FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Buitelaar, JK Van der Gaag, R Klin, A Volkmar, F AF Buitelaar, JK Van der Gaag, R Klin, A Volkmar, F TI Exploring the boundaries of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: Analyses of data from the DSM-IV autistic disorder field trial SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; PDDNOS; classification; DSM-IV; ICD-10 ID CLASSIFICATION; SPECTRUM AB This study aimed to explore the boundaries between PDD and related disorders and to develop classificatory algorithms for what is currently called Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS). Data collected by means of a standard coding system for the DSM-IV field trial for autistic disorder were used. Information on diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder as listed in ICD-10 and DSM-IV was compared between subjects functioning at least in the mildly retarded range and clinically classified as autistic disorder (n = 205), PDDNOS (n = 80) and other non-PDD disorders (n = 174). Only a limited number of items from the ICD-IO and DSM-TV systems far autistic disorder significantly discriminated the PDDNOS group from other disorders. A scoring rule based on a short set of 7 ICD-10/DSM-IV criteria with a cutoff of 3 items and I social interaction item set as mandatory had the best balance between high sensitivity and high specificity in discriminating PDDNOS from non-PDD disorders. These rules yielded a somewhat better prediction than most effective rules based on the full set of 12 criteria for autistic disorder with a cutoff of 4 items and I social item as mandatory. Generally accepted and well-validated criteria to identify individuals with PDDNOS should facilitate both research and clinical services. C1 Dept Child Psychiat, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. Veldwijk Res Inst, Ermelo, Netherlands. Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Buitelaar, JK (reprint author), Dept Child Psychiat, POB 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Buitelaar, Jan/E-4584-2012; Gaag, R.J./H-8030-2014 OI Buitelaar, Jan/0000-0001-8288-7757; CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BISHOP DVM, 1989, BRIT J DISORD COMMUN, V24, P107 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Buitelaar JK, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P911, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098002820 Cohen D. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 33 EP 43 DI 10.1023/A:1025966532041 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174DQ UT WOS:000079019200004 PM 10097993 ER PT J AU Hobson, RP Lee, A Brown, R AF Hobson, RP Lee, A Brown, R TI Autism and congenital blindness SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; congenital blindness ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; INDIVIDUALS; LANGUAGE; CHILDREN; DEFICITS AB nature of autism in congenitally blind children has long been a source of interest and perplexity. A group of nine congenitally blind children with an autism-like syndrome were closely matched on chronological age and verbal mental age with nine sighted autistic children, and were compared on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1986) and the Behavior Checklist for Disordered Preschoolers, together with the Play Items for Disordered Preschoolers (Sherman, Shapiro, & Glassman, 1983). A checklist of clinical features characteristic of autism (derived from DSM-III-R) was also completed through an interview with teachers. There was substantial similarity between the groups, but also suggestive evidence of possible group differences, specifically in the domain of social-emotional responsiveness. Research on the psychological development of congenitally blind children promises to yield insights into the nature of autism itself. C1 Tavistock Clin, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, London NW3 5BA, England. UCL, Sch Med, London, England. RP Hobson, RP (reprint author), Tavistock Clin, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, 120 Belsize Lane, London NW3 5BA, England. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 45 EP 56 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174DQ UT WOS:000079019200005 PM 10097994 ER PT J AU Celani, G Battacchi, MW Arcidiacono, L AF Celani, G Battacchi, MW Arcidiacono, L TI The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; emotion recognition; facial expression of emotions ID CHILDS APPRAISAL; RECOGNITION; PERCEPTION; INDIVIDUALS; DEFICITS; FACES AB Ten autistic individuals (mean age: 12;7 years, SD 3.8, range 5;10-16,0), 10 Down individuals (12;3 years, SD 3.0, range 7;1-16,0), and a control group of 10 children with normal development (mean age: 6;3 years, SD 1.6, range 4;0-9;4), matched for verbal mental age, were tested on a delayed-matching task and on a sorting-by-preference task. The first task required subjects to match faces on the basis of the emotion being expressed or on the basis of identity. Different from the typical simultaneous matching procedure the target picture was shortly presented (750 msec) and was not visible when the sample pictures were shown to the subject, thus reducing the possible use of perceptual, piecemeal, processing strategies based on the typical features of the emotional facial expression. In the second task, subjects were required to rate the valence of an isolated stimulus, such as facial expression of emotion or an emotional situation in which no people were represented. The aim of the second task was to compare the autistic and nonautistic children's tendency to judge pleasantness of a face using facial expression of emotion as a meaningful index. 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PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1023/A:1025970600181 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174DQ UT WOS:000079019200006 PM 10097995 ER PT J AU Bauminger, N Kasari, C AF Bauminger, N Kasari, C TI Brief report: Theory of mind in high-functioning children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; INDIVIDUALS; ATTRIBUTION; DEFICITS; ABILITY; BELIEFS; DELAY; AGE C1 Bar Ilan Univ, Sch Educ, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Bauminger, N (reprint author), Bar Ilan Univ, Sch Educ, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. 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PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 DI 10.1023/A:1025974701090 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174DQ UT WOS:000079019200008 PM 10097997 ER PT J AU Dartnall, NA Holmes, JP Morgan, SN McDougle, CJ AF Dartnall, NA Holmes, JP Morgan, SN McDougle, CJ TI Brief report: Two-year control of behavioral symptoms with risperidone in two profoundly retarded adults with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; DOUBLE-BLIND; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; CHILDREN; PLACEBO; ADOLESCENTS C1 Connecticut Dept Mental Retardat S Cent Reg, Wallingford, CT 06492 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Connecticut Mental Hlth Ctr, Clin Neurosci Res Unit, New Haven, CT 06508 USA. Harvard Univ, Hlth Serv, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Dartnall, NA (reprint author), Connecticut Dept Mental Retardat S Cent Reg, 104 S Turnpike Rd, Wallingford, CT 06492 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 87 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1025926817928 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174DQ UT WOS:000079019200009 PM 10097998 ER PT J AU Dawson, G AF Dawson, G TI Ask the editor SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID AUTISM CR Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 STONE WL, IN PRESS J CHILD PSY NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 97 EP 97 DI 10.1023/A:1025930918837 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 174DQ UT WOS:000079019200012 PM 10098001 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S Mortimore, C Moriarty, J Izaguirre, J Robertson, M AF Baron-Cohen, S Mortimore, C Moriarty, J Izaguirre, J Robertson, M TI The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in children and adolescents with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; Tourette syndrome; comorbidity; pervasive developmental disorder ID FRAGILE-X-SYNDROME; INFANTILE-AUTISM; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; DISORDER; TRANSMISSION; IMPROVEMENT; UPDATE AB Thirty-seven pupils attending a special school for children and adolescents with autism were observed for the presence of motor and vocal ties. Subsequent family interviews confirmed the diagnosis of comorbid Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome (GTS) in three children with autism, giving a minimum prevalence rate of 8.1 %. Family history data also suggested this was heritable. The presence of GTS was not associated with superior intellectual, language, or social development. Results suggest that the rate of GTS in autism may exceed that expected by chance. The limited sample size constrains this conclusion. A large-scale epidemiological study testing this association study would appear merited. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ London, Neurol Inst, London WC1E 7HU, England. Childrens Ctr, Southport, England. UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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Psychiatry PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 213 EP 218 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 173DW UT WOS:000078966800007 PM 10188703 ER PT J AU Rutter, M AF Rutter, M TI The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1998 - Autism: Two-way interplay between research and clinical work SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Review DE autistic disorder; behaviour therapy; cognition; diagnosis; genetics; rating scales ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL TREATMENT; FRAGILE-X-MALES; INFANTILE-AUTISM; FOLLOW-UP; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; FAMILY HISTORY; DISINTEGRATIVE PSYCHOSIS AB The two-way interplay between research and clinical practice in relation to autism is reviewed with respect to: (1) diagnosis and syndrome delineation; (2) the nature of the disorder; (3) intervention studies; and (4) aetiology, as manifest during four time periods; (a) the 1950s and 1960s; (b) the 1970s into the mid 1980s; (c) the late 1980s and early 1990s; and (d) the late 1990s. It is concluded that clinical practice has changed out of all recognition during the last 50 years and that research findings have been crucial in bringing about that change. It has not, however, been a one-way traffic. Many key advances were prompted by astute clinical observations and some extravagant research claims were given a more balanced perspective through the light of clinical experience. Crucial research and clinical tasks remain but the means to meet them are there if the opportunities are taken and attention is paid to the lessons of the past. C1 Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Rutter, M (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, De Crespigny Pk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. 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PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 169 EP 188 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003461 PG 20 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 173DW UT WOS:000078966800004 PM 10188700 ER PT J AU Turner, MA AF Turner, MA TI Generating novel ideas: Fluency performance in high-functioning and learning disabled individuals with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism; creativity; fluency; executive function ID CHILDREN; ADULTS; PLAY; STRATEGIES; DEFICITS; DRAWINGS; LANGUAGE; THOUGHT; COLOR AB Tasks of fluency tap the ability to generate multiple responses spontaneously following a single cue or instruction. The present study compared the fluency performance of subjects with autism and clinical control subjects at two different levels of ability (high-functioning subjects with a verbal IQ of 76 or greater, and globally learning disabled subjects with a verbal IQ of 74 or below). A battery of tasks was employed to assess subjects' word fluency (for letters and semantic categories), ideational fluency (for uses of objects and interpretations of meaningless line drawings), and design fluency (for abstract meaningless designs). Subjects with autism showed reduced fluency for both the word and ideational fluency tasks, generating significantly fewer responses than the clinical control subjects. Results were particularly striking for the ideational fluency tasks. On these tasks, autistic subjects produced very low response totals, with the performance of the high-functioning subjects with autism equivalent to that of the learning disabled subjects with autism and significantly inferior to that of the learning disabled control individuals. In contrast, the results of the design fluency paradigm paint a different picture. This paradigm revealed no significant difference in the quantity of designs generated by the subjects with autism and the control subjects but a clear qualitative difference, with the autistic group producing significantly higher rates of disallowed and perseverative responses. Whilst the results of the word and ideational fluency tasks are suggested to support the hypothesis that individuals with autism are impaired in the generation of novel responses and behaviour, the results of the design fluency task are equally consistent with an impairment in the regulation of behaviour through inhibition and/or monitoring. The implications of these findings for the study of executive function abilities in autism are discussed. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Psychol, Sci Labs, Durham DH1 3LE, England. RP Turner, MA (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Psychol, Sci Labs, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BARONCOHEN S, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P139 BENTON AL, 1968, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V6, P53, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(68)90038-9 BOUCHER J, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P637, DOI 10.1007/BF02211881 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL DYKENS E, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P291, DOI 10.1007/BF02207326 ESTES WK, 1974, AM PSYCHOL, V29, P740, DOI 10.1037/h0037458 Frith CD, 1990, NEUROBIOLOGY STEREOT, P232 FRITH U, 1970, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V10, P120, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(70)90049-4 FRITH U, 1972, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V2, P160, DOI 10.1007/BF01537569 Harris P., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P228 HUGHES C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P498, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.498 HUGHES C, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P477, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 Jarrold C, 1996, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P275 JONESGOTMAN M, 1977, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V15, P653, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(77)90070-7 LEWIS V, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P393 LEWIS V, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P325 LEZAK MD, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL A LOVAAS OI, 1974, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V4, P111, DOI 10.1007/BF02105365 MILNER B, 1963, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V9, P90 MINSHEW NJ, 1992, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V14, P749, DOI 10.1080/01688639208402860 MINSHEW NJ, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V9, P255, DOI 10.1037//0894-4105.9.2.255 Norman D. A., 1986, CONSCIOUSNESS SELF R, V4 OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x PRIOR M, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P581, DOI 10.1007/BF02216063 RASKIN SA, 1992, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V30, P95, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(92)90018-H Raven J. C., 1986, RAVENS COLOURED PROG RUMSEY JM, 1986, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V43, P771 RUMSEY JM, 1988, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V10, P201, DOI 10.1080/01688638808408236 RUMSEY JM, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P465, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60566-5 Scott FJ, 1996, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V8, P371, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1996.8.4.371 Shallice T., 1988, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY MENT SHALLICE T, 1991, FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTIO, P124 Stuss DT, 1986, FRONTAL LOBES Turner M. A., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS, P57 Turner M. A., 1996, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE Wallach M. A., 1965, MODES THINKING YOUNG Wechsler D., 1992, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC Wechsler D, 1981, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 NR 41 TC 111 Z9 112 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 189 EP 201 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003515 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 173DW UT WOS:000078966800005 PM 10188701 ER PT J AU Mottron, L Burack, JA Stauder, JEA Robaey, P AF Mottron, L Burack, JA Stauder, JEA Robaey, P TI Perceptual processing among high-functioning persons with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; hierarchical stimuli; local-global processing; perception ID DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; INFORMATION; CHILDREN; INTERFERENCE; ORGANIZATION; INDIVIDUALS; ATTENTION; ABILITIES; STIMULI; LESIONS AB Two tasks were used to assess the processing of whole versus parts of objects in a group of high-functioning children and adolescents with autism (N = ii) and a comparison group of typically developing peers (N = Il) matched for chronological age and IQ. In the first task, only the children with autism showed a global advantage, and the two groups showed similar interference between levels. In the second task, the children with autism, despite longer RTs, showed similar performance to the comparison group with regard to the effect of goodness on visual parsing. Contrary to expectations based on the central coherence and hierarchisation deficit theories, these findings indicate intact holistic processing among persons with autism. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to apparently discrepant evidence from other studies. C1 Hop Riviere des Prairies, Serv Rech, Montreal, PQ H1E 1A4, Canada. Clin Specialisee Autisme, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Maastricht Univ, Maastricht, Netherlands. Hop St Justine, Ctr Rech, Montreal, PQ H3T 1C5, Canada. RP Mottron, L (reprint author), Hop Riviere des Prairies, Serv Rech, 7070 Blvd Perras, Montreal, PQ H1E 1A4, Canada. EM mottronl@istar.ca CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ANKRUM C, 1991, PERCEPT PSYCHOPHYS, V50, P141, DOI 10.3758/BF03212215 BURACK JA, 1994, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V103, P535, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.103.3.535 Cohen J., 1988, STAT POWER ANAL BEHA, V2nd DELIS DC, 1986, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V24, P205, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(86)90053-9 ENNS JT, 1995, PSYCHOL SCI, V6, P283, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00512.x FOMBONNE E, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P563, DOI 10.1007/BF01046328 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 Happe FGE, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P873, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x Humphreys G. W., 1987, VISUAL OBJECT PROCES, P281 Joliffe T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P527, DOI DOI 10.1111/J.1469-7610.1997.TB01539.X KIMCHI R, 1992, PSYCHOL BULL, V112, P24, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.24 KINCHLA RA, 1974, PERCEPT PSYCHOPHYS, V15, P149, DOI 10.3758/BF03205843 LAMB MR, 1989, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V27, P471, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(89)90052-3 LAMB MR, 1989, PERCEPT PSYCHOPHYS, V46, P254, DOI 10.3758/BF03208087 LAMB MR, 1990, J EXP PSYCHOL LEARN, V16, P471, DOI 10.1037/0278-7393.16.3.471 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LOCKYER L, 1970, BRIT J SOC CLIN PSYC, V29, P237 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 LORD C, 1993, INFANT MENTAL HLTH J, V14, P235 MCLENNAN JD, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P217, DOI 10.1007/BF01046216 MINSHEW NJ, 1992, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V14, P749, DOI 10.1080/01688639208402860 MOTTRON L, IN PRESS J CHILD PSY MOTTRON L, IN PRESS MEMORY MOTTRON L, 1993, BRAIN COGNITION, V23, P279, DOI 10.1006/brcg.1993.1060 MOTTRON L, 1994, J PSYCHIATR NEUROSCI, V19, P95 MOTTRON L, 1996, BRAIN LANG, V53, P323 MOTTRON L, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P639 NAVON D, 1977, COGNITIVE PSYCHOL, V9, P353, DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(77)90012-3 OLDFIELD RC, 1971, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V9, P97, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 OZONOFF S, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1015, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01807.x PALMER SE, 1977, COGNITIVE PSYCHOL, V9, P441, DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(77)90016-0 Raven J. C., 1983, MANUAL RAVENS PROGRE RIDDERINKHOF KR, 1993, THESIS U AMSTERDAM RIDDOCH MJ, 1987, BRAIN, V110, P1431, DOI 10.1093/brain/110.6.1431 ROBERTSON LC, 1991, COGNITIVE PSYCHOL, V23, P299, DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(91)90012-D ROBERTSON LC, 1988, J NEUROSCI, V8, P3757 ROBERTSON LC, 1986, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V24, P363, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(86)90021-7 SHAH A, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P613, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x TYMCHUK AJ, 1977, J MENT DEFIC RES, V21, P133 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 NR 44 TC 95 Z9 98 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 203 EP 211 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003333 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 173DW UT WOS:000078966800006 PM 10188702 ER PT J AU Stone, WL Lee, EB Ashford, L Brissie, J Hepburn, SL Coonrod, EE Weiss, BH AF Stone, WL Lee, EB Ashford, L Brissie, J Hepburn, SL Coonrod, EE Weiss, BH TI Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years? SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; pervasive developmental disorder; preschool children; assessment; diagnosis; symptomatology ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SOCIAL DEFICITS; FIELD TRIAL; DSM-IV; SYMPTOMS; RELIABILITY; PRESCHOOL AB This study investigated the reliability and stability of an autism diagnosis in children under 3 years of age who received independent diagnostic evaluations from two clinicians during two consecutive yearly evaluations. Strong evidence for the reliability and stability of the diagnosis was obtained. Diagnostic agreement between clinicians was higher for the broader discrimination of autism spectrum vs. no autism spectrum than for the more specific discrimination of autism vs. PDD-NOS. The diagnosis of autism at age 2 was more stable than the diagnosis of PDD-NOS at the same age. Social deficits and delays in spoken language were the most prominent DSM-IV characteristics evidenced by very young children with autism. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr S, Child Dev Ctr, Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. RP Stone, WL (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Med Ctr S, Child Dev Ctr, Sch Med, Room 426,2100 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. CR ADRIEN JL, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P375, DOI 10.1007/BF01048241 Agresti A., 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA AITKEN K, 1991, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V33, P1015 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1993, DSM 4 DRAFT CRIT BARONCOHEN S, 1996, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V168, P1 Bondy AS, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P311 CICCHETTI DV, 1988, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V10, P605, DOI 10.1080/01688638808402799 DAHLGREN SO, 1989, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V238, P169 DILAVORE PC, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P355, DOI 10.1007/BF02179373 FEIN D, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P198, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60227-2 GILLBERG C, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P921, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00834.x HARRIS SL, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02207325 Hoyson M., 1985, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V8, P157 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 OHTA M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P549, DOI 10.1007/BF01486970 OKASHA A, 1992, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V86, P484, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03302.x ROGERS SJ, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P207, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198903000-00010 RUTTER M, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P139, DOI 10.1007/BF01537863 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SIEGEL B, 1988, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V9, P199 SIEGEL B, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P53 SPITZER RL, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P855, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00003 STONE WL, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P639, DOI 10.1007/BF01046106 STONE WL, 1994, ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED, V148, P174 STRAIN PS, 1985, J DIVISION EARLY SPR, P105 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 VOLKMAR FR, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P156, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198703000-00005 NR 32 TC 225 Z9 227 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 219 EP 226 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003370 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 173DW UT WOS:000078966800008 PM 10188704 ER PT J AU Berney, TP AF Berney, TP TI Autism: Preparing for adulthood. SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Book Review CR HOWLING P, 1997, AUTISM PREPARING ADU NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 309 EP 309 DI 10.1017/S0021963098213072 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 173DW UT WOS:000078966800019 ER PT J AU Potenza, MN Holmes, JP Kanes, SJ McDougle, CJ AF Potenza, MN Holmes, JP Kanes, SJ McDougle, CJ TI Olanzapine treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with pervasive developmental disorders: An open-label pilot study SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; AUTISTIC DISORDER; MENTAL-RETARDATION; DOUBLE-BLIND; FENFLURAMINE TREATMENT; RISPERIDONE TREATMENT; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR; CLOMIPRAMINE; BEHAVIOR; HALOPERIDOL AB This pilot study examined the efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). Eight patients with principal diagnoses (DSM-IV) of autistic disorder (N = 5) or PDD not otherwise specified (N = 3) were given olanzapine in an open-label, prospective fashion for 12 weeks. Clinical ratings were obtained at baseline and at the end of weeks (EOWs) 4, 8, and 12. Seven of eight patients completed the la-week trial, and six of the completers were deemed clinical responders as measured by ratings at the EOW 12 of "much improved" or "very much improved" on the global improvement item of the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Significant improvements in-overall symptoms of autism, motor restlessness or hyperactivity, social relatedness, affectual reactions, sensory responses, language usage, self-injurious behavior, aggression, irritability or anger, anxiety, and depression were observed. Significant changes in repetitive behaviors were not observed for the group. The EOW 12 mean +/- SD daily dose of olanzapine was 7.8 +/- 4.7 mg/day. The drug was well tolerated with the most significant adverse effects noted to be increased appetite and weight gain in six patients and sedation in three. With respect to weight gain, the mean +/- SD weight for the group increased from 137.50 +/- 55.81 pounds (62.50 +/- 25.37 kilograms) at baseline to 155.94 +/- 55.13 pounds (70.88 +/- 25.06 kilograms) at EOW 12. No evidence of extrapyramidal side effects or liver function abnormalities was seen. These preliminary results suggest that olanzapine may be an effective and well tolerated drag in targeting core and related symptoms of PDDs in children, adolescents, and adults. Further studies, particularly those that are placebo-controlled and double-blinded, are indicated to better define the clinical use of olanzapine in these patient populations. C1 Connecticut Mental Hlth Ctr, Abraham Ribicoff Res Facil, Clin Neurosci Res Unit, New Haven, CT 06519 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT USA. 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PD FEB PY 1999 VL 38 IS 2 BP 111 EP 112 DI 10.1097/00004583-199902000-00004 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 161KF UT WOS:000078287300004 PM 9951204 ER PT J AU Heinz, A Heinze, M AF Heinz, A Heinze, M TI From pleasure to anhedonia - Forbidden desires and the construction of schizophrenia SO THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anhedonia; desire; 'primitive' thought; schizophrenia; social conformity AB Anhedonia is a negative symptom that has not always been given attention in schizophrenic patients. While phenomenologically oriented psychiatrists noticed a certain lack of emotional vivacity in schizophrenic patients, schizophrenia theory in the tradition of Bleuler emphasized a different facet of schizophrenic psychopathology. It held that the retreat into wishful fantasies, autism, is a fundamental symptom of schizophrenia. Bleuler's concept of schizophrenic psychopathology was based on J.H. Jackson's evolutionary account of mental disorders. In this view, mental diseases represent a dissolution of evolutionary progress and lead to the manifestation of primitive traits in 'modern' patients. This article argues that the resulting analogies perceived between schizophrenics and 'primitive' people lead to an overemphasis on wishful, irrational thinking and to the neglect of anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure. Moreover, socially unacceptable desires were rediscovered in these supposedly 'primitive' individuals. This situation changed fundamentally only after social and historical transformations occurred that shifted the center of psychiatric research from Germany to the United States and from an emphasis on the rational control of desires to the use of social reward in ensuring social conformity. As a consequence, Rado and Meehl placed anhedonia at the heart of their schizophrenia theories. 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SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE receptor; polymorphism; affiliation; social memory; stereotypy ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; NEPHROGENIC DIABETES-INSIPIDUS; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; RECEPTOR GENE; PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SOCIAL MEMORY; NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES; SCHIZOPHRENIC-PATIENTS; HAMSTER HYPOTHALAMUS AB Autism is a poorly understood developmental disorder characterized by social impairment, communication deficits, and compulsive behavior. The authors review evidence from animal studies demonstrating that the nonapeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, have unique effects on the normal expression of species-typical social behavior, communication, and rituals. Based on this evidence, they hypothesize that an abnormality in oxytocin or vasopressin neurotransmission may account for several features of autism. As autism appears to be a genetic disorder, mutations in the various peptide, peptide receptor, or lineage-specific developmental genes could lead to altered oxytocin or vasopressin neurotransmission. Many of these genes have been cloned and sequenced, and several polymorphisms have been identified. Recent gene targeting studies that alter expression of either the peptides or their receptors in the rodent brain partially support the autism hypothesis. While previous experience suggests caution in hypothesizing a cause or suggesting a treatment for autism, the available preclinical evidence with oxytocin and vasopressin recommends the need for clinical studies using gene scanning, pharmacological and neurobiological approaches. (C) 1999 Society of Biological Psychiatry. C1 Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Yale Child Study Ctr, New Haven, CT USA. 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Psychiatry PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 2 BP 145 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00142-5 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 158XK UT WOS:000078142600002 PM 9951561 ER PT J AU Leboyer, M Philippe, A Bouvard, M Guilloud-Bataille, M Bondoux, D Tabuteau, F Feingold, J Mouren-Simeoni, MC Launay, JM AF Leboyer, M Philippe, A Bouvard, M Guilloud-Bataille, M Bondoux, D Tabuteau, F Feingold, J Mouren-Simeoni, MC Launay, JM TI Whole blood serotonin and plasma beta-endorphin in autistic probands and their first-degree relatives SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; genetic; serotonin; beta-endorphin; familial aggregation ID CRANIAL NEURAL CREST; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; 1ST-DEGREE RELATIVES; CHILDREN; DISORDER; PARENTS; TWIN AB Background: Whole blood serotonin (5-HT) and C-terminally directed beta-endorphin protein immunoreactivity (C-ter-beta-EP-ir) are known to be elevated in autistic subjects and might be possible markers of genetic liability to autism. This study thus investigates the familial aggregation of 5-HT and of C-ter-beta-EP-ir levels in first degree relatives of autistic probands. Methods: In a sample of 62 autistic subjects and 122 of their first-degree relatives, compared to age and sex-matched controls, we measured 5-HT by radioenzymology and C-ter-beta-EP-ir by radioimmunoassay, Results: We confirm the previously reported familiality of hyperserotoninemia in autism as mothers (51%), fathers (45%) and siblings (87%) have elevated levels of 5-HT, and we reveal presence of elevated levels of C-ter-beta-EP-ir in mothers (53%) of autistic subjects. Conclusions: Familial aggregation of quantitative variables, such as concentration of neurotransmitters, within unaffected relative could serve as an intermediate phenotype and might thus help the search of genetic susceptibility factors in autism. (C) 1999 Society of Biological Psychiatry. C1 Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, INSERM U289, F-75651 Paris 13, France. 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Acoustical characteristics of 18 residences for people with mental retardation were examined here. As part of a concurrent study, college undergraduates rated photographs of rooms in each house for their apparent homelikeness. Reverberation times in living and dining rooms were negatively correlated with mean homelikeness ratings. The less homelike rooms had reverberation times that may interfere with speech perception for some people and that were comparable with those found in larger public rooms (e.g., lecture halls). The larger reverberation times in these rooms were the result of insufficient sound absorption by these rooms' furnishings. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, John F Kennedy Ctr Res Human Dev, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. RP Thompson, T (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, John F Kennedy Ctr Res Human Dev, Box 40,GPC, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. 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J. Ment. Retard. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 104 IS 1 BP 53 EP 66 DI 10.1352/0895-8017(1999)104<0053:AAIRFA>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 260VQ UT WOS:000083974500005 PM 9972834 ER PT J AU Servais, V AF Servais, V TI Some comments on context embodiment in zootherapy: The case of the Autidolfijn project SO ANTHROZOOS LA English DT Editorial Material AB The Autidolfijn project was undertaken in 1991 in Bruges, Belgium, to asses the effect of interactions with captive dolphins on learning in autistic children. The project lasted four years and ended with ambiguous results. Although one group of children did seem to gain learning benefits from working with the dolphins, difficulties arising from the experimental set-up itself seemed to play a role in how well the groups performed. 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PD JAN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 15 EP 16 PG 2 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology SC Psychology GA 156HB UT WOS:000077994600028 ER PT J AU Steed, SE Lutzker, JR AF Steed, SE Lutzker, JR TI Recorded audio prompts - A strategy to increase independent prevocational task completion in individuals with dual diagnosis SO BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION LA English DT Article ID ACQUISITION; MAINTENANCE; ADOLESCENTS; CHILDREN; AUTISM; SKILLS AB This research was conducted to teach two adults with schizophrenia and mental retardation to respond to recorded audio prompts in order to eliminate the need for instructor assistance in completing routine prevocational tasks. Studying individuals with dual diagnosis is an important step in moving toward success in community living and vocational placement. A multiple probe design across tasks was conducted. Prior to the investigation, both individuals demonstrated low levels of independent task completion. Following the implementation of the audio prompts, both individuals' task completion performances dramatically increased. These findings suggest that audio prompts may serve as an efficient alternative to instructor promoting, which is often required by individuals with dual diagnosis in prevocational job settings. C1 Univ Judiasm, Los Angeles, CA 90077 USA. RP Lutzker, JR (reprint author), Univ Judiasm, 15600 Mulholland Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90077 USA. 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A., 1994, J BEHAV ED, V4, P283, DOI 10.1007/BF01531984 WACKER DP, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P329, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-329 WACKER DP, 1983, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V16, P417, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1983.16-417 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0145-4455 J9 BEHAV MODIF JI Behav. Modificat. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 23 IS 1 BP 152 EP 168 DI 10.1177/0145445599231007 PG 17 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 157CA UT WOS:000078040500007 PM 9926525 ER PT J AU Weiss, MJ AF Weiss, MJ TI Differential rates of skill acquisition and outcomes of early intensive behavioral intervention for autism SO BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN AB Intensive behavioral intervention for very young children with autism has received increased attention in recent years. Researchers have documented unprecedented success in educating some young children with autism, although not every child makes dramatic developmental gains. It might be useful to identify early in treatment those children who will benefit most from the current methodology and who might require slight variations in instructional format or curricular focus. The present study suggests that initial learning rates are moderately correlated with treatment outcomes after two years. Among 20 children receiving early, intensive behavioral intervention, initial acquisition of skills was correlated with later learning rates, severity of autism symptomatology and adaptive behavior profiles two years into treatment. Implications are discussed, especially in light of the universal need for intensive intervention in this population. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA. RP Weiss, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Appl Psychol, Rutgers Autism Program, 41 Gordon Rd,Suite A, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Anderson S. R., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P181 Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 BONDY A, 1988, S COND ASS BEH AN CO Bondy A. 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A., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P63 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 PARKS SL, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P255, DOI 10.1007/BF01531565 PERRY R, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P232, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199502000-00019 RAPIN I, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P751 RIMLAND B, 1994, AUTISM CHILDREN ADUL, P1 ROMANCZYK RG, 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P195 RUTTER M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF01495054 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Schroeder SR, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P251, DOI 10.1007/BF02172022 SEVIN JA, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P417, DOI 10.1007/BF02206868 Sparrow S., 1994, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE NR 30 TC 70 Z9 70 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1072-0847 J9 BEHAV INTERVENT JI Behav. Intervent. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 3 EP 22 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(199901/03)14:1<3::AID-BIN25>3.0.CO;2-F PG 20 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 267DE UT WOS:000084340500002 ER PT J AU Green, G AF Green, G TI On valid inferences: Comments on Weiss SO BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID EARLY INTERVENTION PROJECT; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; AUTISM; CHILDREN; REPLICATION; RECOVERY C1 New England Ctr Children, Southborough, MA 01772 USA. RP Green, G (reprint author), New England Ctr Children, 33 Turnpike Rd, Southborough, MA 01772 USA. CR BAER DM, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P373 BARLOW DH, 1984, SINGLE CASE EXPT DES Campbell D., 1963, EXPT QUASI EXPT DESI Cohen D. J, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE FOXX RM, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P375 Green G, 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P29 Gresham FM, 1997, BEHAV DISORDERS, V22, P185 Gresham FM, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P5, DOI 10.1023/A:1026002717402 Hersen M., 1981, BEHAV ASSESSMENT Jacobson J, 1998, BEHAV INTERVENT, V13, P201, DOI DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X Kazdin A. E., 1982, SINGLE CASE RES DESI KAZDIN AE, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P377 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 Maurice C., 1993, LET ME HEAR YOUR VOI MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MESIBOV GB, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P379 MESIBOV GB, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P637 Mundy P, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P653, DOI 10.1023/A:1025802832021 MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 Ollendick T. H., 1984, CHILD BEHAV ASSESSME PERRY R, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P232, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199502000-00019 Rapin I, 1997, NEW ENGL J MED, V337, P97, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199707103370206 Rogers SJ, 1998, J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL, V27, P168, DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_4 Schopler E, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P91, DOI 10.1023/A:1026075306015 SCHOPLER E, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P162 WETHERBY A, 1977, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P513 NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1072-0847 J9 BEHAV INTERVENT JI Behav. Intervent. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 23 EP 27 PG 5 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 267DE UT WOS:000084340500003 ER PT J AU Gorman, BJ AF Gorman, BJ TI Facilitated communication: Rejected in science, accepted in court - A case study and analysis of the use of FC evidence under Frye and Daubert SO BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW LA English DT Article ID AUTISM AB This article traces the phenomenon of facilitated communication (FC) from its introduction to the United States in 1990 to its use in recent court proceedings. FC is an alleged breakthrough technique that enables nonverbal individuals with developmental disabilities to communicate via a form of assisted typing. Widespread use of FC resulted in miraculous communications and surprising allegations of abuse. The growing importance and notoriety of FC attracted the interest of the scientific community which rejected the technique after numerous controlled studies were undertaken. Despite the rejection of FC by the scientific community, however, some courts have accepted this unproven technique by evading their state's test of scientific admissibility. It is asserted that court decisions admitting FC evidence are pretextural, and it is argued that FC should not be admitted into court proceedings. In addition, this report analyzes the future of FC in those states that have adopted the newer Daubert standard for scientific evidence. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Law Guardian Bur, Legal Aid Soc Suffolk Cty, New York, NY 11722 USA. RP Gorman, BJ (reprint author), Law Guardian Bur, Legal Aid Soc Suffolk Cty, Cohalan Court Complex,400 Carleton Ave,POB 9082, New York, NY 11722 USA. 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Sci. Law PY 1999 VL 17 IS 4 BP 517 EP 541 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199910/12)17:4<517::AID-BSL362>3.3.CO;2-U PG 25 WC Psychology, Applied; Law SC Psychology; Government & Law GA 276TT UT WOS:000084894000010 PM 10653998 ER PT J AU Gray, K AF Gray, K TI Children with autism and Asperger syndrome: A guide for practitioners and carers SO BEHAVIOUR CHANGE LA English DT Book Review C1 Monash Univ, Monash Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Psychiat, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Gray, K (reprint author), Monash Univ, Monash Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Psychiat, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. CR HOWIN P, 1999, CHILDREN AUTISM ASPE Howlin P, 1987, TREATMENT AUTISTIC C NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 PU AUSTRALIAN ACAD PRESS PI BOWEN HILLS PA 32 JEAYS ST, BOWEN HILLS, QLD 4006, AUSTRALIA SN 0813-4839 J9 BEHAV CHANGE JI Behav. Change PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 141 EP 141 PG 1 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 235JK UT WOS:000082538400009 ER PT J AU Farrant, A Boucher, J Blades, M AF Farrant, A Boucher, J Blades, M TI Metamemory in children with autism SO CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID FALSE BELIEF; INFANTILE AUTISM; MEMORY; MIND; DEFICITS; PERFORMANCE; RECALL; OTHERS; PLAY AB Five experiments are reported comparing metamemory abilities in children with autism, age- and language-matched mentally retarded children, and language-matched young normal controls. The mean language age of the participants in Experiment 1 was approximately 6 years, in Experiments 2, 3, and 4 approximately 8 years, and in Experiment 5 approximately 9 years. All the children were given one or more false belief tests. Experiment 1 assessed the children's understanding that a task variable (list length) and a person variable (age) will affect their own and others' performances on an immediate auditory-verbal recall task. Experiment 2 assessed the ability to utilize category cues in a picture recall task. Experiments 3 and 4 assessed the ability to verbalize strategies used in a memory span test and in one retrospective and two prospective memory situations. Experiment 5 assessed the children's knowledge and understanding of another person's memory. On the basis of available evidence and theory, we predicted that the children with autism would be impaired on all the metamemory tasks and that impairment would be associated with failure on tests of false belief. Our predictions were not supported. The children with autism were not impaired on any of the metamemory tasks, although they were less likely than controls to make spontaneous use of memory strategies involving other people. Unexpectedly few of the children failed the false belief tasks. These results are discussed in relation to theories concerning primary psychological deficits underlying autism. C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Psychol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. Univ Sheffield, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England. RP Boucher, J (reprint author), Univ Warwick, Dept Psychol, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England. EM j.boucher@warwick.ac.uk CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P579, DOI 10.1007/BF02212859 Baron-Cohen S., 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE, P183 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY BARTAK L, 1975, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V126, P127, DOI 10.1192/bjp.126.2.127 BEAL CR, 1983, THESIS STANFORD U Bennetto L, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P1816, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x BOUCHER J, 1976, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V67, P73 BOUCHER J, 1989, BRIT J DISORD COMMUN, V24, P181 BOUCHER J, 1996, THEORIES THEORY MIND BOUCHER J, 1986, COMMUNICATION, V20, P10 Bowler DM, 1997, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V35, P65, DOI 10.1016/S0028-3932(96)00054-1 Campione J. 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PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1 BP 107 EP 131 PG 25 WC Psychology, Educational; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 179CR UT WOS:000079306400009 PM 10191518 ER PT J AU Luiselli, JK Wolongevicz, J Egan, P Amirault, D Sciaraffa, N Treml, T AF Luiselli, JK Wolongevicz, J Egan, P Amirault, D Sciaraffa, N Treml, T TI The Family Support Program: Description of a preventive, community-based behavioral intervention for children with pervasive developmental disorders SO CHILD & FAMILY BEHAVIOR THERAPY LA English DT Article DE family support; preventive community behavioral intervention; children; developmental disorders ID AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; DOWN-SYNDROME; SETTINGS AB Because of extreme skill deficits and seriously challenging behaviors, many children, adolescents, and young adults with autism and related pervasive developmental disorders receive their education in residential schools. This article describes an innovative model of service delivery that seeks to prevent "at-risk" students from being placed residentially and to return those who lived in residential schools to less restrictive settings. The Family Support Program is a joint project of the Massachusetts Department of Education, the Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation and The May Institute, a private human services and behavioral healthcare agency. The program incorporates an applied behavior analysis orientation, with training and intervention implemented in a student's home and neighborhood community. The organization and critical components of the Family Support Program are described, including outcome data for seven participating students. Issues related to educational practices, preventive interventions, and community-based research are discussed. C1 May Inst, Norwood, MA 02062 USA. May Ctr Educ & Vocat Training, Norwood, MA 02062 USA. RP Luiselli, JK (reprint author), May Inst, 220 Norwood Pk S, Norwood, MA 02062 USA. CR ANDERSON SR, 1994, THERES NO PLACE LIKE CARR EG, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P157, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-157 DEMYER MK, 1983, AUTISM ADOLESCENTS A DURAND VM, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P99 JASON LA, 1979, PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOL, V8, P744 KOEGEL LK, POSITIVE BEHAV SUPPO Koegel R. L., 1984, PARENT TRAINING FDN, P358 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 LOVAAS OI, 1973, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V6, P131, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1973.6-131 Luiselli J. K, 1998, ANTECEDENT CONTROL I PIERCE KL, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P471, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-471 PLIENIS AJ, 1988, J MULTIHANDICAPPED P, V1, P31, DOI 10.1007/BF01110554 REPP AC, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P21, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-21 RODRIGUE JR, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P249, DOI 10.1007/BF01058154 Sanders JL, 1997, CHILD FAM BEHAV THER, V19, P15, DOI 10.1300/J019v19n04_02 Snell M. 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PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1300/J019v21n01_01 PG 18 WC Psychology, Clinical; Family Studies SC Psychology; Family Studies GA 211LH UT WOS:000081162200001 ER PT J AU Fattal-Valevski, A Kramer, U Leitner, Y Nevo, Y Greenstein, Y Harel, S AF Fattal-Valevski, A Kramer, U Leitner, Y Nevo, Y Greenstein, Y Harel, S TI Characterization and comparison of autistic subgroups: 10 years' experience with autistic children SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS; SPECTRUM DISORDERS; DYSPHASIC CHILDREN; MENTAL DISABILITY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; ETIOLOGY AB To summarize our 10-year experience with autistic children at the Tel Aviv Child Development Center, the riles of all 55 children with autism treated at our center over a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Particular attention was addressed to the value of the medical work-up in detecting the etiology of autism and to factors differentiating infantile autism (IA) from autistic-like behavior (ALB). Twenty-four subjects (44%) had IA and 31 (56%) had ALE. These subgroups were compared for demographic, perinatal, familial, neurological, and psychological findings, and outcome at discharge. Associated medical conditions and the yield of metabolic work-up and neuroimaging and electroencephalography studies are discussed. The two subgroups differed only in severity of autistic symptoms and cognitive function (P<0.05), but not in demographic or neurobiological findings, It was concluded that IA and ALB are similar conditions, and autism has a wide continuum of clinical expressions. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv Sourasky Med Ctr, Div Pediat, Inst Child Dev, Tel Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv Sourasky Med Ctr, Div Pediat, Pediat Neurol Unit, Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Fattal-Valevski, A (reprint author), Inst Child Dev, Beit Habriut Strauss,14 Balfour St, IL-65211 Tel Aviv, Israel. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 21 EP 25 DI 10.1017/S0012162299000055 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 161VB UT WOS:000078309400005 PM 10068046 ER PT J AU Richdale, AL AF Richdale, AL TI Sleep problems in autism: prevalence, cause, and intervention SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES; MENTAL-RETARDATION; YOUNG-ADULTS; CHILDREN; DISORDERS; MELATONIN; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR; LIGHT; ENTRAINMENT AB Autism, Asperger's disorder (AD), and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) are commonly referred to as 'autistic spectrum disorders' (ASD)(1) and are classified as pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical,Manual on Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)(2). Deviant and delayed development in social and communication skills and the presence of restricted routines and interests, and stereotypic behaviours are variously present in ASD(2,3). The majority of children with autism have an intellectual disability (ID) while those with AD do not(2) . Sleep problems are among a number of secondary behavioural difficulties which may occur in children with autism(2), but little is known about their occurrence in XD or PDDNOS. Seigel(4) comments that 'autism is not uncommonly related to disturbances of sleep' (p 292). Sleep problems are reported to differentiate young children with autism from those with Other disabilities, particularly retrospectively(5,6). Nevertheless, Rapin and Katzman(7) comment that the 'Study of the prevalent and troublesome sleep disorders of autism has barely started' (p 8). Additionally, studies of sleep difficulties in children with an ID indicate that such problems can be a source of stress for families(8), particularly when children have autism(9). This paper reviews sleep problems in children with autism and addresses the issues of aetiology and intervention. Reference to AD and PDDNOS is also made. To set the nature of these sleep difficulties in context, brief reviews of sleep problems in typically developing children and children with an ID are provided. C1 RMIT, Dept Psychol & Intellectual Disabil Studies, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. RP Richdale, AL (reprint author), RMIT, Dept Psychol & Intellectual Disabil Studies, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 60 EP 66 DI 10.1017/S0012162299000122 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 161VB UT WOS:000078309400012 PM 10068053 ER PT J AU Dunn, M Vaughan, H Kreuzer, J Kurtzberg, D AF Dunn, M Vaughan, H Kreuzer, J Kurtzberg, D TI Electrophysiologic correlates of semantic classification in autistic and normal children SO DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDER; BRAIN POTENTIALS; SENTENCE COMPREHENSION; AUDITORY INFORMATION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDHOOD; ABILITIES; RESPONSES; WORDS; P300 AB This study tested the hypothesis that language processing by high-functioning, verbal autistic children is less influenced by global semantic context than that of their normal peers. Behavioral measures of reaction time and error rate were employed to evaluate speed and accuracy in classifying auditorally presented words according to a superordinate category label. In addition, an electrophysiologic index of semantic expectancy, the N4 component of auditory event-related potentials, was used to assess the relative levels of activation of in-category versus out-of-category words. Age and nonverbal IQ matched groups of 8 normal and 8 nonretarded autistic children were studied. The age range for the autistic participants was 7 years 4 months to 10 years 8 months (M = 8 years 10 months) and for the normal participants was 7 years 6 months to 10 years 11 months (M = 9 years 1 month). Participants responded with a finger lift to any word belonging to the animal category. The instruction set and stimulus list composition (i.e., 50% animal words and 50% unrelated nonanimal words) set up an expectancy for animal words. The autistic children were slower in classifying targets as animal words and made more errors than the normal children, but the increase in error rate was not statistically significant. As expected, N4 was larger for the nontargets than for the targets in the normal control group. By contrast, the autistic children showed no difference in N4 amplitude for targets versus nontargets, providing support for the hypothesized failure of the categorical context to set up a selective expectancy for the target words. As in prior studies, the P3 component to the target stimuli was significantly reduced in amplitude in the autistic group. An unexpected finding was an increased latency of the N1 and P2 components of the obligatory auditory evoked potential that was most prominent over the left temporal region. C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Saul R Korey Dept Neurol, Rose F Kennedy Ctr Res Mental Retardat & Human De, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Rose F Kennedy Ctr Res Mental Retardat & Human De, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. 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Neuropsychol. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 79 EP 99 DI 10.1207/S15326942DN160105 PG 21 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 223LU UT WOS:000081843200005 ER PT J AU Nitkin, RM AF Nitkin, RM TI Dendritic mechanisms in mental retardation and developmental disabilities: An overview SO DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The following brief articles are derived from a meeting sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development held at the National Institutes of Health from April 30 to May 1, 1998. The meeting brought together researchers from neurobiological and behavioral fields to discuss how synaptic abnormalities impact on brain function. This builds on a broad foundation of research in synaptic development, brain organization, behavioral assessment, and more recent attempts to define the structural basis of learning, memory, and cognition. Over the last 2 decades, researchers have described dendritic abnormalities associated with Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, autism, and other brain disorders. It is hoped that consideration of developmental disorders in the context of dendritic abnormalities will improve our understanding of the underlying deficits and enhance therapeutic strategies. C1 NICHHD, NIH, Mental Retardat & Dev Disabil Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Nitkin, RM (reprint author), NICHHD, NIH, Mental Retardat & Dev Disabil Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 8756-5641 J9 DEV NEUROPSYCHOL JI Dev. Neuropsychol. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 3 BP 299 EP 303 DI 10.1207/S15326942DN1603_1A PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 275DB UT WOS:000084803200001 ER PT J AU Bare, MA Manning-Courtney, P Strawsburg, RH Williams, S AF Bare, MA Manning-Courtney, P Strawsburg, RH Williams, S TI EEG/video monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorders and seizure-like events SO EPILEPSIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0013-9580 J9 EPILEPSIA JI Epilepsia PY 1999 VL 40 SU 7 BP 71 EP 71 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 242NR UT WOS:000082947600280 ER PT J AU Shafrir, Y AF Shafrir, Y TI EEG findings in autism: Small central spikes are a common finding. SO EPILEPSIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma City, OK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0013-9580 J9 EPILEPSIA JI Epilepsia PY 1999 VL 40 SU 7 BP 114 EP 114 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 242NR UT WOS:000082947600453 ER PT J AU Strawsburg, RH Manning-Courtney, P Bare, M Williams, S AF Strawsburg, RH Manning-Courtney, P Bare, M Williams, S TI Prolonged Video/EEG monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorders SO EPILEPSIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA. Cincinnati Ctr Dev Disorders D, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0013-9580 J9 EPILEPSIA JI Epilepsia PY 1999 VL 40 SU 7 BP 128 EP 128 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 242NR UT WOS:000082947600511 ER PT J AU Pang, EW Martien, KM Logan, WJ Macmillan, LJ Chevalier, HA Snead, OC AF Pang, EW Martien, KM Logan, WJ Macmillan, LJ Chevalier, HA Snead, OC TI Differences in auditory processing abnormalities between Landau-Kleffner syndrome and autism: Event-related potential evidence SO EPILEPSIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. RI Pang, Elizabeth/F-8246-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0013-9580 J9 EPILEPSIA JI Epilepsia PY 1999 VL 40 SU 7 BP 162 EP 162 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 242NR UT WOS:000082947600650 ER PT J AU Besag, F AF Besag, F TI Relationships between epilepsy, autism and learning disability. SO EPILEPSIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0013-9580 J9 EPILEPSIA JI Epilepsia PY 1999 VL 40 SU 2 BP 234 EP 234 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 225BU UT WOS:000081936800974 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI Childhood autism - Therapeutic approach SO EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE LA French DT Book Review CR SYNODINOU C, 1998, AUTISME INFANTILE AP NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0014-3855 J9 EVOL PSYCHIATR JI Evol. Psychiatr. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1 BP 204 EP 204 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 193FA UT WOS:000080124200033 ER PT J AU Potgieter, ST Fryns, JP AF Potgieter, ST Fryns, JP TI The neurobiology of autism SO GENETIC COUNSELING LA English DT Editorial Material DE autism; neurobiology; genetic counseling; mental disorders ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; DISORDER; TWIN; LINKAGE; ADULTS; PAIRS; MIND AB The neurobiology of autism: Although the primary cause of autism has not yet been unravelled, a number of genetic conditions have been strongly associated with the behavioural triad of autism. We briefly review the underlying neuropathological, biological and genetic evidence of the possible mechanisms involved in autism. This knowledge should guide accurate investigation of the autistic individual and genetic counselling of parents and family members. C1 Univ Hosp Gasthuisberg, Dept Paediat, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Univ Hosp Gasthuisberg, Ctr Human Genet, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. 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Couns. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2 BP 117 EP 122 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Medical Ethics; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Medical Ethics; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 214NY UT WOS:000081335100001 PM 10422003 ER PT S AU Casavant, TL Scheetz, TE Braun, TA Munn, KJ Kaliannan, S AF Casavant, TL Scheetz, TE Braun, TA Munn, KJ Kaliannan, S BE Sloot, P Bubak, M Hoekstra, A Hertzberger, B TI A parallel/distributed architecture for hierarchically heterogeneous Web-based cooperative applications SO HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference and Exhibition on High-Performance Computing and Networking (HPCN EUROPE 99) CY APR 12-14, 1999 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SP Dutch HPCN Fdn, Dutch Org Sci Res, Univ Amsterdam ID LINKAGE AB A new class of applications is described which requires cooperation among diverse users in multiple data and problem instance domains. The hierarchy of parallelism includes heterogeneity within a single instance of the problem, homogeneity among subsets of users within a problem domain, and multiple problem domains which share computational resources - software and hardware. The core of the architecture is a socket-server which registers clients and servers (both statically and dynamically), and assures isolation of users in separate problem domains. The users all sec the system as a set of functions accessible via the WWW. The particular problem of genetic linkage analysis is used as a case study to illustrate and implement the architecture. GenoMap, the first implementation of this system is being deployed for several groups of cooperating users at multiple institutions in a study to isolate the genomic locus of the controlling gene(s) in several diseases including autism. More than 400 genetic markers are being analyzed from more than 300 individuals in this study. The users span geneticists, clinical physicians, statisticians, disease specialists, laboratory technicians, and computer scientists/engineers. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Parallel Proc Lab, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Genet Program, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Casavant, TL (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Parallel Proc Lab, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. CR CASAVANT TL, TRECE981213 U IOW CORNELL G, 1997, CORE JAVA COTTINGHAM RW, 1993, AM J HUM GENET, V53, P252 GUSELLA JF, 1983, NATURE, V306 LALONEL J, 1996, EMERY RIMOINS PRINCI, P111 MYNATT RL, IN PRESS P INT BUS C OTT J, 1991, ANAL HUMAN GENETIC L, P108 Scheetz TE, 1998, PARALLEL COMPUT, V24, P1567, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8191(98)00072-6 1997, HUMAN GENOME NEW SEP, V7 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65821-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1999 VL 1593 BP 391 EP 401 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BQ39Q UT WOS:000088252100041 ER PT J AU Thomas, NS Sharp, AJ Browne, CE Skuse, D Hardie, C Dennis, NR AF Thomas, NS Sharp, AJ Browne, CE Skuse, D Hardie, C Dennis, NR TI Xp deletions associated with autism in three females SO HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID LINEAR SKIN DEFECTS; CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; MULTIPLE EXOSTOSES; SHORT STATURE; GENETIC-MAP; CHROMOSOME; MICROPHTHALMIA; TRANSLOCATIONS; HYPOMELANOSIS; INACTIVATION AB We report eight females with small deletions of the short arm of the X chromosome, three of whom showed features of autism. Our results suggest that there may be a critical region for autism in females with Xp deletions between the pseudoautosomal boundary and DXS7103. We hypothesise that this effect might be due either to the loss of function of a specific gene within the deleted region or to functional nullisomy resulting from X inactivation of the normal X chromosome. C1 Salisbury Dist Hosp, Wessex Reg Genet Lab, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, Wilts, England. Princess Anne Hosp, Wessex Clin Genet Serv, Southampton SO16 5YA, Hants, England. Inst Child Hlth, Behav Sci Unit, London WC1N 1EH, England. RP Thomas, NS (reprint author), Salisbury Dist Hosp, Wessex Reg Genet Lab, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, Wilts, England. 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A., 1997, READING FACES WINDOW ZEBROWITZ LA, 1992, DEV PSYCHOL, V28, P1143, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1143 ZEBROWITZ LA, 1991, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V52, P221, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(91)90060-6 ZIRPOLI TJ, 1987, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V34, P31 NR 76 TC 22 Z9 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0074-7750 J9 INT REV RES MENT RET PY 1999 VL 22 BP 27 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0074-7750(08)60130-5 PG 24 WC Education, Special; Psychology; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA BP96Y UT WOS:000086779200002 ER PT J AU Ashcroft, A Jervis, N Roberts, C AF Ashcroft, A Jervis, N Roberts, C TI A theory of mind (TOM) and people with learning disabilities: The effects of a training package SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; AUTISM; INDIVIDUALS; CHILDREN; BELIEF AB Sixteen adults from a local day centre were assessed using a first-order representation of false-belief task (Sally-Ann experiment) for their 'theory of mind' abilities (the ability to correctly reason about another's mental state). It was found that only 12.5% of participants could perform this task correctly. The study then went on to establish whether this ability could be trained, retrained and/or transferred. The results showed a significant improvement in participants' performance through training, this improvement was maintained over time and participants appeared to transfer this ability to a similar task. It was concluded that this research puts further doubt on an absence/impaired theory of mind being unique to autism. Implications were discussed in terms of social interaction and people with intellectual disabilities. C1 Harrow Learning Disabil Team, Stanmore HA7 3QD, Middx, England. RP Ashcroft, A (reprint author), 29 Smeeton Rd, Kibworth Beauchamp LE8 0LG, Leics, England. 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PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 58 EP 68 PG 11 WC Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 189CJ UT WOS:000079886300005 ER PT J AU Roberts-Pennell, D Sigafoos, J AF Roberts-Pennell, D Sigafoos, J TI Teaching young children with developmental disabilities to request more play using the behaviour chain interruption strategy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID SYMBOLIC PLAY; INTERVENTION; LANGUAGE; AUTISM AB Three young children with developmental disabilities and severe communication impairments were taught to request more play using the behaviour chain interruption strategy (BCIS). With this strategy, the child's ongoing play behaviour is blocked or interrupted to create the need for the child to request more. Instruction occurred in the midst of two play routines with probes conducted to assess generalisation to one other play routine and to the beginning of the activities. A multiple-baseline across subjects design demonstrated that the BCIS was effective in teaching two of the three children to request more, Far these two children, generalisation to an untrained play activity was also noted. Only one of these children, however, also used the newly acquired request to initiate play. These results extend previous research on teaching communication skills to children with developmental disabilities and severe communication impairment by demonstrating the effectiveness of BCIS in the context of play activities within early intervention programmes. Student characteristics which may predict the effectiveness of the procedure are discussed. C1 New Childrens Hosp, CHERI, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia. Univ Sydney, Fac Educ, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Univ Queensland, Fred & Eleanor Schonell Special Educ Res Ctr, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Sigafoos, J (reprint author), New Childrens Hosp, CHERI, POB 3515, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia. 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E., 1983, SYSTEMATIC INSTRUCTI STAHMER AC, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P123, DOI 10.1007/BF02178500 STOKES TF, 1977, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V10, P349, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349 WILLIAMS R, 1994, CURRICULAR INSTRUCTI, P7 NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 PU BILD PUBLICATIONS PI CLEVEDON PA FRANKFURT LODGE, CLEVEDON HALL VICTORIA RD, CLEVEDON BS21 7SJ, AVON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2322 J9 J APPL RES INTELLECT JI J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 100 EP 112 PG 13 WC Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 241XC UT WOS:000082908300002 ER PT J AU Howlin, P AF Howlin, P TI Autism: From theoretical understanding to educational intervention SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London SW17 0RE, England. RP Howlin, P (reprint author), Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London SW17 0RE, England. CR Peeters T., 1997, AUTISM THEORETICAL U NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BILD PUBLICATIONS PI CLEVEDON PA FRANKFURT LODGE, CLEVEDON HALL VICTORIA RD, CLEVEDON BS21 7SJ, AVON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2322 J9 J APPL RES INTELLECT JI J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 170 EP 170 PG 1 WC Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 241XC UT WOS:000082908300010 ER PT J AU Howlin, P AF Howlin, P TI Autism: Understanding the disorder SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Book Review CR Mesibov G. B., 1997, AUTISM UNDERSTANDING NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BILD PUBLICATIONS PI CLEVEDON PA FRANKFURT LODGE, CLEVEDON HALL VICTORIA RD, CLEVEDON BS21 7SJ, AVON, ENGLAND SN 1360-2322 J9 J APPL RES INTELLECT JI J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 269 EP 269 PG 1 WC Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 290UF UT WOS:000085695700009 ER PT J AU Rutter, M Silberg, J O'Connor, T Simonoff, E AF Rutter, M Silberg, J O'Connor, T Simonoff, E TI Genetics and child psychiatry: II - Empirical research findings SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE genetics; affective disorder; schizophrenia; autism; hyperkinetic/attention deficit disorder; conduct disorder; drug/alcohol abuse; Tourette's syndrome chronic ties ID DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; LA-TOURETTE SYNDROME; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; DOPAMINE-D3 RECEPTOR GENE; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIORAL-DEVELOPMENT; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE GENOTYPES; AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT TRANSMISSION; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER AB Key substantive findings from quantitative and molecular genetic research are reviewed in relation to affective disorder, schizophrenia, autism, hyperkinetic/attention deficit disorder, oppositional and conduct disorders, drug/alcohol problems, and Tourette's syndrome chronic tics. C1 Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Res Psychiat Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. Virginia Inst Psychiat & Behav Genet, Richmond, VA USA. Guys Hosp, London SE1 9RT, England. RP Rutter, M (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Res Psychiat Ctr, De Crespigny Pk, London SE5 8AF, England. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry PD JAN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 19 EP 55 PG 37 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 171QC UT WOS:000078874100003 PM 10102725 ER PT J AU Filipek, PA AF Filipek, PA TI Neuroimaging in the developmental disorders: The state of the science SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Review DE brain imaging; development; autism ID DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; CEREBRAL GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; CORPUS-CALLOSUM MORPHOLOGY; ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTERIOR-FOSSA STRUCTURES; UTAH EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY; EARLY INFANTILE-AUTISM; MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS; CHILDHOOD AUTISM AB The developmental disorders of childhood-autistic, developmental language, reading (dyslexia), and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders-manifest with deficits in the traditional behavioral domains of cognition, language, visual-spatial function, attention, and socialization. However, none of these disorders has been associated with characteristic discrete focal lesions or recognized encephaloclastic processes. Developmental cognitive neuroscientists must therefore begin with the spectrum of sometimes divergent behaviors occurring within these disorders and work backward in an attempt to identify the responsible anomalous neural systems. Since the advent of "brain imaging" two decades ago, much effort has focused on identifying brain-behavior correlates in these disorders. The results of these neuropathologic, structural, and functional neuroimaging studies are presented and the reasons for the often divergent findings are discussed. As we approach the end of the Decade of the Brain, current neuroimaging techniques give us the technology for the first time to apply a fundamental cognitive approach to brain-behavior relationships in the developmental disorders, to eliminate the conglomeration of "apples and camels" phenomenon. Researchers are working together to create comparable protocols and to adhere to methods that can be replicated across sites. The future prospects for a greater understanding of the developmental disorders are now much brighter with neuroimaging technology. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Coll Med, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. RP Filipek, PA (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pediat, Med Ctr, Route 81-4482,101 City Dr, Orange, CA 92868 USA. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 113 EP 128 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003308 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 171QC UT WOS:000078874100006 PM 10102728 ER PT J AU Bowler, DM Gardiner, J Grice, S Saavalainen, P AF Bowler, DM Gardiner, J Grice, S Saavalainen, P TI Illusory memories in the free recall of high-functioning individuals with autism. SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 City Univ London, London EC1V 0HB, England. Univ Joensuu, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PY 1999 SU S BP 18 EP 18 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 238FJ UT WOS:000082700000042 ER PT J AU Hirstein, W Ramachandran, VS Iverson, P Rogers-Ramachandran, D AF Hirstein, W Ramachandran, VS Iverson, P Rogers-Ramachandran, D TI The salience landscape theory: Cognitive consequences of autonomic dysregulation in autism. SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 William Paterson Univ, Cognit Sci Lab, Wayne, NJ USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Brain & Cognit, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PY 1999 SU S BP 63 EP 63 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 238FJ UT WOS:000082700000279 ER PT J AU Carlsson, ML Martin, P Nilsson, M Sorensen, SM Carlsson, A Waters, S Waters, N AF Carlsson, ML Martin, P Nilsson, M Sorensen, SM Carlsson, A Waters, S Waters, N TI The 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 is more effective in counteracting NMDA antagonist than dopamine agonist induced hyperactivity in mice SO JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION LA English DT Article DE serotonin; glutamate; schizophrenia; MK-801; d-amphetamine; M100907 ID HYPERLOCOMOTION AB The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the selective 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 in different psychosis models. The classical neuroleptic haloperidol was used as reference compound. Two hyperdopaminergia and two hypoglutamatergia mouse models were used. Hyperdopaminergia was produced by the DA releaser d-amphetamine or the DA uptake inhibitor GBR 12909. Hypoglutamatergia was produced by the un-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 or the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist D-CPPene. M100907 was found to counteract the locomotor stimulant effects of the NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and D-CPPene, but spontaneous locomotion, d-amphetamine- and GBR-12909-induced hyperactivity were not significantly affected. Haloperidol, on the other hand, antagonized both NMDA antagonist- and DA agonist-induced hyperactivity, as well as spontaneous locomotion in the highest dose used. Based on the present and previous results we draw the conclusion that 5-HT2A receptor antagonists are particularly effective against behavioural anomalies resulting from hypoglutamatergia of various origins. The clinical implications of our results and conclusions would be that a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, due to i a the low side effect liability, could be the preferable treatment strategy in various disorders associated with hypoglutamatergia; such conditions might include schizophrenia. childhood autism and dementia disorders. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Pharmacol, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Carlsson, ML (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Pharmacol, Box 431, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. CR CARLSSON ML, 1995, J NEURAL TRANSM-GEN, V100, P225, DOI 10.1007/BF01276460 Carlsson ML, 1998, J NEURAL TRANSM, V105, P525, DOI 10.1007/s007020050076 Gleason SD, 1997, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, V129, P79, DOI 10.1007/s002130050165 HOLM ES, 1995, INTERACTIONS CENTRAL, V153, P13 Martin P, 1997, EUR J PHARMACOL, V335, P107, DOI 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01188-6 MARTIN P, 1998, THESIS U GOTEBORG Moser PC, 1996, BEHAV BRAIN RES, V73, P163 REMY SM, 1995, EUR J PHARMACOL, V280, pR9 SCHMIDT CJ, 1997, CNS DRUG REV, V3, P49, DOI 10.1111/j.1527-3458.1997.tb00316.x SORENSEN SM, 1993, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V266, P684 NR 10 TC 57 Z9 57 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0300-9564 J9 J NEURAL TRANSM JI J. Neural Transm. PY 1999 VL 106 IS 2 BP 123 EP 129 DI 10.1007/s007020050144 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 179TH UT WOS:000079344800003 PM 10226932 ER PT J AU Burd, L Severud, R Kerbeshian, J Klug, MG AF Burd, L Severud, R Kerbeshian, J Klug, MG TI Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism SO JOURNAL OF PERINATAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE autism; case control; pervasive developmental disorder; prenatal care; risk factors ID UTAH EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; INFANTILE-AUTISM; OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS; NEONATAL COMPLICATIONS; MATERNAL SMOKING; NORTH-DAKOTA; DISORDER; CHILDREN; PREGNANCY AB Aim: To identify pre- and perinatal risk factors for autism. Method: Case control study. We matched names of patients from North Dakota who met DSM criteria for autism, a pervasive developmental disorder, and autistic disorder with their birth certificates. Five matched controls were selected for each case. Results: Univariate analysis of the 78 cases and 390 controls identified seven risk factors. Logistic modeling to control for confounding produced a five variable model. The model parameters were chi(2) = 36.6 and p < 0.001. The five variables in the model were decreased birth weight, low maternal education, later start of prenatal care, and having a previous termination of pregnancy. Increasing father's age was associated with increased risk of autism. Conclusion: This methodology may provide an inexpensive method for clinics and public health providers to identify risk factors and to identify maternal characteristics of patients with mental illness and developmental disorders. C1 Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, N Dakota Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Ctr & Altru Hlth, Dept Pediat, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, N Dakota Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Ctr & Altru Hlth, Dept Neurosci, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Burd, L (reprint author), Child Evaluat & Treatment Program, 1300 S Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. 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Perinat. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 IS 6 BP 441 EP 450 DI 10.1515/JPM.1999.059 PG 10 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 272NM UT WOS:000084656800004 PM 10732302 ER PT J AU Corcoran, R AF Corcoran, R TI Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Book Review C1 UCL, Dept Psychol, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Corcoran, R (reprint author), UCL, Dept Psychol, London WC1E 6BT, England. CR Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS PI GOTTINGEN PA ROHNSWEG 25, D-37085 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SN 0269-8803 J9 J PSYCHOPHYSIOL JI J. Psychophysiol. PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 57 EP 58 DI 10.1027//0269-8803.13.1.57 PG 2 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 206KM UT WOS:000080878300008 ER PT J AU Reda, MA Benevento, D Blanco, S Orsi, A Zappella, M AF Reda, MA Benevento, D Blanco, S Orsi, A Zappella, M TI Biofeedback evaluation in parents of children with autism SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS PI GOTTINGEN PA ROHNSWEG 25, D-37085 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SN 0269-8803 J9 J PSYCHOPHYSIOL JI J. Psychophysiol. PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 211 EP 211 PG 1 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 236RA UT WOS:000082611300051 ER PT J AU Ho, PT Keller, JL Berg, AL Cargan, AL Haddad, J AF Ho, PT Keller, JL Berg, AL Cargan, AL Haddad, J TI Pervasive developmental delay in children presenting as possible hearing loss SO LARYNGOSCOPE LA English DT Article ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; AUTISM; DISORDERS AB Objective/Hypothesis: Children who fail to develop adequate language skills and/or appropriate social skills by age 2 years often are referred to the department of otolaryngology for otolaryngologic examination and evaluation of possible hearing deficits. Discovering a gross disparity between hearing function and language ability often uncovers an underlying developmental disorder satisfying criteria for diagnosis on the spectrum of autism and pervasive developmental delay (PDD), The otolaryngologist has a unique opportunity to identify these autistic children and initiate their evaluation and management. Study Design: Retrospective review, Methods: Review of charts of children referred over the past 4 years to the Depart ment of Otolaryngology for possible hearing loss identified 15 children who were later diagnosed with PDD. Results: Fifteen children initially referred for beaming evaluation were subsequently identified with a diagnosis of PDD. Males outnumbered females 4 to 1, with the average age of referral being 2 years, One third of the patients displayed middle ear disease that improved with PE tube placement, One third of the patients showed brainstem conduction dysfunction on auditory brainstem evoked response testing. Conclusions: Children with developmental delays, especially higher functioning ones, may present with a myriad of language and communication deficits that are often mistakenly attributed to hearing loss. Otolaryngologists and audiologists can assist in their early identification and appropriate referral for therapy. C1 Columbia Presbyterian Med Ctr, Babies & Childrens Hosp New York, Dept Pediat Otolaryngol, New York, NY 10032 USA. Columbia Presbyterian Med Ctr, Babies & Childrens Hosp New York, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA. Columbia Presbyterian Med Ctr, Neurol Inst New York, Div Pediat Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA. RP Haddad, J (reprint author), Columbia Presbyterian Med Ctr, Babies & Childrens Hosp New York, Dept Pediat Otolaryngol, 3959 Broadway,Room 510N, New York, NY 10032 USA. 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PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 73 EP 76 PG 4 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 161QN UT WOS:000078300500013 ER PT J AU Aman, MG Madrid, A AF Aman, MG Madrid, A TI Atypical antipsychotics in persons with developmental disabilities SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE atypical antipsychotics; classic antipsychotics; mental retardation; autistic disorder; pervasive developmental disorder-NOS; dopamine; serotonin; neurochemistry ID D2-DOPAMINE RECEPTOR OCCUPANCY; SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; MENTAL-RETARDATION; DOPAMINE-RECEPTOR; AUTISTIC DISORDER; DOUBLE-BLIND; NEW-GENERATION; RISPERIDONE; CLOZAPINE; ADULTS AB The introduction of clozapine spawned the development of several novel antipsychotic agents during the last decade. Compared to traditional agents, these "atypical antipsychotics" demonstrate more favorable characteristics in terms of efficacy and medication-associated abnormal involuntary movements. Several underlying neurochemical mechanisms have been posited for the differences noted between traditional and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Most theories have been based on the observation that atypical agents have higher affinities and greater selectivity for different dopamine receptor subtypes and for serotonin receptors. In addition, there is speculation about the involvement of other types of neurotransmitters (e.g., gamma-aminobutyric acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate) in the actions of these drugs. A review of the current literature on the developmental disabilities indicated that the study populations can be divided into three general categories: (a) individuals with mental retardation and a psychiatric syndrome; (b) individuals with mental retardation and behavioral problems; and (c) individuals with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. The atypical antipsychotics most consistently appeared to reduce symptoms of self-injury, aggression, agitation, and repetitive behaviors. It is not yet clear whether they enhance prosocial behavior, although findings of some reports suggested this. A clear limitation of the available evidence is that few studies are methodologically sound. Suggestions for further research are offered. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ohio State Univ, Nisonger Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Pfizer Inc, New York, NY USA. RP Aman, MG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Nisonger Ctr, 1581 Dodd Dr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. 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PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 253 EP 263 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:4<253::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-R PG 11 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 270MG UT WOS:000084539100002 ER PT J AU Hellings, JA AF Hellings, JA TI Psychopharmacology of mood disorders in persons with mental retardation and autism SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE mood disorders; mental retardation; autism; pharmacotherapy ID VALPROATE-ASSOCIATED PANCREATITIS; MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; DOUBLE-BLIND; DEVELOPMENTAL-DISABILITIES; BIPOLAR DISORDER; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS; EMOTIONAL DISORDERS AB The ever-growing range of designer drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other new antidepressants, atypical antipsychotic agents, and antiseizure medications may improve treatment efficacy and safety for persons with mood disorders and mental retardation (MR) and autism. Mood disorders are still frequently undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, and are often chronic and atypical. Diagnosis must rely on reporting of signs of the illnesses by caregivers, rather than by self-report. A key issue guiding the use of mood stabilizers as first-line drugs instead of antidepressants is the present or past existence of manic features. Chronic and atypical forms of bipolar disorder often require multiple mood stabilizers for acute and maintenance treatment. The role of the atypical antipsychotic agents in acute and maintenance treatment of mood disorders requires further study in this population, in terms of lower long-term risk and possible beneficial cognitive effects. The SSRIs appear to be broad spectrum and offer ease of prescription, may reverse some of the core features of autism, and can be beneficial for self-injury, explosive outbursts, and depressive and anxiety symptoms and behaviors. 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PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 270 EP 278 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:4<270::AID-MRDD4>3.0.CO;2-I PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 270MG UT WOS:000084539100004 ER PT J AU Aman, MG Arnold, LE Armstrong, SC AF Aman, MG Arnold, LE Armstrong, SC TI Review of serotonergic agents and perseverative behavior in patients with developmental disabilities SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE SSRls; perseverative behavior; clomipramine; obsessive-compulsive disorder ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; SEVERE MENTAL-RETARDATION; PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; FLUOXETINE TREATMENT; BLOOD SEROTONIN; CLOMIPRAMINE TREATMENT; DOUBLE-BLIND; REUPTAKE INHIBITORS AB Studies of blood serotonin concentrations in autism and mental retardation suggest a possible dysfunction of serotonin in substantial proportions of patients. Clomipramine (CMI) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are documented as effective in managing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms as well as depression. Some workers construe perseverative behavior as a variant of OCD and certain forms of self-injury as a symptom of underlying depression or OCD, leading to extensive use of these agents in autism and mental retardation. CMI and the SSRIs share common features in terms of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and side effects, but they also have important differences. To date there have been at least 14 reports of CMI use and at least 33 reports of SSRI use to manage perseverative behavior in patients with developmental disabilities. The large majority of these reports suggest beneficial effects on perseverative behavior, but most are case reports or uncontrolled studies. The existing literature suggests that practitioners may use these serotonergic agents on an experimental basis to manage repetitive behaviors in this population. However, properly controlled studies are needed to (a) assess clinical efficacy more objectively; (b) evaluate patient characteristics (age, diagnosis, type of perseverative behavior) in relation to response; (c) compare differential response to these agents; (d) examine dose-response relationships; (e) assess any moderating effect of Iq; and (f) determine whether baseline serotonin profiles predict treatment outcome. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ohio State Univ, Nisonger Ctr Mental Retardat & Dev Disabil, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Aman, MG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Nisonger Ctr Mental Retardat & Dev Disabil, 1581 Dodd Dr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 279 EP 289 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:4<279::AID-MRDD5>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 11 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 270MG UT WOS:000084539100005 ER PT J AU Sandman, CA Spence, MA Smith, M AF Sandman, CA Spence, MA Smith, M TI Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) disregulation and response to opiate blockers SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE autism; proopiomelanocortin; opiate blockers; naltrexone ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; IMMUNOREACTIVE BETA-ENDORPHIN; MENTALLY-RETARDED ADULTS; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; DOUBLE-BLIND; AUTISTIC DISORDER; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CLOMIPRAMINE TREATMENT; NALTREXONE TREATMENT AB Autism is a collection of disorders or subtypes with distinctive or prominent phenotypes and genotypes. The study of adults with autism offers a unique opportunity to examine its phenotypic diversity. Recent evidence has identified disturbances in specific neurochemical systems that are associated with primary autistic symptoms. Establishing biological markers, such as specific neurochemical disturbances, not only confers greater precision in phenotyping individuals but also provides the basis for rational intervention. Our initial studies in adult individuals exhibiting self-injurious behavior (SIB) generated evidence that the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) system, specifically the endogenous opioid system, may be disregulated in subgroups of autistic patients. These findings, corroborated in at least 15 other laboratories, indicated that treatment with an opiate blocker, naltrexone (NTX), reduced SIE in 30-70% of individuals observed. However, the effects of NTX on SIE were not simple. We and others have found that concentration of plasma POMC fragments, specifically opioid fragments, contributed to the symptoms of autism and to the response to treatment. Uncoupling of the release of POMC products predicted the efficacy of NTX treatment on the expression of SIE. Uncoupling of POMC fragments among autistic and SIE patients suggested a basic, underlying defect. perhaps in the POMC gene. The findings of a maternal influence on the C-terminal BE fragment among individuals with autism (Leboyer et al. [1999] Soc Biol Psychiatry 45:158-163) and our preliminary findings, reported here, of a mutation in the opioid region of the POMC gene in an autistic individual, were consistent with the prospect that a subgroup of patients will be identified who share a POMC genetic defect. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Psychiat, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pediat, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. 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PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 314 EP 321 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:4<314::AID-MRDD9>3.0.CO;2-G PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 270MG UT WOS:000084539100009 ER PT J AU Ellis, CR Singh, NN Ruane, AL AF Ellis, CR Singh, NN Ruane, AL TI Nutritional, dietary, and hormonal treatments for individuals with mental retardation and developmental disabilities SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE nutritional and dietary treatments; diet and behavior; diet and cognition; vitamins; hormone therapy ID DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; DOWNS-SYNDROME INFANTS; LESCH-NYHAN-SYNDROME; RETARDED-CHILDREN; EXOGENOUS MELATONIN; SUGAR INGESTION; SYNDROME ADULT; YOUNG-ADULTS; DOUBLE-BLIND; FATTY-ACIDS AB Nutritional, dietary, and hormonal approaches to producing behavioral, emotional, and cognitive changes in individuals with mental retardation and developmental disabilities (MRDD) flourished in the 1970s and 1980s. Although an occasional article is still published, there was little serious research activity in recent years until interest in secretin as a potential treatment for autism stimulated the new surge of research currently under way. We briefly discuss the general findings of the effects of various nutritional, dietary, and hormonal approaches in the treatment of individuals with MRDD. We will not review the literature dealing with the nutritional status of individuals with MRDD. We recognize that some of these individuals have disorders that may compromise their nutritional well-being (e.g., maple syrup urine disease, phenylketonuria, and galactosemia) and, therefore, require specific nutritional interventions. Our focus is on nutritional and dietary approaches that are intended to enhance cognitive ability or treat behavioral and emotional problems in individuals with MRDD. We also discuss use of the hormones, melatonin and secretin, in this population. Overall, we found the quality of the research on vitamins, minerals, hormones, and dietary treatments for individuals with MRDD to be overwhelmingly anecdotal and poorly controlled, and the outcomes not strongly supportive of their efficacy, (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Munroe Meyer Inst Genet & Rehabil, Nebraska Med Ctr 985430, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Richmond, VA USA. RP Ellis, CR (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Munroe Meyer Inst Genet & Rehabil, Nebraska Med Ctr 985430, 600 S 42nd St, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. CR *AM AC CHILD AD PS, 1999, POL STAT SECR TREATM Aman M. G., 1988, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY D Aman M. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1999 VL 5 IS 4 BP 335 EP 341 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:4<335::AID-MRDD11>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 270MG UT WOS:000084539100011 ER PT J AU Veenstra-VanderWeele, J Gonen, D Leventhal, BL Cook, EH AF Veenstra-VanderWeele, J Gonen, D Leventhal, BL Cook, EH TI Mutation screening of the UBE3A/E6-AP gene in autistic disorder SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; genetics; mutation screen; polymorphism; sequencing ID DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; ANGELMAN-SYNDROME GENE; DUPLICATION; CHROMOSOMES; REGION; UBE3A; INDIVIDUALS; 15Q11-13; BRAIN AB Previous reports of individuals with autistic disorder with maternal duplications of 15q11-q13,(1-11) the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region, suggest this area as a source of candidate genes in autistic disorder. Maternal truncation mutations in UBE3A, which encodes for E6-AP ubiquitin-protein ligase, have been shown to cause Angelman syndrome,(12,13) which can also result from the absence of maternal chromosomal material from this region. Despite showing no evidence for imprinting in other tissues, this gene was recently discovered to be preferentially maternally expressed in human brain(14,15) and expressed solely from the murine maternal chromosome in the hippocampus and cerebellar Purkinje cells,(16) regions implicated in the neuropathology of autism.(17-20) Based on this evidence, the coding region and a putative promoter region were sequenced in ten autistic subjects, Several polymorphisms were detected, but no evidence was found for a functional mutation. Evidence for likely altered regulation of UBE3A expression in maternal 15q11-q13 duplications suggests further investigation of the regulatory regions of this gene in autistic disorder. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Lab Dev Neurosci Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Cook, EH (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Lab Dev Neurosci Child & Adolescent Psychiat, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC 3077, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. CR Albrecht U, 1997, NAT GENET, V17, P75, DOI 10.1038/ng0997-75 BAKER P, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P529, DOI 10.1007/BF02172133 Bauman ML, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM, P119 Browne CE, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, P1342, DOI 10.1086/301624 BUNDEY S, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P736 Cook EH, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P1077, DOI 10.1086/301832 Cook EH, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P928 COURCHESNE E, 1997, CURR OPIN NEUROBIOL, V7, P267 CROLLA JA, 1995, HUM GENET, V95, P161 DILAVORE PC, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P355, DOI 10.1007/BF02179373 Flejter WL, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V61, P182, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<182::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-Q GILLBERG C, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P489, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00022 GREGER V, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V53, P396, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320530425 HOTOPF M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P41, DOI 10.1007/BF02178166 Kishino T, 1997, NAT GENET, V15, P70, DOI 10.1038/ng0197-70 Kishino T, 1998, GENOMICS, V47, P101, DOI 10.1006/geno.1997.5093 Kishino T, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, pA39 LEANACOX J, 1994, AM J HUM GENET, V54, P748 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Malzac P, 1998, AM J HUM GENET, V62, P1353, DOI 10.1086/301877 Matsuura T, 1997, NAT GENET, V15, P74, DOI 10.1038/ng0197-74 Pericak-Vance MA, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, pA40 Raymond GV, 1996, ACTA NEUROPATHOL, V91, P117 RITVO ER, 1986, AM J PSYCHIAT, V143, P862 Rougeulle C, 1997, NAT GENET, V17, P14, DOI 10.1038/ng0997-14 SCHINZEL AA, 1994, J MED GENET, V31, P798, DOI 10.1136/jmg.31.10.798 Schroer RJ, 1998, AM J MED GENET, V76, P327, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<327::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-M Steffenburg S, 1996, PEDIATR NEUROL, V14, P131, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(96)00011-2 Vu TH, 1997, NAT GENET, V17, P12, DOI 10.1038/ng0997-12 NR 30 TC 31 Z9 32 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 64 EP 67 DI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000472 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 157ZW UT WOS:000078092400013 PM 10089011 ER PT J AU Michaelovsky, E Frisch, A Rockah, R Peleg, L Magal, N Shohat, M Weizman, R AF Michaelovsky, E Frisch, A Rockah, R Peleg, L Magal, N Shohat, M Weizman, R TI A novel allele in the promoter region of the human serotonin transporter gene SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE serotonin transporter; polymorphism; (5-HTTLPR); allelic variation; Libyan Jews; association studies; psychiatric disorders ID REGULATORY REGION; LIBYAN JEWS; POLYMORPHISM; ASSOCIATION; DISORDER; SUSCEPTIBILITY; DISEASE AB The human serotonin transporter (hSERT) gene is a promising candidate for mediating the genetic susceptibility for various psychiatric conditions such as mood(1) and obsessive-compulsive disorders.(2) Two polymorphic sites in this gene attracted much interest: a VNTR of 17-bp repeats in intron two,(3) and an insertion/deletion in the 5'-flanking promoter region (5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region-5-HTTLPR)(4) creating a short (S) and a long (L) allele, The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is situated in a GC-rich region composed of 20-23 bp repeating units. The S and L alleles have 14 and 16 repeat-elements respectively. Positive associations of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with mood disorders,(5) anxiety-related personality traits,(6) autism(7) and late-onset Alzheimer's(8) disease have been published, although some non replications were also reported,(9,10) Here we report a novel allele (termed LJ) in the 5-HTTLPR site. This allele is longer than the L allele by 43 bp, has 18 repeat units and contains two copies of the insertion/deletion sequence arranged in tandem. The LJ allele was found in individuals of Libyan and Tunisian Jewish origin but not in Moroccan or Ashkenazi Jews. C1 Rabin Med Ctr, Felsenstein Med Res Ctr, Lab Biochem Genet, IL-49100 Petah Tiqwa, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Inst Genet, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel. Inst Med Genet, Rabin Med Ctr, IL-49100 Petah Tiqwa, Israel. Tel Aviv Mental Hlth Ctr, Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Frisch, A (reprint author), Rabin Med Ctr, Felsenstein Med Res Ctr, Lab Biochem Genet, Beilinson Campus, IL-49100 Petah Tiqwa, Israel. CR Collier DA, 1996, MOL PSYCHIATR, V1, P453 Cook EH, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P247 DANIELS M, 1995, AM J MED GENET, V55, P311, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320550313 Ebstein RP, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P224, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000275 GABIZON R, 1993, AM J HUM GENET, V53, P828 Hells A, 1996, J NEUROCHEM, V66, P1 KAPLAN HI, 1994, KAPLAN SADOCKS SYNOP, P598 Kunugi H, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P457, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000334 Lesch KP, 1996, SCIENCE, V274, P1527, DOI 10.1126/science.274.5292.1527 LESCH KP, 1994, J NEURAL TRANSM-GEN, V95, P157, DOI 10.1007/BF01276434 Lesch KP, 1997, J NEURAL TRANSM, V104, P1259, DOI 10.1007/BF01294726 Li T, 1997, NEUROREPORT, V8, P683, DOI 10.1097/00001756-199702100-00021 Maes Michael, 1995, P933 Rees M, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P398, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000256 Wartenfeld R, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P617 NR 15 TC 37 Z9 38 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 97 EP 99 DI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000449 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 157ZW UT WOS:000078092400020 PM 10089018 ER PT J AU Sigman, M Ruskin, E AF Sigman, M Ruskin, E TI Continuity and change in the social competence of children with autism, Down syndrome, and developmental delays SO MONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID FOLLOW-UP; ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; YOUNG-CHILDREN; INFANTILE-AUTISM; JOINT ATTENTION; NONVERBAL-COMMUNICATION; LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; PEER INTERACTIONS AB The aims of this longitudinal study were: (1) to assess the continuity and change in diagnosis, intelligence, and language skills in children with autism, Down syndrome, and other developmental delays, (2) to specify the deficits in social competence and language skills in these children, and (3) to identify precursors in the preschool period of gains in language skills and of peer engagement in the mid-school years. The initial sample consisted of 70 children with autism, 93 children with Down syndrome, 59 children with developmental delays, and 108 typically developing children, with the first three groups of children studied when they were between 2 and 6 years of age. At follow-up, 51 children with autism, 71 children with Down syndrome, and 33 children with developmental delays were assessed at mean ages around 10-13 years. The long-term follow-up showed little change in the diagnosis of autism but sizeable improvements in intellectual and language abilities within the autistic group, a pattern that was not seen in the children with Down syndrome. Unique deficits in joint attention, some forms of representational play, responsiveness to the emotions of others, and initiation of peer engagement were identified in the autistic children, whereas the children with Down syndrome seemed to have a specific deficit only in language. Joint attention skills were concurrently associated with language abilities in all groups and predicted long-term gains in expressive language for the children with autism. Children with autism, regardless of their level of functioning, were less socially engaged with classmates than the other developmentally disabled children because they infrequently initiated and accepted play bids, not because they were rebuffed by peers. Early nonverbal communication and play skills were predictors of the frequency of initiations of peer play for the children with Down syndrome as well as the extent of peer engagement of the children with autism. These results suggest that improvements in early communication and play skills may have long-term consequences for later language and social competence in these groups of children. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. 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PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1 BP 1 EP + DI 10.1111/1540-5834.00002 PG 116 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 188JH UT WOS:000079842700001 PM 10412222 ER PT J AU Mervis, CB Robinson, BF AF Mervis, CB Robinson, BF TI Methodological issues in cross-syndrome comparisons: Matching procedures, sensitivity (Se), and specificity (Sp) SO MONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DISCORDANT; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; NULL HYPOTHESIS; AUTISM; ACQUISITION; DISORDER; CHILDREN C1 Univ Louisville, Dept Psychol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP Mervis, CB (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Dept Psychol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. EM cbmervis@louisville.edu RI Robinson, Byron/G-6144-2012 OI Robinson, Byron/0000-0003-2618-5771 CR BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 Bellugi U., 1988, LANGUAGE DEV EXCEPTI, P177 Carpenter M., 1998, MONOGRAPHS SOC RES C, V63 Chapman RS, 1997, MENT RETARD DEV D R, V3, P307 COHEN J, 1990, AM PSYCHOL, V45, P1304, DOI 10.1037//0003-066X.45.12.1304 Elliott C. D., 1990, DIFFERENTIAL ABILITY FENSON L, 1994, MONOGR SOC RES CHILD, V59, pR5 Frangiskakis JM, 1996, CELL, V86, P59, DOI 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80077-X FRICK RW, 1995, MEM COGNITION, V23, P132, DOI 10.3758/BF03210562 GOSCH A, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V52, P291, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320520308 HARCUM ER, 1990, AM PSYCHOL, V45, P404 Jernigan T. 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PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1 BP 115 EP 130 DI 10.1111/1540-5834.00011 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 188JH UT WOS:000079842700002 PM 10412223 ER PT J AU Sigman, M AF Sigman, M TI Methodological issues in cross-syndrome comparisons: Matching procedures, sensitivity (Se), and specificity (Sp) - Response SO MONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID JOINT ATTENTION; NORMAL-CHILDREN; AUTISM; EMOTIONS CR Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 CAPPS L, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1169, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00936.x Charman T, 1997, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V9, P1 Corona R, 1998, CHILD DEV, V69, P1494, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06172.x DILAVORE PC, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P355, DOI 10.1007/BF02179373 Dissanayake C, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P461, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01427.x HERMELIN B, 1970, PSYCHOL EXPT AUSTIST LORD C, 1998, UNPUB AUTISM DIAGNOS MUNDY P, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P389, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006003 MUNDY P, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P657, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 SIGMAN M, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P293, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293 SIGMAN MD, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P796, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01662.x YIRMIYA N, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P150, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03603.x NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-976X J9 MONOGR SOC RES CHILD JI Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1111/1540-5834.00012 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 188JH UT WOS:000079842700003 ER PT J AU Camurri, A Ferrentino, P AF Camurri, A Ferrentino, P TI Interactive environments for music and multimedia SO MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION; SYSTEM; HARP AB Multimodal Environments (MEs) are systems capable of establishing creative, multimodal user interaction by exhibiting real-time adaptive behaviour. In a typical scenario, one or more users are immersed in an environment allowing them to communicated by means of full-body movement, singing or playing. Users get feedback from the environment in real time in terms of sound, music, visual media, and actuators, i.e. movement of semi-autonomous mobile systems including mobile scenography, on-stage robots behaving as actors or players, possibly equipped with music and multimedia output. MEs are therefore a sort of extension of augmented reality environments. From another viewpoint, an ME can be seen as a sort of prolongation of the human mind and senses. From an artificial intelligence perspective, an ME consists of a population of physical and as software agents capable of changing their reactions and their social interaction over time. For example, a gesture of the user(s) can mean different things in different situations, and can produce changes in the agents populating the ME. The paradigm adopted for movement recognition is that of a human observer of the dance, where the focus of attention changes according to the evolution of the dance itself and of the music produced. MEs are therefore agents able to observe the user, extract "gesture gestalts", and change their state, including artificial emotions, over time. MEs open new niches of application, many still to be discovered, including music, dance, theatre, interactive arts, entertainment, interactive exhibitions and museal installations, information atelier, edutainment, training, industrial applications and cog nitive rehabilitation (e.g. for autism). The environment can be a theatre, a museum, a discotheque, a school classroom, a rehabilitation centre for patients with a variety of sensory/motor and cognitive impairments, etc. The ME concept generalizes the bio-feedback methods which already have found widespread applications. The paper introduces MEs, then a flexible ME architecture, with a special focus on the modeling of the emotional component of the agents forming an ME. Description of four applications we recently developed, currently used in several real testbeds, conclude the paper. C1 Univ Genoa, DIST, Lab Mus Informat, I-16145 Genoa, Italy. RP Camurri, A (reprint author), Univ Genoa, DIST, Lab Mus Informat, Viale Causa 13, I-16145 Genoa, Italy. CR BAGGI D, 1992, READINGS COMPUTER GE, P95 BATES J, 1994, COMMUN ACM, V37, P122, DOI 10.1145/176789.176803 CAMURRI A, 1994, J NEW MUSIC RES, V23, P317, DOI 10.1080/09298219408570663 Camurri A., 1986, HUMAN MOVEMENT UNDER, P85 CAMURRI A, 1991, COMPUTER, V24, P64, DOI 10.1109/2.84839 CAMURRI A, 1998, IEEE MULTIMEDIA OCT CAMURRI A, 1995, P INT COMP MUS C ICM CAMURRI A, 1995, COMPUT MUSIC J, V19, P34, DOI 10.2307/3680599 FERGUSON IA, 1992, IEEE COMPUTER, V25 FERRENTINO P, 1997, THESIS U GENOVA Frijda N. H., 1986, EMOTIONS KONOLIGE K, 1995, SAPHIRA SOFTWARE DOC Laurel B., 1994, Computer Graphics, V28 LEMAN M, 1995, SPRINGER SERIES INFO MACHOVER T, 1989, P INT COMP MUS C COL MAES P, 1995, P INT JOINT C ART IN MAESTRI G, 1995, COMPUTER GRAPHICS WO, V18 Maletic V., 1987, BODY SPACE EXPRESSIO Moore F. 