-6810-9569; CR Attwood T., 1997, ASPERGERS SYNDROME G BEASLEY T, 1997, AUTISM ASPERGERS SYN Carrel AL, 1999, MOL DIAGN, V4, P5, DOI 10.1016/S1084-8592(99)80044-7 CARRINGTON S, 1999, SPECIAL ED PERSPECTI, V8, P15 Frith U, 1996, J PSYCHOPHARMACOL, V10, P48, DOI 10.1177/026988119601000108 Glaser B., 1967, DISCOVERY GROUNDED T Gross J, 1994, ED PSYCHOL PRACTICE, V10, P104, DOI 10.1080/0266736940100206 Lincoln Y. S., 1985, NATURALISTIC INQUIRY Mahon A., 1996, CHILDREN SOC, V10, P145, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0860(199606)10:2<145::AID-CHI19>3.0.CO;2-H MANICHIELLO V, 1995, DEPTH INTERVIEWING MINKES J, 1994, DISABIL SOC, V9, P47, DOI 10.1080/09687599466780041 MISHLER EG, 1990, HARVARD EDUC REV, V60, P415 MORRIS J, 1998, DONT LEAVE US SZATMARI P, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P81 TANTAM D, 1991, MIND ONES OWN GUIDE Turnbull A. P., 1997, FAMILIES PROFESSIONA Ward L., 1997, SEEN HEARD INVOLVING Wiersma W., 1991, RES METHODS ED Williams D., 1992, NOBODY NOWHERE Williams K., 1995, FOCUS AUTISTIC BEHAV, V10, P9 1998, ACTION PLAN ED PROVI NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.1177/1362361301005001004 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GG UT WOS:000171809600003 PM 11708388 ER PT J AU Shields, J AF Shields, J TI The NAS EarlyBird Programme - Partnership with parents in early intervention SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE autistic spectrum disorder; early intervention; efficacy study; parent programme; video ID CHILDREN; AUTISM AB Early intervention bridges the gap between early diagnosis and appropriate educational placement. The National Autistic Society has developed an autism-specific three-month parent package, the NAS EarlyBird Programme, that emphasizes partnership With parents. Six families participate in each three-month programme, which combines weekly group training sessions for parents with individualized home visits. During the programme parents learn to understand autism, to build social communication, and to analyse and use structure, so as to prevent inappropriate behaviours. The use of video and the group dynamic amongst families are important components of the programme. An efficacy study evaluated the pilot programme and further monitoring is in Progress. Training courses in the licensed use of the NAS EarlyBird Programme are now available for teams of professionals with prior experience of autism. Strengths and weaknesses of the programme are discussed. This short-term, affordable package, with supporting evidence of efficacy, offers a model of early intervention that is very popular with parents. C1 Natl Atlantic Soc, London, England. RP Shields, J (reprint author), NAS, Early Bird Ctr, 3 Victoria Crescent W, Barnsley S75 2AE, S Yorkshire, England. CR BRISTOL MM, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P469, DOI 10.1007/BF01486964 Bristol M. M., 1984, EFFECTS AUTISM FAMIL, P289 Clements J., 1994, PROBLEM BEHAV PEOPLE Guralnick MJ., 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY Hardy S, 1999, THESIS U TEESSIDE Kasari C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P39, DOI 10.1023/A:1025869105208 KAUFMAN BN, 1981, MIRACLE BELIEVE KAUFMAN BN, 1977, LOVE IS BE HAPPY Koegel RL, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P347, DOI 10.1007/BF02172479 Lovaas O. I., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P241 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 Manolson A., 1992, IT TAKES 2 TALK Schopler E., 1995, PARENT SURVIVAL MANU SHIELDS J, 1999, NAS EARLYBIRD PROGRA WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P149 NR 15 TC 32 Z9 32 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1177/1362361301005001005 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GG UT WOS:000171809600004 PM 11708389 ER PT J AU Gillberg, C Gillberg, C Rastam, M Wentz, E AF Gillberg, C Gillberg, C Rastam, M Wentz, E TI The Asperger Syndrome (and high-functioning autism) - Diagnostic Interview (ASDI): a preliminary study of a new structured clinical interview SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism; interview; reliability; validity ID DISORDERS; VERSION AB The development of the Asperger Syndrome (and high-functioning autism) Diagnostic Interview (ASDI) is described. Preliminary data from a clinical study suggest that inter-rater reliability and test-retest stability may be excellent, with kappas exceeding 0.90 in both instances. The validity appears to be relatively good. No attempt was made in the present study to validate the instrument as regards the distinction between Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Gillberg, C (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM christopher.gillberg@pediat.gu.se CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 Berument SK, 1999, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V175, P444, DOI 10.1192/bjp.175.5.444 Cox A, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P719, DOI 10.1111/1469-7610.00488 EHLERS S, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1327, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x Ehlers S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P207, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01855.x Gillberg C., 2000, AUTISM, V4, P11, DOI 10.1177/1362361300004001002 Gillberg C., 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P122, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511526770.004 Gillberg C., 1998, ASPERGER SYNDROME HI, P79 GILLBERG IC, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P631, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00275.x LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Manjiviona J., 1999, AUTISM, V3, P327, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361399003004003 Miller JN, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P247 Nordin V, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P69, DOI 10.1023/A:1026067104198 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Siegel B., 1996, WORLD AUTISTIC CHILD SZATMARI P, 1989, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V34, P554 WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 NR 19 TC 113 Z9 116 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1177/1362361301005001006 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GG UT WOS:000171809600005 PM 11708390 ER PT J AU Rinehart, NJ Bradshaw, JL Moss, SA Brereton, AV Tonge, BJ AF Rinehart, NJ Bradshaw, JL Moss, SA Brereton, AV Tonge, BJ TI A deficit in shifting attention present in high-functioning autism but not Asperger's disorder SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger's disorder; attention; executive dysfunction; high-functioning autism; visual-perceptual processing ID CHILDHOOD AUTISM; CHILDREN; IMPAIRMENT; PRECEDENCE; ABILITIES AB The aim of this study was to examine executive functioning, in particular, attentional set-shifting deficits in high-functioning autism (n = 12) and Asperger's disorder (n = 12). A large or global digit composed of smaller or local digits was presented during each trial. The participants indicated the presence of 1s or 2s by pressing the appropriate button. These targets could appear globally or locally. Relative to IQ, sex and age matched controls, reaction time to global targets in individuals with autism was retarded when the previous target appeared locally. This deficiency in shifting from local to global processing, however, was not observed in individuals with Asperger's disorder. The theoretical and neurobiological significance of this dissociation in executive functioning in these clinically related disorders was explored. C1 Monash Univ, Dept Psychol, Neuropsychol Res Unit, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. Monash Med Ctr, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Rinehart, NJ (reprint author), Monash Univ, Dept Psychol, Neuropsychol Res Unit, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. CR Achenbach T. M., 1991, MANUAL CHILD BEHAV C American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BERGER HJC, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P341, DOI 10.1007/BF01046224 CASEY BJ, 1993, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V15, P933, DOI 10.1080/01688639308402609 COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P848, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 Courchesne E., 1994, ATYPICAL COGNITIVE D, P101 CUMMINGS JL, 1993, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V50, P873 DAMASIO AR, 1978, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V35, P777 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN Ghaziuddin M, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P585, DOI 10.1007/BF02172348 Howlin P, 1999, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V41, P834, DOI 10.1017/S0012162299001656 HUGHES C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P498, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.498 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 MAURER RG, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P195, DOI 10.1007/BF01531309 MOTTRON L, 1993, BRAIN COGNITION, V23, P279, DOI 10.1006/brcg.1993.1060 Mottron L, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P203, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098003333 NAVON D, 1977, COGNITIVE PSYCHOL, V9, P353, DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(77)90012-3 Ozonoff S, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P59, DOI 10.1023/A:1025821222046 OZONOFF S, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1015, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01807.x Ozonoff S, 1999, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V29, P171, DOI 10.1023/A:1023052913110 Pascualvaca DM, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P467, DOI 10.1023/A:1026091809650 Pennington BF, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x Plaisted K, 1999, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V40, P733, DOI 10.1111/1469-7610.00489 PRIOR M, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P581, DOI 10.1007/BF02216063 RINEHART NJ, IN PRESS J CHILD PSY, V41, P769 RUMSEY JM, 1988, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V10, P201, DOI 10.1080/01688638808408236 Russell J., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS Sattler J.M., 1992, ASSESSMENT CHILDREN Sheppard DM, 1999, CLIN PSYCHOL REV, V19, P531, DOI 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00059-2 Tonge B. J., 1999, AUTISM, V3, P117, DOI DOI 10.1177/1362361399003002003 Townsend J, 1996, J Int Neuropsychol Soc, V2, P541 Wainwright JA, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P423, DOI 10.1007/BF02172827 Ziatas K, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P755, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098002510 NR 33 TC 95 Z9 96 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 6 BONHILL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4PU, ENGLAND SN 1362-3613 J9 AUTISM JI Autism PD MAR PY 2001 VL 5 IS 1 BP 67 EP 80 DI 10.1177/1362361301005001007 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 486GG UT WOS:000171809600006 PM 11708391 ER PT J AU Mayes, SD Calhoun, SL AF Mayes, SD Calhoun, SL TI Non-significance of early speech delay in children with autism and normal intelligence and implications for DSM-IV Asperger's disorder SO AUTISM LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; Asperger's disorder; autism; DSM-IV; speech delay ID SYMPTOMS AB According to the DSM-IV, children with Asperger's disorder do not have significant cognitive or speech delays, whereas children with autistic disorder may or may not. In our study, children with normal intelligence who had clinical diagnoses of autism or Asperger syndrome were divided into two groups: those with and without a significant speech delay. The purpose was to determine if clinically meaningful differences existed between the two groups that would support absence of speech delay as a DSM-IV criterion for Asperger's disorder. No significant differences were found between the 23 children with a speech delay and the 24 children without a speech delay on any of the 71 variables analyzed, including autistic symptoms and expressive language. Results suggest that early speech delay may be irrelevant to later functioning in children who have normal intelligence and clinical diagnoses of autism or Asperger syndrome and that speech delay as a DSM-IV distinction between Asperger's disorder and autism may not be justified. C1 Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Mayes, SD (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, POB 850, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. 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