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PD JAN PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1 BP 32 EP 47 DI 10.1007/s005300050109 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 174WR UT WOS:000079059900005 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S Stone, V Rutherford, M AF Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, S Stone, V Rutherford, M TI A mathematician, a physicist and a computer scientist with Asperger syndrome: Performance on folk psychology and folk physics tests SO NEUROCASE LA English DT Article ID AUTISM; MIND AB We describe three cases of very-high-functioning individuals with Asperger syndrome, two of whom are university students (in physics and computer science, respectively), and the third a professor of mathematics, and winner of the Field Medal (equivalent to the Nobel Prize). The interest in these cases is whether there is a social-cognitive deficit, given their self-evident academic achievements. Such cases provide a rare opportunity to test for dissociations of cognitive skills, since these cases possess exceptionally high ability. These three individuals were given one test of folk psychology, one test of folk physics and one test of executive function. All three cases showed deficits on the adult-level 'theory of mind' (folk psychology) test involving reading mental states from photographs of the eyes, whilst showing no deficits on a control task of judging gender from the same photographs. In addition, all three cases were at ceiling on the test of folk physics and on the most complex test of executive function (the Tower of Hanoi), Fourteen control subjects clarified normative performance on the folk psychology and folk physics tests. These results strongly suggest that theory of mind (folk psychology) is independent of IQ, executive function and reasoning about the physical world. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Sch Clin, Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BARONCOHEN S, 1999, EVOLUTION HOMINID MI Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BARONCOHEN S, 1999, LEARN INDIVID DIFFER, V10, P179 BARONCOHEN S, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P310 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BARONCOHEN S, 1997, CHILDRENS THEORIES BaronCohen S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY BOWLER DM, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x Brothers L., 1990, CONCEPTS NEUROSCIENC, V1, P27 CRAWFORD JR, 1992, BRIT J CLIN PSYCHOL, V31, P191 Duncan J., 1995, COGNITIVE NEUROSCIEN Fodor Jerry A., 1983, MODULARITY MIND Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN Happe F, 1996, BRAIN, V119, P1377, DOI 10.1093/brain/119.4.1377 Happe FGE, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P873, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x HERMELIN B, 1986, PSYCHOL MED, V16, P885 HUGHES C, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P477, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 Jolliffe T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P527, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x Nelson HE, 1991, NATL ADULT READING T, V2nd OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1107, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00352.x Pinker S., 1999, MIND WORKS Russell J., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x Whiten Andrew, 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN Wing L, 1988, ASPECTS AUTISM BIOL WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 World Health Organization, 1994, INT CLASS DIS NR 31 TC 82 Z9 83 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1355-4794 J9 NEUROCASE JI Neurocase PY 1999 VL 5 IS 6 BP 475 EP 483 DI 10.1080/13554799908402743 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Psychology GA 280PF UT WOS:000085110600002 ER PT J AU Mottron, L Peretz, I Belleville, S Rouleau, N AF Mottron, L Peretz, I Belleville, S Rouleau, N TI Absolute pitch in autism: A case study SO NEUROCASE LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL COHERENCE; CHILDREN; MEMORY; SAVANT; PERFORMANCE; MIND; COMPREHENSION; INFORMATION; INDIVIDUALS; STRATEGIES AB We present the case study of cc, a low-functioning adolescent with autism, who possesses the special ability of absolute pitch. QC participated in an in-depth assessment of pitch perception and processing systems relevant for current cognitive models of autism. Her performance was compared to that of mental age- and chronological age-matched groups of persons with average intelligence, or to that of musicians. Absolute pitch in identification and production was confirmed. No abnormalities were found in perception of hierarchical (local-global) properties for visual patterns and music, However, a deficit in two components of executive functions, cognitive flexibility and planning for different materials, was evident. Short- and long-term memory for verbal, non-verbal and musical material were without particularities, although cc revealed an exceptional long-term memory for musical pieces when the piano was used for recall. This case suggests that absolute pitch in autism may not result from a multimodal deficit in processing global information. Rather, it may result from a lack of cognitive flexibility in a person with a marked interest for auditory stimuli that occurred at the critical age for the appearance of absolute pitch. C1 Hop Riviere Prairies, Clin Specialisee Autisme, Montreal, PQ H1E 1A4, Canada. Univ Montreal, Dept Psychiat, Montreal, PQ H1E 1A4, Canada. Univ Montreal, Dept Psychol, Montreal, PQ H1E 1A4, Canada. Hotel Dieu, Levis, PQ, Canada. CR Agniel A., 1992, PROTOCOLE MONTREAL T Baddeley A. 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D., 1982, PSYCHOL MUSIC, P431 Wechsler D, 1981, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL Wechsler D, 1991, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC, V3rd WEINTRAUB S, 1988, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V51, P1481, DOI 10.1136/jnnp.51.12.1481 YOUNG RL, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P231, DOI 10.1007/BF02179286 ZATORRE RJ, 1989, MEM COGNITION, V17, P582, DOI 10.3758/BF03197081 NR 67 TC 41 Z9 42 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1355-4794 J9 NEUROCASE JI Neurocase PY 1999 VL 5 IS 6 BP 485 EP 501 DI 10.1080/13554799908402744 PG 17 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Psychology GA 280PF UT WOS:000085110600003 ER PT J AU Heaton, P Pring, L Hermelin, B AF Heaton, P Pring, L Hermelin, B TI A pseudo-savant: A case of exceptional musical splinter skills SO NEUROCASE LA English DT Article ID ABSOLUTE PITCH; CHILDREN; MEMORY; PERFORMANCE; AUTISM; KEY AB A single case study of a musically untrained autistic child is presented. This individual demonstrates absolute pitch ability and outstanding analytical capacities within the musical domain. It is argued that his musical information processing style might be accounted for by a tendency to focus on local rather than global aspects of musical stimuli, and in addition illustrates a case study of exceptional ability in the absence of 'musical talent'. C1 Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. 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We present five cases of autism from an unselected sample of 150 subjects with Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with either the absence, or a structural abnormality, of the second X-chromosome in females. The population prevalence of autism is no more than 1:10 000 normal females. All of the cases considered possessed an intact maternal X-chromosome and a structurally abnormal or absent paternal X-chromosome, We have previously presented evidence that cases of Turner syndrome in which the single X-chromosome is maternal have impaired social cognitive skills, compared with those in whom it is paternal. Based on these earlier findings, we suggested that an imprinted X-linked genetic locus could exist, which is expressed from the paternal X-chromosome of normal females, but which is silent in normal males whose single X is always maternal. 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The sample consisted of 241 drug-free patients participating in psychobiological programs and comprising the DSM-III-R diagnoses of mood, anxiety and adjustment disorders. Significant season-of-birth variations were found even after adjusting for sex, age, height, the diagnostic category and the month of lumbar puncture. Those born during February to April had significantly lower values of 5-HIAA. Values of HVA and of the ratios HVA/5-HIAA and HVA/MHPG were significantly higher for those born during October to January. Correlation coefficients also showed season-of-birth variations. These results may provide an important link for the season-of-birth variations reported for several neuropsychiatric disorders. C1 Lycksele Hosp, Psychiat Clin, S-92182 Lycksele, Sweden. Umea Univ, Dept Psychiat, Umea, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci, Psychiat Sect, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Chotai, J (reprint author), Lycksele Hosp, Psychiat Clin, S-92182 Lycksele, Sweden. 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Current and potential applications of VR technology to address six neurorehabilitation issues are discussed: (1) attention and the reduction of distraction, (2) assessment and remediation of executive function deficits, (3) investigation of impairments of coordinated movement, (4) study and rehabilitation of aphasia and other severe disorders of language, (5) task presentation for functional imaging studies of the brain, and (6) the measurement of mental load in the operation of assistive technology. Finally, a virtual reality system integrated with gaze angle sensing technology is described, and its potential for investigation and rehabilitation of face processing by individuals with autism is discussed. C1 Natl Rehabil Hosp, Assisted Technol Res Ctr, Rehabil Engn Serv, Washington, DC 20010 USA. RP Trepagnier, CG (reprint author), Natl Rehabil Hosp, Assisted Technol Res Ctr, Rehabil Engn Serv, 102 Irving St NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA. 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Rehabilitation SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Rehabilitation GA 191WT UT WOS:000080045100007 ER PT J AU Thuresson, K Farnstrand, M AF Thuresson, K Farnstrand, M TI A follow-up of medical treatment of persons with psychiatric health problems and mental retardation SO NORDIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; clozapine; mental retardation; psychiatric disorders; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR; CLOZAPINE; FLUOXETINE; DISORDERS; THERAPY; TRIAL AB One hundred and thirty patients with psychiatric problems in combination with mental retardation have been treated at a psychiatric ward for patients with mental retardation. A follow-up has been made of those patients who have been treated with clozapine and/or citalropram/paroxetine for some time. Data have been collected from their medical charts. Fifty-one patients have been treated with clozapine, and 25 of these have also been given a diagnosis of autism. A positive effect was achieved in 35 (69%) of the patients and in 15 (60%) of those with autism. Citalopram/paroxetine have been given to 37 patients, and 7 of these have been diagnosed as having autism. These drugs had a positive effect in 26 (70%) patients, and in 4 (56%) cases among those with autism. The group as a whole seems more sensitive to adverse side effects of medication and more prone to respond negatively when medication is not administered with great care. C1 Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Psychiat Clin, SE-43180 Molndal, Sweden. RP Thuresson, K (reprint author), Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Psychiat Clin, SE-43180 Molndal, Sweden. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BALDESSARINI RJ, 1991, NEW ENGL J MED, V324, P746 BODFISH JW, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P360 BORTHWICKDUFFY SA, 1994, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V62, P17, DOI 10.1037//0022-006X.62.1.17 BROWN WA, 1995, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P30 COHEN SA, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V55, P440 Färnstrand M, 1994, Lakartidningen, V91, P392 Fuller RW, 1996, NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL, V14, P77, DOI 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00110-Y GEDYE A, 1991, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V11, P275, DOI 10.1097/00004714-199108000-00022 GERLACH J, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V55, P107 GILLBERG C, 1986, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V149, P68, DOI 10.1192/bjp.149.1.68 GORDON CT, 1992, AM J PSYCHIAT, V149, P363 GOSTASSON R, 1985, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAN S, V318, P71 KAVOUSSI RJ, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V55, P137 KYLEN G, 1981, 39366C ALA MARKOWITZ PI, 1992, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V12, P27 PARY RJ, 1994, MENT RETARD, V32, P323 Pies RW, 1995, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P580 RATEY JJ, 1993, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V29, P65 RIMON R, 1994, NORD J PSYCHIAT, V48, P315, DOI 10.3109/08039489409081367 ROTSCHILD A, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P537 Rubey RN, 1996, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V57, P398 SAFFERMAN AZ, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V55, P98 SCOTT S, 1994, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, P616 STERNBACH H, 1991, AM J PSYCHIAT, V148, P281 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0803-9488 J9 NORD J PSYCHIAT JI Nord. J. Psychiatr. PY 1999 VL 53 IS 2 BP 127 EP 130 DI 10.1080/080394899426828 PG 4 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 205VR UT WOS:000080841700054 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI Behavioural comprehension of infantile autism: An introduction to ethologic psychiatry SO NORDIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review CR PEDERSEN J, 1998, BEHAV COMPREHENSION NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 0803-9488 EI 1502-4725 J9 NORD J PSYCHIAT JI Nord. J. Psychiatr. PY 1999 VL 53 IS 2 BP 159 EP 159 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 205VR UT WOS:000080841700060 ER PT J AU Heavey, L Pring, L Hermelin, B AF Heavey, L Pring, L Hermelin, B TI A date to remember: the nature of memory in savant calendrical calculators SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CALENDAR CALCULATION ABILITY; IDIOT SAVANT; AUTISTIC SUBJECT; INTELLIGENCE; INDIVIDUALS; CHILDREN AB Background. Savant calendar calculators can supply with speed the day of the week of a given date. Although memory is suggested to be an important component of this unusual ability, memory function has never been systematically investigated in these skilled yet learning impaired individuals. Methods. Eight savant calendrical calculators, most of whom had autism, were compared with eight verbal IQ, age and diagnosis matched controls on digit and word span tests and measures of long-term memory for words and calendrical information (individual years). In an analogue to the 'generation effect', the savants' memory for dates was also compared following calculation and study/read tasks. Results. The savants did not differ from controls on measures of general short- and long-term memory. They did, however, show a clear recall superiority for the long-term retention of calendrical material. They also remembered calculated dates better than those that were only studied. Conclusions. A general mnemonic advantage cannot explain savant date calculation skills. Rather, through exposure to date information, the savants are suggested to develop a structured calendar-related knowledge base with the process of calculation utilizing the interrelations within this knowledge store. The cognitive processing style characteristic of autism may also play a role in the acquisition of this savant ability. C1 Univ London, Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, London WC1E 7HU, England. RP Heavey, L (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk,Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. CR Anderson J. R., 1990, ADAPTIVE CHARACTER T ANDERSON M, 1998, IN PRESS INTELLIGENC Charness N, 1988, EXCEPTIONAL BRAIN NE, P399 CHARNESS N, 1988, EXCEPTIONAL BRAIN, P277 CHASE WG, 1973, COGNITIVE PSYCHOL, V4, P55, DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2 DORMAN C, 1991, BRAIN COGNITION, V15, P26, DOI 10.1016/0278-2626(91)90013-X Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN Happe F., 1994, AUTISM INTRO PSYCHOL HEATON P, 1998, IN PRESS MUSIC PERCE, V15, P291 HEAVEY L, 1998, UNPUB CALCULATING DA HEAVEY L, 1998, UNPUB STRUCTURE SAVA HEAVEY L, 1997, THESIS U LONDON HERMELIN B, 1986, PSYCHOL MED, V16, P885 HERMELIN B, 1989, PSYCHOL MED, V19, P447 Hermelin B, 1998, PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL, V87, P995 HILL AL, 1975, AM J PSYCHIAT, V132, P557 HO EDF, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P315, DOI 10.1007/BF02207328 Horwitz W. A., 1969, AM J PSYCHIAT, V126, P160 HORWITZ WA, 1965, AM J PSYCHIAT, V121, P1075 Howe M. J. A., 1989, FRAGMENTS GENIUS STR HOWE MJA, 1988, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V79, P371 MANDLER G, 1980, PSYCHOL REV, V87, P252, DOI 10.1037//0033-295X.87.3.252 Miller L., 1989, MUSICAL SAVANTS EXCE MOTTRON L, 1993, BRAIN COGNITION, V23, P279, DOI 10.1006/brcg.1993.1060 Mottron L, 1996, BRAIN LANG, V53, P326, DOI 10.1006/brln.1996.0052 MOTTRON L, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P639 NAIRNE J, 1985, MEM COGNITION, V11, P183 NORRIS D, 1990, COGNITION, V35, P277, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90025-F OCONNOR N, 1984, PSYCHOL MED, V14, P801 OCONNOR N, 1991, PSYCHOL MED, V21, P959 OCONNOR N, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P907, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01964.x OCONNOR N, 1989, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V80, P97 PRING L, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1065, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01351.x REARDON R, 1987, SOC COGNITION, V5, P336, DOI 10.1521/soco.1987.5.4.336 ROBERTS AD, 1945, J GENET PSYCHOL, V66, P259 ROSEN AM, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P285, DOI 10.1007/BF01531511 ROTH DL, 1985, J CLIN PSYCHOL, V41, P521, DOI 10.1002/1097-4679(198507)41:4<521::AID-JCLP2270410412>3.0.CO;2-N RUBIN EJ, 1965, AM J MENT DEF, V70, P478 Russell J, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P673, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01459.x Sacks Oliver, 1985, MAN WHO MISTOOK HIS SERRA M, 1993, MEM COGNITION, V21, P34, DOI 10.3758/BF03211162 SHAH A, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P613, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x SHANKS DR, 1994, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V17, P367 SLAMECKA NJ, 1978, J EXP PSYCHOL-HUM L, V4, P592, DOI 10.1037//0278-7393.4.6.592 SLOBODA JA, 1985, MUSIC PERCEPT, V3, P155 SPILICH GJ, 1979, J VERB LEARN VERB BE, V18, P275, DOI 10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90155-5 SPITZ HH, 1994, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P601 SPITZ HH, 1973, AM J MENT DEF, V77, P757 SPITZ HH, 1995, NEW IDEAS PSYCHOL, V13, P167, DOI 10.1016/0732-118X(95)00003-Y Stevens D.E, 1988, CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL, V2, P228, DOI 10.1080/13854048808520105 THORNDIKE EL, 1968, TEACHERS WORD BOOK 3 WATKINS MJ, 1988, J MEM LANG, V27, P537, DOI 10.1016/0749-596X(88)90024-1 Wechsler D., 1992, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC Wechsler D, 1981, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL YOUNG RL, 1994, AM J MENT RETARD, V99, P186 YOUNG RL, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P231, DOI 10.1007/BF02179286 NR 57 TC 39 Z9 40 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0033-2917 J9 PSYCHOL MED JI Psychol. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 145 EP 160 DI 10.1017/S0033291798007776 PG 16 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 165KK UT WOS:000078519800016 PM 10077303 ER PT J AU Brook, SL AF Brook, SL TI Children with autism: A developmental perspective SO PSYCHOLOGIST LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Surrey, Dept Psychol, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, England. RP Brook, SL (reprint author), Univ Surrey, Dept Psychol, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, England. CR Capps L., 1997, CHILDREN AUTISM DEV NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER LE1 7DR, LEICS, ENGLAND SN 0952-8229 J9 PSYCHOLOGIST JI Psychologist PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 45 EP 45 PG 1 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 152TZ UT WOS:000077794000039 ER PT J AU Suedfeld, P Borrie, RA AF Suedfeld, P Borrie, RA TI Health and therapeutic applications of chamber and flotation restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) SO PSYCHOLOGY & HEALTH LA English DT Article DE restricted stimulation; flotation; isolation; REST ID PLASMA-CORTISOL; ENHANCEMENT; SMOKING; HYPNOTIZABILITY; PAIN AB Basic research has documented reliable changes in emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological functioning as the effects of two related techniques that drastically reduce the level of environmental stimulation: chamber and flotation restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST). Studies applying these findings in medical, psychotherapeutic, and behavioral health contexts have shown reductions in stress and inappropriate behavior among patients suffering from drug-induced mania, agitation, autism, and Alzheimer's syndrome; reduced phobic symptoms; significantly lower relapse in habit modification interventions (e.g., smoking, alcohol intake, and weight loss); improved stress management and the amelioration of tension headaches, insomnia, and other stress-related symptoms; reduction of chronic pain; and better muscle control among cerebral palsy patients and others. The broad benefits of chamber and flotation REST, used alone or in combination with other intervention techniques, warrant further investigation and clinical use. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. S Oaks Hosp, Amityville, NY 11701 USA. RP Suedfeld, P (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychol, 2136 W Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. 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Health PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 545 EP 566 DI 10.1080/08870449908407346 PG 22 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology GA 198DC UT WOS:000080406100013 ER PT J AU Artigas, J AF Artigas, J TI Psychological and social implications of adolescent epilepsies SO REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA LA Spanish DT Article DE adolescent epilepsy; behavior disorders; cognitive disorders; psychopathological aspects ID TEMPORAL-LOBE EPILEPSY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; VALPROIC ACID; CHILDREN; AUTISM; CARBAMAZEPINE; HYPERGRAPHIA; MEDICATION; DISORDERS AB Introduction. Cognitive and behavioral disorders are more common among adolescents with epilepsy compared to iron-epileptic, healthy adolescents or adolescents with other chronic, nonneurological disorders, but estimates of the scope of this problem vary widely, depending of the samples investigated. Development. Normal adolescent behavior can be a complication for individuals with epilepsy. The most common psychological symptoms inr the adolescent with epilepsy are attention problems and behavior disorders. The behavior al and cognitive events associated with epilepsy are the product of a complex interaction among neurological, psychosocial and medication variables. The most relevant neurological factors are: epileptic brain damage, associated brain lesions, subclinical discharges and long term effects of epileptic activity Conclusion. This review is undertaken to summarize the literature on epilepsy in adolescents with respect psychopathological and social problems. C1 Consorci Hosp Parc Tauli, Unidad Neuropediat, Barcelona, Spain. EM jartigas@siberia.chpt.es CR AARTS JHP, 1984, BRAIN, V107, P293, DOI 10.1093/brain/107.1.293 Achenbach T. 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Neurologia PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 174XN UT WOS:000079061900008 PM 10101763 ER PT J AU Narbona, J AF Narbona, J TI Rett syndrome as a hodogenetic neural disorder SO REVISTA DE NEUROLOGIA LA Spanish DT Article DE apraxia and movement control disorders; genetics; neurodevelopmental dendritogenic disorder; Rett syndrome ID QUANTITATIVE GOLGI ANALYSIS; HUMAN PREFRONTAL CORTEX; POSTNATAL MATURATION; PYRAMIDAL NEURONS; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; AUTISM; NEUROPATHOLOGY AB In the last few years, Rett syndrome is conceived as a peculiar form of neurodevelopmental post-migrational disorder affecting dendritogenesis. In this article the clinical pathochronic pattern of classical forms is reviewed and the recent neurobiological and genetic evidences suggesting possible future explanations of its nature and origin are discussed. C1 Univ Navarra Clin, Fac Med, Unidad Neurol Pediat, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain. 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Neurologia PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 97 EP 101 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 174XN UT WOS:000079061900020 PM 10101775 ER PT J AU Shriver, MD Allen, KD Mathews, JR AF Shriver, MD Allen, KD Mathews, JR TI Introduction to the mini-series: Assessment and treatment of children with autism in the schools SO SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr 985450, Dept Psychol, Munroe Meyer Inst Genet & Rehabil, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. RP Shriver, MD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr 985450, Dept Psychol, Munroe Meyer Inst Genet & Rehabil, 600 S 42nd St, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. CR Matson JL, 1996, RES DEV DISABIL, V17, P433, DOI 10.1016/S0891-4222(96)00030-3 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU NATL ASSN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 4340 EAST WEST HWY, STE 402, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0279-6015 J9 SCHOOL PSYCHOL REV JI Sch. Psychol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 535 EP 537 PG 3 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 270EA UT WOS:000084521400002 ER PT J AU Shriver, MD Allen, KD Mathews, JR AF Shriver, MD Allen, KD Mathews, JR TI Effective assessment of the shared and unique characteristics of children with autism SO SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE AB Autism is a low-incidence disorder that has received increasing attention as parents have organized seeking more effective education services for their children with autism. School psychologists will have contact with children with autism through their participation on multidisciplinary teams (MDT) to determine a child's eligibility for special education services. School psychologists can use their expertise in assessment to effectively address verification decisions in consultation with MDT members and parents. In addition, assessment that also addresses educational programming and evaluation decisions is considered best practice. To assist school psychologists assessing children with autism, this article presents information on some of the shared and unique characteristics of children with autism to help focus the purpose of assessment. The most appropriate methods of assessment to address the characteristics of autism are presented and some specific measures and instruments are evaluated. C1 Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr 985450, Munroe Meyer Inst Genet & Rehabil, Dept Psychol, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. RP Shriver, MD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr 985450, Munroe Meyer Inst Genet & Rehabil, Dept Psychol, 600 S 42nd St, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. 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Psychol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 538 EP 558 PG 21 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 270EA UT WOS:000084521400003 ER PT J AU Gresham, FM Beebe-Frankenberger, ME MacMillan, DL AF Gresham, FM Beebe-Frankenberger, ME MacMillan, DL TI A selective review of treatments for children with autism: Description and methodological considerations SO SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EARLY INTERVENTION PROJECT; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; DISORDERS; SCIENCE; PROGRAM; PARENTS; STATE; MODEL AB Autism is a developmental disorder whose behavioral characteristics range on a continuum from mild to severe. Autism is typically not diagnosed prior to age 2 to 3 years and the prognosis for this pervasive developmental disorder is poor. Although there is no documented "cure" for autism, research suggests that it can be managed effectively using comprehensive behavioral and educational treatment programs. This article reviews and critiques several of the most visible and most frequently cited treatment programs for children with autism: the UCLA Young Autism Project, Project TEACCH, LEAP, applied behavior analysis programs, and the Denver Health Science Program. Treatment programs having little or no empirical support such as facilitated communication, auditory integration therapy, and sensory integration therapy also are briefly reviewed. We evaluate the empirical evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of these programs using conventional standards of research design and methodology and the Division 12 Task Force on Empirically Supported Treatments for Childhood Disorders of the American Psychological Association. Based on these Task Force criteria, there are no well-established or probably efficacious treatments for autism, although virtually all programs show substantial developmental gains, particularly in measured IQ. Recommendations for future research and practice are offered with guidelines for evaluating treatment programs for children with autism. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Sch Educ, Sch Psychol Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gresham, FM (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Sch Educ, Sch Psychol Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN AYERS AJ, 1979, SENSORY INTEGRATION Ayers AJ, 1972, SENSORY INTEGRATION BAILEY DB, 1990, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V10, P3 Berard G, 1993, HEARING EQUALS BEHAV Bettison S, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P361, DOI 10.1007/BF02172480 Biklen D., 1993, COMMUNICATION UNBOUN Biklen D., 1997, CONTESTED WORDS CONT, P5 Bimbrauer J. 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PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 559 EP 575 PG 17 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 270EA UT WOS:000084521400004 ER PT J AU Koegel, RL Koegel, LK Carter, CM AF Koegel, RL Koegel, LK Carter, CM TI Pivotal teaching interactions for children with autism SO SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Review ID MANAGEMENT TREATMENT PACKAGE; SELF-MANAGEMENT; SOCIAL SKILLS; LANGUAGE INTERVENTION; DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; STIMULUS-CONTROL; CLASSROOM; PLAY AB This article discusses effective teaching interactions in the treatment of autism with a focus on pivotal target behaviors. Specifically, in behaviorally oriented intervention approaches, our research suggests that several areas appear to be especially important. First, progress may be enhanced by defining "pivotal" target behaviors that affect wide areas of functioning so that school psychologists, teachers, and other practitioners may be able to have widespread impacts on children's overall functioning. Second, psychologists are now able to develop interventions that simultaneously lead to independence on the part of the child, are correlated with decreases in untreated problem behaviors, are maintained with the passage of time, and therefore result in a long-term improved prognosis. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Koegel, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. 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PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 576 EP 594 PG 19 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 270EA UT WOS:000084521400005 ER PT J AU Olley, JG AF Olley, JG TI Curriculum for students with autism SO SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; SKILLS; EDUCATION; MODEL; AGE AB For many years research on the nature of autism and teaching methods has overshadowed the development of effective curriculum. Nevertheless, a valuable body of knowledge is available that offers practical approaches to guide psychology consultation in schools. This article reviews (a) the theoretical approaches to curriculum and the recent integration of these approaches; (b) examples of the application of curriculum to reduce problem behavior and facilitate engagement and learning in areas such as social skills, communication, self-help, cognition, play, and vocational skills; and (c) the research that supports various elements of curriculum. Research in this field has not identified any approach that is universally effective. Therefore, the school psychologist must combine information from individual student assessments, family and student preferences, and a general knowledge of autism to design individualized curriculum and consult with educators to implement and to monitor the effectiveness of the curriculum. The result can be a comprehensive and individualized curriculum that promotes independence and skills needed for adult functioning. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Dev & Learning, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Olley, JG (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Dev & Learning, CB 7255, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. CR Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 BALD J, 1999, MAINE FAMILYS EARLY Belfiore P. J., 1994, AUTISM CHILDREN ADUL, P193 BERKELL DE, 1992, AUTISM IDENTIFICATIO, P89 BERKELL DE, 1987, J CAREER DEV, V13, P14 Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 BROWN L, 1979, J SPEC EDUC, V13, P81 Bryson S. 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R., 1989, TEACHING SPONTANEOUS Winterling V., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P105, DOI DOI 10.1007/S10803-006-0248-1 WOLERY M, 1997, PREVENTION TREATMENT, P87 NR 72 TC 5 Z9 5 PU NATL ASSN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 4340 EAST WEST HWY, STE 402, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0279-6015 J9 SCHOOL PSYCHOL REV JI Sch. Psychol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 595 EP 607 PG 13 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 270EA UT WOS:000084521400006 ER PT J AU Detrich, R AF Detrich, R TI Increasing treatment fidelity by matching interventions to contextual variables within the educational setting SO SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEVERE BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS; ACCEPTABILITY; INTEGRITY AB One of the primary determinants of successful intervention programs for children with autism is the degree to which the programs are implemented with precision and consistency; that is, fidelity. One strategy for increasing the fidelity of program implementation is to match the intervention procedures to contextual variables in the classroom. One of the critical contextual variables in a classroom is the teaching staff. By considering how the staff currently interacts with students and provides instruction, it is possible to design services that closely match current practices in the classroom and, consequently, possibly increase the probability that the intervention plan will be implemented with fidelity. This article suggests contextual variables to be considered, methods for assessing them, and strategies for intervening based upon the result of the assessment. C1 Spectrum Ctr Educ & Behav Dev, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. RP Detrich, R (reprint author), Spectrum Ctr Educ & Behav Dev, 2855 Telegraph Ave, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA. CR Albin R. W., 1996, POSITIVE BEHAV SUPPO, P81 Anderson S. R., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P181 Baer D. 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R., 1992, Social competence of young children with disabilities: Issues and strategies for intervention, P277 McDonough K. A., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P63 NORTHUP J, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P33, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-33 OBRIEN S, 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON, P503 PETERSON L, 1982, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V15, P477, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1982.15-477 SCHOPLER E, 1982, HDB SCH PSYCHOL, P626 SHAPIRO ES, 1996, ACAD SKILLS PROBLEMS TAYLOR JC, 1993, COMMUNICATIVE ALTERN, P63 WACKER DP, 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON, P503 WICKSTROM KF, 1993, HDB CONSULTATION SER, P159 WITT JC, 1988, SCHOOL PSYCHOL REV, V17, P211 WITT JC, 1984, BEHAV THER, V15, P204, DOI 10.1016/S0005-7894(84)80022-2 NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 PU NATL ASSN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 4340 EAST WEST HWY, STE 402, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0279-6015 J9 SCHOOL PSYCHOL REV JI Sch. Psychol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 608 EP 620 PG 13 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 270EA UT WOS:000084521400007 ER PT J AU Ray, KP Skinner, CH Watson, TS AF Ray, KP Skinner, CH Watson, TS TI Transferring stimulus control via momentum to increase compliance in a student with autism: A demonstration of collaborative consultation SO SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIORAL MOMENTUM; NONCOMPLIANCE; HOME AB Previous research on behavioral momentum has focused upon increasing compliance across commands, demands, or requests (i.e., increasing compliance with low probability commands). The current study extended research on behavioral momentum by demonstrating how it could be used to transfer stimulus control across people. A series of antecedent parent-issued commands (i.e., high-probability commands) were used to increase compliance with teacher-issued commands (i.e., low-probability commands) in a student with autism. The interval between the series of high-probability and low-probability commands was gradually increased and the ratio of high-probability to low-probability commands was gradually reduced. These fading procedures may have contributed to the maintenance and generalization of intervention effects. Results are discussed in terms of collaborative interventions, stimulus control transfer, behavioral momentum, generalization, maintenance and the scientist-practitioner model of school psychology. C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, University, MS 38677 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Ray, KP (reprint author), Child Dev Clin, 25 N State St,Room CR161, Jackson, MS 39216 USA. CR BECHER R, 1986, CURRENT TOPICS EARLY, P85 Christenson S. L., 1992, HOME SCH COLLABORATI, P19 Christenson S. 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M., 1994, J EDUC PSYCHOL CONS, V5, P211, DOI 10.1207/s1532768xjepc0503_2 SHERIDAN SM, 1992, J SCHOOL PSYCHOL, V30, P117, DOI 10.1016/0022-4405(92)90025-Z VOLMER L, 1995, BEST PRACTICES SCH P, P1031 NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 PU NATL ASSN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 4340 EAST WEST HWY, STE 402, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0279-6015 J9 SCHOOL PSYCHOL REV JI Sch. Psychol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 622 EP 628 PG 7 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 270EA UT WOS:000084521400008 ER PT J AU Bosacki, S Astington, JW AF Bosacki, S Astington, JW TI Theory of mind in preadolescence: Relations between social understanding and social competence SO SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE theory of mind; social competence; preadolescents; gender ID MIDDLE CHILDHOOD; ADOLESCENCE; COGNITION; CHILDREN; ADULTS; AUTISM AB Theory of mind (ToM) underlies the ability to attribute mental states to people as a way of understanding their social behaviour. Although ToM development is an active area of research, most empirical investigations focus on infants and young children. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess ToM in preadolescents and to determine whether individual differences in this mentalizing ability, relate to social competence and relate differently for girls and for bolts. It was hypothesised that preadolescents' ability to understand thoughts and emotions in others would be associated with their social competence. 128 preadolescents (64 girls; 64 boys, mean age 11-9) completed peer social competence ratings, a vocabulary task, and participated in a social under standing (ToM) interview. Teacher ratings of the participants' social competence were also collected. Based on composite ToM scores, results indicated positive associations between ToM and (a) peer ratings of social-interaction skills, (b) general vocabulary ability. Separate gender analyses revealed significant effects. Results are discussed in relation to (1) individual differences in social understanding and social competence and (2) effects of socio-cultural context. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Psychol, Halifax, NS 3BH 4J1, Canada. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Bosacki, S (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Psychol, Halifax, NS 3BH 4J1, Canada. EM sbosacki@is.dal.ca CR Adler P. A., 1998, PEER POWER PREADOLES Astington J., 1997, BIENN M SOC RES CHIL Astington J. W., 1993, CHILDS DISCOVERY MIN ASTINGTON JW, 1995, COGNITION EMOTION, V9, P151, DOI 10.1080/02699939508409006 Astington JW, 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI, P184 BaronCohen S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x BOSACKI S, 1998, THESIS U TORONTO TOR BROOKSGUNN J, 1989, CHILD DEV TODAY TOMO, P155 Brown L. 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PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 237 EP 255 DI 10.1111/1467-9507.00093 PG 19 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 215TB UT WOS:000081398000007 ER PT J AU Kozlovskaya, GV Kalinina, MA Goryunova, AV Galkina, NS Boravova, AI AF Kozlovskaya, GV Kalinina, MA Goryunova, AV Galkina, NS Boravova, AI TI Electroencephalographic correlates of schizophrenic spectrum disorders in early infantile age SO ZHURNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII IMENI S S KORSAKOVA LA Russian DT Article AB Electroencephalographic study was performed in 30 children of 1-3 years old from the group with the high risk of schizophrenia Clinical observation of the patients was performed in the period of EEG recording and follow-up study was also made during 10-12 years, Three groups of patients were picked out with the differences in both clinical and electrophysiologic indices. Bundle beta-activity was registed on EEG in the cases of an active schizophrenic process, A presense of the spindles of the sleep and their dominance on EEC were characteristic for children with nonprocessual disorders of psychopathic-like type with disinhibition of the drives. Hypersynchronism of Delta- and theta-activities were observed in the cases of schizotypic diathesis and an early children's autism with the predominance of paroxysmal somato-autonomic disorders. C1 Russian Acad Med Sci, Mental Hlth Res Ctr, Moscow 109801, Russia. Russian Acad Med Sci, Human Brain Res Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Kozlovskaya, GV (reprint author), Russian Acad Med Sci, Mental Hlth Res Ctr, Moscow 109801, Russia. CR ANTONY E, 1974, CHILD HIS FAMILY CHI, P3 ASARNOW R, 1981, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V88, P1006 BAZHENOVA OV, 1986, DIAGNOSTIKA PSIKHICH DANILOVA LY, 1985, ZH NEVROPATOL PSIKH, V85, P1521 ERLENMEYERKIMLI.L, 1978, NATUE SCHIZOPRENIA N FISH B, 1987, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V13, P395 GORYUNOVA AV, 1995, THESIS MSOCOW GORYUNOVA AV, 1987, ZH NEVROPATOL PSIKH, V10, P1585 HOLZMANN P, 1976, REV ANN PSYCHIAT, V38, P14 ITIL JM, 1979, BIOL PSYCHIAT TODAY, V18, P1259 KOZLOVSKAYA GV, 1995, REV NEWSLETTER, V17, P3 KOZLOVSKAYA GV, 1986, ZH NEVROPATOL PSIKH, V10, P1534 LEIBOVICH FA, 1986, PROBLEMY SHIZOFRENII, P161 LESTER BK, 1966, INT J NEUROPSYCH, V2, P143 MEDNIK S, 1987, SCHIZOPHRENIA B, V13, P185 RIMASHEVSKAYA NV, 1989, ZH NEVROPATOL PSIKH, V5, P72 ROSENTAL D, 1970, GENETIC THEORY ABNOR NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 PU IZD VO MEDITSINA PI MOSCOW PA PETROVERIGSKII PER 6-8, K-142 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0044-4588 J9 ZH NEVROPATOL PSIKH JI Zhurnal Nevropatol. Psikhiatrii Im. S S Korsakova PY 1999 VL 99 IS 3 BP 37 EP 40 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Pathology; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology; Psychiatry GA 182FP UT WOS:000079488600009 PM 10205841 ER PT J AU Vorsanova, SG Ulas, VY Demidova, IA Kravets, VS Yurov, YB AF Vorsanova, SG Ulas, VY Demidova, IA Kravets, VS Yurov, YB TI Current data on Rett syndrome: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular studies SO ZHURNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII IMENI S S KORSAKOVA LA Russian DT Review ID X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION; NATURAL-HISTORY; UNIPARENTAL DISOMY; PRESERVED SPEECH; GENETIC-BASIS; GIRLS; SEARCH; AUTISM; TRANSLOCATION; LINKAGE C1 Moscow Pediat & Child Surg Res Inst, Moscow, Russia. Russian Acad Med Sci, Mental Hlth Res Ctr, Moscow 109801, Russia. RP Vorsanova, SG (reprint author), Moscow Pediat & Child Surg Res Inst, Moscow, Russia. 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Psikhiatrii Im. S S Korsakova PY 1999 VL 99 IS 3 BP 61 EP 69 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Pathology; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology; Psychiatry GA 182FP UT WOS:000079488600016 PM 10205848 ER PT J AU Rainey, L Van der Walt, JH AF Rainey, L Van der Walt, JH TI The anaesthetic management of autistic children SO ANAESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE LA English DT Article DE anaesthesia : paediatric; autism; premedication; ketamine; oral ID EFFECTIVE PREMEDICATION; KETAMINE; ANESTHESIA; MIDAZOLAM; DISORDERS AB Autistic children are difficult to manage and there are no anaesthesia studies to suggest management strategies. We present five case reports which describe an integrated management program taking into account the special needs of autistic children and their families. We describe a method of early warming and recognition of these patients and the establishment of a database to allow review of our program. We also present a process to minimize the stress and problems inherent in the conventional admission process. Oral ketamine (6 to 7 mg/kg) has pr oven to be the most reliable preoperative sedative for these patients. C1 Womens & Childrens Hosp, Dept Paediat Anaesthesia, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia. RP Van der Walt, JH (reprint author), Womens & Childrens Hosp, Dept Paediat Anaesthesia, 72 King William Rd, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia. 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Intensive Care PD DEC PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 BP 682 EP 686 PG 5 WC Anesthesiology; Critical Care Medicine SC Anesthesiology; General & Internal Medicine GA 151WK UT WOS:000077743500015 PM 9876801 ER PT J AU Corona, R Dissanayake, C Arbelle, S Wellington, P Sigman, M AF Corona, R Dissanayake, C Arbelle, S Wellington, P Sigman, M TI Is affect aversive to young children with autism? Behavioral and cardiac responses to experimenter distress SO CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR; JOINT ATTENTION; ATTACHMENT; DISORDERS; MOTHERS; OTHERS AB The aim of this study was to determine whether displays of negative emotions are more aversive to young children with autism than displays of neutral emotions. The attention, behavioral reactions, facial affect, and cardiac responses of 22 autistic and 22 mentally retarded 3-5-year-old children were compared when an experimenter pretended to hurt herself and showed strong distress in contrast to when the experimenter pretended to hurt herself but showed only neutral affect. The children in both diagnostic groups looked more at the experimenter and appeared more interested and concerned when she displayed strong distress than when she showed neutral affect. The heart rate of the mentally retarded children decreased during the distress condition relative to a baseline condition, but the heart rate of the children with autism did not change across conditions. In summary, the children with autism gave no evidence of being overly aroused by or avoiding the distressed experimenter. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. La Trobe Univ, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. Beer Sheva Univ, Beer Sheva, Israel. 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PD DEC PY 1998 VL 69 IS 6 BP 1494 EP 1502 DI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06172.x PG 9 WC Psychology, Educational; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 155CN UT WOS:000077928600002 PM 9914635 ER PT J AU Hauck, M Fein, D Maltby, N Waterhouse, L Feinstein, C AF Hauck, M Fein, D Maltby, N Waterhouse, L Feinstein, C TI Memory for faces in children with autism SO CHILD NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DISABLED-CHILDREN; SELF-RECOGNITION; INDIVIDUALS; PERCEPTION; DEFICITS; PEOPLE; COMPREHENSION AB Previous research has established that children with Autistic Disorder have deficits in aspects of social cognition and in verbal memory, but research on social memory is limited. Twenty-four autistic boys aged 7 to 12 years and normal controls matched for verbal mental age were administered parallel social and nonsocial matching and memory tasks. Results showed that the children with autism were impaired relative to the normal children on the social (face) memory task only. Furthermore, of the four experimental tasks, the social memory task had the highest and most consistent correlations with measures of social development and adaptive skills. Whereas the normal children used the special status of faces to recall them more easily than objects, the children with autism showed equal recall of objects and faces. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Holland Community Hosp, Holland, MI USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Coll New Jersey, Trenton, NJ USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Fein, D (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, U-20, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. 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Peter, 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P22 HOBSON RP, 1988, PSYCHOL MED, V18, P911 HOBSON RP, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1135, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00354.x HOBSON RP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P601, DOI 10.1007/BF02212860 HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P671, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00191.x KEMPER TL, 1993, NEUROL CLIN, V11, P175 LANGDELL T, 1978, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V19, P255, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1978.tb00468.x LEZAK MD, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL A LOVELAND KA, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P409 MACDONALD H, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P865, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x MINSHEW NJ, 1992, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V14, P749, DOI 10.1080/01688639208402860 Modahl C, 1998, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V43, P270, DOI 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00439-3 MURIS P, 1995, PSYCHOL REP, V76, P52 OZONOFF S, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P343, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01574.x OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x Pennington BF, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x PRIOR MR, 1976, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V6, P121, DOI 10.1007/BF01538055 PRIOR M, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P587, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00799.x PRIOR MR, 1979, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V7, P357, DOI 10.1007/BF00917609 RAPIN I, 1996, CLIN DEV MED, V139 ROJAHN J, 1995, RES DEV DISABIL, V16, P393, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(95)00019-J Sigman M., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P103 SIMON EW, 1995, RES DEV DISABIL, V16, P383, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(95)00025-I Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE SPIKER D, 1984, CHILD DEV, V55, P214, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00285.x TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P417 Tallal P, 1996, SCIENCE, V271, P81, DOI 10.1126/science.271.5245.81 TANTAM D, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P623, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00274.x Thorndike RL, 1986, STANFORD BINET INTEL VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P591, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00270.x VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P82, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198901000-00015 WATERHOUSE L, 1987, SOC RES CHILD DEV BA WATERHOUSE L, 1982, BRAIN LANG, V15, P307, DOI 10.1016/0093-934X(82)90062-1 Waterhouse L, 1996, PSYCHOL REV, V103, P457, DOI 10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.457 WEEKS SJ, 1987, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V28, P137, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00658.x WEISMAN J, 1994, INT J NEUROSCI, V75, P45 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 YOUNG AW, 1995, BRAIN, V118, P15, DOI 10.1093/brain/118.1.15 NR 64 TC 66 Z9 66 PU SWETS ZEITLINGER PUBLISHERS PI LISSE PA P O BOX 825, 2160 SZ LISSE, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-7049 J9 CHILD NEUROPSYCHOL JI Child Neuropsychol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 4 IS 3 BP 187 EP 198 DI 10.1076/chin.4.3.187.3174 PG 12 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 150GD UT WOS:000077655100003 ER PT J AU Waugh, MC Chong, WK Sonksen, P AF Waugh, MC Chong, WK Sonksen, P TI Neuroimaging in children with congenital disorders of the peripheral visual system SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OPTIC-NERVE HYPOPLASIA; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; INFANTILE-AUTISM; JOUBERT SYNDROME; SEPTOOPTIC DYSPLASIA; SEPTUM-PELLUCIDUM; AMAUROSIS; FEATURES; ABNORMALITIES; LEBER AB The study investigates the neurological substrate in children with congenital disorders of the peripheral visual system (CDPVS), i.e. disorders of the anterior visual pathways and the globe. The design is retrospective; brain MRI and/or CT scans were traced and reviewed for 79 of 254 children with CDPVS on our database. The neuroradiological findings were considered in the context of degree of visual impairment (profound [PVI] and severe [SVI]), developmental outcome (setback and non-setback), and mode of imaging (MRI and CT). Scans were abnormal in 40 of 79 (51%) children; 23 of 40 (58%) had more than one lesion; and in some children lesions not previously reported were found. The number of abnormalities per child was significantly higher in the PVI than the SVI group (P<0.05); the level of significance varied according to the method of scanning (MRI, P<0.001; CT, ns). Seven children were known to have had developmental setback; significantly more brain abnormalities per child were found in the group with setbacks than in the group without (P<0.001). Eighty-six percent (24 of 28) of MRI compared with 38% (22 of 58) of CT scans were abnormal. MRI detected more lesions per child than CT (P<0.001). Thus, a significant amount of brain pathology occurs in children with CDPVS. The number of lesions varies directly with degree of visual impairment and both correlate with developmental outcome. As brain pathology will be only one of many factors influencing developmental progress in visually impaired children, prospective multifactorial studies of the CDPVS population, which include MRI studies of the neurological substrate, will be required to clarify the latter. C1 UCL, Neurosci Unit, Inst Child Hlth Care, Wolfson Ctr, London WC1N 2AP, England. New Childrens Hosp, Westmead, NSW, Australia. Great Ormond St Hosp Sick Children, London, England. RP Sonksen, P (reprint author), UCL, Neurosci Unit, Inst Child Hlth Care, Wolfson Ctr, Mecklenburgh Sq, London WC1N 2AP, England. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 40 IS 12 BP 812 EP 819 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 150RP UT WOS:000077679300004 PM 9881677 ER PT J AU Duclos, P Ward, BJ AF Duclos, P Ward, BJ TI Measles vaccines - A review of adverse events SO DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Review ID INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY; SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS; IMMUNOGOLD ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CROHNS-DISEASE; RUBELLA VACCINATION; VIRUS INFECTION; NEUROLOGICAL EVENTS; CHRONIC ARTHROPATHY; EDMONSTON-ZAGREB AB A great deal of controversy has recently been generated over the publication of several articles implicating measles vaccine in the induction of Crohn's disease and autism. The publication of this work has already had a negative impact on measles vaccine acceptance in the UK. These allegations are particularly troubling because they arise in the context of increased use of measles vaccine as global control of measles nears and the international community considers strategies for a drive towards eradication. In 1994; the US Institute of Medicine reviewed the world literature and published a comprehensive review of adverse events associated with measles-containing vaccines. Reviewing the literature published between 1994 and the present day, reveals that there is considerable new data suggesting that modified gelatin rather than egg proteins is responsible for most episodes of anaphylaxis following measles vaccination. New work weakens the possible links between measles vaccine and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome, but strengthens the rare association of measles-containing vaccines with post infectious encephalomyelitis. The alleged associations between measles vaccination and Crohn's disease and autism are based upon weak science and have largely been refuted by a large volume of stronger work. A review of the data generated in the last 4 years amply demonstrates the continued efforts of the scientific community to monitor and understand true measles vaccine-associated adverse events. The rapidity and clarity of this same community's debunking of the spurious associations with Crohn's disease and autism suggests that those charged with vaccination programmes have learned from past mistakes. During 30 years of worldwide use, measles vaccination has proven to be one of the safest and most successful health interventions in the history of mankind. It is not a 'perfect' vaccine, but the benefits of measles vaccination far outweigh the risks even in countries with low incidence of measles and high rates of measles vaccine coverage. 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PD DEC PY 1998 VL 19 IS 6 BP 435 EP 454 DI 10.2165/00002018-199819060-00002 PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 151VK UT WOS:000077741200002 PM 9880088 ER PT J AU Panerai, S Ferrante, L Caputo, V Impellizzeri, C AF Panerai, S Ferrante, L Caputo, V Impellizzeri, C TI Use of structured teaching for treatment of children with autism and severe and profound mental retardation SO EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress Autism - Europe - Hope is Not a Dream CY MAY 03-05, 1996 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; ADOLESCENTS; SCALE AB Multidimensional assessment procedure was used to evaluate effects of the TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children) program principles and strategies (i.g. individualization, structured learning, environmental adaptation) after 12 and 18 months of structured intervention. The sample was composed of 18 children and adolescents with autism, with a mean chronological age of 13 years and a mean mental age of 16 months (severe and profound mental retardation). The instruments used were: Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Vineland Adaptation Behavioral Scale PsychoEducational Profile-Revised, Echelle d'Evaluation Fonctionnelle des Comportements of Lelord. Structured observations of maladaptive behaviors and spontaneous communication were made. Results showed an increase in working skills and functional communication abilities. In addition, the structured teaching seemed to reduce disadaptive behaviors allowing an easier management of behavioral problems. C1 Oasi Inst Res Mental Retardat & Brain Aging, I-94018 Troina, EN, Italy. RP Panerai, S (reprint author), Oasi Inst Res Mental Retardat & Brain Aging, Via Conte Ruggero 78, I-94018 Troina, EN, Italy. 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PD DEC PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 367 EP 374 PG 8 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 145XC UT WOS:000077396800007 ER PT J AU Kleiderlein, JJ Nisson, PE Jessee, J Li, WB Becker, KG Derby, ML Ross, CA Margolis, RL AF Kleiderlein, JJ Nisson, PE Jessee, J Li, WB Becker, KG Derby, ML Ross, CA Margolis, RL TI CCG repeats in cDNAs from human brain SO HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID PROGRESSIVE MYOCLONUS EPILEPSY; CYSTATIN-B GENE; TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS; CTG REPEAT; MYOTONIC-DYSTROPHY; CAG TRINUCLEOTIDE; CAG/CTG REPEATS; MOLECULAR-BASIS; TRIPLET REPEAT; HUMAN GENOME AB Expansion mutations of trinucleotide repeats and other units of unstable DNA have been proposed to account for at least some of the genetic susceptibility to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, autism, and panic disorder. To generate additional candidate genes for these and other disorders, cDNA libraries from human brain were probed at high stringency for clones containing CCG, CGC, GCC, CGG, GCG, and GGC repeats (referred to collectively as CCG repeats). Some 18 cDNAs containing previously unpublished or uncharacterized repeats were characterized for chromosomal locus, repeat length polymorphism, and similarity to genes of known function. The cDNAs were also compared with the 37 human genes with eight or more consecutive CCG triplets in GenBank. The repeats were mapped to a number of loci, including 1p34, 2p11.2, 2q30-32 3p21, 3p22, 4q35, 6q22, 7qter, 13p13, 17q24, 18p11, 14p13.3, 20q12, 20q13.3, and 22q12. Length polymorphism was detected in 50% of the repeats. The newly cloned cDNAs in elude a complete transcript of human neurexin-1B, a portion of BCNG-1 (a newly described brain-specific ion channel), a previously unreported polymolphic repeat located in the 5' UTR legion of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) beta 2 subunit, and a human version of the mouse proline-rich protein 7. This list of cDNAs should expedite the search for expansion mutations associated with diseases of the central nervous system. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Labs Genet Neurobiol & Mol Neurobiol, Div Neurobiol,Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Program Cellular & Mol Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Life Technol Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NINDS, Neuroimmunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Margolis, RL (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Labs Genet Neurobiol & Mol Neurobiol, Div Neurobiol,Dept Psychiat, 600 N Wolfe St,Meyer 2-181, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. 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Appl. Behav. Anal. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 4 BP 543 EP 560 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-543 PG 18 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 153JT UT WOS:000077830500003 PM 9891393 ER PT J AU Schepis, MM Reid, DH Behrmann, MM Sutton, KA AF Schepis, MM Reid, DH Behrmann, MM Sutton, KA TI Increasing communicative interactions of young children with autism using a voice output communication aid and naturalistic teaching SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE voice output communication; autism; naturalistic teaching; augmentative and alternative communication ID MULTIPLE DISABILITIES; LANGUAGE AB We evaluated the effects of a voice output communication aid (VOCA) and naturalistic reaching procedures on the communicative interactions of young children with autism. A teacher and three assistants were taught to use naturalistic teaching strategies to provide opportunities for VOCA use in the context of regularly occurring classroom routines. Naturalistic teaching procedures and VOCA use were introduced in multiple probe fashion across 4 children and two classroom routines (snack and play). As the procedures were implemented, all children showed increases in communicative interactions using VOCAs. Also, there was no apparent reductive effect of VOCA use within the naturalistic teaching paradigm on other communicative behaviors. Teachers' ratings of children's VOCA communication, as well as ratings of a person unfamiliar with the children, supported the contextual appropriateness of the VOCA. Probes likewise indicated that the children used the VOCAs for a variety of different messages including requests, yes and no responses, statements, and social comments. Results are discussed in regard to the potential benefits of a VOCA when combined with naturalistic teaching procedures. Future research needs are also discussed, focusing on more precise identification of the attributes of VOCA use for children with autism, as well as for their support personnel. C1 W Carolina Ctr Fdn, Family Infant & Presch Program, Morganton, NC 28655 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Med, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Schepis, MM (reprint author), W Carolina Ctr Fdn, Family Infant & Presch Program, 300 Enola Rd, Morganton, NC 28655 USA. CR Beukelman DR, 1992, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA DATTILO J, 1991, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V24, P369, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-369 GOOSENS C, 1994, COMMUNICATION DISPLA HALLE JW, 1987, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V12, P28 Halle J. W., 1982, J ASS SEVERELY HANDI, V7, P29 HORNER RD, 1978, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V11, P189, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1978.11-189 Koegel L. K., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU, P17 KOEGEL RL, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P187, DOI 10.1007/BF01495055 LALLI JS, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P705, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-705 LAYTON T., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU, P73 MIRENDA P, 1990, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V15, P3 Musselwhite C. R, 1988, COMMUNICATION PROGRA Reid D. H., 1989, STAFF MANAGEMENT HUM Romski M. A., 1996, BREAKING SPEECH BARR SCHEPIS MM, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P73, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-73 Schepis MM, 1996, BEHAV MODIF, V20, P451, DOI 10.1177/01454455960204005 Schopler E., 1988, CARS CHILDHOOD AUTIS SOTO G, 1993, EDUC TRAIN MENT RET, V28, P169 WARREN SF, 1988, EARLY INTERVENTION I, P89 NR 19 TC 55 Z9 57 PU JOURNAL APPL BEHAV ANAL PI LAWRENCE PA DEPT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA SN 0021-8855 J9 J APPL BEHAV ANAL JI J. Appl. Behav. Anal. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 4 BP 561 EP 578 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-561 PG 18 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 153JT UT WOS:000077830500004 PM 9891394 ER PT J AU Taylor, BA Levin, L AF Taylor, BA Levin, L TI Teaching a student with autism to make verbal initiations: Effects of a tactile prompt SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE autism; social initiations; prompting; verbalizations ID CHILDREN AB This study examined the effects of a tactile prompting device (the Gentle Reminder) as a prompt for a student with autism to make verbal initiations about his play activities. A multiphase multielement design was used to assess the effects of the device in prompting initiations toward an adult in three different play contexts. Follow-up probes were conducted during cooperative learning activities with typically developing peers in the student's regular education class. The results suggest that the device serves as an effective, unobtrusive prompt for verbal initiations during play contexts and during cooperative learning activities. C1 Alpine Learning Grp, Paramus, NJ 07652 USA. RP Taylor, BA (reprint author), Alpine Learning Grp, 777 Paramus Rd, Paramus, NJ 07652 USA. CR CHARLOP MH, 1986, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V19, P307, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1986.19-307 DAVIDSON D, 1995, ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE KRANTZ PJ, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P137, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-137 KRANTZ PJ, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P121, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-121 TAYLOR BA, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P3, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-3 NR 5 TC 20 Z9 20 PU JOURNAL APPL BEHAV ANAL PI LAWRENCE PA DEPT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA SN 0021-8855 J9 J APPL BEHAV ANAL JI J. Appl. Behav. Anal. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 4 BP 651 EP 654 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-651 PG 4 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 153JT UT WOS:000077830500011 PM 9891401 ER PT J AU Mace, AB Shapiro, ES Mace, FC AF Mace, AB Shapiro, ES Mace, FC TI Effects of warning stimuli for reinforcer withdrawal and task onset on self-injury SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE self-injury; functional analysis in schools; warning stimuli; treatment supplement AB Results of a functional analysis of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in a child with autism showed that her SIE was maintained by access to preferred objects and escape or avoidance of task demands. Extinction and noncontingent reinforcement treatments were supplemented by presenting a statement combined with a picture cue at 30-s intervals indicating that a preferred object would be removed or a task would be presented. Warning stimuli in combination with extinction and noncontingent reinforcement reduced SIE to acceptable levels. SIE rates remained comparatively high in a control condition consisting of a 2-min delay to onset of reinforcer removal or task demands. C1 Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, PA USA. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Mace, AB (reprint author), Univ Wales, Sch Psychol, 43 Coll Rd, Bangor LL57 2DG, Gwynedd, Wales. CR Flannery K. B., 1994, J BEHAVIORAL ED, V4, P157, DOI 10.1007/BF01544110 IWATA BA, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P197, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197 TUSTIN RD, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P91, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-91 NR 3 TC 16 Z9 16 PU JOURNAL APPL BEHAV ANAL PI LAWRENCE PA DEPT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA SN 0021-8855 J9 J APPL BEHAV ANAL JI J. Appl. Behav. Anal. PD WIN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 4 BP 679 EP 682 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-679 PG 4 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 153JT UT WOS:000077830500017 PM 9891405 ER PT J AU Pascualvaca, DM Fantie, BD Papageorgiou, M Mirsky, AF AF Pascualvaca, DM Fantie, BD Papageorgiou, M Mirsky, AF TI Attentional capacities in children with autism: Is there a general deficit in shifting focus? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE attention deficit; autism; shifting focus ID CARD SORTING TEST; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; COMPREHENSION; REMEDIATION; PERFORMANCE; MIND AB Twenty-three children with autism and two control groups completed an attention battery comprising three versions of the continuous performance test (CPT), a digit cancellation task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and two novel, computerized tests of shifting attention (i.e., the Same-Different Computerized Task and the Computerized Matching Task). Children with autism could focus on a particular stimulus and sustain this focus as indicated by their performance on the digit cancellation task and the CPT Their performance on the WCST suggested problems in some aspects of shifting attention (i.e., disengaging attention). The autism group performed as well as controls on the Same-Different Computerized Task, however, that required successive comparisons between stimuli. This implies that they could, in fact, shift their attention continuously. In addition, they did not differ from controls on the Computerized Matching Task, an analog of the WCST, suggesting that they do not have a general deficit in shifting attention. C1 NIMH, Lab Brain & Cognit, Sect Clin & Expt Neuropsychol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. American Univ, Dept Psychol, Human Neuropsychol Lab, Washington, DC 20016 USA. RP Pascualvaca, DM (reprint author), NIMH, Lab Brain & Cognit, Sect Clin & Expt Neuropsychol, Bldg 15K,Room 103, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BATTIG K, 1960, J COMP PHYSIOL PSYCH, V53, P400, DOI 10.1037/h0047392 BELLACK AS, 1990, AM J PSYCHIAT, V147, P1650 BRAVERMAN M, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P301, DOI 10.1007/BF02211848 BURACK JA, 1994, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V103, P535, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.103.3.535 CASEY BJ, 1993, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V15, P933, DOI 10.1080/01688639308402609 COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P848, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 Courchesne E., 1994, ATYPICAL COGNITIVE D, P101 COURCHESNE E, 1995, INT PEDIAT, V10, P141 Courchesne E, 1995, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl, V44, P315 DAVIES S, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1033, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01808.x Dawson G., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P49 FEIN D, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1157, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00935.x GARRETSON HB, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P101, DOI 10.1007/BF02206860 GREEN MF, 1992, AM J PSYCHIAT, V149, P62 GREEN MF, 1990, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V47, P91 Halperin JM, 1991, PSYCHOL ASSESSMENT J, V3, P603, DOI DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.3.4.603 HALPERIN JM, 1988, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V27, P326, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198805000-00010 Heaton RK, 1981, WISCONSIN CARD SORTI HUTT C, 1964, NATURE, V204, P908, DOI 10.1038/204908a0 Johnson M. B., 1990, WOODCOCKJOHNSON PSYC Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Kanner L, 1944, J PEDIATR-US, V25, P211, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(44)80156-1 LIFSHITZ M, 1985, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V11, P74 LINCOLN AJ, 1992, BRAIN LANG, V43, P613, DOI 10.1016/0093-934X(92)90086-T Lovaas O. I., 1977, AUTISTIC CHILD LANGU LOVAAS OI, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P617, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-617 LOVAAS OI, 1979, PSYCHOL BULL, V86, P1236, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.86.6.1236 MIRSKY AF, 1987, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V74, P191, DOI 10.2307/3430449 MIRSKY A F, 1991, Neuropsychology Review, V2, P109, DOI 10.1007/BF01109051 Mirsky AF, 1995, CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL, P17 OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x OZONOFF S, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V9, P491, DOI 10.1037//0894-4105.9.4.491 OZONOFF S, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P415, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006027 PRIOR M, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P581, DOI 10.1007/BF02216063 Rimland B., 1964, INFANTILE AUTISM ROSVOLD HE, 1956, J CONSULT PSYCHOL, V20, P343, DOI 10.1037/h0043220 RUMSEY JM, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P23, DOI 10.1007/BF01837896 RUMSEY JM, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P159 SCHOPLER E, 1988, CHILDHOOD AUSTISM RA Wechsler D, 1991, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC, V3rd NR 41 TC 82 Z9 82 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 467 EP 478 DI 10.1023/A:1026091809650 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400002 PM 9932233 ER PT J AU Dawson, G Meltzoff, AN Osterling, J Rinaldi, J Brown, E AF Dawson, G Meltzoff, AN Osterling, J Rinaldi, J Brown, E TI Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE social stimuli; autism; shared attention ID ATTENTION; DEFICITS AB Children with autism were compared to developmentally matched children with Down syndrome or typical development in terms of their ability to visually orient to two social stimuli (name called, hands clapping) and mio nonsocial stimuli (rattle, musical jack-in-the-box), and in terms of their ability to share attention (following another's gaze or point). It was found that, compared to children with Down syndrome or typical development, children with autism more frequently failed to orient to all stimuli, and that this failure was much more extreme for social stimuli. Children with autism who oriented to social stimuli took longer to do so compared to the other two groups of children. Children with autism also exhibited impairments in shared attention. Moreover, for both children with autism and Down syndrome, correlational analyses revealed a relation between shared attention performance and the ability to orient to social stimuli, but no relation between shared attention performance and the ability to orient to nonsocial stimuli. Results suggest that social orienting impairments may contribute to difficulties in shared attention found in autism. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Human Dev & Disabil, Dept Psychol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Dawson, G (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr Human Dev & Disabil, Dept Psychol, Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BRYSON SE, 1990, DEV ATTENTION RES TH, P405 BUTTERWORTH G, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P55 CASEY BJ, 1993, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V15, P933, DOI 10.1080/01688639308402609 COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P1 COURCHESNE E, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P697, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004740 Dawson G., 1991, ROCHESTER S DEV PSYC, V3, P207 Dawson G., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P49 Dawson G., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P144 MUNDY P, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P657, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 Schopler E., 1986, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE WAINWRIGHTSHARP JA, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P1, DOI 10.1007/BF01066415 ZIMMERMAN S, 1991, PRESCHOOL LANGUAGE S NR 15 TC 369 Z9 375 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 479 EP 485 DI 10.1023/A:1026043926488 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400003 PM 9932234 ER PT J AU Libby, S Powell, S Messer, D Jordan, R AF Libby, S Powell, S Messer, D Jordan, R TI Spontaneous play in children with autism: A reappraisal SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society CY SEP 08-11, 1995 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP Dev Sect, British Psychol Soc HO UNIV STRATHCLYDE DE spontaneous play; autism; symbolic play ID EXECUTIVE FUNCTION DEFICITS; PRETEND PLAY; SYMBOLIC PLAY; YOUNG-CHILDREN; LANGUAGE; SKILLS; MIND; COMPREHENSION; GENERATIVITY AB Much controversy remains regarding the ability of children with autism to engage in spontaneous play. In this study children with autism, Down syndrome and typical development with verbal mental ages of approximately 2 years were assessed for play abilities at three data points. Even in this group of children with autism, who had relatively low verbal mental ages, symbolic play skills were not totally absent. However, it was possible to distinguish their pattern of play behaviors from the other mio groups. Consequentially, it is argued that there are unusual features in early spontaneous play in children with autism and these atypical patterns are not restricted to their difficulties in the production of symbolic play. Such differences in early spontaneous play raise interesting questions about the etiology of autism, the direction of future research, and the theoretical models that can account for the condition. C1 Univ E Anglia, Dept Clin Psychol, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Hertfordshire, Div Educ, Watford WD2 8AT, Herts, England. Univ Hertfordshire, Div Psychol, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England. Univ Birmingham, Sch Educ, Birmingham B30 1TQ, W Midlands, England. RP Libby, S (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Dept Clin Psychol, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. CR ATLAS JA, 1990, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D, V21, P119, DOI 10.1007/BF00706120 BARONCOHEN S, 1994, CHILDRENS UNDERSTAND BARONCOHEN S, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P113 BOUCHER J, 1990, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V8, P205 Charman T, 1997, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V9, P1 COHEN J, 1960, EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS, V20, P37, DOI 10.1177/001316446002000104 CORRIGAN R, 1987, MERRILL PALMER QUART, V33, P87 CURRIE G, 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI DEMYER MK, 1967, PSYCHOL REP, V21, P973 FEIN GG, 1979, SYMBOLIC FUNCTIONING Fenson L, 1993, MACARTHUR COMMUNICAT Gorlitz D., 1987, CURIOSITY IMAGINATIO GOULD J, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF01531730 Harris P., 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE HOBSON RP, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P281 JARROLD C, 1994, MIND LANG, V9, P445, DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0017.1994.tb00318.x JARROLD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P433, DOI 10.1007/BF02172127 Jarrold C, 1996, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P275 JARROLD C, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1473, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01288.x KAVANAUGH RD, 1994, DEV PSYCHOL, V30, P847, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.847 KLINGER LG, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A LESLIE AM, 1987, PSYCHOL REV, V94, P412, DOI 10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412 LESLIE AM, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P211, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90029-9 LEWIS V, 1992, EUR J DISORDER COMM, V27, P231 LEWIS V, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P105, DOI 10.1007/BF02178499 LEWIS V, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P325 LILLARD AS, 1993, CHILD DEV, V64, P348, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02914.x MUNDY P, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P657, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x Perner J., 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE Reynell J, 1987, REYNELL DEV LANGUAGE RIGUET CB, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P61 Roeyers H., 1994, COMMUN COGNITION, V27, P349 RUFF HA, 1993, ROLE PLAY DEV THOUGH, V59 SIGMAN M, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P293, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293 SKELLY A, 1993, BRIT PSYCH SOC DEV S STONE WL, 1990, PEDIATRICS, V86, P267 TILTON JR, 1964, PSYCHOL REP, V15, P967 UNGERER JA, 1981, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V20, P318, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60992-4 WHYTE J, 1989, IRISH J PSYCHOL, V10, P317 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 WULFF SB, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P139, DOI 10.1007/BF01531600 NR 42 TC 66 Z9 69 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 487 EP 497 DI 10.1023/A:1026095910558 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400004 PM 9932235 ER PT J AU Bailey, DB Mesibov, GB Hatton, DD Clark, RD Roberts, JE Mayhew, L AF Bailey, DB Mesibov, GB Hatton, DD Clark, RD Roberts, JE Mayhew, L TI Autistic behavior in young boys with fragile X syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE young boys; fragile X; CARS ratings; autism ID DSM-III-R; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; RATING-SCALE; VALIDITY; MALES; RELIABILITY; ADOLESCENTS; PHENOTYPE; LANGUAGE; ADULTS AB A sample of 57 boys with fragile X syndrome (fraX) between the ages of 24 and 133 months was rated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) to assess the extent to which autism and autistic features were evident in a young population. Fourteen subjects (approximately 25% of the sample) scored above the cutoff for autism, suggesting a relatively high incidence of autistic behavior. All but 2 of these 14 were in the mildly or moderately autistic range, however, and only a few items received severe ratings, suggesting that severe autism is relatively rare in fraX, at least during the early years. The CARS resulted in a continuum of autistic ratings in the fraX population, but no particular items on the CARS contributed disproportionately to autism ratings. A visual comparison of ratings on an autistic, non-fraX sample revealed similar profiles of ratings, suggesting that differentiating fraX and autism on the basis of CARS ratings is not likely. Within the fraX group, chronological age and socioeconomic status did not correlate with CARS ratings, but severity of delay was strongly related, such that more severely delayed children scored higher (more autistic) on the CARS. C1 Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Bailey, DB (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. CR BAUMGARDNER TL, 1995, PEDIATRICS, V95, P744 BORGHGRAEF M, 1987, CLIN GENET, V32, P179 BREGMAN JD, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P463, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198707000-00001 BROWN WT, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P303, DOI 10.1007/BF01531375 BROWN WT, 1986, AM J MED GENET, V23, P341, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320230126 Cohen I. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 499 EP 508 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400005 PM 9932236 ER PT J AU Eisenmajer, R Prior, M Leekam, S Wing, L Ong, B Gould, J Welham, M AF Eisenmajer, R Prior, M Leekam, S Wing, L Ong, B Gould, J Welham, M TI Delayed language onset as a predictor of clinical symptoms in pervasive developmental disorders SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE language onset; pervasive developmental disorders; Asperger Disorder; autism ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; AUTISM AB DSM-IV states that Asperger Disorder may be distinguished from Autistic Disorder by a lack of a delay in early language development. The aim of this study was to establish whether the presence or absence of early language delay would predict autistic symptomatology in children diagnosed with a PDD/autism spectrum disorder. Forty-six language-delayed and 62 normal language onset individuals (M age 11 years) were compared on ICD-10 research criteria and DSM-IV criteria, receptive language, and developmental history variables. Retrospective data were also obtained to determine whether language onset predicted autism symptomatology when young (<6 years). We found that early language delay predicts more autistic symptomatology when young, but not at an older age. Early language delay is also associated with developmental motor milestone delays and lower receptive language abilities. The results question the use of early language delay as a valid discriminating variable between PDD subgroups. C1 La Trobe Univ, Sch Psychol, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. Univ Kent, Dept Psychol, Canterbury, Kent, England. Austin Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia. RP Prior, M (reprint author), Royal Childrens Hosp, Dept Psychol, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. RI Leekam, Susan/A-1773-2010 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 BAIRD G, 1991, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V33, P363 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL Dunn L. M., 1981, MANUAL PEABODY PICTU Eisenmajer R, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P1523, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00022 Frith U, 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND GHAZIUDDIN M, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P643, DOI 10.1007/BF01046332 GILLBERG C, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P529 GILLBERG CL, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01959.x HAPPE F, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1167, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00356.x SZATMARI P, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1662, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199512000-00017 SZATMARI P, 1989, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V34, P554 SZATMARI P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P583, DOI 10.1007/BF01046329 TANTAM D, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P245, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00713.x VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 *WHO, 1988, INT CLASS DIS DIS IC WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 Wing Lorna, 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT, P91 NR 21 TC 41 Z9 42 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 527 EP 533 DI 10.1023/A:1026004212375 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400008 PM 9932239 ER PT J AU Buffington, DM Krantz, PJ McClannahan, LE Poulson, CL AF Buffington, DM Krantz, PJ McClannahan, LE Poulson, CL TI Procedures for teaching appropriate gestural communication skills to children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE gestural communication; teaching procedure ID DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DELAY; JOINT ATTENTION; SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; CONTEXT; SPEECH AB Four children with autism were taught to use gestures in combination with oral communication. Using a multiple-baseline across-responses design, intervention was introduced successively across three response categories containing gestures representative of attention-directing/getting, affective, and descriptive behavior. Although none of the participants displayed appropriate gestural and verbal responses during baseline, all participants acquired this skill with the systematic implementation of modeling, prompting, and reinforcement. Generalization measures indicated that the children learned to respond in the presence of novel stimuli and a novel setting. Social validity measures revealed that the participants' behavior appeared more socially appropriate at the completion of the study than at the start of the study, and that the participants' behavior was indistinguishable from that of their typically developing peers. C1 Princeton Child Dev Inst, Princeton, NJ USA. CUNY Grad Sch & Univ Ctr, New York, NY 10036 USA. RP Buffington, DM (reprint author), Princeton Child Dev Inst, Princeton, NJ USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 535 EP 545 DI 10.1023/A:1026056229214 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400009 PM 9932240 ER PT J AU Luteijn, EEF Jackson, SAE Volkmar, FR Minderaa, RB AF Luteijn, EEF Jackson, SAE Volkmar, FR Minderaa, RB TI Brief report: The development of the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire: Preliminary data SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID DISORDER; AUTISM; CHILDHOOD; SCALE C1 Univ Groningen, Ctr Child & Adolescent Psychiat, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands. Univ Groningen, Dept Dev Psychol, Groningen, Netherlands. Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT USA. RP Luteijn, EEF (reprint author), Univ Groningen, Ctr Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands. CR ALTHAUS M, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P333, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01166.x American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARKELEY R, 1990, ATTENTION DEFICIT HY Cohen D. J., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P20 Cohen D. J., 1994, DEV FOLLOW UP CONCEP, P155 EHLERS S, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1327, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x FREEMAN BJ, 1984, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V23, P588, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60352-6 GILLBERG C, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P377, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00116.x GILLBERG C, 1995, CLIN CHILD NEUROPSYC, P138, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511570094.009 Krug D. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 559 EP 565 DI 10.1023/A:1026060330122 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400011 PM 9932242 ER PT J AU Williams, PG Hersh, JH AF Williams, PG Hersh, JH TI Brief report: The association of neurofibromatosis type 1 and autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID MEDICAL CONDITIONS; MRI ABNORMALITIES; CHILDREN C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Child Evaluat Ctr, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. RP Williams, PG (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Child Evaluat Ctr, 571 S Floyd St,Suite 100, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x Bauman M.L, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM Denckla MB, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V67, P98, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<98::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-K ELDRIDGE R, 1989, AM J DIS CHILD, V143, P833 ELIASON MJ, 1986, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V7, P175 FOLSTEIN SE, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P3, DOI 10.1007/BF02211815 GAFFNEY GR, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P433, DOI 10.1007/BF01487072 GILLBERG C, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P1, DOI 10.1007/BF02408551 GILLBERG C, 1992, BIOL AUTISTIC SYNDRO, P85 GILLBERG C, 1992, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V36, P201 Hofman K.J., 1994, J PEDIATR, V124, P51 JOY P, 1995, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V37, P906 KAYES LM, 1994, AM J HUM GENET, V54, P426 Mouridsen S E, 1992, Acta Paedopsychiatr, V55, P15 NORTH K, 1994, NEUROLOGY, V44, P878 Riccardi V, 1992, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS PH RUTTER M, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P311, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x Samango-Sprouse C. A., 1994, American Journal of Human Genetics, V55, pA6 STINE SB, 1989, CLIN ORTHOP RELAT R, P43 VARNHAGEN CK, 1988, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V9, P257 NR 22 TC 33 Z9 34 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 567 EP 571 DI 10.1023/A:1026012414193 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400012 PM 9932243 ER PT J AU Simon, N AF Simon, N TI Hemoglobin and the brain: A piece of the autism puzzle? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter C1 Westborough State Hosp, Westborough, MA USA. RP Simon, N (reprint author), Conrad Cottage, 11 Hayes Ave, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. CR Bohr C, 1904, SKAND ARCH PHYSIOL, V16, P402 HASHIMOTO T, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P1, DOI 10.1007/BF02178163 MYERS RE, 1972, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V112, P246 SOKOLOFF L, 1981, J CEREBR BLOOD F MET, V1, P7 WINDLE WF, 1969, SCI AM, V22, P76 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 579 EP 580 DI 10.1023/A:1026016515101 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400014 PM 9932245 ER PT J AU Rimland, B AF Rimland, B TI Critique of "efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism" SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter C1 Autism Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. RP Rimland, B (reprint author), Autism Res Inst, 4182 Adams Ave, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. CR Heeley AF, 1966, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V3, P708 PAULING L, 1986, LIVE LONGER FEEL BET, P190 PFEIFFER SI, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P481, DOI 10.1007/BF02178295 RIMLAND B, 1978, AM J PSYCHIAT, V135, P472 Rimland B, 1973, ORTHOMOLECULAR PSYCH, P513 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 580 EP 581 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400015 PM 9932246 ER PT J AU Rimland, B AF Rimland, B TI High dose vitamin B6 and magnesium in treating autism: Response to study by Findling et al. SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID DOUBLE-BLIND; CHILDREN C1 Autism Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. RP Rimland, B (reprint author), Autism Res Inst, 4182 Adams Ave, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. CR Findling RL, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P467, DOI 10.1023/A:1025861522935 RIMLAND B, 1978, AM J PSYCHIAT, V135, P472 NR 2 TC 8 Z9 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 581 EP 582 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400016 PM 9932247 ER PT J AU Findling, RL Maxwell, K Wiznitzer, M AF Findling, RL Maxwell, K Wiznitzer, M TI High dose vitamin B6 and magnesium in treating autism: Response to Rimland SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Hosp Hlth Syst, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Findling, RL (reprint author), Univ Hosp Hlth Syst, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 582 EP 582 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 162UD UT WOS:000078364400017 ER PT J AU Ghuman, JK Freund, L Reiss, A Serwint, J Folstein, S AF Ghuman, JK Freund, L Reiss, A Serwint, J Folstein, S TI Early detection of social interaction problems: Development of a social interaction instrument in young children SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE preschool children; social interaction; social development; child development; instruments ID INDIVIDUALS; AUTISM AB Children with developmental or psychiatric disorders often have problems with social interaction. This study reports on the development of the Ghuman-Folstein Screen for Social Interaction (SSI), a parent/caregiver questionnaire designed to measure the capacity for basic social interaction skills across a variety of contexts in preschool children. The SSI was administered to 51 clinically referred children with a high probability of deficits in social interaction and 60 healthy control subjects to establish reliability and validity. The children were 24 to 61 months of age, with diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Strong internal consistency, significant correlation for test/retest reliability, moderate correlation for interrater reliability and support for external validity of the SSI was established. The SSI scores differentiated between the clinically referred subjects and healthy control subjects and between children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) of the autistic type and other non-PDD developmental disorders. The SSI is a relatively simple, efficient, reliable, and valid measure for the capacity for basic social interaction skills in children 24 months to 5 years of age. The SSI has a potential to be useful in primary health care settings to identify children at risk who may need tracking and/or further evaluation and treatment services. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Harriet Lane Clin, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. New England Med Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA USA. RP Ghuman, JK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Psychiat, 1750 E Fairmount Ave, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA. CR ACHENBACH TM, 1987, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V15, P629, DOI 10.1007/BF00917246 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th [Anonymous], 1992, INT STAT CLASS DIS R BECKMAN PJ, 1992, SOCIAL COMPETENCE YO, P65 Clark R., 1985, PARENT CHILD EARLY R GREENSPAN SI, 1980, PSYCHOANALYTIC CONTR, V1, P271 Gresham F. M., 1990, SOCIAL SKILLS RATING Guralnick M. J., 1990, J EARLY INTERVENTION, V14, P3, DOI 10.1177/105381519001400101 GURALNICK MJ, 1984, DEV PSYCHOL, V20, P815, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.20.5.815 Hollingshead A. B., 1975, 4 FACTOR INDEX SOCIA KRUG DA, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P221, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x Lauer R., 1977, SOCIAL PSYCHOL THEOR LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Mead G.H., 1934, MIND SELF SOC Mills CW, 1940, AM SOCIOL REV, V5, P904, DOI 10.2307/2084524 ODOM SL, 1992, SOCIAL COMPETENCE YO, P3 SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 SIEGEL B, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P53 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE STONE WL, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P513, DOI 10.1007/BF02216056 WALKER JA, 1982, INTERVENTION RISK HA, P217 NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0196-206X J9 J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR JI J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 19 IS 6 BP 411 EP 419 DI 10.1097/00004703-199812000-00004 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 147CE UT WOS:000077469700004 PM 9866088 ER PT J AU Cornish, E AF Cornish, E TI A balanced approach towards healthy eating in autism SO JOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS LA English DT Article DE autism; eating habits; dietary recall AB Background: This audit was undertaken to investigate the dietary intake and food-related behaviour of children diagnosed within the autistic spectrum continuum. It was hoped to understand the difficulties faced by parents and carers and to offer a holistic service. Method: Parents of 17 autistic children aged 42-117 months were interviewed and data collected by 3-day dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire. Weight and height measurements for each child were obtained. South Derbyshire Ethics Committee approval was given. Results: Nutrient intakes on analysis fell below reference nutrient intake (RNI) levels for 53% (nine) children in one or more of the following nutrients: vitamin C, iron, vitamin D, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, calcium and zinc. One child fell below the lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI) for iron and three children aged under 4 years did not meet the LRNI for vitamin D from dietary sources. Excessive milk consumption in 13 children raised calcium intake to levels above 200% of RNI levels. Conclusion: Eating habits were extremely prescriptive. Food preferences were specific for 'dry' or 'wet' forms, colour, shaped retail products and even brand packaging. Food refusal and introduction of new foods were cited as the most difficult problems faced by parents. Oral sensitivity, poor oral motor movements and difficult eating behaviours were identified and an integrated service involving dietitian, speech therapist and paediatric clinical psychologist was advocated. C1 NHS Trust, Community Hlth Serv, Derby DE1 2GA, England. RP Cornish, E (reprint author), NHS Trust, Community Hlth Serv, 121 Osmaston Rd, Derby DE1 2GA, England. CR DeMeyer M. K., 1979, PARENTS CHILDREN AUT Department of Health, 1991, 41 DEP HLTH Gatenby SJ, 1995, J HUM NUTR DIET, V8, P323, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00326.x *MIN AGR FISH FOOD, 1993, NAT FOOD SURV 1992 *NAT AUT SOC, 1995, COULD THIS AUT *NAT AUT SOC PRINC, 1991, MAN FEED DIFF CHILDR RAITEN DJ, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P133, DOI 10.1007/BF01531725 TANNER JM, 1966, ARCH DIS CHILD, V41, P454 WING L, 1976, AUTISTIC SPECTRUM GU Wing L., 1976, EARLY CHILDHOOD AUTI NR 10 TC 43 Z9 43 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0952-3871 J9 J HUM NUTR DIET JI J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 11 IS 6 BP 501 EP 509 DI 10.1046/j.1365-277X.1998.00132.x PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 158UD UT WOS:000078134700005 ER PT J AU Turk, J Cornish, K AF Turk, J Cornish, K TI Face recognition and emotion perception in boys with fragile-X syndrome SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE autism; emotion perception; fragile-X syndrome ID AUTISTIC CHILDS APPRAISAL; DSM-III-R; INFANTILE-AUTISM; BEHAVIORAL-PHENOTYPE; SWEDISH MULTICENTER; SOCIAL-INTERACTION; DOWN-SYNDROME; EXPRESSIONS; PROFILES; MALES AB Two independent and complementary studies were conducted to assess the ability of boys with fragile-X syndrome to recognize facial and emotional expressions. Both studies failed to find any specific deficits associated with fragile-X syndrome. The performance of the test group was comparable to the level of subjects with intellectual disability and subjects of average cognitive development matched for intellectual ability. This suggests that chronological age and intellectual level are unlikely to explain the findings. The results are discussed in the context of the controversy surrounding the relationship between autism and fragile-X syndrome. The findings are consistent with fragile-X individuals having a profile of social, communicatory and ritualistic disturbances, which in some ways may differ from those found in individuals who have more typical autistic spectrum disorders. C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, London SW17 0RE, England. Univ Nottingham, Sch Med, Neuropsychol Genet Disorders Res Unit, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. RP Turk, J (reprint author), St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, England. CR BLOMQUIST HK, 1985, CLIN GENET, V27, P113 BOUCHER J, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P843, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01960.x BROWN MS, 1986, SCIENCE, V232, P34, DOI 10.1126/science.3513311 BROWN WT, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P303, DOI 10.1007/BF01531375 CLARE I, 1990, J MENT DEFIC RES, V34, P309 COHEN IL, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V38, P498, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320380271 DAVIES S, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1033, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01808.x De Gelder B, 1991, EUROPEAN J COGNITIVE, V3, P69, DOI 10.1080/09541449108406220 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL DYKENS EM, 1987, AM J MENT RETARD, V92, P234 DYKENS EM, 1994, BEHAV DEV FRAGILE X EKMAN P, 1993, AM PSYCHOL, V48, P384, DOI 10.1037//0003-066X.48.4.384 FEIN D, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P198, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60227-2 GILLBERG C, 1985, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V27, P293 GRAY JM, 1983, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V142, P566, DOI 10.1192/bjp.142.6.566 Hagerman RJ, 1996, FRAGILE X SYNDROME D, P3 HOBSON RP, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1135, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00354.x HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P321, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x HOBSON RP, 1988, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V79, P441 HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P671, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00191.x HODAPP RM, 1992, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P39 JACOBS PA, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P454, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.6.454 Kaufman AS, 1983, KAUFMAN ASSESSMENT B KEMPER MB, 1988, AM J MED GENET, V30, P191, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320300118 LACHIEWICZ AM, 1992, AM J MED GENET, V43, P72, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320430111 MACDONALD H, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P865, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x MAURER H, 1987, AM J MENT RETARD, V91, P505 MAZZOCCO MMM, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P473, DOI 10.1007/BF02172129 MAZZOCCO MMM, 1993, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V14, P328 Powell L, 1997, J SPEC EDUC, V31, P362 REISS AL, 1992, AM J MED GENET, V43, P35, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320430106 REISS AL, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P885, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00007 Rutter M., 1994, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, P569 Simon EW, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V67, P77, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<77::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-M Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE TURK J, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V160, P24, DOI 10.1192/bjp.160.1.24 Turk J., 1997, AUTISM, V1, P175, DOI 10.1177/1362361397012005 Turner G, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V64, P196, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<196::AID-AJMG35>3.0.CO;2-G WAHLSTROM J, 1986, AM J MED GENET, V23, P403, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320230132 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 WING L, 1980, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V62, P241, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb07696.x NR 41 TC 57 Z9 57 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 42 BP 490 EP 499 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.4260490.x PN 6 PG 10 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 165GR UT WOS:000078513100008 PM 10030445 ER PT J AU Patzold, LM Richdale, AL Tonge, BJ AF Patzold, LM Richdale, AL Tonge, BJ TI An investigation into sleep characteristics of children with autism and Asperger's Disorder SO JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH LA English DT Article DE autism; Asperger's Disorder; children; sleep ID MELATONIN; RHYTHMS AB Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the specificity of sleep problems in children with autism and further explore the currently unclear association between sleep problems and daytime behaviour. Methodology: The Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) group consisted of 31 children with autism and 7 children with Asperger's Disorder ranging in age from 44 to 152 months. The control group consisted of 36 children ranging in age from 63 to 171 months. The children were matched on age and gender, and group-matched on IQ level. A sleep diary was completed by parents over a 2-week period, in addition to several behaviour questionnaires. Results: Results showed that children in the PDD group exhibited qualitatively and quantitatively different sleep patterns to nonautistic control children. Conclusions: The findings were discussed in light of current literature concerning circadian rhythm dysfunction, social difficulties, and abnormal melatonin levels in children with autism. C1 RMIT Univ, Dept Psychol & Intellectual Disabil Studies, Bundoora, Vic, Australia. Monash Univ, Monash Med Ctr, Dept Psychol Med, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Patzold, LM (reprint author), Monash Med Ctr, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Locked Bag 29, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. 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L., 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU KULMAN G, 1995, DIVISIONE NEUROPSICH MACDONALD VM, 1995, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V4, P1 Nir I, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P641, DOI 10.1007/BF02178193 QUINE L, 1991, J MENT DEFIC RES, V35, P269 RAPIN I, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P751 Richman N, 1987, SLEEP ITS DISORDERS, P115 SEGAWA M, 1985, SHINKEI KENKYU NO SH, V29, P140 VOLKMAR FR, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P47, DOI 10.1007/BF01837898 WAGNER DR, 1991, COMPREHENSIVE NEUROL, P731 WHITE BB, 1987, MED HYPOTHESES, V24, P223, DOI 10.1016/0306-9877(87)90068-5 Wiggs L, 1996, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V40, P518, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1996.799799.x Wing L, 1996, BRIT MED J, V312, P327 WING L, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P31, DOI 10.1007/BF01531339 Wing L., 1976, EARLY CHILDHOOD AUTI ZUCKERMAN B, 1987, PEDIATRICS, V80, P664 NR 33 TC 128 Z9 128 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1034-4810 J9 J PAEDIATR CHILD H JI J. Paediatr. Child Health PD DEC PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 528 EP 533 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 153LX UT WOS:000077835500010 PM 9928644 ER PT J AU Baker, MJ Koegel, RL Koegel, LK AF Baker, MJ Koegel, RL Koegel, LK TI Increasing the social behavior of young children with autism using their obsessive behaviors SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Article DE autism; obsessions; generalization measures; social behavior ID SKILLS; REINFORCEMENT; INITIATIONS AB This study systematically asked whether individual topics or themes on which children with autism perseverated across a variety of settings (often called obsessions) could be used to create the theme for a socially appropriate game. Data collected within the context of a multiple baseline design revealed very low levels of social interaction during play periods in the baseline condition. In contrast when the children with autism were taught a socially appropriate game (e.g., one child who perseverated on maps was taught a tag game played on a giant outline of a US map), the percent of social interactions increased dramatically and continued to be high during follow-up measures. Generalization measures indicated that following intervention, the children also demonstrated increases in social interaction during other play activities. The results are discussed in terms of incorporating obsession themes into common games to create intrinsically reinforcing appropriate activities for increasing social interactions, and in relation to developing activities that capitalize on the child with autism's interests, so that the child is a valued member of the peer group. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Koegel, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARLOW DH, 1984, SINGLE CASE EXPT DES BECK S, 1984, BEHAV PSYCHOTHER, V12, P17 BRADY MP, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P375, DOI 10.1007/BF01487067 CHARLOP MH, 1990, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V23, P163, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-163 CharlopChristy MH, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P527, DOI 10.1007/BF02172274 DUNLAP G, 1980, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V13, P619, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-619 EPSTEIN LJ, 1985, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V13, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF00910648 GAYLORDROSS RJ, 1984, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V17, P229, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1984.17-229 Guralnick M. 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Assoc. Pers. Sev. Handicap PD WIN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 300 EP 308 DI 10.2511/rpsd.23.4.300 PG 9 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 166AQ UT WOS:000078554400002 ER PT J AU Moes, DR AF Moes, DR TI Integrating choice-making opportunities within teacher-assigned academic tasks to facilitate the performance of children with autism SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Article DE choice making; autism; curriculum; teaching strategies ID PROBLEM BEHAVIORS; WORK PERFORMANCE; STUDENTS; DISABILITIES; PREFERENCE; HANDICAPS AB Providing opportunities to make choices has received increasing support as an antecedent intervention to improve the performance of students with disabilities. Additional research in this area is needed to determine under what circumstances the application of choice making as a curricular intervention is appropriate and produces meaningful outcomes. The present study extended this line of research and investigated how providing choice opportunities to children with autism impacted their performance during teacher-assigned homework activities. An ABAB design was utilized to evaluate the effects of choice making (student vs. tutor) on the academic performance of four children with autism. Results showed that providing students with opportunities to make choices regarding the order of task completion and use of stimulus materials improved participants' accuracy, productivity, affect, and reduced their disruptive behaviors. These findings support the use of child choice as a teaching strategy to improve the academic performance of children with autism during curricular activities. The functional properties of choice making and considerations for ifs use as a curricular-based antecedent intervention are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Moes, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza,C9-752 NPI,Box 951759, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. 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A., 1985, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V10, P183 Piazza CC, 1996, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V29, P1, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1996.29-1 SEYBERT S, 1996, J BEHAV ED, V6, P49, DOI 10.1007/BF02110477 Vaughn BJ, 1997, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V30, P299, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1997.30-299 WACKER DP, 1988, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V21, P331, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-331 WACKER DP, 1996, POSITIVE BEHAV SUPPO, P51 NR 35 TC 29 Z9 29 PU ASSN PERS SEVERE HANDICAP PI BALTIMORE PA 29 W SUSQUEHANNA AVE STE 210, BALTIMORE, MD 21204-5201 USA SN 0274-9483 J9 J ASSOC PERS SEVERE JI J. Assoc. Pers. Sev. Handicap PD WIN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 319 EP 328 DI 10.2511/rpsd.23.4.319 PG 10 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 166AQ UT WOS:000078554400004 ER PT J AU Kemner, C Verbaten, MN Koelega, HS Camfferman, G Van Engeland, H AF Kemner, C Verbaten, MN Koelega, HS Camfferman, G Van Engeland, H TI Are abnormal event-related potentials specific to children with ADHD? a comparison with two clinical groups' SO PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS LA English DT Article ID ATTENTION-DEFICIT; BRAIN POTENTIALS; HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; AUDITORY INFORMATION; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN AB Children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD) were compared with two other clinical groups, namely, children with autism and children with dyslexia, with respect to several peaks of the ERP. By using these other clinical groups, it was studied whether amplitude differences between children and ADHD and normal control children, which were found in an earlier study, were specific to children with ADHD. ERPs were measured in response to stimuli in an auditory and a visual oddball task. Only with respect to the P3 and Pz, measured in response to deviant auditory stimuli, did the children with ADHD show smaller amplitudes than both autistic children and those with dyslexia. It was concluded that a smaller amplitude of this peak is specific to children with ADHD. C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychait, Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Dept Psychopharmacol, Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Kemner, C (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychait, Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, Heidelberglaan 100, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. CR ACHENBACH TM, 1983, UNPUB MANUAL CHILD B American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Conners C. 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Mot. Skills PD DEC PY 1998 VL 87 IS 3 BP 1083 EP 1090 PN 1 PG 8 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 151DE UT WOS:000077704800060 PM 9885081 ER PT J AU Burger, FL Lang, CM AF Burger, FL Lang, CM TI Diagnoses commonly missed in childhood - Long-term outcome and implications for treatment SO PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FOLLOW-UP; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; LIFELONG ECCENTRICITY; SCHIZOID PERSONALITY; LANGUAGE DISORDERS; SOCIAL-ISOLATION; AUTISM; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; ADULTS AB Psychiatric and developmental disorders with onset in early childhood are often missed and commonly overlooked by adult psychiatrists. These disorders have important continuities into adulthood and are powerful predictors of chronicity, comorbidity, and severity. It is essential that they are recognized and taken into account in the assessment and treatment of the adult patient. C1 Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. 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Clin. North Amer. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4 BP 927 EP + DI 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70050-2 PG 15 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 147FV UT WOS:000077479000014 PM 9890131 ER PT J AU Kobayashi, R AF Kobayashi, R TI Perception metamorphosis phenomenon in autism SO PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE amodal perception; autism; perception metamorphosis phenomenon; phenomenology; schizophrenia AB It is well known that various perceptual abnormalities exist in autism. However, because perceptual phenomena are intersubjective, a phenomenological approach is required for getting hold of the reality of the modes of perception involved in autism. From this standpoint, the author has proposed the concept of 'perception metamorphosis phenomenon' (PMP) as the mode of perception peculiar to autistics. This mode of perception is notable to some degree in infancy and adolescence, and points to the appearance of behavior that is indicative of the environmental world being perceived in a manner different from before by the autistic child. The phenomenon has been classified into three basic categories according to the aspect of perception: (i) visual PMP; (ii) auditory PMP; and (iii) situational PMP. The proposal of this concept was made with the objective of capturing the onset of autism or the mechanism of appearance of the various symptoms from a more phenomenological viewpoint, to serve as a possible starting point for understanding the inner world of autistics. The proposal was made emphasizing the validity of this approach in mapping out new therapeutic approaches and for re-investigating the relationship between autism and schizophrenia. C1 Tokai Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan. RP Kobayashi, R (reprint author), Tokai Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan. 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PD DEC PY 1998 VL 52 IS 6 BP 611 EP 620 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 167GP UT WOS:000078624400011 PM 9895210 ER PT J AU Saitoh, O Courchesne, E AF Saitoh, O Courchesne, E TI Magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain in autism SO PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE autism; cerebellum; corpus callosum; hippocampus; magnetic resonance imaging; parietal lobe ID POSTERIOR-FOSSA STRUCTURES; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CORPUS-CALLOSUM; CEREBELLAR; ABNORMALITIES; HIPPOCAMPUS; HYPOPLASIA; ADULTS; SIZE; VII AB Autism is a neuropsychiatric disorder of social, cognitive, and language development. Cerebellar abnormality in autism has been shown consistently from autopsy and magnetic resonance image (MRI) studies. A new MRI study with careful methodologic designs identified two subgroups of autistic patients: hypoplasia and hyperplasia of cerebellar vermian lobules VI-VII. The existence of these two subtypes was also supported via the meta-analysis of data from separate research groups. In addition to die cerebellar abnormality, recent MRI studies in autism demonstrated abnormalities in the parietal lobe and the posterior subregions of the corpus callosum where parietal cortical fibers are concentrated Furthermore, neurobehavioral correlates of cerebellar and parietal abnormalities have also been investigated. In contrast, there is a lack of significant difference in the cross-sectional size of the posterior hippocampal formation between autistic and normal subjects, which is discrepant with predictions based on some autopsy studies. C1 Toyama Med & Pharmaceut Univ, Fac Med, Dept Neuropsychiat, Toyama, Japan. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Childrens Hosp, Autism & Brain Dev Res Lab, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Saitoh, O (reprint author), Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Natl Ctr Hosp Mental Nervous & Muscular Disorders, Outpatient Dept, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi Cho, Tokyo 1878551, Japan. CR Allen G, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P1940, DOI 10.1126/science.275.5308.1940 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BAUMAN M, 1985, NEUROLOGY, V35, P866 BAUMAN ML, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P791 Bauman M.L, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM COURCHESNE E, 1988, NEW ENGL J MED, V318, P1349, DOI 10.1056/NEJM198805263182102 COURCHESNE E, 1987, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V44, P335 COURCHESNE E, 1993, AM J ROENTGENOL, V160, P387 COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P848, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 COURCHESNE E, 1994, NEUROLOGY, V44, P203 COURCHESNE E, 1994, NEUROLOGY, V44, P214 COURCHESNE E, 1994, AM J ROENTGENOL, V162, P123 EGAAS B, 1995, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V52, P794 GAFFNEY GR, 1987, AM J DIS CHILD, V141, P1330 GARBER HJ, 1992, AM J PSYCHIAT, V149, P245 Haas RH, 1996, J CHILD NEUROL, V11, P84 HALLETT M, 1993, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V50, P1304 HASHIMOTO T, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P1, DOI 10.1007/BF02178163 HOLTTUM JR, 1992, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V32, P1091, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90189-7 KLEIMAN MD, 1992, NEUROLOGY, V42, P753 MURAKAMI JW, 1989, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V46, P689 PIVEN J, 1992, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V31, P491, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90260-7 RAYMOND G, 1989, ANN NEUROL, V26, P483 RITVO ER, 1986, AM J PSYCHIAT, V143, P862 SAITOH O, 1995, NEUROLOGY, V45, P317 TOWNSEND J, IN PRESS DEV PSYCHOP WILLIAMS RS, 1980, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V37, P749 NR 27 TC 32 Z9 32 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1316 J9 PSYCHIAT CLIN NEUROS JI Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 52 SU S BP S219 EP S222 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 167TU UT WOS:000078650200017 PM 9895151 ER PT J AU Noterdaeme, M Breuer-Schaumann, A Amorosa, H AF Noterdaeme, M Breuer-Schaumann, A Amorosa, H TI Differential diagnosis of language comprehension deficit: Results of an explorative study SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE LA German DT Article ID PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDREN; DYSPHASIA; SPEECH AB Objectives: Deficits in the expressive language abilities of children are easily observed. Thus these children usually are detected early and receive appropriate professional help. Receptive language abilities are much more difficult to assess, so that deficits either go unnoticed or often are not treated early. Methods: In a population of 100 children examined between 1993 and 1995 in the outpatient department for speech, language and behavior problems at the Heckscher Klinik in Munich-Solln and diagnosed as having clinically relevant deficits in language comprehension, we determined the ICD-IO diagnostic category into which the symptom <> would best fit. Results: 16 children exhibited language comprehension deficits that were part of a general mental retardation, three other children were diagnosed as having a pervasive developmental disorder. 81 children fulfilled the clinical ICD-10 criteria of a specific receptive language disorder, often in combination with a hyperkinetic syndrome or an emotional disorder. For 42 of these children this diagnosis also was confirmed by test results showing a discrepancy of one standard deviation between the language comprehension test and the non-verbal IQ. 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Kinder-und Jugendpsy. Psychother. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 253 EP 260 PG 8 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 144LH UT WOS:000077315700004 PM 9880835 ER PT J AU Teitelbaum, P Teitelbaum, O Nye, J Fryman, J Maurer, RG AF Teitelbaum, P Teitelbaum, O Nye, J Fryman, J Maurer, RG TI Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AXIAL APRAXIA; CEREBELLUM AB All of the 17 autistic children studied in the present paper showed disturbances of movement that with our methods could be detected clearly at the age of 4-6 months, and sometimes even at birth. We used the Eshkol-Wachman Movement Analysis System in combination with still-frame videodisc analysis to study videos obtained from parents of children who had been diagnosed as autistic by conventional methods, usually around 3 years old. The videos showed their behaviors when they were infants, long before they had been diagnosed as autistic. The movement disorders varied from child to child. Disturbances were revealed in the shape of the mouth and in some or all of the milestones of development including, lying, righting, sitting, crawling, and walking. Our findings support the view that movement disturbances play an intrinsic part in the phenomenon of autism, that they are present at birth, and that they can be used to diagnose the presence of autism in the first few months of life. They indicate the need for the development of methods of therapy to be applied from the first few months of life in autism. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Psychol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Child Psychiat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Teitelbaum, P (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Psychol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. 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Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 10 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 23 BP 13982 EP 13987 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13982 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 138WU UT WOS:000076997000111 PM 9811912 ER PT J AU Klauck, SM Poustka, F Benner, A Spieler, A Poustka, A AF Klauck, SM Poustka, F Benner, A Spieler, A Poustka, A CA Int Mol Study Autism Consortium TI Searching for susceptibility genes for infantile autism. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Mol Genome Anal, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Frankfurt, Germany. Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Biostat, Heidelberg, Germany. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 481 EP 482 PG 2 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700096 ER PT J AU Philippe, A Guilloud-Bataille, M Martinez, M Brice, A Feingold, J Gillberg, C Leboyer, M AF Philippe, A Guilloud-Bataille, M Martinez, M Brice, A Feingold, J Gillberg, C Leboyer, M CA Int Collaborat Autism sib-pair Study TI A genome-wide search for autism susceptibility genes. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, INSERM, U289, Paris, France. INSERM, U155, Paris, France. Hop St Louis, INSERM, U358, Paris, France. Child Neuropsychiat Ctr, Gothenburg, Sweden. Hop Robert Debre, Serv Psychiat Enfant, F-75019 Paris, France. RI Martinez, Maria/B-3111-2013 OI Martinez, Maria/0000-0003-2180-4537 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 481 EP 481 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700095 ER PT J AU Folstein, S Haines, J Landa, R Piven, J Santangelo, S Sheffield, V Vieland, V AF Folstein, S Haines, J Landa, R Piven, J Santangelo, S Sheffield, V Vieland, V CA CLSA TI A genome screen of 76 families ascertained through two autism probands. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Nashville, TN USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Iowa, Sch Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 482 EP 482 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700097 ER PT J AU Wilcox, J AF Wilcox, J TI Autism associated with chromosome 22. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Neuropsychiat, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 482 EP 482 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700098 ER PT J AU Poustka, F Bolte, S Bieber-Martig, B Ruhl, D Schmotzer, G AF Poustka, F Bolte, S Bieber-Martig, B Ruhl, D Schmotzer, G TI Concepts and findings of clinical genetic studies of autism in Germany. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Frankfurt, Germany. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 547 EP 548 PG 2 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700320 ER PT J AU Weiffenbach, O Poustka, F Franke, P Maier, W AF Weiffenbach, O Poustka, F Franke, P Maier, W TI Horizontal versus vertical inheritance in autism: Autistic features in fathers of autistic children. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Frankfurt, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy & Psychiat, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany. Univ Bonn, Dept Psychotherapy & Psychiat, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 547 EP 547 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700318 ER PT J AU Yirmiya, N Shaked, M Erel, O AF Yirmiya, N Shaked, M Erel, O TI The broader phenotype of autism: Comparison between siblings of individuals with autism and individuals with other diagnoses. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 547 EP 547 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700319 ER PT J AU Holden, JJA Schutz, CK Robinson, PD Polley, D White, BN AF Holden, JJA Schutz, CK Robinson, PD Polley, D White, BN TI Model for the genetics of autism and the related pervasive developmental disorders combining a maternal effect with susceptibility factors in the fetus. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Queens Univ, Dept Psychiat, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Ongwanada Resource Ctr, Cytogenet & DNA Res Lab, Kingston, ON, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Biol, Hamilton, ON, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Biochem, Hamilton, ON, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD NOV 6 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 548 EP 548 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 123VG UT WOS:000076145700322 ER PT J AU Sasso, GM Peck, J Garrison-Harrell, L AF Sasso, GM Peck, J Garrison-Harrell, L TI Social interaction setting events: Experimental analysis of contextual variables SO BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Teacher Educators for Children with Behavior Disorders Conference (TECBD) CY NOV, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA SP TECBD ID COOPERATIVE LEARNING GROUPS; MOTIVATION ASSESSMENT SCALE; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; ABERRANT BEHAVIOR; SCHOOL SETTINGS; CHILDREN; AUTISM; PEERS; INTERVENTION; STUDENTS AB Severe behavioral problems and social interaction deficits are the two areas of functioning most responsible for the failure of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) to adjust adequately and achieve success in inclusive settings. Over the past 10 years, the development and refinement of a technology of functional analysis has allowed educators and researchers to address problem behavior more effectively by matching the function of the response to an intervention. Recently, investigators have begun to turn their attention to the assessment and manipulation of setting events that can elicit appropriate responses. This article describes an experimental hypothesis-testing model of structural analysis designed to identify critical contextual variables associated with successful social interaction. Suggestions for use in general education settings are provided, with an emphasis on matching inclusive social environments to individual student antecedent variables. Strengths and weaknesses of various forms of functional analysis are discussed in conjunction with the need to develop reliable, valid, and acceptable assessments that can be used in natural environments. 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Disord. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 34 EP 43 PG 10 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 137QU UT WOS:000076927600005 ER PT J AU Strain, PS Kohler, FW Gresham, F AF Strain, PS Kohler, FW Gresham, F TI Problems in logic and interpretation with quantitative syntheses of single-case research: Mathur and colleagues (1998) as a case in point SO BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Teacher Educators for Children with Behavior Disorders Conference (TECBD) CY NOV, 1997 CL SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA SP TECBD ID META-ANALYSIS; SUBJECT RESEARCH; SOCIAL SKILLS; INTERVENTION; BEHAVIOR; METAANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; VALIDITY; CHILDREN; AUTISM AB This article focuses attention on some of the logic and interpretation problems inherent in doing quantitative syntheses of single-case research. Particular attention is given to the metaanalytic method of using percentage of nonoverlapping data, highlighting specific concerns related to withdrawal designs, sensitivity to variability in behavior, social significance of behavior change, and understanding the complex multiple variables that influence intervention effectiveness. As a case in point, we critique the use of PND in an article by Mathur, Kavale, Quinn, Forness, and Rutherford (1998) recently published in Behavioral Disorders. C1 Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Sch Educ, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Strain, PS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Denver, CO 80202 USA. CR ALLPORT GW, 1962, J PERS, V30, P405, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1962.tb02313.x Baer D. 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PD NOV PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 74 EP 85 PG 12 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 137QU UT WOS:000076927600010 ER PT J AU Collacott, RA Cooper, SA Branford, D McGrother, C AF Collacott, RA Cooper, SA Branford, D McGrother, C TI Epidemiology of self-injurious behaviour in adults with learning disabilities SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID MENTAL HANDICAP; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; PEOPLE; AUTISM AB Background There have been few epidemiological studies of the disabling and poorly understood disorder self-injurious behaviour among adults with learning disabilities. Method Interviews were undertaken with the carers of adults known to the Leicestershire Learning Disabilities Register (n=2277). The Disability Assessment Schedule was used and information was also collected on demographic characteristics, developmental and physical status. Results Self-injurious behaviour was present in 17.4% of the population. In 1.7% self-injurious behaviour occurred frequently and was severe. There was no gender difference between those with and without self-injurious behaviour. Both the chronological age and developmental quotient of individuals with self-injurious behaviour were lower than those of individuals without self-injurious behaviour. Autistic symptoms were more common among those with sell-injurious behaviour. The association of self-injurious behaviour with a wide range of other maladaptive behaviours was highly significant. Logistic regression analysis retained age, developmental quotient, hearing status, immobility and number of autistic symptoms as explanatory variables for self-injurious behaviour. Conclusions Self-injurious behaviour is a prevalent and disabling disorder among adults with learning disabilities. C1 Rockingham Forest NHS Trust, Kettering, England. Univ Leicester, Dept Epidemiol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. RP Cooper, SA (reprint author), St Marys Hosp, London Rd, Kettering NN15 7PW, Northants, England. 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J. Psychiatry PD NOV PY 1998 VL 173 BP 428 EP 432 DI 10.1192/bjp.173.5.428 PG 5 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 139NG UT WOS:000077035000013 PM 9926061 ER PT J AU Reneric, JP Bouvard, MP AF Reneric, JP Bouvard, MP TI Opioid receptor in antagonists in psychiatry - Beyond drug addiction SO CNS DRUGS LA English DT Review ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; CHRONIC-SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS; POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; WORLD-HEALTH-ORGANIZATION; YOUNG AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; LOSS-RELATED AMENORRHEA; BINGE-EATING BEHAVIOR AB The central role of the opioid system and its multiple connections to other neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine systems favours its involvement in many physiological functions and behaviours and, as a consequence, in many disorders, including psychiatric disorders. In addition to substance abuse or addiction, the efficacy of opioid receptor antagonist (ORA) treatment has been assessed in various disorders such as eating disorders, schizophrenia, self-injurious behaviour, autism, tics, obsessive-compulsive disorders and trichotillomania, and posttraumatic stress disorder, as opioids may play an important or prominent role in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Although the efficacy of ORA treatment remains controversial for most of these pathologies, the data are encouraging and an improvement of symptoms was mostly found when long-acting ORAs were used, given for several weeks and used as adjuncts to more classical medications. Moreover, in most of these pathologies, ORAs seemed to act by reducing the intensity and frequency of a specific pathological behaviour, which can be characterised as compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped and 'uncontrollable', and which can be linked to a reward-seeking or an addictive dimension. Our global impression is that a dimensional approach would be of great value in investigating mental disorders, and of great help in defining the targets that can be expected to be reached by a specific medication. In this dimensional perspective opioid antagonists alone are not believed to have a decisive global therapeutic effect on any of the diseases reviewed in this article, and should not be prescribed alone as first line treatments. ORAs should be directed against more specific behavioural targets and their primary usefulness may be as adjuncts to other medications and/or to cognitive and behavioural therapy. C1 Univ Bordeaux 2, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Blanquefort, France. RP Bouvard, MP (reprint author), Univ Bordeaux 2, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Blanquefort, France. 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SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; INHIBITORY CONTROL; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BELIEFS; AUTISM; PERFORMANCE; DYSFUNCTION; ATTRIBUTION; ATTENTION; DECEPTION AB The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess (a) stability of individual differences in preschoolers' executive function performance, (b) the external validity of 4 new simple executive function tasks, and (c) whether individual differences in early executive function performance could be used to predict later differences in theory of mind, or vice versa. Fifty children involved in an earlier study of relations between preschoolers' theory of mind, verbal ability, and executive function (C. Hughes, 1998) were followed up and tested 1 year later, using 1st- and 2nd-order false-belief tasks, a set of 4 simple executive function tasks, and a well-established executive test of planning: the Tower of London (T Shallice, 1982). The results of the study support recent proposals (C. Hughes, 1996; J. 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PD NOV PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1326 EP 1339 DI 10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1326 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 138HH UT WOS:000076965900017 PM 9823515 ER PT J AU Lelord, G Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Bruneau, N Dansart, P Garreau, B Hameury, L Lenoir, P Martineau, J Muh, JP Perrot, A Roux, S Sauvage, D AF Lelord, G Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Bruneau, N Dansart, P Garreau, B Hameury, L Lenoir, P Martineau, J Muh, JP Perrot, A Roux, S Sauvage, D TI Further clinical evaluations elicited by functional biological investigations in childhood autism SO ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCHIATRIE CLINIQUE BIOLOGIQUE ET THERAPEUTIQUE LA French DT Article DE behavioural evaluations; cerebral imagery; childhood autism; developmental neurophysiology; genetic grid; molecular biology; quantified multidimensional assessment; rating scales ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; SUMMARIZED EVALUATION; EVOKED-RESPONSES; CHILDREN; SEROTONIN; IMITATION; ASSOCIATION; BEHAVIOR; MARKERS; SCALE AB As childhood autism is usually considered as a developmental disorder, complete assessment of each patient requires non only clinical examination but various biological investigations : EEG and evoked potentials recordings, biochemical dosages and sometimes, cerebral blood flow measures, molecular biologic explorations... These investigations help to understand neurophysiological dysfunctionings which underly different autistic syndromes. It therefore seems necessary to develop quantified clinical tools which could allow closer matching between clinical evaluations and biological numerical data. These complementary evaluations must be both simple and quick to perform in medical practice, as they are added to an already heavy clinical examination. The main tools used in our bioclinical Department are described here. For each child, psychiatric, pediatric and neurological examination was performed. Different scales were progressively elaborated and validated to complete and precise behavioral parameters. Attention and perception were evaluated by a Behavior Summarized Evaluation (BSE) scale, association and imitation by appropriate scales, langage by the Pre-Verbal Behavior Summarized Evaluation (PV-BSE) scale, early symptoms by the Infant Behavior Summarized Evaluation (t-BSE) scale. The main neurophysiological dysfunctionings were grouped in a Behavioral Functional Inventory (BFI). Clinical genetic data were scored in a summarized assessment carrying both on the antecedents and on the somatic abnormalities. The completed clinical data were gathered in a Quantified Multidimensional Assessment (QMA), with four axes : socialization, communication, cognition and neurological observation. These clinical evaluations provide behavioral details that can be integra ted into a bioclinical database and give an objective approach to the heterogeneity of autism. They invite both clinicians and biologists to deepen the description of individual profiles which allow better understanding of physiopathological mechanims in autistic children. C1 CHRU Bretonneau, INSERM, U316, Tours, France. 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PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 24 IS 6 BP 541 EP 549 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 157TM UT WOS:000078077800006 PM 9949937 ER PT J AU Tallal, P Merzenich, MM Miller, S Jenkins, W AF Tallal, P Merzenich, MM Miller, S Jenkins, W TI Language learning impairments: integrating basic science, technology, and remediation SO EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Meeting of the European-Brain-and-Behaviour-Society CY SEP 15-18, 1997 CL TUTZING, GERMANY SP European Brain & Behaviour Soc DE phonological processing; temporal integration and segmentation; language impairment; dyslexia; central auditory processing; neural plasticity; learning; autism; attention deficit disorder ID POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; IMPAIRED CHILDREN; SPEECH-PERCEPTION; READING DISABILITIES; DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA; EARLY IDENTIFICATION; PROCESSING DEFICITS; AUDITORY-PERCEPTION; DISABLED-CHILDREN; STOP CONSONANTS AB One of the fundamental goals of the modern field of neuroscience is to understand how neuronal activity gives rise to higher cortical function. However, to bridge the Sap between neurobiology and behavior, we must understand higher cortical functions at the behavioral level at least as well as we have come to understand neurobiological processes at the cellular and molecular levels. This is certainly the case in the study of speech processing, where critical studies of behavioral dysfunction have provided key insights into the basic neurobiological mechanisms relevant to speech perception and production. Much of this progress derives from a detailed analysis of the sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities of children who fail to acquire speech, language, and reading skills normally within the context of otherwise normal development. Current research now shows that a dysfunction in normal phonological processing, which is critical to the development of oral and written language, may derive, at least in part, from difficulties in perceiving and producing basic sensory-motor information in rapid succession - within tens of ms (see Tallal et al. 1993a for a review). There is now substantial evidence supporting the hypothesis that basic temporal integration processes play a fundamental role in establishing neural representations for the units of speech (phonemes), which must be segmented from the (continuous) speech stream and combined to form words, in order for the normal development of oral and written language to proceed. Results from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) studies, as well as studies of behavioral performance in normal and language impaired children and adults, will be reviewed to support the view that the integration of rapidly changing successive acoustic events plays a primary role in phonological development and disorders. Finally, remediation studies based on this research, coupled with neuroplasticity research, will he presented. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Sci Learning Corp, Berkeley, CA USA. RP Tallal, P (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, 197 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. 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Brain Res. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 123 IS 1-2 BP 210 EP 219 DI 10.1007/s002210050563 PG 10 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 137MV UT WOS:000076919300027 PM 9835411 ER PT J AU Lee, A Hobson, RP AF Lee, A Hobson, RP TI On developing self-concepts: A controlled study of children and adolescents with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; mental handicap; concept development; social cognition; self-concepts ID HIGH-FUNCTIONING CHILDREN; LEARNING-DISABILITIES; MIND; EMOTION; ATTRIBUTION; COMPETENCE; EXPERIENCE; ORIGINS; PEOPLE; SCALE AB This study employed the self-understanding interview of Damon and Hart (1988) to assess the self-concepts of two groups of children and adolescents: a group of individuals with autism and a group of nonautistic mentally retarded individuals who were matched for age and for verbal ability. On the basis of an hypothesis concerning the interpersonal origins of social and psychological self-concepts (Hobson, 1990; Neisser, 1988), it was predicted that the participants with autism would show a relative dearth of such concepts in their talk about themselves. In accordance with our predictions, there was a significant group difference in the number and quality of statements that fell into the social category of self-concept; contrary to our predictions, however, there was no group difference in the number of statements that fell into the psychological category. In addition, although there were not significant group differences in the overall production of verbally expressed concepts concerning self-attributes of a physical, active, or psychological kind, even within these categories individuals with autism made fewer references to social interactions or qualities. 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Psychiatry PD NOV PY 1998 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1131 EP 1144 DI 10.1111/1469-7610.00417 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 143UY UT WOS:000077276500008 PM 9844983 ER PT J AU Ozonoff, S Strayer, DL McMahon, WM Filloux, F AF Ozonoff, S Strayer, DL McMahon, WM Filloux, F TI Inhibitory deficits in Tourette syndrome: A function of comorbidity and symptom severity SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE Tourette syndrome; information processing; classification; comorbidity ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; REDUCED COGNITIVE INHIBITION; CARD SORTING TEST; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE; HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; CHILDREN; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; ATTENTION; ADULTS; AUTISM AB This study examined central inhibitory function in children with Tourette syndrome (TS; N = 46) and normally developing controls (N = 22) matched on age, gender, and IQ. A negative priming task measured the ability to inhibit processing of irrelevant distracter stimuli presented on a visual display. Initial analyses indicated that participants with Tourette syndrome did not differ significantly in inhibitory function from controls. However, when the large Tourette syndrome sample was separated into subgroups, one without evidence of comorbidity (N = 23) and the other meeting research criteria for either AD/HD, OCD, or both (N = 23), it became evident that individuals with Tourette syndrome with comorbid conditions tended to perform less well than the control group, whereas those without comorbidity performed much like controls. Similarly, when the large Tourette syndrome sample was divided into two subgroups on the basis of severity of symptomatology (N = 23 in each), those with more numerous and severe symptoms of Tourette syndrome, AD/HD, and OCD performed significantly less well than both controls and Tourette syndrome subjects with fewer and less severe symptoms. This suggests that neuropsychological impairment occurs as a function of comorbidity and symptom severity in Tourette syndrome. It also suggests that categorical diagnoses alone may be less useful than dimensional methods for predicting cognitive impairment in individuals with Tourette syndrome. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Psychol, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Ozonoff, S (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Psychol, Sch Med, 390 S 1530 E,Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 39 IS 8 BP 1109 EP 1118 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003230 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 143UY UT WOS:000077276500006 PM 9844981 ER PT J AU Khan, SG Levy, HL Legerski, R Quackenbush, E Reardon, JT Emmert, S Sancar, A Li, L Schneider, TD Cleaver, JE Kraemer, KH AF Khan, SG Levy, HL Legerski, R Quackenbush, E Reardon, JT Emmert, S Sancar, A Li, L Schneider, TD Cleaver, JE Kraemer, KH TI Xeroderma pigmentosum group C splice mutation associated with autism and hypoglycinemia SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alternative splicing; amino acid metabolism; DNA repair; skin cancer ID REPAIR EXCISION NUCLEASE; DNA-REPAIR; SKIN-CANCER; CELLS; EXPRESSION; GENE; TRANSCRIPTION; PURIFICATION; PROTEIN; REMOVES AB A 4 y old boy of Korean ancestry had xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) with sun sensitivity, multiple cutaneous neoplasms, and inability to speak. Neurologic examination revealed hyperactivity and autistic features without typical XP neurologic abnormalities, Cultured skin fibroblasts (XP22BE) showed decreased post-UV survival, reduced post-UV plasmid host cell reactivation and defective DNA repair (16% of normal unscheduled DNA synthesis in intact cells and undetectable excision repair in a cell free extract). In vitro and in vivo complementation assigned XP22BE to XP group C (XPC) and a markedly reduced level of XPC mRNA was found, Two XPC cDNA hands were identified. One band had a deletion of 161 bases comprising the entire exon 9, which resulted in premature termination of the mutant XPC mRNA. The larger band also had the same deletion of exon 9 but, in addition, had an insertion of 155 bases in its place (exon 9a), resulting in an in-frame XPC mRNA, Genomic DNA analysis revealed a T-->G mutation at the splice. donor site of XPC exon 9, which markedly reduced its information content. The 155 base pair XPC exon 9a insertion was located in intron 9 and was flanked by strong splice donor and acceptor sequences. Analysis of the patient's blood showed persistently low levels of glycine (68 mu M; NL, 125-318 mu M). Normal glycine levels mere maintained with oral glycine supplements and his hyperactivity diminished. These data provide evidence of an association of an XPC splice site mutation with autistic neurologic features and hypoglycinemia. C1 NCI, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Childrens Hosp, Genet Serv, Boston, MA 02115 USA. MD Anderson Hosp & Tumor Inst, Houston, TX USA. Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NCI, Lab Expt & Computat Biol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Radiobiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Kraemer, KH (reprint author), NCI, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, Bldg 37,Room 3E24, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. 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Invest. Dermatol. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 111 IS 5 BP 791 EP 796 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00391.x PG 6 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 132KA UT WOS:000076627800014 PM 9804340 ER PT J AU Roeyers, H Keymeulen, H Buysse, A AF Roeyers, H Keymeulen, H Buysse, A TI Differentiating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified SO JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; AUTISM; SUBCLASSIFICATION; HYPERACTIVITY; AGE AB This study investigated early clinical differences between children with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Differential diagnoses between the two disorders is often difficult in infancy or early childhood. Twenty-seven children with PDD-NOS were matched with 27 children with ADHD as to IQ and chronological age. Their parents were retrospectively questioned on pre-, peri-, and postnatal complications and on atypical or delayed development of the children between 0 and 4 years of age. This exploratory study revealed almost no differences between both groups with respect to pregnancy or birth complications. The results suggest that differences between the two groups become more pronounced and specific with growing age. Consequently, this investigation offers sufficient guidelines for more specific research with larger samples. C1 State Univ Ghent, Res Grp Dev Disorders, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. State Univ Ghent, Fund Sci Res, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Roeyers, H (reprint author), State Univ Ghent, Res Grp Dev Disorders, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. CR ALESSANDRI SM, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P768, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(10)80013-9 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Barkley RA, 1990, ATTENTION DEFICIT HY, V2nd BLACKMAN JA, 1991, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V11, P91 CAMPBELL SB, 1985, CLIN PSYCHOL REV, V5, P405, DOI 10.1016/0272-7358(85)90002-9 CASTELLOE P, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P229, DOI 10.1007/BF01046217 DEMB HB, 1989, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V10, P292 GILLBERG C, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P921, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00834.x GREEN SM, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V29, P1167 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 Lord C, 1984, ADV APPL DEV PSYCHOL, P165 MARCUS LM, 1993, PRESCHOOL ISSUES AUT, P149 MAYES L, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P79, DOI 10.1007/BF01066420 McCarthy D., 1972, MCCARTHY SCALES CHIL MINDERAA RB, 1991, CHILD ADOLESCENT PSY, P380 ORNITZ E, 1980, UNPUB DEV INVENTORY Roeyers H, 1997, J DEV PHYS DISABIL, V9, P347, DOI 10.1023/A:1024930028788 ROGERS SJ, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P863, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00004 SIMEONSSON RJ, 1987, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P275 SZATMARI P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P583, DOI 10.1007/BF01046329 VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P82, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198901000-00015 Waterhouse L, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P59, DOI 10.1007/BF02276235 Wechsler D, 1974, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC Wing L., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P3 WING L, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P79, DOI 10.1007/BF01550280 World Health Organization, 1990, INT CLASS DIS, V10th NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 PU PRO-ED INC PI AUSTIN PA 8700 SHOAL CREEK BLVD, AUSTIN, TX 78757-6897 USA SN 0022-2194 J9 J LEARN DISABIL JI J. Learn. Disabil. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 31 IS 6 BP 565 EP 571 PG 7 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 137NE UT WOS:000076920500006 PM 9813954 ER PT J AU Beversdorf, DQ Anderson, JM Manning, SE Anderson, SL Nordgren, RE Felopulos, GJ Nadeau, SE Heilman, KM Bauman, ML AF Beversdorf, DQ Anderson, JM Manning, SE Anderson, SL Nordgren, RE Felopulos, GJ Nadeau, SE Heilman, KM Bauman, ML TI The effect of semantic and emotional context on written recall for verbal language in high functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder SO JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; emotion; semantics; central coherence ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; CHILDS THEORY; MIND; INDIVIDUALS; PERFORMANCE; DEFICIT; ABILITY; BRAIN; TASK; MEN AB Objective-Several deficits have been proposed to account for cognitive impairment in autism including an inability to comprehend the perspectives of others ("theory of mind"), an inability to process emotional information, and difficulty drawing together diverse information in context ("central coherence"). Because context (central coherence) and emotion can influence memory, a study was designed to show if autism spectrum disorder was associated with impaired utilisation of context and emotion in recall; and if impairments in theory of mind processing would influence recall in autism spectrum disorder. Methods-Ten high functioning subjects with autism spectrum disorder and 13 age and IQ matched controls were tested using recall tests. In the first coherence memory test, subjects listened to a series of word lists that were in varying degrees of syntactic and semantic (coherent) order and were asked to recall the words. In the second coherence memory test, subjects listened to stories consisting of sentences that were, or were not, in logical (coherent) order. In the emotional memory test, the subjects listened to sentences that were highly emotional or nonemotional. In the theory of mind test, the subjects Listened to stories requiring varying levels of understanding of the perspectives of others. Results-There were no significant differences between groups in recall of coherent versus incoherent word Lists, nor was there a significant difference between groups in recall of coherent versus incoherent stories. However, the control subjects recalled more of the emotional than non-emotional sentences, whereas the autism spectrum disorder group did not show such a difference. No significant difference existed in recall of stories requiring varying levels of understanding of the perspectives of others among subjects with autism spectrum disorder, and subjects with autism spectrum disorder did not differ from control subjects in the influence of theory of mind content on story recall. Conclusion-The study shows that memory in high functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder is facilitated by emotional content to a lesser degree than it is facilitated by coherence. Therefore, impairments in emotional processing cannot be considered as simply an effect of the "weak central coherence" theory in autism spectrum disorder. Whereas the reasons for this emotional deficit are unknown, evidence of abnormalities of the limbic structures in autism spectrum disorder may provide an anatomical explanation. C1 Ohio State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Dartmouth Med Sch, Hanover, NH 03756 USA. Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA. Florida State Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pediat Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Beversdorf, DQ (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, 1654 Upham Dr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. 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Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry PD NOV PY 1998 VL 65 IS 5 BP 685 EP 692 DI 10.1136/jnnp.65.5.685 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Surgery SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Surgery GA 133VC UT WOS:000076706400013 PM 9810938 ER PT J AU Pring, L Dewart, H Brockbank, M AF Pring, L Dewart, H Brockbank, M TI Social cognition in children with visual impairments SO JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT & BLINDNESS LA English DT Article ID MIND; AUTISM; ATTENTION; BLIND; REPRESENTATION; COMPREHENSION; PERFORMANCE; ABILITY; READERS; SKILLS AB This article reports on a study of children's understanding of the intentions of characters in a series of stories, found in previous research to be impaired in children with autism but here investigated in 16 children with visual impairment and 16 sighted children. The children with visual impairment gave fewer correct justifications based on mental states than did the sighted children. A small subgroup, identified on the basis of their cognitive style on a reading task and predominantly children with congenital visual impairment, showed the most difficulty on this social cognition task. C1 Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. Univ Westminster, Dept Psychol, London W1R 8AL, England. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Dept Psychol, London WC1E 7HX, England. RP Pring, L (reprint author), Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P113 BARONCOHEN S, 1994, CAH PSYCHOL COGN, V13, P724 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BIGELOW A, 1988, J VISUAL IMPAIR BLIN, V82, P65 BIGELOW AE, 1992, J VISUAL IMPAIR BLIN, V86, P181 Brown R, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P693, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01696.x Butterworth G., 1991, PERSPECTIVES CHILDS BUTTERWORTH G, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P55 CASS HD, 1994, ARCH DIS CHILD, V70, P192 Cohen D. J., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P59 Cutsforth T. D., 1951, BLIND SCH SOC ERIN JN, 1991, J VISUAL IMPAIR BLIN, V85, P58 FARRENKOPF C, 1992, REVIEW, V23, P7 FLAVELL JH, 1978, CHILD DEV, V49, P1208, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1978.tb04090.x Frith U., 1983, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V1, P329, DOI 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1983.tb00906.x FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 GENSE MH, 1994, REVIEW, V26, P55 HAPPE FGE, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P129, DOI 10.1007/BF02172093 HAPPE FGE, 1995, CHILD DEV, V66, P843, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00909.x HOBEN M, 1980, J VISUAL IMPAIR BLIN, V74, P289 Hobson R. Peter, 1993, AUTISM DEV MIND Keeler W. R., 1958, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY COMM, P64 Landau Barbara, 1985, LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE LESLIE AM, 1987, PSYCHOL REV, V94, P412, DOI 10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412 LESLIE AM, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P315 LOVELAND KA, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF01531663 MACCUSPIE PA, 1992, DEV SOCIAL SKILLS BL, P83 MCALPINE LM, 1995, J VISUAL IMPAIR BLIN, V89, P349 MILLAR S, 1981, INTERSENSORY PERCEPT, P192 MINTER ME, IN PRESS BRIT J DEV MULFORD R, 1983, LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, P89 MUNDY P, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P657, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x NEALE MD, 1966, NEALE ANAL READING OAKHILL J, 1984, BRIT J EDUC PSYCHOL, V54, P31 Oakhill J., 1986, J RES READ, V9, P80, DOI DOI 10.1111/J.1467-9817.1986.TB00115.X O'Connor N., 1978, SEEING HEARING SPACE OCONNOR N, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P501, DOI 10.1007/BF02172131 PAINTER J, 1996, MEMORY VISUAL IMPAIR Perner Josef, 1991, UNDERSTANDING REPRES PETERSON CC, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P459, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x PRING L, 1982, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V73, P351 PRING L, 1988, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V79, P387 PRING L, 1992, MENTAL LIVES, P24 Rowland C, 1983, LANG ACQUIS, P114 SCAIFE M, 1975, NATURE, V253, P265, DOI 10.1038/253265a0 SNOWLING M, 1986, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V42, P392, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(86)90033-0 Warren D. H., 1994, BLINDNESS CHILDREN I WILLIAMS M, 1956, INTELLIGENCE TEST CH WIMMER H, 1983, COGNITION, V13, P103, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 PU AMER FOUNDATION BLIND PI NEW YORK PA J VISUAL IMPAIRMENT BLINDNESS 11 PENN PLAZA SUITE 300, NEW YORK, NY 10001 USA SN 0145-482X J9 J VISUAL IMPAIR BLIN JI J. Vis. Impair. Blind. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 92 IS 11 BP 754 EP 768 PG 15 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 133HP UT WOS:000076681400004 ER PT J AU Mottron, L Belleville, S Stip, E Morasse, K AF Mottron, L Belleville, S Stip, E Morasse, K TI Atypical memory performance in an autistic savant SO MEMORY LA English DT Article ID INTERFERENCE; CHILDREN; SUBJECT AB This study explored the mechanisms underlying the hypermnesia of an autistic savant (NM) through three experiments. The first two served to assess whether absence of interference was responsible for NM's exceptional list memory. The third investigated the type of cues used in recall. Results indicated absence of retroactive interference but presence of slight proactive interference in list recall of proper names. Normal interference effects were found, however, in list recall of common nouns. Exceptional performance was also demonstrated in a missing-name task involving spatial and verbal recall cues. The findings suggest that the outstanding episodic memory presented by some savant persons with autism might be related to an abnormally high resistance to interference. C1 Hop Riviere Prairies, Serv Rech, Montreal, PQ H1E 1A4, Canada. Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. Ctr Hosp Cote Neiges, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Ctr Hosp Louis H Lafontaine, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Mottron, L (reprint author), Hop Riviere Prairies, Serv Rech, 7070 Blvd, Montreal, PQ H1E 1A4, Canada. EM Mottronl@ere.umontreal.ca CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Aram D. M., 1988, EXCEPTIONAL BRAIN NE, P70 Baddeley A. D., 1990, HUMAN MEMORY Baudot J., 1992, FREQUENCE UTILISATIO CRAIK FIM, 1971, J EXP PSYCHOL, V91, P120, DOI 10.1037/h0031835 Dempster F. N., 1995, INTERFERENCE INHIBIT FOERSTL J, 1989, AM J PSYCHIAT, V146, P566 Frith U, 1997, TRENDS COGN SCI, V1, P73, DOI 10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01010-3 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 FRITH U, 1969, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V10, P153, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1969.tb02077.x HERMELIN B, 1987, PSYCHOL MED, V17, P695 Hill A. 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The authors performed 3 meta-analyses, comparing ToM abilities of individuals with autism, individuals with mental retardation (MR), and normally developing individuals. Results indicated that individuals with autism and MR have impaired ToM abilities. The etiology associated with MR (i.e., Down syndrome, undifferentiated etiology) was found to be an important moderator variable. Chronological age (CA) and verbal mental age (VMA) of the normally developing children and CA, VMA, and performance mental age of individuals with MR, and type of matching between the groups were also found to be moderator variables. Discussion focuses on the implication of the findings and emphasizes the need to consider the specific etiology of comparison groups when studying abilities and impairments of individuals with autism and MR. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychol, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Sch Educ, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Yirmiya, N (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychol, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. 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PD NOV PY 1998 VL 124 IS 3 BP 283 EP 307 DI 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.283 PG 25 WC Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 144AF UT WOS:000077289700001 PM 9849110 ER PT J AU Chong, BW Lewine, JD Orrison, WW Davis, JT Jones, GM Funke, M AF Chong, BW Lewine, JD Orrison, WW Davis, JT Jones, GM Funke, M TI Epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders: MEG findings and therapeutic options SO RADIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU RADIOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PI EASTON PA 20TH AND NORTHAMPTON STS, EASTON, PA 18042 USA SN 0033-8419 J9 RADIOLOGY JI Radiology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 209P SU S MA 928 BP 350 EP 351 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 132YN UT WOS:000076659700918 ER PT J AU Ryu, YH Yoon, PH Kim, D Shin, YJ Lee, JD Lee, HB AF Ryu, YH Yoon, PH Kim, D Shin, YJ Lee, JD Lee, HB TI Perfusion impairments on Tc-99m ECD brain SPECT in patients with infantile autism and nonautistic pervasive developmental disorders: Comparison with MR findings SO RADIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU RADIOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PI EASTON PA 20TH AND NORTHAMPTON STS, EASTON, PA 18042 USA SN 0033-8419 J9 RADIOLOGY JI Radiology PD NOV PY 1998 VL 209P SU S MA 1545 BP 482 EP 483 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 132YN UT WOS:000076659701530 ER PT J AU Carr, D AF Carr, D TI Targeting autism. What we know, don't know and can do to help children with autism and related disorders. SO SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS LA English DT Book Review C1 UWCM, Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. RP Carr, D (reprint author), UWCM, Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. RI turton, miranda/F-4682-2011 CR Cohen S., 1998, TARGETING AUTISM WHA NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-9889 J9 SOCIOL HEALTH ILL JI Sociol. Health Ill. PD NOV PY 1998 VL 20 IS 6 BP 921 EP 923 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical; Sociology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences; Sociology GA 137WV UT WOS:000076940700011 ER PT J AU Edelson, SB Cantor, DS AF Edelson, SB Cantor, DS TI Autism: Xenobiotic influences SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE autism; xenobiotic influence; behavior ID EARLY INFANTILE-AUTISM; EARLY-CHILDHOOD; CHILDREN; EXPOSURE; PSYCHOSIS; DISORDER; PAIRS; ONSET; AGE C1 Edelson Ctr Environm & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Edelson, SB (reprint author), Edelson Ctr Environm & Prevent Med, 3833 Roswell Rd,Suite 110, Atlanta, GA USA. CR AHLFORS K, 1984, SCAND J INFECT DIS, V16, P129, DOI 10.3109/00365548409087131 ARIN D M, 1991, Neurology, V41, P307 ASHLEY DL, 1994, CLIN CHEM, V40, P1401 BARTHOLOME K, 1977, PEDIATRICS, V59, P757 BAUMAN M, 1985, NEUROLOGY, V35, P866 BEARER C, 1995, ENV HLTH PERSPECT S, V6, P103 BLACKSTOCK EG, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P339, DOI 10.1007/BF01539636 BOLTON P, 1990, International Review of Psychiatry, V2, P67, DOI 10.3109/09540269009028273 BOSS GR, 1982, ANNU REV GENET, V16, P297, DOI 10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.001501 CANTOR DS, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P169, DOI 10.1007/BF01531728 CANTU ES, 1990, AM J MENT RETARD, V94, P442 CHEN CH, 1989, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V155, P251, DOI 10.1192/bjp.155.2.251 Chess S, 1977, J AUTISM CHILDHOOD S, V7, P68 COHEN IL, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V38, P498, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320380271 Coleman M., 1976, AUTISTIC SYNDROMES DALE WILLIAM E., 1966, LIFE SCI, V5, P47, DOI 10.1016/0024-3205(66)90186-X DAMASIO AR, 1978, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V35, P777 DAVIS DL, 1993, ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP, V101, P372, DOI 10.2307/3431889 DAWSON G, 1982, BRAIN LANG, V15, P353, DOI 10.1016/0093-934X(82)90065-7 DELONG GR, 1981, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V38, P191 DESMOND MM, 1967, J PEDIATR-US, V71, P311, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(67)80291-9 DOWTY BJ, 1976, ANAL CHEM, V48, P946, DOI 10.1021/ac60370a021 Duran M, 1978, J Inherit Metab Dis, V1, P175, DOI 10.1007/BF01805591 Felicetti T, 1981, MILIEU THERAPY, V1, P13 FERIOLI A, 1989, BIOL TRACE ELEM RES, V21, P289, DOI 10.1007/BF02917266 FOLSTEIN S, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P297, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x FRIEDMAN E, 1969, SCHIZOPHRENIA, V1, P249 GILLBERG C, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P369, DOI 10.1007/BF01531665 GILLBERG C, 1990, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V82, P152, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01373.x HAGERMAN RJ, 1989, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AUTISM, P105 HAYMAKER W, 1958, TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEP, P166 HUNT A, 1987, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V29, P190 HUNTER J, 1971, LANCET, V699, P572 JAEKEN J, 1984, LANCET, V2, P1058 JAMES AL, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P271, DOI 10.1007/BF01531510 KALF GF, 1982, CHEM-BIOL INTERACT, V42, P353, DOI 10.1016/0009-2797(82)90079-5 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KOTSOPOULOS S, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P55, DOI 10.1007/BF01531292 LITTLE J, 1986, MOST FREQUENTLY OBSE MARCH J, 1978, CLIN CHEM, V20, P1155 MCCANN BS, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P401 McDougle CJ, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P993 NISWANDER KR, 1972, DHEW PUB NOTTEN WRF, 1977, INT ARCH OCC ENV HEA, V38, P209, DOI 10.1007/BF00378358 OREILLY B, 1993, J ORTHOMOLECULAR MED, V8 PANGBORN JB, 1984, P ANN M NAT SOC CHIL PLIOPLYS AV, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V29, P12, DOI 10.1159/000119056 REA WJ, 1984, CLIN ECOLOGY, V2 RITVO ER, 1985, AM J PSYCHIAT, V142, P74 SHIH VE, 1974, NEW ENGL J MED, V191, P1214 SINGH VK, 1993, BRAIN BEHAV IMMUN, V7, P97, DOI 10.1006/brbi.1993.1010 SINGH VK, 1991, CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP, V61, P448, DOI 10.1016/S0090-1229(05)80015-7 Slikker W, 1995, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V765, P198, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb16576.x STUBBS EG, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P49, DOI 10.1007/BF01531114 STUBBS EG, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P37, DOI 10.1007/BF01550276 TILSON HA, DEV NEUROTOXICOLOGY TORREY EF, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P287, DOI 10.1007/BF01540676 WARREN RP, 1995, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V31, P53, DOI 10.1159/000119172 WARREN RP, 1991, CLIN EXP IMMUNOL, V83, P438 YONK JL, 1990, IMMUNOL LETT, V25, P3241 YU ML, 1991, NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL, V13, P195, DOI 10.1016/0892-0362(91)90011-K NR 61 TC 8 Z9 8 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 14 IS 6 BP 799 EP 811 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 300QB UT WOS:000086262700003 PM 9891912 ER PT J AU Ribas, D AF Ribas, D TI The lost location of rediscovered traces SO REVUE FRANCAISE DE PSYCHANALYSE LA French DT Article DE operative life; progressive disorganisation; drive monism; drive defusion; adhesivity; dismantling AB On the basis of the connection between behavioural neurosis and infantile autism (J.-M. Forte), we propose to consider operative functioning as a defused drive economy, which the apparent monism of Pierre Marty's theory could paradoxically illustrate. The question of the location of the conservation of rediscovered traces in psycho-therapeutic treatment is posed and leads us to the hypothesis of a passive splitting close to dismantlement, altering everything in the psychic topic and not only the ego, entailing a passage from tridimensionality to bidimensionality. RP Ribas, D (reprint author), 33 Rue Traversiere, F-75012 Paris, France. CR DONNET JL, 1990, MONOGRAPHIE RFP Freud S, 1920, ESSAIS PSYCHANALYSE GREEN A, 1984, PULSION MORT, P49 Green A., 1990, FOLIE PRIVEE MELTZER D, 1980, EXPLORATIONS MONDE A MELTZER D, 1984, REV FR PSYCHANAL, V48, P541 PORTE JM, 1996, REV FRANCAISE PSYCHO, V10, P95 RIBAS D, 1993, REV FRANCAISE PSYCHO, V4 RIBAS D, 1996, REV FRANCAISE PSYCHO, V10, P106 RIBAS D, 1989, REV FR PSYCHANAL, V53, P669 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PRESSES UNIV FRANCE PI EVRY PA DEPT DES REVUES 14, AVENUE DU BOIS-DE-L'EPINE B.P. 90, 91003 EVRY, FRANCE SN 0035-2942 J9 REV FR PSYCHANAL JI Rev. Fr. Psychanal. PD NOV-DEC PY 1998 VL 62 IS 5 SI SI BP 1607 EP + PG 8 WC Psychology, Psychoanalysis SC Psychology GA 165QV UT WOS:000078533400022 ER PT J AU Horovitz, P AF Horovitz, P TI Autism stalks the animal world SO NEW SCIENTIST LA English DT News Item NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU NEW SCIENTIST PUBL EXPEDITING INC PI ELMONT PA 200 MEACHAM AVE, ELMONT, NY 11003 USA SN 0262-4079 J9 NEW SCI JI New Sci. PD OCT 31 PY 1998 VL 160 IS 2158 BP 25 EP 25 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 134FJ UT WOS:000076732000026 ER PT J AU Kobayashi, R Murata, T AF Kobayashi, R Murata, T TI Setback phenomenon in autism and long-term prognosis SO ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA LA English DT Article DE autism; long-term prognosis; regression; setback phenomenon; speech loss ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISINTEGRATIVE PSYCHOSIS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SPEECH LOSS; FOLLOW-UP; ONSET; AGE; CHILDHOOD AB From among the subjects of a follow-up study on cases of autism conducted by the authors in 1990, 179 cases for which precise records were available on the infancy period were selected for evaluation of the relationship between the occurrence of setback phenomenon in infancy and long-term prognosis. The following results were obtained: (i) a significantly higher rate of epilepsy among the setback group compared to the non-setback group; and (ii) a significantly lower level of language development among the setback group upon entering elementary school compared to the non-setback group, although the difference between the present levels of adaptation of the two groups was not significant. Factors determining the long-term prognosis of the setback group are discussed. C1 Tokai Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Social Work, Isehara, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Fac Educ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. RP Kobayashi, R (reprint author), Tokai Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Social Work, Isehara, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BURD L, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P609 BURD L, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P155, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00700.x Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN GILLBERG C, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P369, DOI 10.1007/BF01531665 HARPER J, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P25, DOI 10.1007/BF01537970 HILL AE, 1986, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V28, P34 HOSHINO Y, 1987, JPN J PSYCHIAT NEUR, V41, P237 ICHIBA N, 1984, No To Hattatsu, V16, P470 ISHII T, 1971, NIHON IJI SHINPOU, V2459, P27 KAWASAKI Y, 1985, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V26, P201 KOBAYASHI R, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P395, DOI 10.1007/BF01048242 KOBAYASHI R, 1998, IN PRESS PSYCHIAT CL KOBAYASHI R, 1994, SEISHIN IGAKU, V36, P829 KOBAYASHI R, 1985, Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica, V87, P546 KOBAYASHI R, 1992, SEISHIN IGAKU, V34, P45 KURITA H, 1996, RECENT PROGR CHILD A, P21 KURITA H, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P175, DOI 10.1007/BF01058149 KURITA H, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P191, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60447-7 KURITA H, 1987, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SCHI, V16, P27 Lotter V., 1966, SOC PSYCHIAT, P124, DOI DOI 10.1007/BF00584048 MAKITA K, 1960, JPN J CHILD PSYCHIAT, V1, P377 SHORT AB, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P207, DOI 10.1007/BF02211947 Tuchman RF, 1997, PEDIATRICS, V99, P560, DOI 10.1542/peds.99.4.560 VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P717, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00784.x VOLKMAR FR, 1985, AM J PSYCHIAT, V142, P1450 WAKABAYA.S, 1974, JPN J CHILD ADOL PSY, V15, P215 World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE World Health Organization, 1977, INT CLASS DIS YAMAZAKI K, 1973, BRAIN NERVE, V25, P725 NR 31 TC 64 Z9 64 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0001-690X J9 ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND JI Acta Psychiatr. Scand. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 98 IS 4 BP 296 EP 303 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10087.x PG 8 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 131GJ UT WOS:000076567600007 PM 9821451 ER PT J AU Deb, S Thompson, B AF Deb, S Thompson, B TI Neuroimaging in autism SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; SCAN FINDINGS; BRAIN; ADULTS; TOMOGRAPHY; HYPOPLASIA; CEREBELLUM; DISORDER AB Background Childhood autism is a developmental disorder with distinctive clinical features and characteristic cognitive deficits. Neuroimaging techniques have been extensively used in the study of autism and related disorders. Method Recent important literature reported on structural and functional neuroimaging in autism was reviewed and discussed in the context of other neurobiological research findings. Results Various abnormalities of brain structure and function have been proposed. but no focal defect has been reliably demonstrated. important findings, so Qr, include increased brain volume, structural abnormality in frontal lobe and corpus callosum in a proportion of autistic individuals. Functional neuroimaging findings emphasised the imbalance in interregional and inter-hemispheric brain metabolism and blood flow as well as abnormality in the anterior cingulate gyrus. Conclusion The research to date has been hindered by methodological difficulties. However, hypothesis-driven research, particularly involving activation studies and neurotransmitter/ neuroreceptor activities, using functional neuroimaging will be very useful in unravelling the enigma associated with this intriguing and distressing condition. C1 Univ Wales Coll Med, Dept Psychol Med, Cardiff CF4 4XN, S Glam, Wales. RP Deb, S (reprint author), Univ Wales Coll Med, Dept Psychol Med, Heath Pk, Cardiff CF4 4XN, S Glam, Wales. EM deb@cardiff.ac.uk CR ANDERSON GM, 1990, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V600, P331, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16893.x BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BARONCOHEN S, 1994, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V165, P640, DOI 10.1192/bjp.165.5.640 DEVOLDER A, 1987, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V9, P581 BUCHSBAUM MS, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF01046407 Caviness V. 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J. Psychiatry PD OCT PY 1998 VL 173 BP 299 EP 302 DI 10.1192/bjp.173.4.299 PG 4 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 125NA UT WOS:000076242600005 PM 9926032 ER PT J AU Kugler, B AF Kugler, B TI Autism and autistic-like conditions in mental retardation SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Horizon NHS Trust, Harper House Childrens Serv, Radlett WD7 7HU, Herts, England. RP Kugler, B (reprint author), Horizon NHS Trust, Harper House Childrens Serv, Harper Lane, Radlett WD7 7HU, Herts, England. CR Kraijer D. W., 1997, AUTISM AUTISTIC LIKE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS PI LONDON PA BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1X 8PG SN 0007-1250 J9 BRIT J PSYCHIAT JI Br. J. Psychiatry PD OCT PY 1998 VL 173 BP 356 EP 357 PG 2 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 125NA UT WOS:000076242600029 ER PT J AU Humphrey, N AF Humphrey, N TI Cave art, autism, and the evolution of the human mind SO CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UPPER PALEOLITHIC ART; VISUAL REALISM; DRAWINGS; CHILDREN; SAVANTS C1 New Sch Social Res, Grad Fac, New York, NY 10003 USA. RP Humphrey, N (reprint author), New Sch Social Res, Grad Fac, 65 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10003 USA. CR BEGOUEN R, 1991, P PREHIST SOC, V57, P65 Cavalli-Sforza L.L., 1994, HIST GEOGRAPHY HUMAN CHARMAN T, 1993, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V11, P171 CLOTTES J, 1996, EPILOGUE DAWN ART CH Clottes J, 1996, ANTIQUITY, V70, P276 Darnton Robert, 1985, GREAT CAT MASSACRE Deacon Terrence William, 1997, SYMBOLIC SPECIES COE DENNETT D, 1969, KINDS MINDS Dennett D. C., 1992, CONSCIOUSNESS EXPLAI Dunbar R. I. 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A., 1989, EXTRAORDINARY PEOPLE WATTS L, 1998, THESIS U LONDON NR 52 TC 31 Z9 31 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0959-7743 J9 CAMB ARCHAEOL J JI Camb. Archaeol. J. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 165 EP 191 PG 27 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 231NH UT WOS:000082316300002 ER PT J AU Konstantareas, MM AF Konstantareas, MM TI Allegations of sexual abuse by nonverbal autistic people via facilitated communication: Testing of validity SO CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Canadian-Psychological-Association CY JUN, 1995 CL CHARLOTTETOWN, CANADA SP Canadian Psychol Assoc DE sexual abuse; autistic disorder; facilitated communication ID CHILD PROTECTION; FOLLOW-UP AB Objective: The aim of the paper is to offer a comprehensive approach to establishing the validity of allegations of sexual abuse by nonverbal autistic children and adults produced through facilitated communication (FC). This approach is offered as an alternative to existing methodology that relies exclusively on the "message passing" task, and has been used to advantage in the courts. Method: Three components to the battery are included: (a) specialized psychometric testing; (b) a variant of the message passing task; and (c) systematic analysis of the allegations themselves. Through the juxtaposition of the data from the different sources, conclusions can be reached as to the allegations' authorship. Results: The results of a series of studies addressing the issue of validity of FC in general are briefly presented. Then a case presentation is offered to demonstrate how the technique can be employed to clarify allegations of sexual abuse. Elements of two other cases are also briefly discussed. Conclusions: Facilitated communication has been heralded as a breakthrough, allowing nonverbal people with autism to express themselves. It relies on manual guidance by a facilitator. Its proponents' resistance to allowing the technique's validation relying on the paradigm of normal science has resulted in its broad dissemination without support. In the case of sexual abuse allegations thus far the "message passing" task has been used to assess their verity. The present methodology is offered as a more comprehensive alternative to "message passing," with relevance to other populations of nonverbal individuals. C1 Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Konstantareas, MM (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. 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PD OCT PY 1998 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1027 EP 1041 DI 10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00082-9 PG 15 WC Family Studies; Psychology, Social; Social Work SC Family Studies; Psychology; Social Work GA 118FC UT WOS:000075826900010 PM 9793725 ER PT J AU Dawson, G Meltzoff, AN Osterling, J Rinaldi, J AF Dawson, G Meltzoff, AN Osterling, J Rinaldi, J TI Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism SO CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID RHESUS-MONKEYS; HUMAN INFANTS; TO-SAMPLE; CHILDREN; RECOGNITION; PERFORMANCE; LESIONS; MEMORY; FACE; MECHANISMS AB Both the medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have been implicated in autism. In the present study, performance on two neuropsychological tasks-one tapping the medial temporal lobe and related limbic structures, and another tapping the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-was examined in relation to performance on tasks assessing autistic symptoms in young children with autism, and developmentally matched groups of children with Down syndrome or typical development. Autistic symptoms included orienting to social stimuli, immediate and deferred motor imitation, shared attention, responses to emotional stimuli, and symbolic play. Compared with children with Down syndrome and typically developing children, children with autism performed significantly worse on both the medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal tasks, and on tasks assessing symptoms domains. For children with autism, the severity of autistic symptoms was strongly and consistently correlated with performance on the medial temporal lobe task, but not the dorsolateral prefrontal task. The hypothesis that autism is related to dysfunction of the medial temporal lobe and related limbic structures, such as the orbital prefrontal cortex, is discussed. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Human Dev & Disabil, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Dawson, G (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. 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PD OCT PY 1998 VL 69 IS 5 BP 1276 EP 1285 DI 10.2307/1132265 PG 10 WC Psychology, Educational; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 141DB UT WOS:000077126400003 PM 9839415 ER PT J AU Singh, VK Lin, SX Yang, VC AF Singh, VK Lin, SX Yang, VC TI Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autism; autoimmunity; autoantibodies; developmental disorders; virus serology; measles; HHV-6; child behavior; brain disorders ID CHILDREN; ANTIBODIES; RECEPTOR; PROTEIN AB Considering an autoimmunity and autism connection, brain autoantibodies to myelin basic protein (anti-MBP) and neuron-axon filament protein (anti-NAFP) have been found in autistic children. In this current study, we examined associations between virus serology and autoantibody by simultaneous analysis of measles virus antibody (measles-IgG), human herpesvirus-6 antibody (HHV-6-IgG), anti-MBP, and anti-NAFP, We found that measles-IgG and HHV-6-IgG titers were moderately higher in autistic children but they did not significantly differ from normal controls, Moreover, we found that a vast majority of virus serology-positive autistic sera was also positive for brain autoantibody: (i) 90% of measles-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-MBP; (ii) 73% of measles-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-NAFP; (iii) 84% of HHV-6-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-MBP; and (iv) 72% of HHV-6-IgG-positive autistic sera was also positive for anti-NAFP, This study is the first to report an association between virus serology and brain autoantibody in autism; it supports the hypothesis that a virus-induced autoimmune response may play a causal role in autism. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Michigan, Coll Pharm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Singh, VK (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Coll Pharm, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. 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Immunol. Immunopathol. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 89 IS 1 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1006/clin.1998.4588 PG 4 WC Immunology; Pathology SC Immunology; Pathology GA 128GB UT WOS:000076396400012 PM 9756729 ER PT J AU Burd, L Ivey, M Barth, A Kerbeshian, J AF Burd, L Ivey, M Barth, A Kerbeshian, J TI Two males with childhood disintegrative disorder: a prospective 14-year outcome study SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DSM-IV; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; NORTH-DAKOTA; FIELD TRIAL; AUTISM; PSYCHOSIS; ONSET; DEMENTIA AB A prospective 14-year outcome study of two children meeting DSM-IV criteria for childhood disintegrative disorder is presented. Their ages at first evaluation were 4 years 7 months and 6 years 3 months. Both are now adults and continue to have a severe pervasive developmental disorder, mental retardation, seizure disorder, and are non-verbal. Both require residential care. C1 Child Evaluat & Treatment Program, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Burd, L (reprint author), Child Evaluat & Treatment Program, 1300 S Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. 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PD OCT PY 1998 VL 40 IS 10 BP 702 EP 707 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 143TR UT WOS:000077273000009 PM 9851240 ER PT J AU Frith, U Happe, F AF Frith, Uta Happe, Francesca TI Why specific developmental disorders are not specific: On-line and developmental effects in autism and dyslexia SO DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB In this paper we will suggest that impairments in domain-specific functions may have wide-ranging developmental effects which mimic domain-general impairments. This may explain why 'pure' cases of developmental disorders are rare. The understanding of autism and dyslexia has been advanced by theories postulating failure of a specific mechanism against a background of unimpaired general processing. Impairment in the mechanisms underlying 'theory of mind' in autism, and 'phonology' in dyslexia, predict and explain the pattern of poor and good performance on a range of experimental and real-life tasks. However, existing accounts deal largely with the on-line effects of modular deficits, and can be criticised as not truly developmental. Here we attempt to trace developmental or down-stream effects of specific impairments in mentalising and phonological processing. We argue that these modules act as vital gatekeepers in development. Important in this process is the interaction of cognition with socio-cultural environment, an effect well-illustrated by cross-language differences in dyslexia. We claim that consideration of these developmental effects makes clear why postulating specific impairments may be sufficient for explaining more general deficits. C1 [Happe, Francesca] SGDP Res Ctr, Inst Psychiat, London SE5 8AF, England. [Frith, Uta] UCL, MRC, Cognit Dev Unit, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Happe, F (reprint author), SGDP Res Ctr, Inst Psychiat, 111 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. 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PD OCT-DEC PY 1998 VL 63 IS 4 BP 685 EP 687 PG 3 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 178NG UT WOS:000079271900009 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI 'Titles in autism': at the cutting edge of the latest research SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING LA English DT News Item NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0309-2402 EI 1365-2648 J9 J ADV NURS JI J. Adv. Nurs. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 696 EP 696 PG 1 WC Nursing SC Nursing GA 137WM UT WOS:000076939900008 ER PT J AU Fombonne, E AF Fombonne, E TI Genetics of autism - Preface SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Editorial Material CR Fombonne E, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P633, DOI 10.1023/A:1025894430204 HANSON DR, 1976, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V6, P209, DOI 10.1007/BF01543463 Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 349 EP 350 DI 10.1023/A:1026012619876 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 134VD UT WOS:000076763600001 ER PT J AU Szatmari, P Jones, MB Zwaigenbaum, L MacLean, JE AF Szatmari, P Jones, MB Zwaigenbaum, L MacLean, JE TI Genetics of autism: Overview and new directions SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; genetics; family studies ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; FAMILY HISTORY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; COGNITIVE DISABILITIES; CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSIS; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; PERINATAL FACTORS; SEX-DIFFERENCES; DSM-IV AB Genetic epidemiology is the study of inherited factors involved in the etiology of a disease or disorder and uses the methods of both medical genetics and clinical epidemiology. In general, genetic epidemiology tries to answer the following four questions: Is the disorder inherited; What phenotype is inherited; How is it inherited or what is the mode of transmission; and What is the nature of the genetic mutation, if any, that gives rise to the disorder? The hope is that by identifying the gene or genes involved in pathophysiology, a much better understanding of the steps from gene product to phenotype will be possible, leading to improvements in diagnosis, an opportunity for thoughtful family planning, and perhaps, most important, to the development of treatments based on an understanding of the biochemistry of the disorder. We review the current knowledge of the genetic epidemiology of autism and the other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) and highlight promising new directions. There seems to be widespread agreement that the PDDs are caused, at least in part, by genetic factors. There is also some agreement on the phenotypic boundaries associated with these same genetic factors. However, many points of uncertainty remain, and several methodologic issues need to be resolved before further progress in mapping susceptibility genes is possible. We do not specifically review molecular studies, medical conditions associated with autism, or the broader autism phenotype, as these topics are covered in other papers in this special issue. C1 McMaster Univ, Med Ctr, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Coll Med, Dept Behav Sci, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Szatmari, P (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Med Ctr, Hamilton, ON, Canada. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 351 EP 368 DI 10.1023/A:1026096203946 PG 18 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 134VD UT WOS:000076763600002 PM 9813773 ER PT J AU Bailey, A Palferman, S Heavey, L Le Couteur, A AF Bailey, A Palferman, S Heavey, L Le Couteur, A TI Autism: The phenotype in relatives SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; genetics; relatives; variable phenotypic expression ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; FAMILY HISTORY; 1ST-DEGREE RELATIVES; INFANTILE-AUTISM; PERSONALITY-CHARACTERISTICS; COGNITIVE DISABILITIES; NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE; SUBCLINICAL MARKERS; BLOOD SEROTONIN; CHILDREN AB There is broad agreement that genetic influences are central in the development of idiopathic autism. Whether relatives manifest genetically related milder phenotypes, and if so how these relate to autism proper, has proved a more contentious issue. A review of the relevant studies indicates that relatives are sometimes affected by difficulties that appear conceptually related to autistic behaviors. These range in severity from pervasive developmental disorders to abnormalities in only one area of functioning, and possibly extend to related personality traits. Issues involved in clarifying the components of milder phenotypes and their relationship to autism are outlined. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. Acad Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Fleming Nuffield Unit, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 3AE, Tyne & Wear, England. RP Bailey, A (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk,Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 369 EP 392 DI 10.1023/A:1026048320785 PG 24 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 134VD UT WOS:000076763600003 PM 9813774 ER PT J AU Feinstein, C Reiss, AL AF Feinstein, C Reiss, AL TI Autism: The point of view from fragile X studies SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Review DE fragile X syndrome; autism; behavioral phenotype; cognitive phenotype; behavioral neurogenetics ID DSM-III-R; FULL MUTATION; COGNITIVE PROFILES; MENTAL-RETARDATION; ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILD-PSYCHIATRY; TURNERS-SYNDROME; DIRECT DIAGNOSIS; POSTERIOR-FOSSA AB The relationship between the fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism is reviewed. Shortly after the FXS was first described, it was noted that certain behaviors commonly found in afflicted individuals resemble certain features of autism. Research concerning a possible relationship between these conditions is summarized. The outcome of this research indicates that FXS is not a common cause of autism, although the number of individuals with FXS who meet diagnostic criteria for autism is higher than can be accounted for by chance. The major focus of this paper highlights that FXS is a well-defined neurogenetic disease that includes a cognitive behavioral phenotype, and has both a known biological cause and an increasing well-delineated pathogenesis. Autism is a behaviorally defined syndrome whose syndromic boundaries and biological causes are not known. These profound differences complicate comparisons and causal discussions. However, the behavioral neurogenetic information available about FXS suggests certain pathways for future research directed at elucidating the syndrome of autism. C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat & Child Dev, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Feinstein, C (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat & Child Dev, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. 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The frequency of autism is about 25%, with 40-45% of TSC cases meeting criteria for autism or PDD. Among autistic populations, the frequency of TSC is 1-4% and perhaps as high as 8-14% among the subgroup of autistic individuals with a seizure disorder. Mental retardation (MR) and seizures, particularly infantile spasms, are significant risk factors in the development of autism/PDD in TSC; however, neither are sufficient or necessary for the development of these behaviors. The mechanism underlying the association of autism and TSC is as yet unclear but clinical features and neuroimaging investigations suggest that an abnormal TSC gene may directly influence the development of autism rather than it being a secondary effect of seizures or MR. The presence of autism/PDD may arise if the TSC gene mutations occur at critical stages of neural development in neural tissue of brain regions critical in the development of autism. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 427 EP 437 DI 10.1023/A:1026056522602 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 134VD UT WOS:000076763600007 PM 9813778 ER PT J AU Folstein, SE Bisson, E Santangelo, SL Piven, J AF Folstein, SE Bisson, E Santangelo, SL Piven, J TI Finding specific genes that cause autism: A combination of approaches will be needed to maximize power SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE genetic methods; genetic linkage; sib-pair analysis; extremely discordant sibling pairs ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCUS; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN GENOME; INDIVIDUALS; DISORDER; ASSOCIATION; MARKERS AB Although autism is clearly inherited, it may be challenging to find the genes involved: The mechanism of inheritance is unknown, families with an autistic child are usually small, parent-child pairs are rare, and a fairly large number of genes may be involved, some or all of which may have a small effect on the phenotype. We discuss several strategies for finding genes, all of which may be used in combination to find the relevant genes. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Folstein, SE (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, 750 Washington St 1007, Boston, MA 02111 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 439 EP 445 DI 10.1023/A:1026008606672 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 134VD UT WOS:000076763600008 PM 9813779 ER PT J AU Simonoff, E AF Simonoff, E TI Genetic counseling in autism and pervasive developmental disorders SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; fragile X; pervasive developmental disorder; genetic counseling; recurrence risk ID FAMILY HISTORY; TWIN; SPECTRUM; INDIVIDUALS; CHROMOSOME; CHILDREN AB With increasing awareness of the importance of genetic influences on autism, there is now a demand from families with an affected member for advice regarding their risk of having an autistic child. Research evidence currently available makes it possible to give families empirical recurrence risks. It is desirable that this information is imparted by those with joint expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of autism and in the genetics of complex modes of inheritance. A protocol for genetic counseling is described, along with the key elements that influence the recurrence risks given to individual couples. There is a need to give information regarding recurrence risks not only for autism but also for the broader phenotype. In addition, couples may have other issues they wish to discuss, which may influence their reproductive decisions. C1 Guys Hosp, Guys Kings & St Thomas Med Sch, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, London SE1 9RT, England. RP Simonoff, E (reprint author), Guys Hosp, Guys Kings & St Thomas Med Sch, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, St thomas St, London SE1 9RT, England. RI Simonoff, Emily/B-7593-2011 CR Bailey A, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P369, DOI 10.1023/A:1026048320785 BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BAKER P, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P529, DOI 10.1007/BF02172133 BOLTON P, IN PRESS PSYCHOL MED BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Bolton PF, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P272, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199702000-00018 CLARKE A, 1994, GENETIC TESTING CHIL DELONG R, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P674 DELONG R, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P441 FOLSTEIN S, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P297, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x Gillberg C., 1992, BIOL AUTISTIC SYNDRO GILLBERG C, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P489, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00022 Gillberg C, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P415, DOI 10.1023/A:1026004505764 Harper PS, 1993, PRACTICAL GENETIC CO HOTOPF M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P41, DOI 10.1007/BF02178166 HUSON SM, 1997, PRINCIPLES PRACTICE, P2269 JORDE LB, 1990, AM J MED GENET, V36, P85, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320360116 Kelly TE, 1986, CLIN GENETICS GENETI LeCouteur A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P785 PICKLES A, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V57, P717 PIVEN J, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P177, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199003000-00004 RISCH N, 1990, AM J HUM GENET, V46, P222 RUTTER M, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P311, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x RUTTER M, 1997, AUTISM PERVASIVE DEV, P370 Simonoff E, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P259, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01404.x SMALLEY SL, 1995, AM J MED GENET, V60, P19, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320600105 STEFFENBURG S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P405, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00254.x SUTHERLAND GR, 1997, PRINCIPLES PRACTICE, P1745 SZATMARI P, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P1264, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199311000-00022 NR 29 TC 45 Z9 45 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 447 EP 456 DI 10.1023/A:1026060623511 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 134VD UT WOS:000076763600009 PM 9813780 ER PT J AU Volkmar, FR Klin, A Pauls, D AF Volkmar, FR Klin, A Pauls, D TI Nosological and genetic aspects of Asperger syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Asperger disorder; genetics; nosology; autism ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; FAMILY HISTORY; LEARNING-DISABILITIES; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS; SCHIZOID PERSONALITY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; RIGHT-HEMISPHERE; TWIN; CHILDREN AB The validity of Asperger syndrome (i.e., apart from high-functioning autism) continues to be the topic of considerable debate. Consistent with Asperger's original description of the condition there appear to be some important potential differences from autism if both conditions are strictly defined. Although the importance of genetic factors in the transmission of autism is increasingly clear it also appears that genetic factors may play an even more important role in Asperger syndrome (AS). The nosological validity of this condition and its relation to the various PDD spectrum disorder remains an important topic for future research. Well-designed and carefully controlled studies are needed in which patterns of comorbidity and associated problems in family members can be carefully assessed. Such studies will contribute to our understanding of the relationship of AS and autism and may clarify important genetic mechanisms of relevance to autism. C1 Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Volkmar, FR (reprint author), Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, POB 207900, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 457 EP 463 DI 10.1023/A:1026012707581 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 134VD UT WOS:000076763600010 PM 9813781 ER PT J AU Rollins, PR Snow, CE AF Rollins, PR Snow, CE TI Shared attention and grammatical development in typical children and children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the Society-for-Research-in-Child-Development CY APR 05-06, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Soc Res Child Dev ID NON-OSTENSIVE CONTEXTS; LANGUAGE; ACQUISITION; SPEECH; GROWTH; ACTS AB The two studies presented here explore the relationship between children's pragmatic skills and their growth in grammar. In study I, thirty normally developing children were videotaped interacting with their parents at I;2 and again at 2;7. Using correlational and regression techniques, we found that pragmatic accomplishments of MUTUAL ATTENTION, as well as mother's conversational style, explained 45 % of the variance in grammar at 2;7. The second study investigated pragmatic-grammatical relationships with data from 6 high-functioning children with autism. To control for individual variation in skill level at the start of the study, within-individual growth rates for grammar were estimated as our outcome. The results substantiated those of study I, in that pragmatic accomplishments within mutual attention predicted the per month growth rate in grammar. We interpret these findings as consistent with the position that the infant's social-pragmatic skills contribute to the acquisition of grammar. C1 Univ Texas, Callier Ctr Commun Disorders, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. Harvard Univ, Grad Sch Educ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. 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Child Lang. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 25 IS 3 BP 653 EP 673 PG 21 WC Psychology, Developmental; Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Linguistics GA 165XR UT WOS:000078547600007 PM 10095329 ER PT J AU Leekam, SR Hunnisett, E Moore, C AF Leekam, SR Hunnisett, E Moore, C TI Targets and cues: Gaze-following in children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; attention; nonverbal communication; gaze-following; joint attention ID JOINT VISUAL-ATTENTION; DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DELAY; TEMPORAL CORTEX; COMMUNICATION; INFANCY; CHIMPANZEES; DIRECTION; FACES; LIFE AB Children with autism are known to have difficulties in sharing attention with others. Yet one joint attention behaviour, the ability to follow another person's head turn and gaze direction, may be achieved without necessarily sharing attention. Why, then, should autistic children have difficulties with it? In this study we examined the extent of this difficulty by testing school-aged autistic children across three different contexts; experiment, observation, and parent interview. We also tested whether the ability to orient to another person's head and gaze could be facilitated by increasing children's attention to environmental targets and social cues. Results for experiment and observation demonstrate that a sizeable proportion of children with autism did not have difficulties with following another's head turn. There was a difference between children with high and low verbal mental ages, however. Whereas children with higher mental ages (over 48 months) were able to orient spontaneously to another person's head turn, children with lower mental ages had difficulties with this response. When cues were added (pointing, language) or when feedback from targets was given, however, their performance improved. Parent interview data indicated that children with autism, whatever their mental age, began to follow head turn and gaze direction years later than typically developing children. Developments in attention and language are proposed as possible factors to account for this developmental delay. C1 Univ Kent, Dept Psychol, Canterbury CT2 7NP, Kent, England. Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. RP Leekam, SR (reprint author), Univ Kent, Dept Psychol, Canterbury CT2 7NP, Kent, England. RI Leekam, Susan/A-1773-2010 CR *AM PSYCH ASS, 1994, DIAG STAT MAN DIS DS BAKEMAN R, 1984, CHILD DEV, V55, P1278, DOI 10.2307/1129997 BaronCohen S, 1997, CHILD DEV, V68, P48 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P113 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Butterworth G., 1990, ATTENTION PERFORMANC BUTTERWORTH G, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P55 BUTTERWORTH G, 1980, INT J BEHAV DEV, V3, P253 BUTTERWORTH GE, 1991, SRCD SEATTL APR Corkum V, 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS CORKUM V, IN PRESS DEV PSYCHOL CURCIO F, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01539631 DEAK G, 1997, SRCD WASH APR DENTREMONT B, IN PRESS INFANT BEHA DILAVORE P, 1995, DO YOU SEE WHAT I SE Elman J., 1996, RETHINKING INNATENES Firth U, 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 Happe FGE, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P873, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x Hobson P., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER HOOD B, 1997, SHIFTING VISUAL ATTE Johnson Mark H., 1991, BIOL COGNITIVE DEV C LANDAU B, 1997, BLINDNESS PSYCHOL DE LANDRY SH, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P621, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb01884.x Leekam S, 1997, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V15, P77 LEWY AL, 1992, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V20, P555, DOI 10.1007/BF00911240 LOCKE JL, 1997, BLINDNESS PSYCHOL DE LOVELAND KA, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF01531663 McArthur D, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P481, DOI 10.1007/BF02172271 MOORE C, 1994, DEV REV, V14, P349, DOI 10.1006/drev.1994.1014 MOORE C, IN PRESS EARLY SOCIA MOORE C, 1997, INTENTIONAL RELATION Moore C., 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS MORISSETTE P, 1995, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V13, P163 MUNDY P, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P389, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006003 MUNDY P, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P63 MUNDY P, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P657, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x Perner Josef, 1991, UNDERSTANDING REPRES PERRETT DI, 1992, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V335, P23, DOI 10.1098/rstb.1992.0003 PERRETT DI, 1982, EXP BRAIN RES, V47, P329 Povinelli DJ, 1997, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V15, P213 Povinelli DJ, 1996, PSYCHOL SCI, V7, P129, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00345.x PRIOR M, IN PRESS J CHILD PSY RHEINGOLD HL, 1976, CHILD DEV, V47, P1148, DOI 10.2307/1128454 RICKS DM, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P191, DOI 10.1007/BF01538152 Russon A., 1996, REACHING THOUGHT MIN, P131 SCAIFE M, 1975, NATURE, V253, P265, DOI 10.1038/253265a0 SHAH A, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P613, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x Tomasello Michael, 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS Wing L., 1996, AUTISTIC SPECTRUM WRENER H, 1963, SYMBOL FORMATION NR 52 TC 124 Z9 130 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 39 IS 7 BP 951 EP 962 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003035 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 132BG UT WOS:000076609500003 PM 9804028 ER PT J AU Hughes, C Dunn, J White, A AF Hughes, C Dunn, J White, A TI Trick or treat?: Uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in "hard-to-manage" preschoolers SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE hyperactivity; conduct disorder; preschool children; social cognition; executive function ID CONDUCT DISORDER; AGGRESSIVE BOYS; CHILDREN; AUTISM; ATTENTION; BELIEFS; GENDER; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; HYPERACTIVITY AB It is widely recognised that impaired social relations are characteristic of school-aged children with behavioural disorders, and predict a poor long-term outcome (Parker & Asher, 1987). However, little is known about the early antecedents of social impairment in behaviourally disturbed children. The aim of the present study was to explore three areas of potential dysfunction in younger children: theory of mind, emotion understanding, and executive function. Forty preschoolers, rated by their parents on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1994) as "hard to manage" (H2M) were compared with a control group on a set of: (I) theory of mind tasks (including an emotion prediction task involving either a nice or a nasty surprise); (2) emotion understanding stories (that required affective perspective-taking skills as well as situational understanding); and (3) simple executive function tasks (adapted for preschoolers, and tapping inhibitory control, attentional set-shifting, and working memory). Small but significant group differences were found in all three cognitive domains. In particular, hard-to-manage preschoolers showed poor understanding of emotion and executive control, poor prediction or recall of a false belief, and better understanding of the belief-dependency of emotion in the context of a trick than a treat. Moreover, executive function was associated with performance on the theory of mind tasks for the hard-to-manage group alone, suggesting both direct and indirect links between executive dysfunction and disruptive behaviour. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child & Adolescent Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Hughes, C (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child & Adolescent Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk,Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Arsenio WF, 1996, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P173 Barkley RA, 1997, PSYCHOL BULL, V121, P65, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 BARONCOHEN S, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1141, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00934.x BARTSCH K, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P946, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb03526.x BULLOCK M, 1984, INT J BEHAV DEV, V7, P193 CAMPBELL SB, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P113, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.x DENHAM S, 1986, CHILD DEV, V57, P603 DENNIS M, 1991, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V29, P807 DISHION TJ, 1991, DEV PSYCHOL, V27, P172, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.172 DODGE KA, 1980, CHILD DEV, V51, P162, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1980.tb02522.x DODGE KA, 1987, CHILD DEV, V58, P213, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb03501.x DUNN J, 1991, CHILD DEV, V62, P1352, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01610.x Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL FARAONE SV, 1995, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V104, P334, DOI 10.1037//0021-843X.104.2.334 FRITH U, 1970, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V10, P120, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(70)90049-4 GOLDING J, 1996, CONT REV OBST GYNAEC, V8, P813 GOLDMAN, 1974, AUDITORY MEMORY TEST GOODMAN R, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1483, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01289.x Goodman R, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P581, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x GRANT DA, 1948, J EXP PSYCHOL, V38, P404, DOI 10.1037/h0059831 Happe F, 1996, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P385 Harris P., 1989, COGNITION EMOTION, V3, P379, DOI DOI 10.1080/02699938908412713 HINSHAW SP, 1993, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V5, P31, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004247 HOWE N, 1990, DEV PSYCHOL, V26, P160, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.26.1.160 Hughes C, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P229, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01396.x HUGHES C, IN PRESS BRIT J DEV HUGHES C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P498, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.498 HUGHES C, IN PRESS DEV PSYCHOL HUGHES C, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P477, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 Ladd G. W., 1989, ADV MOTIVATION ACHIE, V6, P1 Landau S., 1989, ATTENTION DEFICIT DI, V4, P1 Moerbeek K., 1994, CANT SLEEP MOFFITT TE, 1993, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V5, P135, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004302 MORTON J, 1994, MANUAL DEV PSYCHOPAT, V1, P357 MOUNTAIN MA, 1993, CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL, V7, P108, DOI 10.1080/13854049308401893 OSWALD DP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P119, DOI 10.1007/BF02212723 PARKER JG, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V102, P357, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.102.3.357 Passler MA, 1985, DEV NEUROPSYCHOL, V1, P349, DOI 10.1080/87565648509540320 PENNINGTON BF, 1993, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V5, P153, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004314 Pennington BF, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x PERNER J, 1994, CHILD DEV, V65, P1228, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00814.x QUIGGLE NL, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P1305, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01696.x Renfrew C. E., 1991, BUS STORY TEST NARRA RICHTERS JE, 1993, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V5, P5, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004235 Rutter M., 1994, J FAMILY PSYCHOL, V8, P170, DOI DOI 10.1037/0893-3200.8.2.170 SHALLICE T, 1982, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V298, P199, DOI 10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 SODIAN B, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P591, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00893.x Thorndike RL, 1986, STANFORD BINET INTEL Waldman ID, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P1015, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01780.x WELLMAN HM, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P191 WELSH MC, 1991, DEV NEUROPSYCHOL, V7, P131 WENAR C, 1982, J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL, V11, P192, DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp1103_1 WHALEN CK, 1992, CHILD ADOL PSYCH CL, V1, P395 Woodward L, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P479, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01533.x ZAHNWAXLER C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V5, P79, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004272 ZOCCOLILLO M, 1992, PSYCHOL MED, V22, P971 ZOCCOLILLO M, 1993, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V5, P65, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004260 NR 58 TC 198 Z9 199 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 39 IS 7 BP 981 EP 994 DI 10.1017/S0021963098003059 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 132BG UT WOS:000076609500006 PM 9804031 ER PT J AU Chudley, AE Gutierrez, E Jocelyn, LJ Chodirker, BN AF Chudley, AE Gutierrez, E Jocelyn, LJ Chodirker, BN TI Outcomes of genetic evaluation in children with pervasive developmental disorder SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE autism; chromosome abnormalities; DNA analysis; fragile X syndrome; metabolic disorders; pervasive developmental disorder; Rett syndrome; velocardiofacial syndrome ID FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; CARDIO-FACIAL SYNDROME; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; MENTAL-RETARDATION; ATYPICAL AUTISM; POPULATION; CHROMOSOME; 22Q11.2 AB We undertook a retrospective etiological study of all children referred for evaluation of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). We identified 91 children who met the DSM Ill-H criteria for PDD. Fifty-two were diagnosed with autistic disorder (AD), and 39 with PDD-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Seven families (8.2%) had more than one affected sib. The overall recurrence rate was 7.1%. Six families had a positive history of PDD in more distant relatives. An excess of developmental problems were identified on the maternal side (seven families, vs two families on the paternal side). Affected children had head circumferences above the mean when compared with standardized growth curves. A recognizable syndrome or genetic disorder was identified in 14 children (15.4%;)l of which 8 children (9%) were thought to be causative of PDD (5 children with Rett syndrome, 2 with fragile X syndrome, and 1 with velocardiofacial syndrome [VCFS]). Six others had a recognized genetic, cytogenetic, or metabolic disorder believed to be unrelated to the PDD diagnosis. Given the relatively high yield of genetic diagnoses in this population, we believe that children with PDD-NOS or AD should have a detailed evaluation by a clinical geneticist or pediatrician trained in dysmorphology. Chromosome anomalies, fragile X, and other recognizable disorders, including VCFS, need to be excluded. The value of general screening for an inborn error of metabolism in all children with PDD is not certain. In light of the relatively high recurrence of PDD in families, genetic counseling is recommended. C1 Childrens Hosp, Sect Genet & Metab, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada. Childrens Hosp, Sect Child Dev, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada. Univ Manitoba, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. RP Chudley, AE (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Sect Genet & Metab, FE 229-820 Sherbrooke St, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada. 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Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 321 EP 325 DI 10.1097/00004703-199810000-00001 PG 5 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 128NT UT WOS:000076413400001 PM 9809261 ER PT J AU Jocelyn, LJ Casiro, OG Beattie, D Bow, J Kneisz, J AF Jocelyn, LJ Casiro, OG Beattie, D Bow, J Kneisz, J TI Treatment of children with autism: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate a caregiver-based intervention program in community day-care centers SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE autism; intervention; consultation; preschool children; day-care centers ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; SOCIAL INITIATIONS; MEDICAL LITERATURE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; USERS GUIDES; PREVENTION; DISORDERS; ARTICLE; THERAPY; MODEL AB This study reports on the results of a randomized controlled trial that evaluated a caregiver-based intervention program for children with autism in community day-care centers. Thirty-five preschool children with a DSM III-R diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder were randomized to an experimental or control group. Children in the experimental group were enrolled in day care and their parents and child care workers received a 12-week intervention consisting of lectures and on-site consultations to day-care centers. In addition, supportive work was undertaken with families. Control subjects received day care alone. In the experimental group,there were greater gains in language abilities, significant increases in caregivers' knowledge about autism, greater perception of control on the part of mothers, and greater parent satisfaction. We conclude that this research design demonstrated that the intervention was significantly superior to day care alone. C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Social Work, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Univ Manitoba, Dept Clin Hlth Psychol, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. 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PD OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 326 EP 334 DI 10.1097/00004703-199810000-00002 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA 128NT UT WOS:000076413400002 PM 9809262 ER PT J AU Lowe, K Felce, D Perry, J Baxter, H Jones, E AF Lowe, K Felce, D Perry, J Baxter, H Jones, E TI The characteristics and residential situations of people with severe intellectual disability and the most severe challenging behaviour in Wales SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE challenging behaviour; residential situations; severe intellectual disability; mental retardation ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; TOTAL POPULATION; MENTAL HANDICAP; TEAMS; PREVALENCE; CHILDREN; ADULTS AB A total population study of people in Wales with severe intellectual disability and the most severe challenging behaviour was undertaken to identify their characteristics, and the nature of their residential arrangements and service support. Forty-one participants were identified: five living in family homes, 17 in community housing, 17 in hospitals and two in hostels. The family home group had slightly higher adaptive behaviour scores than residents in community housing. Both groups had significantly higher scores than the hospital and hostel residents combined. Assessments of challenging behaviour showed the groups to be similar and to have a considerable range and extent of severely problematic behaviour. Go-occurrence of several forms of frequent severe problem behaviour was the norm and there was a marked association with social impairment. The five people living in their family homes had nominated service keyworkers, but reported professional input was low. The residential situations comprised two main service types: (I) traditional services, which were characterized by large living unit and facility size, atypical architectural design, relative isolation from the community, a greater level of buildings adaptations, low staff:resident ratios, a relatively high percentage of qualified staff, and a relative absence of systematic approaches to goal planning and structured activity; and (2) new community houses, which were characterized by small size, domestic design, location within the community, a lower level of buildings adaptations, much higher staff:resident ratios, and less emphasis on qualified staff but a greater emphasis on systematic working methods. Community settings were similar in having 'specialist' resident groupings based on challenging behaviour or conditions like autism in which challenging behaviours are common. A policy to provide for people with these characteristics being resettled from traditional settings in this way seems to have been established. C1 Univ Wales, Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil Appl Res Unit, Coll Med, Cardiff CF4 3BL, S Glam, Wales. RP Lowe, K (reprint author), Univ Wales, Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil Appl Res Unit, Coll Med, North Rd, Cardiff CF4 3BL, S Glam, Wales. RI Perry, Jonathan/C-5474-2008; turton, miranda/F-4682-2011 CR *ALL WAL ADV PAN D, 1991, CHALL RESP Aman M., 1986, ABERRANT BEHAV CHECK BAKER N, 1987, BALANCE CARE ADULTS Baumeister A. A., 1973, INT REV RES MENT RET, P55, DOI 10.1016/S0074-7750(08)60037-3 BERSANI HA, 1985, AM J MENT DEF, V90, P289 BLUNDEN R, 1987, FACING CHALLENGE ORD Borthwick-Duffy S. A., 1994, DESTRUCTIVE BEHAV DE, P3 Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), 1972, CENS MENT HAND PAT H *DOH, 1989, NEEDS RESP SERV AD M Donnellan A. 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Intell. Disabil. Res. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 42 BP 375 EP 389 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.00154.x PN 5 PG 15 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 155KB UT WOS:000077944800007 PM 9828069 ER PT J AU Jambaque, I Mottron, L Ponsot, G Chiron, C AF Jambaque, I Mottron, L Ponsot, G Chiron, C TI Autism and visual agnosia in a child with right occipital lobectomy SO JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; visual agnosia; executive deficit; child ID HERPES-SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; ASPERGER-SYNDROME; DEVELOPMENTAL PROSOPAGNOSIA; INFANTILE-AUTISM; FACE RECOGNITION; FOLLOW-UP; ADULTS; EPILEPSY; MEMORY AB Objectives-Autistic disorder is a developmental handicap with an unknown neurological basis. Current neuropsychological models for autism suggest an abnormal construction of visual perceptual representation or a deficit in executive functions. These models predict cerebral lesions in the temporo-occipital or frontal regions of autistic patients. The present study aimed at studying the presence of symptoms of autism and visual agnosia in a 13 year old girl who had a right temporo-occipital cortical dysplasia that was surgically removed at the age of Methods-Neuropsychological evaluation included Wechsler and Kaufman intelligence scales, a test of word fluency, digit span, Corsi block, California verbal learning, Trail making, Benton facial recognition, Snoodgrass object recognition tests, Rivermead face learning subtest, and developmental test of visual perception. The ADI-R was used to show current and retrospective diagnosis of autistic disorder. Neuroimagery included brain MRI, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and PET. Results-Brain MRI showed a right occipital defect and an abnormal hyperintensity of the right temporal cortex. PET and SPECT disclosed a left frontal hypometabolism together with the right occipital defect. Neuropsychological testing showed a visual apperceptive agnosia and executive function deficits. Psychiatric study confirmed the diagnosis of autistic disorder. Conclusions-Although the possibility that autism and visual agnosia were dissociable factors in this patient cannot be excluded, the finding of both deficits supports the possibility that occipitotemporal lesions can predispose to the development of autism. C1 Univ Paris 05, Hop St Vincent de Paul, Serv Neuropediat, F-75674 Paris, France. Univ Montreal, Dept Psychiat, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. Univ Montreal, Hop Riviere des Prairies, Clin Specialisee Autisme, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. Hop Frederic Joliot, Ctr Energy Atom, Dept Rech Med, Orsay, France. Univ Paris 11, INSERM, U29, F-91405 Orsay, France. 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SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE evolution; development; child and adolescent mental disorders ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; TOURETTES-SYNDROME; BRAIN-STEM; READING-DISABILITY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; PARENTAL GENOMES; AUTISM; SYMPTOMS; BEHAVIOR AB Objective: To consider the power of principles derived from evolutionary biology to explain the causes and determinants of some forms of child and adolescent mental disorders. Method: The authors reviewed the scientific literature for evolutionary mechanisms proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of early-onset disorders. Results: A diverse set of evolutionary mechanisms has been proposed. With the exception of certain genetically determined conditions, many of the proposed mechanisms have little empirical data to support them. One mechanism focuses on the vulnerabilities associated with conserved behavior patterns, such as separation anxiety and other alarm responses. These behavioral patterns are adaptive if they appear in some situations, but not in others. Other attractive theories include a co-optation of underlying neurobiology systems (substance abuse), environmental shifts (transformation of present day environments away from primeval environments), and evolutionary arms races as may occur in putative autoimmune disorders with neuropsychiatric sequelae. Conclusions: Evolutionary biology provides a potentially powerful framework for understanding disease pathogenesis in child psychiatry and should permit the integration of new knowledge from a broad range of scientific disciplines. Evolutionary explanations are typically population-based and fail to account for why a particular individual is affected. 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Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD OCT PY 1998 VL 37 IS 10 BP 1011 EP 1021 DI 10.1097/00004583-199810000-00010 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 125EC UT WOS:000076223600010 PM 9785712 ER PT J AU Feng, J Sobell, JL Heston, LL Goldman, D Cook, E Kranzler, HR Gelernter, J Sommer, SS AF Feng, J Sobell, JL Heston, LL Goldman, D Cook, E Kranzler, HR Gelernter, J Sommer, SS TI Variants in the alpha(2A) adrenergic receptor gene in psychiatric patients SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE schizophrenia; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; alcohol dependence; cocaine dependence ID CANDIDATE-GENE; MESSENGER-RNA; CLONIDINE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ASSOCIATION; WITHDRAWAL; EXPRESSION; MUTATIONS; CLOZAPINE; SUBTYPES AB In various studies of psychiatric patients, alterations in adrenergic receptor (AR) expression or function have been suggested. Herein, the alpha(2A) AR gene was screened in 206 patients with schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, alcohol dependence, or cocaine dependence. The entire coding region was examined for single base pair changes, using restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF), a screening method that can detect virtually 100% of mutations in 2-kb DNA segments. In the approximately 600 kb of screened sequence, six novel nucleotide changes were identified. The changes resulted in four missense changes (A25G, N251K, R368L, and K370N), and a sequence in the 3' untranslated region. In addition, a silent change (G363G) was found at high frequency in Asians and Native Americans. Of the four missense changes, two found in patients with alcohol/drug dependence occur in highly conserved amino acids, suggesting that these are of likely functional significance. As the alpha(2A) ARs are widely distributed both pre- and postsynaptically, and as many pharmacological agents with multiple effects target these receptors, the novel missense changes described herein may be candidates for involvement in alcohol/drug dependence, in other clinical disorders or traits, or in differential response to pharmacotherapy. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Div Mol Med, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Psychiat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NIAAA, Neurogenet Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Child Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Psychiat, Farmington, CT 06032 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Sommer, SS (reprint author), City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. 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J. Med. Genet. PD SEP 7 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 5 BP 405 EP 410 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<405::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-R PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 117MA UT WOS:000075784000009 PM 9754626 ER PT J AU Rineer, S Finucane, B Simon, EW AF Rineer, S Finucane, B Simon, EW TI Autistic symptoms among children and young adults with isodicentric chromosome 15 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE isodicentric 15 syndrome; autism; inverted duplication 15; mental retardation ID INV DUP(15); MARKER CHROMOSOME; DUPLICATION; DISORDER; 15Q11-13 AB A standardized assessment of autistic symptomatology was completed for 29 children and young adults with a supernumerary isodicentric chromosome 15 (formerly known as inverted duplication 15). Although there was variability in severity, 20 individuals with an isodicentric chromosome 15 [idic(15)] had a high probability of being autistic. Eight of the 9 remaining children were under age 5 years and were more sociable than the rest of the cohort. Group characteristics such as gender and seizure presence could not explain the observed difference between older and younger individuals in our study. The natural history of isodicentric 15 syndrome remains to be shown through longitudinal work and may include an age-related risk for developing autism. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Elwyn Inc, Genet Serv, Elwyn, PA 19063 USA. RP Simon, EW (reprint author), Elwyn Inc, Genet Serv, 111 Elwyn Rd, Elwyn, PA 19063 USA. 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J. Med. Genet. PD SEP 7 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 5 BP 428 EP 433 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<428::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-E PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 117MA UT WOS:000075784000012 PM 9754629 ER PT J AU Hughes, C Soares-Boucaud, I Hochmann, J Frith, U AF Hughes, C Soares-Boucaud, I Hochmann, J Frith, U TI Social behaviour in pervasive developmental disorders: effects of informant, group and "theory-of-mind". SO A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT LA French DT Article DE pervasive developmental disorders; social behaviour; theory of mind; informant effects ID ADAPTIVE-BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN; AUTISM; TEACHERS; MOTHERS; PARENT AB " Theory of mind " skills and a range of social behaviour in everyday life were assessed in a sample of 21 children with pervasive developmental disorders and 22 normally-developing preschoolers. Parents, teachers and therapists were interviewed using the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (Sparrow, Balla & Cicchetti, 1984) avid a new supplementary scale, the " Echelle d'Adaptation Sociale pour Enfants " (EASE). Teachers and therapists were able to differentiate subtle forms of social problems in everyday life between subgroups of children diagnosed later to have either autism (n = 13) or PDDNOS (n = 8) according to DSM3-R (1987) criteria. This study offers a (small) cross-cultural replication of recent work suggesting that differences in the mentalising skills of children with autism are reflected in the everyday social behaviour of this group. A significant effect of informant was found for the PDD group, and this effect was particularly pronounced when children with autism were considerated separately. The implications of informant differences are discussed. C1 Inst Psychiat, London SE5 8AF, England. Serv Hosp Univ Psychiat Infanto Juvenile, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France. MRC, Cognit Dev Unit, London WC1, England. 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Apprentiss. Enfant PD SEP PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 78 EP 85 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 161NA UT WOS:000078294200002 ER PT J AU Gorostiza, PR Yllan, PV AF Gorostiza, PR Yllan, PV TI Autism and intersubjectivity SO ACTAS LUSO-ESPANOLAS DE NEUROLOGIA PSIQUIATRIA Y CIENCIAS AFINES LA Spanish DT Article DE autism; intersubjectivity; schizophrenia; psychopathology AB The concept of autism as a fundamental symptom of schizophrenia has been lacking of psychiatric eminence in the course of time, just because of its absence of univocal sense, and its extraordinary richness hardly to be apprehended by deterministic procedures. However, the experience which it refers to, is still present in the daily clinical practice. In its attempt of apprehend this reference, the psychopathology has developed several concepts, as diverse nad unspecific as "Praecoxfeeling", "self-disorders", or "contact disturbances". 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Neurol. Psiquiatr. Cienc. Afines PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 26 IS 5 BP 279 EP 287 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 170WU UT WOS:000078830700001 ER PT J AU Repetto, GR White, LM Bader, PJ Johnson, D Knoll, JHM AF Repetto, GR White, LM Bader, PJ Johnson, D Knoll, JHM TI Interstitial duplications of chromosome region 15q11q13: Clinical and molecular characterization SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chromosome 15q11q13 duplications; autism; Angelman/Prader-Willi syndromes; imprinting ID PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; INV DUP(15) CHROMOSOMES; ANGELMAN-SYNDROME; GENE; 15Q11-Q13; DELETION; PCR; HYBRIDIZATION; AMPLIFICATION; RECOMBINATION AB Duplications of chromosome region 15q11q13 often occur as a supernumerary chromosome 15. Less frequently they occur as interstitial duplications [dup(15)]. We describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of three patients with de novo dup(15). The patients, two males and one female (ages 3-21 years), had nonspecific findings that included autistic behavior, hypotonia, and variable degrees of mental retardation. The extent, orientation, and parental origin of the duplications were assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization, microsatellite analyses, and methylation status at D15S63. Two patients had large direct duplications of 15q11q13 [dir dup(15)(q11q13)] that extended through the entire Angelman syndrome/Prader-Willi syndrome (AS/PWS) chromosomal region. Their proximal and distal breaks, at D15S541 or D15S9 and between D15S12 and D15S24, respectively, mere comparable to those found in the common AS/PWS deletions. This suggests that duplications and deletions may be the reciprocal product of an unequal recombination event. These two duplications were maternally derived, but the origin of the chromatids involved in the unequal crossing over in meiosis differs. In one patient, the duplication originated from two different maternal chromosomes, while in the other patient it arose from the same maternal chromosome. The third patient had a much smaller duplication that involved only D15S11 and parental origin could not be determined. There was no obvious correlation between phenotype and extent of the duplication in these patients. Am. J. Med. Genet, 79:82-89, 1998, (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Parkview Mem Hosp, Indiana Genet Clin, Ft Wayne, IN USA. Hlth Partners, Minneapolis, MN USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA USA. RP Knoll, JHM (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Div Genet, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM jknoll@bidmc.harvard.edu RI Repetto, Gabriela/C-7833-2012 OI Repetto, Gabriela/0000-0003-0120-5684 CR ALBRIGHT LM, 1994, CURRENT PROTOCOLS HU Amos-Landgraf J., 1994, American Journal of Human Genetics, V55, pA38 AMOSLANDGRAF J, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, pA5 BAKER P, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P529, DOI 10.1007/BF02172133 BALDINI A, 1992, GENOMICS, V14, P181, DOI 10.1016/S0888-7543(05)80303-9 BEUTEN J, 1993, HUM GENET, V90, P489 BLENNOW E, 1995, AM J MED GENET, V55, P85, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320550122 Browne CE, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, pA30 BUNDEY S, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P736 Carrozzo R, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, P228, DOI 10.1086/513907 CHAN CTJ, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P895, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.11.895 CHANG FY, 1994, IEEE T COMPON PACK B, V17, P3 CHENG CH, 1994, INT J HEAT FLUID FL, V15, P11, DOI 10.1016/0142-727X(94)90026-4 CHRISTIAN SI, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V57, P40 CHRISTIAN SL, 1997, AM J HUM GENET S, V61, pA26 CLAYTONSMITH J, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P529, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.6.529 Cook EH, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P928 CROLLA JA, 1995, HUM GENET, V95, P161 DITTRICH B, 1993, HUM MOL GENET, V2, P1995, DOI 10.1093/hmg/2.12.1995 GLATT K, 1994, GENOMICS, V19, P157, DOI 10.1006/geno.1994.1027 Greger V, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P574 HAMABE J, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V41, P54, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320410116 Horsthemke B, 1996, J MED GENET, V33, P848, DOI 10.1136/jmg.33.10.848 Huang B, 1997, HUM GENET, V99, P11 KNOLL JHM, 1989, AM J MED GENET, V32, P285, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320320235 KNOLL JHM, 1993, HUM MOL GENET, V2, P183, DOI 10.1093/hmg/2.2.183 KNOLL JHM, 1990, AM J HUM GENET, V47, P149 KNOLL JHM, 1994, CURRENT PROTOCOLS HU KNOLL JHM, 1993, AM J MED GENET, V46, P2, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320460103 KUWANO A, 1992, HUM MOL GENET, V1, P784, DOI 10.1093/hmg/1.9.784 Kuwano Akira, 1992, Human Molecular Genetics, V1, P417, DOI 10.1093/hmg/1.6.417 LEANACOX J, 1994, AM J HUM GENET, V54, P748 LUDOWESE CJ, 1991, CLIN GENET, V40, P194 McDonald H R, 1997, HUM MOL GENET, V6, P1873 Mignon C, 1997, J MED GENET, V34, P217, DOI 10.1136/jmg.34.3.217 MONNAT RJ, 1992, GENOMICS, V13, P788, DOI 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90154-K MUTIRANGURA A, 1993, HUM MOL GENET, V2, P143, DOI 10.1093/hmg/2.2.143 PENTAO L, 1992, NAT GENET, V2, P292, DOI 10.1038/ng1292-292 Pericak-Vance MA, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, pA40 Reiter LT, 1996, NAT GENET, V12, P288, DOI 10.1038/ng0396-288 Robinson W, 1997, CYTOGENET CELL GENET, V76, P1, DOI 10.1159/000134500 ROBINSON WP, 1991, AM J HUM GENET, V49, P1219 Rougeulle C, 1997, NAT GENET, V17, P14, DOI 10.1038/ng0997-14 SCHINZEL AA, 1994, J MED GENET, V31, P798, DOI 10.1136/jmg.31.10.798 SEABRIGHT M, 1972, LANCET, V2, P941 Tagle Danilo A., 1992, Human Molecular Genetics, V1, P121, DOI 10.1093/hmg/1.2.121 Vu TH, 1997, NAT GENET, V17, P12, DOI 10.1038/ng0997-12 WOODAGE T, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V54, P219, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320540308 Woods CG, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V61, pA117 ZACKOWSKI JL, 1993, AM J MED GENET, V46, P7, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320460104 NR 50 TC 76 Z9 77 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-7299 J9 AM J MED GENET JI Am. J. Med. Genet. PD SEP 1 PY 1998 VL 79 IS 2 BP 82 EP 89 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980901)79:2<82::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-P PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 116VH UT WOS:000075745400002 PM 9741464 ER PT J AU Kirkpatrick, B Ram, R Amador, XF Buchanan, RW McGlashan, T Tohen, M Bromet, E AF Kirkpatrick, B Ram, R Amador, XF Buchanan, RW McGlashan, T Tohen, M Bromet, E TI Summer birth and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID IV FIELD TRIAL; NONDEFICIT FORMS; MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS; NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; DOWNS-SYNDROME; SEASON; DISORDERS; ABNORMALITIES; DEFINITION AB Objective: Patients with the deficit syndrome differ from other patients with schizophrenia relative to physiological correlates, course of illness and response to treatment. Because of the abnormal seasonality of birth among persons with schizophrenia, the authors examined the relation between this risk factor and the deficit syndrome. Method: Findings in two clinical groups suggested an increase in summer births among deficit syndrome patients. The association between summer birth and the deficit syndrome was then examined in a catchment area study of first-admission patients with psychosis. Results: In the catchment area sample, summer birth was also significantly associated with the deficit syndrome; negative symptoms broadly defined were not. Conclusions: These findings add to the increasing evidence that 1) patients with the deficit syndrome have a disease with an etiopathophysiology separate from that of other patients with what is now called schizophrenia and 2) the correlates of broadly defined negative symptoms are different from those for the deficit syndrome. The previously reported association between winter birth and schizophrenia appears to apply to nondeficit schizophrenia only. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Psychiat Res Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Psychiat, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Psychiat, New York State Psychiat Inst, New York, NY USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT USA. Harvard Univ, McLean Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Belmont, MA 02178 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Kirkpatrick, B (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Psychiat Res Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, POB 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. CR AMADOR XF, 1994, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V51, P826 ANDREASEN NC, 1982, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V39, P784 ANDREASEN NC, 1992, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V49, P615 ANDREASEN NC, 1982, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V39, P789 BARAK Y, 1995, AM J PSYCHIAT, V152, P798 Bartlik B D, 1981, J Am Med Womens Assoc, V36, P363 BOYD JH, 1986, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V12, P173 BRADBURY TN, 1985, PSYCHOL BULL, V98, P569, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.98.3.569 BUCHANAN RW, 1990, AM J PSYCHIAT, V147, P290 BUCHANAN RW, 1994, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V51, P804 BUCHANAN RW, 1993, AM J PSYCHIAT, V150, P59 CARPENTER WT, 1995, ABSTR SOC NEUROSCI, V21, P2129 CARPENTER WT, 1988, AM J PSYCHIAT, V145, P578 CASTLE DJ, 1991, PSYCHOL MED, V21, P565 CROW TJ, 1985, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V11, P471 DEGREEF G, 1988, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V24, P461, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90186-2 DeQuardo JR, 1996, SCHIZOPHR RES, V20, P275, DOI 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00003-8 EATON WW, 1991, EPIDEMIOL REV, V13, P320 BROMET EJ, 1992, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V18, P243 ENDICOTT J, 1976, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V33, P766 FENTON WS, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P351 FENTON WS, 1994, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V51, P643 FENTON WS, 1992, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V49, P179 FRANZEK E, 1992, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V32, P375, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90042-X Gilberg C, 1990, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V82, P152 GRIESINGER W, 1965, MENTAL PATHOLOGY THE HSIEH HH, 1987, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V75, P373, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02804.x KIRKPATRICK B, 1993, PSYCHIAT RES, V47, P47, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(93)90054-K Kirkpatrick B, 1996, SCHIZOPHR RES, V22, P119, DOI 10.1016/S0920-9964(96)00057-6 KIRKPATRICK B, 1990, PSYCHIAT RES, V31, P25, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(90)90105-E KIRKPATRICK B, 1994, J NERV MENT DIS, V182, P452, DOI 10.1097/00005053-199408000-00005 Kirkpatrick B, 1996, SCHIZOPHR RES, V20, P69, DOI 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00102-6 KIRKPATRICK B, 1989, PSYCHIAT RES, V30, P119, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90153-4 Kirkpatrick B, 1996, SCHIZOPHR RES, V20, P79, DOI 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00101-8 KONSTANTAREAS MM, 1986, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D, V17, P53, DOI 10.1007/BF00707913 Kraepelin E., 1919, DEMENTIA PRAECOX PAR LEWIS MS, 1989, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V15, P59 LIVINGSTON R, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P612, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00018 MCGRATH J, 1995, AUST NZ J PSYCHIAT, V29, P23, DOI 10.3109/00048679509075888 MOURIDSEN SE, 1994, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D, V25, P31, DOI 10.1007/BF02251098 NASRALLAH HA, 1984, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V69, P292, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02498.x OHLUND LS, 1991, PSYCHIAT RES, V36, P223, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90133-A PURI BK, 1995, BRIT J CLIN PRACT, V49, P129 ROTHMAN KJ, 1976, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V103, P560 SACCHETTI E, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V160, P390, DOI 10.1192/bjp.160.3.390 SADOVNICK AD, 1994, ACTA NEUROL SCAND, V89, P190 Schooler NR, 1997, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V54, P453 SEIFERT C, 1986, AM J DIS CHILD, V140, P822 STRAKOWSKI SM, 1994, SCHIZOPHR RES, V14, P73, DOI 10.1016/0920-9964(94)90011-6 TAMMINGA CA, 1992, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V49, P522 TEMPLER DI, 1992, ACTA NEUROL SCAND, V85, P107, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04007.x THAKER G, 1989, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V25, P491 *US DHEW, 1960, VIT STAT US 1960, V1 WAGMAN AMI, 1987, PSYCHIAT RES, V22, P319, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(87)90111-9 ZIPURSKY RB, 1987, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V22, P1288, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90040-0 NR 55 TC 51 Z9 51 PU AMER PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION PI WASHINGTON PA 1400 K ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0002-953X J9 AM J PSYCHIAT JI Am. J. Psychiat. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 155 IS 9 BP 1221 EP 1226 PG 6 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 116KF UT WOS:000075723000013 PM 9734546 ER PT J AU Lohrmann-O'Rourke, S Browder, DM AF Lohrmann-O'Rourke, S Browder, DM TI Empirically based methods to assess the preferences of individuals with severe disabilities SO AMERICAN JOURNAL ON MENTAL RETARDATION LA English DT Review ID DEVELOPMENTAL-DISABILITIES; REINFORCER IDENTIFICATION; IDENTIFYING REINFORCERS; PROFOUND DISABILITIES; MULTIPLE DISABILITIES; CHOICE ASSESSMENT; WORK PERFORMANCE; HANDICAPS; BEHAVIOR; STUDENTS AB A literature review was conducted to provide a synthesis of 18 years of research on preference assessment with individuals who have severe disabilities (e.g., severe mental retardation, autism, multiple disabilities). Through this synthesis, several procedural variables were identified that may influence the outcome of preference assessment, including context, assessment stimuli, selection response, and format. Recommendations were given for designing preference assessment, and questions were raised for future research. C1 Lehigh Univ, Coll Educ, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. RP Lohrmann-O'Rourke, S (reprint author), Lehigh Univ, Coll Educ, Iacocca Hall,111 Res Dr, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA. CR BAMBARA LM, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P555, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-555 BANNERMAN DJ, 1990, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V23, P79, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-79 BELIFIORE PJ, 1994, J BEHAV ED, V4, P217 BROWDER DM, IN PRESS ED TRAINING BROWN F, 1993, EDUC TRAIN MENT RET, V28, P318 DATILLO J, 1987, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V12, P306 DATILLO J, 1985, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V10, P194 DATILLO J, 1986, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V19, P445 DeLeon IG, 1996, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V29, P519, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1996.29-519 DERBY KM, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P345, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-345 DYER K, 1989, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V14, P184 DYER K, 1987, RES DEV DISABIL, V8, P607, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(87)90056-4 FISHER W, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P491, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-491 Fisher WW, 1996, AM J MENT RETARD, V101, P15 FOSTERJOHNSON L, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P493, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-493 FOXX RM, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P235 GREEN CW, 1988, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V21, P31, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-31 GREEN CW, 1991, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V24, P537, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-537 Guess D., 1985, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V10, P79 GUTIERREZGREIP R, 1984, EDUC TRAIN MENT RET, V2, P108 KAYSER JE, 1986, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V11, P28 KENNEDY CH, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P63, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-63 KOEGEL RL, 1987, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V20, P243, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1987.20-243 MASON SA, 1989, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V22, P171, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1989.22-171 MITHAUG DE, 1980, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V13, P177, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-177 MITHAUG DE, 1978, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V11, P153, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1978.11-153 NEWTON JS, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P239, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-239 Nozaki K, 1995, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V20, P196 PACE GM, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P249, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-249 PACLAWSKYJ TR, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P219, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-219 PARSONS MB, 1990, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V23, P183, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-183 PARSONS MB, 1990, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V23, P253, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-253 Piazza CC, 1996, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V29, P1, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1996.29-1 Piazza CC, 1996, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V29, P137, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1996.29-137 Schloss P. J., 1993, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V60, P215 Sigafoos J, 1995, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V20, P175 SIGAFOOS J, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P747, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-747 SMITH RG, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P61, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-61 SNELL ME, 1986, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V11, P1 WACKER DP, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P173, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-173 WINDSOR J, 1994, RES DEV DISABIL, V15, P439, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(94)90028-0 WINKING DL, 1993, J VOCATIONAL REHABIL, V3, P27 NR 42 TC 35 Z9 35 PU AMER ASSOC MENTAL RETARDATION PI WASHINGTON PA 444 N CAPITOL ST, NW, STE 846, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-1512 USA SN 0895-8017 J9 AM J MENT RETARD JI Am. J. Ment. Retard. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 103 IS 2 BP 146 EP 161 DI 10.1352/0895-8017(1998)103<0146:EBMTAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 121JJ UT WOS:000076010000004 PM 9779282 ER PT J AU Chez, MG Loeffel, M Buchanan, CP Field-Chez, M AF Chez, MG Loeffel, M Buchanan, CP Field-Chez, M TI Pulse high-dose steroids as combination therapy with valproic acid in epileptic aphasia patients with pervasive developmental delay or autism SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0364-5134 J9 ANN NEUROL JI Ann. Neurol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3 MA 18 BP 539 EP 539 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 116VB UT WOS:000075744700360 ER PT J AU Wang, CH Villaca-Norat, E Papendick, BD Gavrilov, D Hillman, R Miles, J AF Wang, CH Villaca-Norat, E Papendick, BD Gavrilov, D Hillman, R Miles, J TI Molecular analysis of the chromosome 15q11-13 region in children with autism SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0364-5134 J9 ANN NEUROL JI Ann. Neurol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3 MA 46 BP 546 EP 546 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 116VB UT WOS:000075744700388 ER PT J AU Peterson, CC Siegal, M AF Peterson, CC Siegal, M TI Changing focus on the representational mind: Deaf, autistic and normal children's concepts of false photos, false drawings and false beliefs SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; KNOWLEDGE; ACQUISITION; REALITY; DEFICIT; STATES; TALK; 1ST AB We report two experiments designed co explore further the parallels noted previously between deaf and autistic children's mastery of a theory of mind and to compare their emerging concepts of false belief with their understanding of false representation in the photographic and artistic domains. In Expt 1, standard false-belief and false-photograph casks were given co 21 high functioning autistic children, 35 normal preschoolers and 30 signing deaf children from hearing families. The children with deafness performed similarly to those with autism. The vast majority of both groups passed the false-photograph test, but less than half displayed a correspondingly accurate understanding of false belief Normal 4-year-olds did equally well on photo and belief tasks, significantly surpassing deaf and autistic children's performance on the latter. However, in contrast to some previous research, the normal 3-year-olds also found the false-photograph cask easier than the false-belief task in Expt 1. Experiment 2 was therefore designed to provide a more rightly controlled comparison of the relative difficulty of concepts of false representation in three modalities-photographic, mental and pictorial-using identical procedures in each modality so as co equate the casks' conceptual, syntactic and pragmatic demands. A total of 24 deaf children, 21 autistic children and 47 normal preschoolers participated in Expt 2. The results replicated those of Expt 1 by showing no difference between deaf and autistic children, both of whom displayed a poorer understanding of false beliefs than of false photographs. But the normal 3-year-olds in Expt 2 did no better on the photo chan che belief tasks, suggesting procedural factors as an explanation for this age group's Expt 1 performance. The absence of significant: differences among the diagnostic groups on the false-drawing cask highlighted che need for further research into the development of representational concepts in the artistic domain. Consideration was given to how impoverished early conversational experience and selective deprivation of talk about intangible mental states might influence deaf and autistic children's development of a theory of mind. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Psychol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Peterson, CC (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Psychol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. 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M., 1990, CHILDS THEORY MIND Wellman H. M, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER Wood D., 1986, TEACHING TALKING DEA ZAITCHIK D, 1990, COGNITION, V35, P41, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90036-J NR 53 TC 60 Z9 62 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER, LEICS, ENGLAND LE1 7DR SN 0261-510X J9 BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL JI Br. J. Dev. Psychol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 16 BP 301 EP 320 PN 3 PG 20 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 124GG UT WOS:000076173600002 ER PT J AU Phillips, W Baron-Cohen, S Rutter, M AF Phillips, W Baron-Cohen, S Rutter, M TI Understanding intention in normal development and in autism SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIND; CHILDREN; BELIEF AB This study aimed to establish whether or not young children and young people with autism can understand the mental state of intention. Participants were exposed to personal experience of unintended outcomes, to test if they could distinguish intended vs. unintended actions. Recognizing accidental outcomes was more difficult for normal 4-year-olds than 5-year-olds, and more difficult for young people with autism, compared with comparison groups. Such findings suggest that the theory of mind deficit observed in people with autism is not restricted to understanding epistemic states, but: also extends to understanding intention. The results are also compatible with an action-monitoring deficit. Future research needs to test these two accounts against each other. C1 S Warwickshire Combined Care NHS Trust, Dept Children Young People & Families, Warwick CV31 1JQ, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ London, Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Phillips, W (reprint author), S Warwickshire Combined Care NHS Trust, Dept Children Young People & Families, 83 Radford Rd,Leamington Spa, Warwick CV31 1JQ, England. RI Rutter, Michael/C-8570-2013 CR American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994, DSM 4 DIAGN STAT MAN Astington J., 1991, CHILDRENS THEORIES M ASTINGTON J, 1991, SRCD SEATTL APR Astington J. 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M., 1990, CHILDRENS THEORIES M Whiten Andrew, 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN NR 31 TC 77 Z9 78 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER, LEICS, ENGLAND LE1 7DR SN 0261-510X J9 BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL JI Br. J. Dev. Psychol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 16 BP 337 EP 348 PN 3 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 124GG UT WOS:000076173600004 ER PT J AU Kaplan, M Edelson, SM Seip, JAL AF Kaplan, M Edelson, SM Seip, JAL TI Behavioral changes in autistic individuals as a result of wearing ambient transitional prism lenses SO CHILD PSYCHIATRY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE autism; vision; ambient lenses; prism lenses AB A double-blind crossover design was used to assess the efficacy of wearing ambient lenses to reduce the behavioral symptoms of autism. Eighteen autistic individuals, ranging in age from 7 to 18 years, participated in the study. Behavior, attention, and orientation were evaluated at 1 1/2 months, 2 months, 3 months, and 4 months. Compared to the placebo condition, the results showed a decrease in behavior problems at the 1 1/2 and 2 month assessment periods and a slight loss of these benefits at the 3 and 4 month assessment periods. These findings support the prediction that ambient lenses, worn without engaging in visual-motor exercises, have positive effects on autistic individuals. C1 Ctr Visual Management, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA. Autism Res Inst, San Diego, CA USA. Gateway Prov Resource Program, Ladner, BC, Canada. RP Kaplan, M (reprint author), Ctr Visual Management, 150 White Plains Rd,Suite 410, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA. CR AMAN MG, 1985, AM J MENT DEF, V89, P485 Dolezal H., 1982, LIVING WORLD TRANSFO EASTON RD, 1978, J GEN PSYCHOL, V98, P105 Grandin T., 1996, THINKING PICTURES Grandin T., 1986, EMERGENCE LABELED AU HARRIS CS, 1965, PSYCHOL REV, V72, P419, DOI 10.1037/h0022616 HELD R, 1970, NEUROSCIENCES 2 STUD Hermelin B, 1970, PSYCHOL EXPT AUTISTI KAPLAN M, 1997, ANN AUT SOC AM C ORL Kaplan M, 1996, CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D, V27, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02353802 KEPPEL G, 1975, DESIGN ANAL RES HDB LEIBOWITZ HW, 1980, AGARD C P, V287 McKean Thomas A., 1994, SOON WILL COME LIGHT Rimland B., 1964, INFANTILE AUTISM SCHARRE JE, 1992, OPTOMETRY VISION SCI, V69, P433, DOI 10.1097/00006324-199206000-00004 SHEEDY JE, 1987, OPHTHAL PHYSL OPT, V7, P255, DOI 10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb00742.x STEHLI A, 1995, DANCING RAIN Stehli Annabel, 1991, SOUND MIRACLE WELSH RB, 1978, PERCEPTUAL MODIFICAT Williams D, 1996, AUTISM INSIDE OUT AP Williams D., 1992, NOBODY NOWHERE NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 PU HUMAN SCI PRESS INC PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0009-398X J9 CHILD PSYCHIAT HUM D JI Child Psychiat. Hum. Dev. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 65 EP 76 DI 10.1023/A:1022635314597 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 112YR UT WOS:000075523000005 PM 9735531 ER PT J AU Smith, IM Bryson, SE AF Smith, IM Bryson, SE TI Gesture imitation in autism I: Nonsymbolic postures and sequences SO COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biennial Meeting of the Society-for-Research-in-Child-Development CY MAR 29-APR 02, 1995 CL INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Soc Res Child Dev ID BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MOTOR IMITATION; CHILDREN; DEFICITS; COMMUNICATION; INDIVIDUALS; LIMB; HANDEDNESS AB This study investigated the ability of children and adolescents with autism to imitate nonsymbolic manual postures and sequences. The controls were children with receptive language delays (matched to the autistic group for age and language level), and typically developing children (matched for language level). Control tasks assessed gesture memory and manual dexterity. Imitation tasks were videotaped for blind scoring of overall accuracy and specific errors. Children with autism performed relatively poorly on posture imitation, but not imitation of simple posture sequences. Reduced manual dexterity contributed to, but did not entirely account for the autistic imitative deficit. An error that was significantly more common in the autistic group suggests that their difficulty in assuming another's perspective may be apparent at the level of simple actions. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada. York Univ, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. RP Smith, IM (reprint author), IWK Grace Hlth Ctr, POB 3070, Halifax, NS B3J 3G9, Canada. 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Opin. Psychiatr. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 11 IS 5 BP 507 EP 513 DI 10.1097/00001504-199809000-00014 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 122UN UT WOS:000076090000017 ER PT J AU Nordin, V Lekman, A Johansson, M Fredman, P Gillberg, C AF Nordin, V Lekman, A Johansson, M Fredman, P Gillberg, C TI Gangliosides in cerebrospinal fluid in children with autism spectrum disorders SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GANGLIOTETRAOSE-SERIES GANGLIOSIDES; FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; BRAIN GANGLIOSIDES; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; CSF; POPULATION; FEATURES; EPILEPSY; AGE AB Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycolipids found in all cells, especially abundant in nerve cells and mainly situated on outer-membrane surfaces. The aim of this study was to provide data on the concentration of gangliosides in the CSF of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) - 66 with autistic disorder, and 19 with other autism spectrum disorders. The comparison group consisted of 89 children and adolescents, whose CSF had been sampled to exclude acute infectious CNS disorder. The concentrations of the gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b were determined using a microimmunoaffinity technique. The ASD group had a significantly higher concentration of ganglioside GM1 compared with the comparison group. The GM1 increase could not be explained as secondary to other clinical factors. Mean ganglioside levels did not differentiate subgroups with autistic disorder and those with a more atypical clinical picture, nor subgroups with known medical disorders and those with idiopathic autism. Altered patterns of gangliosides in the CNS might reflect important correlates of pathogenesis in autism. C1 Annedals Clin, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. Annedals Clin, Inst Clin Neurosci, Dept Neurochem, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 40 IS 9 BP 587 EP 594 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 120TA UT WOS:000075971400003 PM 9766735 ER PT J AU Hughes, C Dunn, J AF Hughes, C Dunn, J TI Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal associations with mental-state talk between young friends SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES; PEOPLES FEELINGS; BELIEFS; DECEPTION; CHILDREN; AUTISM; FAMILY; REPRESENTATION; MOTHERS; GENDER AB Developmental changes in children's understanding of mind and emotion and their mental-state talk in conversations with friends were examined in a longitudinal study of 50 children (M age at each time point = 3 years 11 months, 4 years 6 months, 5 years 0 months). Significant and related improvements over time were found for both theory-of-mind task performance and affective perspective taking. Associated with these cognitive developments were quantitative and qualitative changes in children's references to mental states in their conversations with friends. Individual differences in theory of mind, emotion understanding, and mental-state talk were strikingly stable over the 13-month period. Although there were no gender differences in children's task performances, girls showed more frequent and more developed mental-stare talk than boys. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child & Adolescent Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Hughes, C (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child & Adolescent Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk, London SE5 8AF, England. EM clare.hughes@iop.bpmf.ac.uk CR ASTINGTON JW, 1995, COGNITION EMOTION, V9, P151, DOI 10.1080/02699939508409006 BARONCOHEN S, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1141, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00934.x Bartsch K., 1995, CHILDREN TALK MIND BARTSCH K, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P946, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb03526.x BRETHERTON I, 1981, SOCIAL COGNITION INF, P333 BRODY LR, 1985, J PERS, V53, P102, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00361.x Brown JR, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P836, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01767.x Brown JR, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P789, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01764.x CASSIDY J, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P603, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01649.x DENHAM SA, 1990, CHILD DEV, V61, P1145, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02848.x DENHAM SA, 1986, CHILD DEV, V57, P194, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00020.x DUNN J, 1991, CHILD DEV, V62, P1352, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01610.x DUNN J, 1995, COGNITION EMOTION, V9, P187, DOI 10.1080/02699939508409008 Dunn J, 1998, COGNITION EMOTION, V12, P171 DUNN J, 1991, DEV PSYCHOL, V27, P448, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.27.3.448 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL FURROW D, 1992, J CHILD LANG, V19, P617 GOPNIK A, 1993, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V16, P1 Gordis F. 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PD SEP PY 1998 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1026 EP 1037 DI 10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1026 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 122FF UT WOS:000076060700021 PM 9779748 ER PT J AU De Giacomo, A Fombonne, E AF De Giacomo, A Fombonne, E TI Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; screening; early diagnosis; primary care ID DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; AGE; DISORDERS; CHILDREN; ONSET; 1ST AB In order to identify factors associated with the early detection and referral of children with pervasive developmental disorders, a sample of 82 consecutive referrals to an outpatient diagnostic service was studied. All children were thoroughly assessed with the Autism Diagnostics Interview (ADI), standardized psychological tests and direct observations. Data from the ADI on the fi:rst symptoms to arouse parental concern and on the first professional advice sought were analyzed. The mean age of children was 19.1 months (SD = 9.4) when the parents first became concerned, and the first professional advice was sought when children were 24.1 months old (SD = 11.7). The most common parental concerns were for speech and language development, followed by abnormal socioemotional response, and medical problem or delay in milestone. In both bivariate and multiple regression analyses, the mean age of children at first parental concern and professional advice was significantly lower in the presence of mental retardation in the child, of an older sibling in the family, and of first parental concerns for medical problem/delay in milestone. More specific autistic behaviours, child's gender, social class and place of residence did not influence the age of recognition of the disorder in this sample. Health visitors and general practitioners were the first professionals contacted by parents. The implications of these findings for early detection and diagnosis of autism are discussed. C1 Inst Psychiat, London SE5 8AF, England. Ist Clin Malattie Nervose & Mentali, Bari, Italy. RP Fombonne, E (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, De Crespigny Pk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. CR ADRIEN JL, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P43, DOI 10.1007/BF02206996 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 Baron-Cohen S., 1993, AUTISM FACTS DAHLGREN SO, 1989, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V238, P169 DeMyer M., 1979, PARENTS CHILDREN AUT FOMBONNE E, 1998, UNPUB EPIDEMIOLOGICA Fombonne E, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P1561, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66566-7 Fombonne E, 1998, AUTISM PERVASIVE DEV, P32 FOMBONNE E, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P563, DOI 10.1007/BF01046328 FOMBONNE E, 1995, TROUBLES SEVERES DEV JOHNSON MH, 1992, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V34, P316 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 Lord C, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P501, DOI 10.1023/A:1025873925661 Lord C., 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P569 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 ROGERS SJ, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P863, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199011000-00004 SHORT AB, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P207, DOI 10.1007/BF02211947 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 VOLKMAR FR, 1985, AM J PSYCHIAT, V142, P1450 World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE NR 22 TC 185 Z9 190 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1018-8827 J9 EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY JI Eur. Child Adolesc. Psych. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 7 IS 3 BP 131 EP 136 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 132ZC UT WOS:000076661100002 PM 9826299 ER PT J AU Gambino, G Stranci, G Vozza, S Canziani, F AF Gambino, G Stranci, G Vozza, S Canziani, F TI Lamotrigine and neuropsychological functions in autistic children SO GIORNALE DI NEUROPSICHIATRIA DELL ETA EVOLUTIVA LA Italian DT Article DE autism; lamotrigina AB Many researches concernig epileptic patients treated with lamotrigine (Ltg) show an improvement of their neuropsychological functions, above all of their mood and attention. Aim's research is evaluation of Ltg effects over neuropsychological functions of autistic patients. Examinated sample is constituted by twenty autistic children (16 M, 4 F) whose average age is six years old. Diagnosis was conducted following Dsm principles. Nine months trial previews a daily 200 mg. Ltg somminitration. The analysis of autistic symptomatology was evaluated by doctors who ignored the therapy using Erc-A III scale. Analysis tooks nine months and it continued for two months after therapy interruption. Ltg gave good results in treating autistic symptomatology. Neuropsychological functions didn't react uniformely. Frequently there's no global improvement but just a sectorial one. Nevertheless 25% of the sample reveals global ameliorations. C1 Presidio Osped Aiuto Materno, Div Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Palermo, Italy. CR GARREAU B, 1988, REV INT PEDIAT, P186 GILBERT C, 1993, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V14, P205 LELORD S, AUTISMO INFANTILE MINSHER WN, 1988, PEDIATRICS, V18, P565 PELLICCIA A, 1997, 12 C INT EP DUBL IRL WEGEREN I, 1997, 12 C INT EP DUBL IRL NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 PU MASSON DIVISIONE PERIODICI PI MILAN PA VIA FRATELLI BRESSAN 2, 20126 MILAN, ITALY SN 0392-4483 J9 GIORN NEUROPSI EVOL JI G. Neuropsichiatr. Evol. PD SEP-DEC PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 199 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 155TZ UT WOS:000077963600004 ER PT J AU Roccella, M AF Roccella, M TI Hypomelanosis of Ito. Report of three cases and review of the literature SO GIORNALE DI NEUROPSICHIATRIA DELL ETA EVOLUTIVA LA Italian DT Review DE hypomelanosis of Ito; psychomotor retardation; autism; cranial facial dysmorphism; cognitive deficit ID INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI ACHROMIANS; NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROME; TRANSLOCATION; ABNORMALITIES; AUTISM; MATTER AB Hypomelanosis of Ito or "incontinentia pigmenti achromias" is the least known among melanophacomatosis. By reviewing literature and describing three new cases, it has been found out that the syndrome presents a variableness of symptomatology and a varied involvement of organs organs and systems. C1 Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Psicol, Palermo, Italy. CR AKEFELDT A, 1991, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V33, P737 ARDINGER HH, 1986, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V43, P848 BallmerWeber BK, 1996, DERMATOLOGY, V193, P63 Bartholomew DW, 1987, CLIN GENET, V32, P370 CAMBAZARD F, 1986, ANN DERMATOL VENER, V113, P15 DAVID TJ, 1981, ARCH DIS CHILD, V56, P798 DONAT JF, 1980, AM J DIS CHILD, V134, P709 DONNAI D, 1986, LANCET, V1, P1443 DUNN V, 1986, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, V4, P33, DOI 10.1016/0730-725X(86)91087-8 ESQUIVEL EE, 1991, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V22, P216, DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1071444 FLEURY P, 1986, AM J HUM GENETICS S, V3, P93 Fujino O, 1995, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V17, P425, DOI 10.1016/0387-7604(95)00069-0 GLOVER MT, 1989, J PEDIATR-US, V115, P75, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(89)80332-4 GORDON N, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P271 GRIEBEL V, 1989, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V20, P234, DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1071300 Hatchwell E, 1996, J MED GENET, V33, P216, DOI 10.1136/jmg.33.3.216 HATCHWELL E, 1996, J MED GENET, V33, P77 ISHIKAWA T, 1985, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V7, P45 Ito M, 1952, TOHOKU J EXP MED S, V55, P57 JACKSON R, 1976, BRIT J DERMATOL, V95, P349, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1976.tb00835.x Kulkarni M L, 1996, Indian Pediatr, V33, P243 Küster W, 1993, Curr Opin Pediatr, V5, P436 MALDONADO RR, 1992, PEDIAT DERMATOL, V9, P1 MILLER CA, 1985, NEUROLOGY, V35, P607 MOLLICA F, 1993, GENETICA MED NORDIUND JJ, 1997, ACTA DERM-VENER S, V57, P261 Oguma E, 1996, PEDIATR RADIOL, V26, P273, DOI 10.1007/BF01372110 PASCUALCASTROVIEJO I, 1988, CAN J NEUROL SCI, V15, P124 PASCUALCASTROVI.I, 1989, J R PROUS, P1 PERSERICO A, 1988, ACTA PAEDIATR SCAND, V77, P446 PINI G, 1994, 16 C SINPI BRESC IT, V3, P1104 ROSS DL, 1982, NEUROLOGY, V32, P1013 Ruggieri M, 1996, NEUROLOGY, V46, P485 SCHWARTZ MF, 1977, J PEDIATR-US, V90, P236, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(77)80636-7 Steiner J, 1996, PEDIATR RADIOL, V26, P763, DOI 10.1007/BF01396196 STRICKER M, 1984, BRIT J PLAST SURG, V37, P472, DOI 10.1016/0007-1226(84)90133-4 TAKEMATSU H, 1983, ARCH DERMATOL, V119, P391, DOI 10.1001/archderm.119.5.391 THOMAS IT, 1986, LANCET, P1802 Toriello HV, 1996, NAT GENET, V13, P361, DOI 10.1038/ng0796-361 TURLEAU C, 1986, HUM GENET, V74, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF00282090 Urgelles E, 1996, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V18, P78, DOI 10.1016/0387-7604(95)00101-8 ZAPPELLA M, 1993, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V35, P826 ZAPPELLA M, 1992, EUROPEAN CHILD ADOLE, V1, P170 1992, LANCET, P651 NR 44 TC 0 Z9 0 PU MASSON DIVISIONE PERIODICI PI MILAN PA VIA FRATELLI BRESSAN 2, 20126 MILAN, ITALY SN 0392-4483 J9 GIORN NEUROPSI EVOL JI G. Neuropsichiatr. Evol. PD SEP-DEC PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 215 EP 220 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 155TZ UT WOS:000077963600007 ER PT J AU Battistella, PA Condini, A Fortina, AB Gatto, C Peserico, A AF Battistella, PA Condini, A Fortina, AB Gatto, C Peserico, A TI Hypomelanosis of Ito with dysmyelination of the Cns: a new patient and review of the literature SO GIORNALE DI NEUROPSICHIATRIA DELL ETA EVOLUTIVA LA Italian DT Review DE hypomelanosis of Ito; dysmyelination; cerebral magnetic resonance ID INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI ACHROMIANS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROME; MR FINDINGS; INVOLVEMENT; MALFORMATION; MOSAICISM; DISEASE; LESIONS; AUTISM AB The hypomelanosis of Ito is a genodermatosis,with multisystem,manifestation: skin signs consist of hypopigmented areas typically found along the lines of Blaschko, while extracutaneous signs mostly involve the musculoskeletal apparatus and the central nervous system (Cns). This article describes a new paediatric clinical case presenting a moderate phenotypic involvement and widespread dysmyelination of the Cns with a pattern resembling that of leukodystropy! The Authors hereby conduct a bibliographic review concerning the clinical aspects of this neurocutaneous syndrome, arguably still little investigated, and compare the neuroradiologic results pertaining to the new clinical care with the recent information contained in the relevant literature. C1 Univ Padua, Dipartimento Pediat, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Univ Padua, Ist Clin Dermosifilopat, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Univ Padua, Dipartimento Pediat, Serv Neuropsichiatria Infantile, I-35100 Padua, Italy. 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Neuropsichiatr. Evol. PD SEP-DEC PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 221 EP 228 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 155TZ UT WOS:000077963600008 ER PT J AU Buitelaar, JK Kemner, C Verbaten, MN van Engeland, H AF Buitelaar, JK Kemner, C Verbaten, MN van Engeland, H TI Event-related brain potentials and saccadic eye movements in children with autism SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Utrecht Hosp, Dept Child Psychiat, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Buitelaar, Jan/E-4584-2012 OI Buitelaar, Jan/0000-0001-8288-7757 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8760 J9 INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL JI Int. J. Psychophysiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1-2 SI SI MA 119 BP 47 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0167-8760(98)90119-2 PG 2 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences; Physiology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 130XY UT WOS:000076546700119 ER PT J AU Reda, MA Benevento, D Blanco, S Orsi, A Signorini, L Zappella, M AF Reda, MA Benevento, D Blanco, S Orsi, A Signorini, L Zappella, M TI Biofeedback evaluation in parents of children with autism SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Osp Silavo, Ist Psycol Gen & Clin, I-53100 Siena, Italy. VC Neurophichiatria Infantile AZOSP, ORSI, NB Zapella, I-53100 Senese, Italy. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8760 J9 INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL JI Int. J. Psychophysiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1-2 SI SI MA 139 BP 55 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0167-8760(98)90139-8 PG 1 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences; Physiology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 130XY UT WOS:000076546700139 ER PT J AU Gentile, R Di Bella, P Bramanti, P AF Gentile, R Di Bella, P Bramanti, P TI Psychophysiology of autism: Between psychology and neurology SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Messina, Ctr Studi Neurol, Fondanone Bonino Pulejo, I-98100 Messina, Italy. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8760 J9 INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL JI Int. J. Psychophysiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1-2 SI SI MA 516 BP 199 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0167-8760(98)90515-3 PG 1 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences; Physiology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 130XY UT WOS:000076546700508 ER PT J AU Elia, M Ferri, R Musumeci, SA Panerai, S Grubar, JC Bertrand, T Miano, G Bottitta, M AF Elia, M Ferri, R Musumeci, SA Panerai, S Grubar, JC Bertrand, T Miano, G Bottitta, M TI Sleep in autism SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oasi Inst, Dept Neurol, Troina, Italy. RI Ferri, Raffaele/B-5439-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8760 J9 INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL JI Int. J. Psychophysiol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1-2 SI SI MA 518 BP 200 EP 200 DI 10.1016/S0167-8760(98)90517-7 PG 1 WC Psychology, Biological; Neurosciences; Physiology; Psychology; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 130XY UT WOS:000076546700510 ER PT J AU Hughes, C Lorden, SW Scott, SV Hwang, B Derer, KR Rodi, MS Pitkin, SE Godshall, JC AF Hughes, C Lorden, SW Scott, SV Hwang, B Derer, KR Rodi, MS Pitkin, SE Godshall, JC TI Identification and validation of critical conversational social skills SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE social validation; high school students; mental retardation; conversational social skills ID APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS; MENTAL-RETARDATION; VALIDITY; COMPETENCE; INTERVENTION; AUTISM AB In this study, we used a four-step social validation process to identify and validate critical skill components that constitute high school students' conversational behavior. The four steps were nominating target behaviors, establishing a normative range of performance, manipulating simulations of behavioral dimensions, and comparing ratings of judges to levels of performance on those behavioral dimensions. Multiple measures, both quantitative and qualitative, suggested that the rate and percentage of time initiating and responding verbally, the percentage of time attending, and the percentage of time not engaging in distracting motor behavior related to favorable ratings by a wide variety of 60 judges. Findings are discussed in relation to the utility of the multistep social validation process and the identification of critical social skill components as targets of interventions. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Special Educ, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. RP Hughes, C (reprint author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Special Educ, Box 328 Peabody, Nashville, TN 37203 USA. 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Appl. Behav. Anal. PD FAL PY 1998 VL 31 IS 3 BP 431 EP 446 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-431 PG 16 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 120YF UT WOS:000075984900009 ER PT J AU Rutter, M AF Rutter, M TI Practitioner review: Routes from research to clinical practice in child psychiatry: Retrospect and prospect SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review DE autism; depression; hyperactivity; conduct disorder; brain damage; adolescence; emotion; information processing; classification; genetics; lifespan development; functional brain imaging; children; clinical training ID ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION; ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; CONDUCT DISORDER; DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; GENETIC-FACTORS; MECHANISMS; PATHWAYS; BRAIN; ONSET AB The last 40 years has seen a virtual revolution in both medical research and medical practice. Child psychiatry has been part of that revolution. The situation in the 1950s is briefly noted and seven examples are used to illustrate how causal research in the past has led to changes in clinical practice. The areas used as examples comprise: autism, hyperactivity/attention deficit syndromes, conduct disorders, depressive conditions, genetic research, organic brain dysfunction, and psychosocial risk processes. Prospects for the future with respect to the impact of research on clinical practice are discussed in relation to molecular genetics, environmental risks, cognitive and affective processing of experiences, links across the lifespan, and functional brain imaging. Attention is drawn to implications for training as well as for practice. C1 Inst Psychiat, Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London, England. RP Rutter, M (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, De Crespigny Pk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. 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Psychiatry PD SEP PY 1998 VL 39 IS 6 BP 805 EP 816 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 124EK UT WOS:000076168300003 PM 9758190 ER PT J AU Sigman, M AF Sigman, M TI Change and continuity in the development of children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; pervasive developmental disorder; mental handicap; Down syndrome; preschool children; school children ID FOLLOW-UP; DOWNS-SYNDROME; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SYMBOLIC PLAY; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; JOINT ATTENTION; YOUNG-CHILDREN; STABILITY; LANGUAGE; COMMUNICATION AB The developmental approach to childhood psychopathology identifies deviations from typical patterns of development and stability of individual characteristics over time, and precursors in early life of later functions. The application of this approach to the social, communicative, and cognitive development of children with autism is discussed. Results from a longitudinal study of children with autism and other developmental disorders are described, indicating that children with autism have stable deficits in joint attention, representational play, and responsiveness to the emotions of others, and that early variations in these abilities are important for concurrent and subsequent language development and for peer engagement many years later. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Sigman, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. 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Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 39 IS 6 BP 817 EP 827 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 124EK UT WOS:000076168300004 PM 9758191 ER PT J AU Bishop, DVM AF Bishop, DVM TI Development of the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC): A method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in children SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE specific language impairment; pragmatics; assessment; ratings; PDD ID SEMANTIC PRAGMATIC DISORDER; CONVERSATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS; LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT; AUTISM; INDIVIDUALS; SUBGROUPS AB The Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) was developed to assess aspects of communicative impairment that are not adequately evaluated by contemporary standardised language tests. These are predominantly pragmatic abnormalities seen in social communication, although other qualitative aspects of speech and language were also included. Some items covering social relationships and restricted interests were incorporated, so that the relationship between pragmatic difficulties and other characteristics of pervasive developmental disorders could be explored. Checklist ratings were obtained for 76 children aged 7 to 9 years, all of whom had received special education for language impairment. In 71 cases, 2 raters (usually a teacher and speech-language therapist) independently completed the checklist, making it possible to establish inter-rater reliability. From an initial pool of 93 items, 70 items, grouped into 9 scales, were retained. Five of the subscales were concerned with pragmatic aspects of communication. A composite pragmatic impairment scale formed from these subscales had inter-rater reliability and internal consistency of around .80. 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PD SEP PY 1998 VL 39 IS 6 BP 879 EP 891 DI 10.1017/S0021963098002832 PG 13 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 124EK UT WOS:000076168300009 PM 9758196 ER PT J AU Prior, M Eisenmajer, R Leekam, S Wing, L Gould, J Ong, B Dowe, D AF Prior, M Eisenmajer, R Leekam, S Wing, L Gould, J Ong, B Dowe, D TI Are there subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorders SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism; Pervasive Developmental Disorder; symptomatology; cluster analysis ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; MIND; SUBCLASSIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CONVERGENCE; SUBTYPES; VALIDITY; ACCOUNT; BELIEFS AB Comprehensive data on the developmental history and current behaviours of a large sample of high-functioning individuals with diagnoses of autism, Asperger's syndrome, or other related disorder were collected via parent interviews. This provided the basis for a taxonomic analysis to search for subgroups. Most participants also completed theory of mind tasks. Three clusters or subgroups were obtained; these differed on theory of mind performance and on verbal abilities. Although subgroups were identified which bore some relationship to clinical differentiation of autistic, Asperger syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) cases, the nature of the differences between them appeared strongly related to ability variables. Examination of the kinds of behaviours that differentiated the groups suggested that a spectrum of autistic disorders on which children differ primarily in term of degrees of social and cognitive impairments could explain the findings. C1 Univ Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. Univ Kent, Canterbury, Kent, England. La Trobe Univ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Natl Autist Soc, London, England. Monash Univ, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. RP Prior, M (reprint author), Royal Childrens Hosp, Dept Psychol, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. 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C., 1992, STAT METHODS PSYCHOL Kissane DW, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V153, P650 KLIN A, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1127, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01361.x MANJIVIONA J, 1996, C AUT EUR BARC MAY 1 OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1107, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00352.x PERNER J, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P125 PERNER J, 1985, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V39, P437, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 PETERSON CC, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P459, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x PRIOR M, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P71, DOI 10.1007/BF01537973 PRIOR M, 1973, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V3, P154, DOI 10.1007/BF01537990 RAPIN I, 1996, CLIN DEV MED Sattler J. M., 1988, ASSESSMENT CHILDREN SCHOPLER E, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P359, DOI 10.1007/BF01531780 Sevin JA, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P561, DOI 10.1007/BF02178188 SIEGEL B, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P275, DOI 10.1007/BF01531660 SZATMARI P, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1662, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199512000-00017 SZATMARI P, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P130, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199001000-00021 SZATMARI P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P583, DOI 10.1007/BF01046329 Tsai L. Y., 1992, HIGH FUNCTIONING IND, P11 WALLACE CS, 1994, ARTIF INTELL, P37 Wallace CS, 1987, J ROYAL STAT SOC B, V49, P223 Waterhouse L, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P59, DOI 10.1007/BF02276235 *WHO, 1993, INT CLASS DIS DIS IC WIMMER H, 1983, COGNITION, V13, P103, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 NR 49 TC 105 Z9 105 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 39 IS 6 BP 893 EP 902 DI 10.1111/1469-7610.00389 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 124EK UT WOS:000076168300010 PM 9758197 ER PT J AU Buitelaar, JK van der Gaag, RJ AF Buitelaar, JK van der Gaag, RJ TI Diagnostic rules for children with PDD-NOS and multiple complex developmental disorder SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE pervasive developmental disorder; school children; classification; diagnosis ID DSM-III-R; AUTISM; CLASSIFICATION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; CHILDHOOD AB This study was designed to examine the classification performance of diagnostic rules for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and multiple complex developmental disorder(McDD), with clinical diagnosis as the gold standard. McDD is an heuristic concept of a developmental disorder characterised by social impairments, affective dysregulation, and thought disturbance. Detailed information on the symptoms, reliably extracted from the charts of 103 children with PDD-NOS and McDD, 32 with autistic disorder, and 96 with non-PDD disorders, was used to determine the presence of the DSM-IV criteria of autistic disorder and the criteria of McDD. A scoring rule for PDD-NOS based on a short set of seven DSM-IV criteria with a cut-off point of three items and one social interaction item set as mandatory had the best balance between high sensitivity and high specificity. The most effective and simple rule based on McDD criteria had a cut-off of three items, out of six items of anxieties and thought disturbance. C1 Dept Child Psychiat, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, Utrecht, Netherlands. Veldwijk Res Inst, Ermelo, Netherlands. RP Buitelaar, JK (reprint author), Dept Child Psychiat, POB 85500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands. RI Buitelaar, Jan/E-4584-2012; Gaag, R.J./H-8030-2014 OI Buitelaar, Jan/0000-0001-8288-7757; CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x BUITELAAR JK, IN PRESS J AUTISM DE CICCHETTI DV, 1991, J CLIN EXP NEUROPSYC, V13, P328, DOI 10.1080/01688639108401047 Cohen D. J., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P20 Cohen D. J., 1994, DEV FOLLOW UP CONCEP, P155 DAHL EK, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P170, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60223-5 KRAEMER HC, 1988, AM STAT, V42, P37, DOI 10.2307/2685259 LeCouteur A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P785 PRIOR M, 1975, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V5, P71, DOI 10.1007/BF01537973 RUTTER M, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P459, DOI 10.1007/BF01046322 SIEGEL B, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P275, DOI 10.1007/BF01531660 Siegel S., 1988, NONPARAMETRIC STAT B SPARROW S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BH TOWBIN KE, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P775, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00011 VANDERGAAG RJ, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1096, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199508000-00021 VANDERGAAG RJ, 1998, UNPUB CONTROLLED FOL VANDEWRGAAG RJ, 1993, THESIS UTRECHT U VOLKMAR FR, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P483, DOI 10.1007/BF01046323 Volkmar FR, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P843, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199607000-00009 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 WERRY JS, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P601, DOI 10.1007/BF01046330 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE NR 24 TC 59 Z9 59 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 39 IS 6 BP 911 EP 919 DI 10.1017/S0021963098002820 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 124EK UT WOS:000076168300012 PM 9758199 ER PT J AU Tager-Flusberg, H Boshart, J Baron-Cohen, S AF Tager-Flusberg, H Boshart, J Baron-Cohen, S TI Reading the windows to the soul: Evidence of domain-specific sparing in Williams syndrome SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; CHILDREN; MIND; ADULTS; AUTISM; HEMIZYGOSITY; PHENOTYPE; COGNITION; ABILITIES; LANGUAGE AB This study tested the hypothesis that Williams syndrome, a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with an unusual cognitive phenotype, involves spared abilities in the domain of understanding other minds. A group of retarded adults with Williams syndrome was compared to an age-, IQ-, and language-matched group of adults with Prader-Willi syndrome, another genetic disorder without the cognitive characteristics of Williams syndrome, and a group of age-matched normal adults, on a task that taps mentalizing ability. The task involved selecting the correct labels to match photographs of complex mental state expressions in the eye region of the face. The adults with Williams syndrome performed significantly better than the adults with Prader-Willi on this task, and about half the group performed in the same range as the normal adults. These findings are consistent with anecdotal evidence about Williams syndrome and provide evidence that mentalizing is a distinct cognitive domain. This spared cognitive capacity may be linked to the relative sparing of limbic-cerebellar neural substrate in Williams syndrome, which is also connected to cortico-frontal regions that are known to be involved in understanding complex mental states. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125 USA. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. RP Tager-Flusberg, H (reprint author), Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat Inc, Dept Psychol Sci, 200 Trapelo Rd, Waltham, MA 02452 USA. EM htagerf@shriver.org RI Tager-Flusberg, Helen/D-5265-2009 CR Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BaronCohen S, 1997, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V9, P548, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.548 BaronCohen S, 1997, VIS COGN, V4, P311, DOI 10.1080/713756761 Baron-Cohen S., 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE, P183 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BaronCohen S, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Bauman ML, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM, P119 Bellugi U., 1988, LANGUAGE DEV EXCEPTI, P177 BELLUGI U, 1992, MINN SYM CHILD PSYCH, V24, P201 Bellugi U., 1994, COGNITIVE DEFICITS D, P23 BROTHERS L, 1992, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V4, P107, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.2.107 BROTHERS L, 1990, BEHAV BRAIN RES, V41, P199, DOI 10.1016/0166-4328(90)90108-Q BUTLER MG, 1990, AM J MED GENET, V35, P319, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320350306 BUTLER MG, 1994, HUMAN GENETICS NEW P, P73 COURCHESNE E, 1994, AM J ROENTGENOL, V162, P123 Dunn L. 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PD SEP PY 1998 VL 10 IS 5 BP 631 EP 639 DI 10.1162/089892998563031 PG 9 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 149FC UT WOS:000077593600008 PM 9802996 ER PT J AU Stone, VE Baron-Cohen, S Knight, RT AF Stone, VE Baron-Cohen, S Knight, RT TI Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORMAL HUMAN CORTEX; CYTOARCHITECTONIC DEFINITION; FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; PREFRONTAL AREAS; AUTISTIC-CHILD; HUMAN AMYGDALA; FALSE BELIEF; DAMAGE; REPRESENTATION; BEHAVIOR AB "Theory of mind," the ability to make inferences about others' mental states, seems to be a modular cognitive capacity that underlies humans' ability to engage in complex social interaction. It develops in several distinct stages, which can be measured with social reasoning tests of increasing difficulty. Individuals with Asperger's syndrome, a mild form of autism, perform well on simpler theory of mind tests but show deficits on more developmentally advanced theory of mind tests. We tested patients with bilateral damage to orbito-frontal cortex (n = 5) and unilateral damage in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (n = 5) on a series of theory of mind tasks varying in difficulty. Bilateral orbito-frontal lesion patients performed similarly to individuals with Asperger's syndrome, performing well on simpler tests and showing deficits on tasks requiring more subtle social reasoning, such as the ability to recognize a faux pas. In contrast, no specific theory of mind deficits were evident in the unilateral dorsolateral frontal lesion patients. The dorsolateral lesion patients had difficulty only on versions of the tasks that placed demands on working memory. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA USA. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. 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PD SEP PY 1998 VL 10 IS 5 BP 640 EP 656 DI 10.1162/089892998562942 PG 17 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA 149FC UT WOS:000077593600009 PM 9802997 ER PT J AU Meyer, GA Blum, NJ Hitchcock, W Fortina, P AF Meyer, GA Blum, NJ Hitchcock, W Fortina, P TI Absence of the fragile X CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in girls diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; MENTAL-RETARDATION; SWEDISH MULTICENTER; CHILDREN; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; ASSOCIATION; INDIVIDUALS; CHROMOSOME; FREQUENCY AB The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the fragile X (FRAX) CGG trinucleotide expansion in a population of young girls (n = 45) diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Their mean age was 43.7 months (range, 25 to 132 months). Diagnoses included autistic disorder (n = 20), PDD (n = 23), and Asperger's syndrome (n = 2). Molecular FRAX testing was performed on all patients by using the Southern gene blot technique. Genomic DNA was digested with both EcoRI and EagI, fractionated on agarose gel, and blotted and probed with the radiolabeled StB12.3 FMR-1 probe. None Of the subjects were found to have an expansion of CGG in either the 2.8 kb or 5.2 kb fragments. A 95% CI, for the prevalence of the FRAX mutation in female subjects with PDD, has an upper bound of 2.9%. We conclude that the prevalence of FRAX positivity in girls with PDD is lower than previously reported. This raises the question of whether any association between FRAX and PDD in female subjects is specific to PDD or is related rather to the presence of mental retardation. C1 USN, Med Ctr Portsmouth, Dept Pediat, Portsmouth, VA 23708 USA. Childrens Seashore house, Div Child Dev & Rehabil, Philadelphia, PA USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pathol & Clin Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Meyer, GA (reprint author), USN, Med Ctr Portsmouth, Dept Pediat, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708 USA. 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PD SEP PY 1998 VL 16 IS 3 BP 280 EP 285 DI 10.1177/073428299801600311 PG 6 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 132MM UT WOS:000076633900011 ER PT J AU Fischer, KM AF Fischer, KM TI Expanded (CAG)(n), (CGG)(n) and (GAA)(n) trinucleotide repeat microsatellites, and mutant purine synthesis and pigmentation genes cause schizophrenia and autism SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; MENTAL-RETARDATION; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CANDIDATE GENES; CAG REPEATS; DNA; DISORDER AB Unstable (CAG)(n) trinucleotide repeat microsatellites are hypothesized to cause schizophrenia. The (CAG)(n) microsatellite of dominant spinal cerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a candidate schizophrenia gene. Autism results from expansions of (CGG)(n) and (GAA)(n) trinucleotide repeat stretches at fragile X syndrome (FRAXA), and the recessive Friedreich's ataxia (FA). Dominant ataxia genes may cause schizophrenia and recessive ataxia genes may cause autism. Syndromes with autism show purine synthesis defects (PSDs) and/or pigmentation defects (PDs). Autism is caused by very lengthy expansions of (CAG)(n), (CGG)(n) and (GAA)(n) repeats, while schizophrenia results from much smaller (CAG)(n) and (CGG)(n) repeat expansions. RP Fischer, KM (reprint author), 5 Southwood Dr, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 USA. 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Hypotheses PD SEP PY 1998 VL 51 IS 3 BP 223 EP 233 DI 10.1016/S0306-9877(98)90080-9 PG 11 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 118TH UT WOS:000075855700002 PM 9792200 ER PT J AU Kristiansen, S AF Kristiansen, S TI Theories on the etiology of autism: A historic overview. SO NORDISK PSYKOLOGI LA Danish DT Article ID ASPERGERS-SYNDROME; SOCIAL DEFICITS; NORMAL-CHILDREN; MIND; COMMUNICATION; DYSFUNCTION; INDIVIDUALS; DISORDERS; ADULTS AB Even though the scientific investigation of autism is only 50 years old, a wide range of theories concerning the etiology of autism has been presented since Leo Kanner described and named the autistic syndrome. This article discusses and evaluates some of the most important theories. Kanner himself thought of autism as an organic disturbance although he was not completely clear at this point. In the years after Kanner's original paper, psychoanalytic theories heavily influenced researchers in the field of autism. 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Psykol. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3 BP 191 EP 215 PG 25 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 127DW UT WOS:000076336100003 ER PT J AU Davila, G Navarro, JF AF Davila, G Navarro, JF TI Psychopathology and sleep. IV. Other disorders SO PSICOLOGIA CONDUCTUAL LA Spanish DT Article DE sleep; anorexia; bulimia; Alzheimer's disease; alcoholism; tobacco; caffeine; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) autism; Down's syndrome ID DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; BUTOCTAMIDE HYDROGEN SUCCINATE; NURSING-HOME PATIENTS; SHORT-TERM ABSTINENCE; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; ANOREXIA-NERVOSA; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BULIMIA-NERVOSA; DOWNS-SYNDROME; REM-SLEEP AB In the last part of our tetralogy on psychopathology and steep we describe the main abnormalities or changes of sleep in eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia), in Alzheimer's disease, in several drug-use disorders (tobacco, alcohol, caffeine) and, finally in various infantile disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism and Down's syndrome). C1 Univ Malaga, Fac Psicol, Area Psicobiol, E-29071 Malaga, Spain. RP Navarro, JF (reprint author), Univ Malaga, Fac Psicol, Area Psicobiol, Campus Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain. EM navahuma@uma.es RI NAVARRO, JOSE FRANCISCO/B-3351-2011; Davila, Guadalupe/D-3050-2011 OI NAVARRO, JOSE FRANCISCO/0000-0002-5104-8974; Davila, Guadalupe/0000-0002-3297-4243 CR ALLEN RP, 1992, PEDIATR NEUROL, V8, P275, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(92)90365-6 AncoliIsrael S, 1997, SLEEP, V20, P18 AncoliIsrael S, 1997, SLEEP, V20, P24 Bader GG, 1996, DEMENTIA, V7, P279, DOI 10.1159/000106893 BAHRO M, 1993, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V34, P482, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90239-A BENCA RM, 1992, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V49, P651 BENCA RM, 1994, PRINCIPLES PRACTICE, P927 BLIWISE DL, 1993, SLEEP, V16, P40 BLIWISE DL, 1995, J GERONTOL A-BIOL, V50, pM303 Bordallo J R, 1986, Arch Neurobiol (Madr), V49, P8 BROWN SL, 1995, J AM GERIATR SOC, V43, P860 BUELA G, 1989, INTELIGENCIA HUMANA, P75 Burney-Puckett M, 1996, J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv, V34, P40 BUYSSE DJ, 1988, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V45, P568 BYRNE B, 1990, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V27, P454, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90556-H Chervin RD, 1997, SLEEP, V20, P1185 Chokroverty S, 1996, NEUROL CLIN, V14, P807, DOI 10.1016/S0733-8619(05)70286-3 Colenda CC, 1997, ALZ DIS ASSOC DIS, V11, P175, DOI 10.1097/00002093-199709000-00011 CONTRERAS CM, 1993, SALUD MENT, V16, P1 ESPERT R, 1994, PSICOL CONDUCT, V2, P331 Ferri R, 1997, J SLEEP RES, V6, P134 Friedman L, 1997, J GERIATR PSYCH NEUR, V10, P58 GIGLI GL, 1987, SLEEP, V10, P563 GRENHILL L, 1983, SLEEP, V6, P91 GRUBAR JC, 1986, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, V90, P119 Hassainia F, 1997, EUR NEUROL, V37, P219, DOI 10.1159/000117446 HATZINGER M, 1995, SCHWEIZ RUNDSCH MED, V84, P450 HUDSON JI, 1987, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V22, P820, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90081-3 IMAMURA K, 1984, JAPANESE J CHILD ADO, V25, P205 Jacobs IN, 1996, ARCH OTOLARYNGOL, V122, P945 JERNAJCZYK W, 1996, J SLEEP RES S1, V5, P200 KAPLAN BJ, 1987, PEDIATRICS, V80, P839 KARACAN I, 1976, CLIN PHARMACOL THER, V20, P682 KATZ JL, 1984, AM J PSYCHIAT, V141, P753 KENNEDY SH, 1989, J PSYCHIAT RES, V23, P267, DOI 10.1016/0022-3956(89)90032-0 KENT JD, 1995, PEDIATRICS, V96, P320 Lacey J. 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Conduct. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 275 EP 293 PG 19 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 125HP UT WOS:000076231700003 ER PT J AU Navarro, JF Espert, R AF Navarro, JF Espert, R TI Biological basis of infantile autism. I. Genetic, neuroimmunological and neurochemical aspects SO PSICOLOGIA CONDUCTUAL LA Spanish DT Review DE autism; genetics; immune system; neurotransmitters; serotonin; opioids ID PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN; FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; MENTAL-RETARDATION; NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; PLATELET SEROTONIN; MULTIPLEX FAMILIES; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; HOMOVANILLIC-ACID AB In the first part of this review paper on biological basis of infantile autism we describe the main genetic, neuroimmunological and neurochemical investigations carried out in this pathology. Twin and segregation analysis studies indicate that genetic factors may play a relevant role in the etiology of autism. However, although genetic factors are clearly involved, environmental variables must be also important. In fact, concordance rates for autism in monozigotic twins are not of 100%. Investigations related to autoimmunity hipothesis can be grouped into three broad categories. The first includes studies on the cellular elements of the immune system (T-cells and NK cells). The second group concerns studies on the humoral elements of the immune system. The third category focuses on maternal-fetal tolerance and immunoreactivity studies. Likewise, in this context a viral hipothesis has been proposed to explain some cases of infantile autism. Thus, autism has been etiologically linked to numerous prenatal infections, including rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster, herpes simplex and toxoplasmosis. On the other hand, although results are still inconclusive, a serotonergic dysfunction has been described in numerous patients with autism. Furthermore, a functional imbalance between monoamines has been suggested in this pathology. Endogenous opioids peptides have been also involved in the pathogenesis of autism. According with this hipothesis, the hyperfunction of the endogenous opioid system could explain the majority of the symptoms associated with autism. C1 Univ Malaga, Fac Psicol, Area Psicobiol, E-29071 Malaga, Spain. Univ Valencia, E-46003 Valencia, Spain. RP Navarro, JF (reprint author), Univ Malaga, Fac Psicol, Area Psicobiol, Campus Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain. 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Conduct. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 363 EP 389 PG 27 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 125HP UT WOS:000076231700008 ER PT J AU Espert, R Navarro, JF AF Espert, R Navarro, JF TI Biological basis of infantile autism. II. Neuropathological, neurophysiological and neuropsychological aspects SO PSICOLOGIA CONDUCTUAL LA Spanish DT Article DE autism; neuropathology; cerebellum; medial temporal lobe; perinatal factors; neurophysiological studies; neuropsychological studies; integrative models ID STEM EVOKED-RESPONSES; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; POSTERIOR-FOSSA STRUCTURES; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS; CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; CEREBELLAR VERMIS; CORPUS-CALLOSUM AB In the second part of this review paper on biological basis of infantile autism we describe the main neuropathological, neurophysiological and neuropsychological investigations carried out in this disease. Numerous neuropathological "postmorten" studies as well as neuroanatomical studies using neuroimaging techniques have demonstrated the existence of a broad variety of structural and functional abnormalities in autistic patients. Although results are not entirely consistent, the main changes in autism have been located in limbic system (medial temporal robe), cerebellum and cerebral cortex, Likewise, it has been proposed that some cases of autism might be provoked by an injury at the time of closure of the neural tube. On the other hand, we examine the main neurophysiological studies in autistic subjects, emphasizing investigations with evoked potentials. In this context, several authors have suggested that in autism exists a disordered functioning in brainstem and thalamic systems which mediate arousal, attention and information-processing. The third part of this paper focuses on neuropsychological studies realized in autistic patients. It is a well-known fact that these subjects exhibit neuropsychological disorders in a wide range of domains, a fact that suggests that autism probably involves a dysfunction of multiple regions rather than of only one brain region. Most studies reveal large individual differences in certain neuropsychological domains. Whereas most autistic patients have frontal lobe impairments, great variability exists in the areas of language and memory. This review concludes with a brief description of several neurofunctional integrative models of autism (Bachevalier, 1994; Morton and Frith, 1995; Couchesne, Townsend and Chase, 1995, and Waterhouse, Fein and Modahl, 1996). C1 Univ Malaga, Fac Psicol, Area Psicobiol, E-29071 Malaga, Spain. Univ Valencia, E-46003 Valencia, Spain. RP Navarro, JF (reprint author), Univ Malaga, Fac Psicol, Area Psicobiol, Campus Teatinos, E-29071 Malaga, Spain. 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Conduct. PD SEP PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 391 EP 409 PG 19 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 125HP UT WOS:000076231700009 ER PT J AU Van Bourgondien, ME Reichle, NC Campbell, DG Mesibov, GB AF Van Bourgondien, ME Reichle, NC Campbell, DG Mesibov, GB TI The Environmental Rating Scale (ERS): A measure of the quality of the residential environment for adults with autism SO RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article AB This study used classical rest theory to assess the psychometric properties of the Environmental Rating Scale (ERS), a measure specifically designed to assess the treatment programs in residential settings that serve individuals with autism. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis support the presence of a single-factor represented by the total score. The reliability of the measure was demonstrated by assessments of the internal consistency, stability, and interrater reliability. 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PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 381 EP 394 PG 14 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 119ED UT WOS:000075882200001 PM 9770251 ER PT J AU Dawson, JE Matson, JL Cherry, KE AF Dawson, JE Matson, JL Cherry, KE TI An analysis of maladaptive behaviors in persons with autism, PDD-NOS, and mental retardation SO RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; MOTIVATION AB In this study, we examined three maladaptive behaviors, self-injurious behavior (SIB), stereotypes, and aggression in adults with autism pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and mental retardation: We used a brief functional analysis rating scale, The Questions About Behavioral Functions (QABF), to examine the function of each behavior. 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PD SEP-OCT PY 1998 VL 19 IS 5 BP 439 EP 448 DI 10.1016/S0891-4222(98)00016-X PG 10 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 119ED UT WOS:000075882200005 PM 9770255 ER PT J AU Frith, U AF Frith, U TI Cognitive deficits in developmental disorders SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE developmental disorders; autism; dyslexia; cognitive deficits ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; AUTISM; MIND; CHILDREN; COMMUNICATION; LANGUAGE; DYSLEXIA; ADULTS; BRAIN; WEAK AB The existence of specific developmental disorders such as dyslexia and autism raises interesting issues about the structure of the normally developing mind. In these disorders distinct cognitive deficits can explain a range of behavioural impairments and have the potential to be linked to specific brain abnormalities. One possibility is that there are specific mechanisms dedicated to particular types of information processing. 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Temporal processing deficits correlate highly with the phonological discrimination and processing deficits of these children. Electrophysiological single cell mapping studies of sensory cortex in brains of primates have shown that neural circuitry can be remapped after specific, temporally cohesive training regimens, demonstrating the dynamic plasticity of the brain. Recently, we combined these two lines of research in a series of studies that addressed whether the temporal processing deficits seen in LLIs can be significantly modified through adaptive training aimed at reducing temporal integration thresholds. Simultaneously, we developed a computer algorithm that expanded and enhanced the brief, rapidly changing acoustic segments within ongoing speech and used this to provide intensive speech and language training exercises to these children. Results to date from two independent laboratory experiments, as well as a large national clinical efficacy trial, demonstrate that dramatic improvements in temporal integration thresholds, together with speech and language comprehension abilities of LLI children, results from training with these new computer-based training procedures. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrated Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Sci Learning Corp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Tallal, P (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, 197 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. 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PD SEP PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 197 EP 199 DI 10.1111/1467-9450.393079 PG 3 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 131ET UT WOS:000076563400014 PM 9800537 ER PT J AU Schwartz, IS Sandall, SR Garfinkle, AN Bauer, J AF Schwartz, IS Sandall, SR Garfinkle, AN Bauer, J TI Outcomes for children with autism: Three case studies SO TOPICS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID LANGUAGE AB The purpose of this article is to present case studies of three children with autism who received educational services in a public-school-affiliated early childhood program during their preschool and kindergarten years and have had positive outcomes. We used a combination of documents and archival records (e.g., assessment results) as data sources. All children made substantial developmental and academic progress. The three children have entered elementary school in inclusive settings and continue to thrive; one child exited special education. 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PD FAL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 132 EP 143 PG 12 WC Education, Special SC Education & Educational Research GA 124JN UT WOS:000076179300002 ER PT J AU Schmahmann, JD AF Schmahmann, JD TI Dysmetria of thought: clinical consequences of cerebellar dysfunction on cognition and affect SO TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHY; MENTAL SKILLS; RHESUS-MONKEY; DEGENERATION; PATHOLOGY; CHILDREN; MOVEMENT; DAMAGE; ATAXIA; MUTISM AB Cognitive and emotional changes might be prominent or even principal manifestations I of cerebellar lesions. This realization supports evidence suggesting that the cerebellum is an important part of a set of distributed neural circuits that subserve higher-order processing. Early anecdotal clinical accounts described aberrant: mental or intellectual functions in the setting of cerebellar atrophy. Later systematic analyses showed that the cerebellum is able to influence autonomic, vasomotor, and emotional behaviors, and further studies revealed neuropsychological deficits in patients with degenerative diseases. Current descriptions of behavioral changes in adults and children with acquired cerebellar lesions bring the debate about the cerebellar role in neural function within the realm of clinically relevant cognitive neuroscience. The activationof focal cerebellar regions by cognitive tasks on functional neuroimaging studies, and morphologic abnormalities of cerebellum in psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia further support this view. Anatomical substrates have been elucidated that could support a cerebellar role in cognition and emotion. Our concept of 'dysmetria of thought' draws an analogy with the motor system to describe and explain the impairments of higher-order behavior that result when the distributed neural circuits subserving cognitive operations are deprived of cerebellar modulation. C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Schmahmann, JD (reprint author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. 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SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Neuroscience Discussion Forum on a Decade of Serotonin Research CY NOV 16-18, 1997 CL AMELIA ISLAND, FLORIDA SP Soc Biol Psychiat, Eli Lilly & Co DE serotonin transporter; affective disorders; anxiety disorders; alcoholism; schizophrenia; autism; Alzheimer's disease ID TRANSPORTER GENE; H-3 PAROXETINE; DEPRESSION; POLYMORPHISM; PERSONALITY; RECEPTORS; ANXIETY; MICE; NEUROTRANSMITTERS; NOREPINEPHRINE AB Serotonin (5-HT) is an important regulator of morphogenetic activities during early central nervous system development, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) plays a pivotal role in brain 5-HT homeostasis. It is also the initial target for both antidepressant drugs and drugs of abuse, some of which are potent neurotoxins. A polymorphism in the 5'-flanking regulatory region of the 5-HTT gene that results in allelic variation of 5-HTT expression is associated with anxiety-related personality traits and may influence the risk of developing affective disorders. Progress in 5-HTT gene inactivation studies are also changing views of the relevance of adaptive 5-HT uptake function in brain development and plasticity as well as processes underlying drug dependence and neurodegeneration. Despite evidence for a potential role of the 5-HTT in the integra lion of synaptic connections in the mammalian brain during development, adult life, and old age, detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in these fine-tuning processes is just beginning to emerge. Integration of various strategies, including molecular genetic, transgenic, and gene transfer techniques, will allow elucidation of the 5-HTT's role in brain development, plasticity, and degeneration as well as in affective illness, drug abuse, and dementia. (C) 1998 Society of Biological Psychiatry. C1 Univ Wurzburg, Dept Psychiat, D-97080 Wurzburg, Germany. RP Lesch, KP (reprint author), Univ Wurzburg, Dept Psychiat, Fuchsleinstr 15, D-97080 Wurzburg, Germany. 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Psychiatry PD AUG 1 PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3 BP 179 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00121-8 PG 14 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 104KF UT WOS:000075012900006 PM 9693390 ER PT J AU Hollander, E AF Hollander, E TI Treatment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders with SSRIs SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID BODY-DYSMORPHIC DISORDER; DOUBLE-BLIND; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; FLUVOXAMINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; PLACEBO; ISSUES AB Background Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) are now recognised as distinct diagnostic entities related to obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD). The features of OCSDs and OCD overlap in many respects including demographics, repetitive intrusive thoughts or behaviours, comorbidity, aetiology and preferential response to anti-obsessional drugs such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Method Literature was reviewed and preliminary data from various studies were re-examined to assess the relation ship between compulsivity and impulsivity, and between OCD and OCSDs. Results OCSDs include both compulsive and impulsive disorders and these can be viewed as lying at opposite ends of the dimension of risk avoidance. Compulsiveness is associated with increased frontal lobe activity and increased serotonergic activity, while impulsiveness is associated with reduced activity of these variables. Neural circuits affected by serotonergic pathways have been identified and pharmacological challenge of OCSD patients with serotonin receptor agonists have supported the involvement of serotonergic processes. Conclusions SSRIs such as fluvoxamine have established efficacy in OCD and preliminary studies indicate that they are also effective in OCSDs. 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J. Psychiatry PD AUG PY 1998 VL 173 SU 35 BP 7 EP 12 PG 6 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 110WK UT WOS:000075404400003 ER PT J AU Allison, KP Smith, G AF Allison, KP Smith, G TI Burn management in a patient with autism SO BURNS LA English DT Article DE burns; children; autism AB The successful use of elective post-operative sedation and ventilation following tangential surgical excision of burns in an autistic child, non-compliant with conventional management is reported. Other strategies for treating autistic children are discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd for ISBI. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Birmingham Hosp, NHS Trust, Dept Plast Surg & Burns, Birmingham B29 6JD, W Midlands, England. RP Allison, KP (reprint author), Univ Birmingham Hosp, NHS Trust, Dept Plast Surg & Burns, Raddlebarn Rd, Birmingham B29 6JD, W Midlands, England. CR AlSalem AH, 1997, PEDIATR SURG INT, V12, P261, DOI 10.1007/BF01372145 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN BallabanGil K, 1996, PEDIATR NEUROL, V15, P217, DOI 10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00219-6 Chadwick S M, 1997, Br J Orthod, V24, P117 RAPIN I, 1997, NEW ENGL J MED, V337, P2 ROSENBERG M, 1991, Pediatric Dentistry, V13, P221 Seid M, 1997, INT J PEDIATR OTORHI, V40, P107, DOI 10.1016/S0165-5876(97)01507-3 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-4179 J9 BURNS JI Burns PD AUG PY 1998 VL 24 IS 5 BP 484 EP 486 DI 10.1016/S0305-4179(98)00054-0 PG 3 WC Critical Care Medicine; Dermatology; Surgery SC General & Internal Medicine; Dermatology; Surgery GA 110TM UT WOS:000075396500020 PM 9725694 ER PT J AU Myhr, G AF Myhr, G TI Autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: Exploring the dimensional view SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE LA English DT Review DE autism; pervasive developmental disorders; Asperger's; pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; spectrum; continuum ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; SPECTRUM DISORDERS; CLASSIFICATION; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; SUBTYPES; INFANCY AB Objective: To examine empirical data on children with autistic disorder (AD), Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) for continuities or distinguishing features between disorders and to see to what extent the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria reflect observed data. Method: Studies were identified in 4 ways. 1) A Medline search from 1976 to the present of articles with the key words autism, pervasive developmental disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, and Asperger, of these articles, those with mesh headings or textwords "cluster," which identified cluster analyses deriving pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) subtypes, were retained. 2) The Journal of Autistic and Developmental Disorders from 1990 to the present was hand-searched to identify other empirically derived studies on diagnosis, prevalence, classification and validity of PDD subtypes. 3) Key review articles were searched for their references. 4) The references of all identified articles were searched. Results: Eight cluster studies were retained for their relevance to diagnostic issues, as were 7 empirically derived studies delineating clinical characteristics of children with AD, Asperger's syndrome, or PDD-NOS. Data suggest that children with PDD may fit into 1 of 2 overlapping groups, including a lower-functioning group with greater developmental compromise, social aloofness, and a greater number of autistic symptoms and a higher-functioning group with higher IQ, fewer autistic symptoms, and more prosocial behaviour. The PDD subtypes resemble each other and can be seen as existing on a continuum, differing only by degree of impairment. Conclusion: Children exhibiting the triad of autistic impairments can be seen as suffering from disorders on a PDD continuum. While the DSM-IV does identify a lower-functioning autistic group (AD), the higher-functioning group is less well sewed. Asperger's disorder as defined in the DSM-IV is not clearly distinguishable from AD and PDD-NOS, and the PDD-NOS subcategory is not operationalized. Further research is required to elaborate criteria for the higher-functioning PDD group, and measures related to etiology, outcome, and treatment response may help determine which diagnostic criteria can meaningfully separate one disorder from another. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Psychiat, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Myhr, G (reprint author), McGill Res & Training Bldg,1033 Pine St W, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada. 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J. Psychiat.-Rev. Can. Psychiat. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 43 IS 6 BP 589 EP 595 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 112ZD UT WOS:000075524000006 PM 9729686 ER PT J AU Nicolson, R Bhalerao, S Sloman, L AF Nicolson, R Bhalerao, S Sloman, L TI 47,XYY karyotypes and pervasive developmental disorders SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE LA English DT Article DE pervasive developmental disorders; sex chromosomes; XYY karyotype ID SEX-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; INFANTILE-AUTISM; Y-CHROMOSOME; XYY SYNDROME; CHILDHOOD; CHILDREN AB Objective: The presence of a 47,XYY karyotype in boys with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) has rarely been described in the past. Herein, 2 boys with PDDs and a supernumerary Y chromosome are presented. Methods: The case histories of the 2 patients are described along with the results of associated testing. The literature on psychosocial development as well as brain morphology and physiology in males with 47,XYY karyotypes is reviewed. Results: Both boys had presentations typical of PDDs, one with autistic disorder and the other with PDD not otherwise specified Conclusions: The finding that, in a clinic for children with developmental disorders, 2 of 40 male referrals had 47,XYY karyotypes suggests that the rate of this sex chromosome anomaly may be increased in PDDs. An extra Y chromosome may be related to abnormal brain development, which may, in turn, predispose vulnerable males to PDDs. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Psychiat, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Nicolson, R (reprint author), NIMH, Child Psychiat Branch, Bldg 10,Room 3N202,10 Ctr Dr MSC 1600, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. 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J. Psychiat.-Rev. Can. Psychiat. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 43 IS 6 BP 619 EP 622 PG 4 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 112ZD UT WOS:000075524000010 PM 9729690 ER PT J AU Poon, PMK Chen, QL Lai, KYC Wong, CK Pang, CP AF Poon, PMK Chen, QL Lai, KYC Wong, CK Pang, CP TI CGG repeat interruptions in the FMR1 gene in patients with infantile autism SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st IFCC Roche Conference on Recent Progress in Molecular biology Technology CY MAR 15-18, 1998 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE SP IFCC Int Federat Clin Chem & Lab Med DE CGG repeat; AGG; Chinese; autism ID FRAGILE-X-SYNDROME; INSTABILITY; POPULATION; ALLELES; MALES AB We determined the CGG repeat length and AGG interruptions in the FMR1 gene in normal Chinese subjects and patients with infantile autism and mild mental retardation. Genomic DNA was investigated by PCR and Southern hybridisation for CGG repeat number and PCR with Mnl I restriction analysis for AGG interruption. Both the normal subjects and the patients with autism have 53 CGG repeats in FMR I, and the majority have two interspersed AGG. Our normal Chinese subjects have a similar number of interspersed AGG as other populations. When compared with the normal subjects, the autism patients have less AGG interruptions and a different pattern of AGG distribution. There was a significant difference in the CGG configurations between normal subjects and patients with autism. The latter had less interspersed AGG, as in fragile X patients, but they did not have fragile X. A study on mentally retarded patients with no infantile autism should also be carried out to ascertain whether mental retardation alone may have contributed to such AGG pattern. C1 Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Chem Pathol, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Psychiat, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Pang, CP (reprint author), Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Prince Wales Hosp, Dept Chem Pathol, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. 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PD AUG PY 1998 VL 7 IS 4 BP 116 EP 121 DI 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10774754 PG 6 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 186EN UT WOS:000079714500004 ER PT J AU DeLong, GR Teague, LA Kamran, MM AF DeLong, GR Teague, LA Kamran, MM TI Effects of fluoxetine treatment in young children with idiopathic autism SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAMILY HISTORY; SEROTONERGIC PROJECTIONS; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; HUMAN BRAIN; DISORDERS; MEMORY; ORGANIZATION; HIPPOCAMPUS AB Thirty-seven children, aged between a and 7 years, with idiopathic autism underwent an open-label trial of fluoxetine treatment. All had assessment of diagnosis, developmental status, and family psychiatric history. Independent developmental testing before and after starting fluoxetine permitted quantification of language acquisition in a subgroup. Twenty-two of the 37 children had a beneficial treatment response sustained during continuing treatment for 13 to 33 months (mean 21 months). Eleven had an excellent response and were able to attend mainstream classrooms. Eleven had a good response though they remained identifiably autistic. Fifteen children had no benefit. Responders showed behavioral, language, cognitive, affective, and social improvements. Responders with adequate testing showed marked increases in language acquisition at every stage of development as compared with (1) pretreatment status, (2) responses to other treatments, (3) ability in non-language (matching) tasks, and (4) historical controls from the literature. The response to fluoxetine strongly correlated with a family history of major affective disorder. These preliminary findings implicate serotonergic mechanisms in autistic symptomatology and warrant further study with controlled trials. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pediat Neurol, Dept Pediat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Div Speech Pathol & Audiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP DeLong, GR (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pediat Neurol, Dept Pediat, Box 3936, Durham, NC 27710 USA. 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PD AUG PY 1998 VL 40 IS 8 BP 551 EP 562 PG 12 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 116DV UT WOS:000075709100008 PM 9746008 ER PT J AU Caston, J Yon, E Mellier, D Godfrey, HP Delhaye-Bouchaud, N Mariani, J AF Caston, J Yon, E Mellier, D Godfrey, HP Delhaye-Bouchaud, N Mariani, J TI An animal model of autism: behavioural studies in the GS guinea-pig SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE autistic symptoms; behaviour; cerebellum; disease model; guinea-pig; learning ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; BRAIN-STEM; AUDITORY INFORMATION; LANGUAGE DISORDER; SPATIAL ATTENTION; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; CORPUS-CALLOSUM; CEREBELLAR; CHILDREN; ABNORMALITIES AB Autism is a human behavioural pathology marked by major difficulties in abnormal socialization, language comprehension and stereotypic motor patterns. These behavioural abnormalities have been associated with corticocerebral and cerebellar abnormalities in autistic patients, particularly in vermal folia VI and VII. Progress in understanding this disease has been hindered by the absence of a non-primate animal model. GS guinea-pigs are a partially inbred, non-ataxic guinea-pig strain with cerebellar and corticocerebral abnormalities similar to those reported to exist in human patients with autism. In order to determine if GS guinea-pigs represent an animal model of autism, their behaviour was compared with that of Hartley strain guinea-pigs. GS animals learned a motor task significantly more rapidly than Hartley guinea-pigs, but performed it in a more stereotypic manner and were less influenced by environmental stimuli than Hartleys. GS animals exhibited significantly less exploratory behaviour in a novel environment and were significantly less responsive to 50-95 dBA pure tones than Hartley guinea-pigs. In a social interaction assay, GS guinea-pigs interacted significantly less frequently with each other or with Hartley guinea-pigs than Hartleys did under the same conditions. GS behaviour thus exhibits autistic-like behaviour patterns: motor stereotypy, lack of exploration and response to environment and poor social interaction. Coupled with the neuropathological findings, this abnormal behaviour suggests that GS guinea-pigs could be a useful animal model of autism. C1 Univ Rouen, Fac Sci, Lab Neurobiol Apprentissage, F-76821 Mt St Aignan, France. Univ Rouen, UFR Psychol, Lab Psychol Dev, F-76821 Mt St Aignan, France. New York Med Coll, Dept Pathol, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. Univ Paris 06, Dev Neurobiol Lab, F-75005 Paris, France. CNRS, URA 1488, Inst Neurosci, F-75005 Paris, France. RP Caston, J (reprint author), Univ Rouen, Fac Sci, Lab Neurobiol Apprentissage, F-76821 Mt St Aignan, France. 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J. Neurosci. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 10 IS 8 BP 2677 EP 2684 DI 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.t01-1-00272.x PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 111VM UT WOS:000075459200019 PM 9767397 ER PT J AU Barton, M Volkmar, F AF Barton, M Volkmar, F TI How commonly are known medical conditions associated with autism? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE medical conditions; autism; prevalence rates; diagnostic system ID DSM-III-R; UTAH EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY; DISORDER; CHILDREN; CRITERIA AB Recent research has yielded increasing support for neurobiologic theories of autism. A number of family and twin studies support the role of genetics and have led to wide acceptance of autism as an organically based disorder. Controversy persists, however, over the role of congenital medical conditions in the etiology of autism. Two rather divergent views have emerged. One, advocated by Gillberg and colleagues, proposes that up to 30% of cases of autism are associated with a known medical condition. On the other hand, research by Rutter and colleagues suggests the incidence may be closer to 10%. In this retrospective study records on 211 subjects with autism and other developmental disorders are reviewed to determine the prevalence of associated medical conditions and its variability related to the system used to diagnose autism. Results suggest the prevalence of medical conditions with suspected etiologic relationship with autism varies between 10 and 15%, depending on the diagnostic system employed. Further variability in prevalence rates results from a less strict definition of "medical condition" and yields rates between 25 and 37%. Disparate findings in previous research may stem from variability in both diagnostic system employed and which medical conditions are considered significant in the etiology of autism. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Barton, M (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Child Study, 367 Cedar St,Student Mail Room, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 273 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1026052417561 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 108LD UT WOS:000075267100002 PM 9711483 ER PT J AU Baker, P Piven, J Sato, Y AF Baker, P Piven, J Sato, Y TI Autism and tuberous sclerosis complex: Prevalence and clinical features SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC); Autism Behavior Checklist; Autism Diagnostic Interview; hypsarrythmia ID BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN; GENE AB This study employed a hierarchical assessment to detect the prevalence of autism in a clinic sample of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). After screening subjects with the Autism Behavior Checklist, subsequent evaluations with the Autism Diagnostic Interview, and direct clinical observation, the prevalence of autistic disorder in this sample of 20 subjects was conservatively estimated at 20%. 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PD AUG PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1023/A:1026004501631 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 108LD UT WOS:000075267100003 PM 9711484 ER PT J AU Carter, AS Volkmar, FR Sparrow, SS Wang, JJ Lord, C Dawson, G Fombonne, E Loveland, K Mesibov, G Schopler, E AF Carter, AS Volkmar, FR Sparrow, SS Wang, JJ Lord, C Dawson, G Fombonne, E Loveland, K Mesibov, G Schopler, E TI The vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Supplementary norms for individuals with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Vineland Behavior Scales; special population norms; autism ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DSM-IV; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SOCIAL DEFICITS; DOWN-SYNDROME; FIELD TRIAL; CHILDREN; CLASSIFICATION; ADOLESCENTS; ADULTS AB Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Special Population norms are presented for four groups of individuals with autism: (a) mute children under 10 years of age; (b) children with at least some verbal skills under 10 years of age; (c) mute individuals who are 10 years of age or older; and (d) individuals with at least some verbal skills who are 10 years of age or older. The sample included 684 autistic individuals ascertained from cases referred for the DSM-IV autism/PDD field trial collaborative study and five university sites with expertise in autism. Young children had higher standard scores than older individuals across all Vineland domains. In the Communication domain, younger verbal children were least impaired, older mute individuals most impaired, and younger mute and older verbal individuals in the midrange. Verbal individuals achieved higher scores in Daily Living Skills than mute individuals. The expected profile of a relative weakness in Socialization and relative strength in Daily Living Skills was obtained with age-equivalent but not standard scores. Results highlight the importance of employing Vineland special population norms as well as national norms when evaluating individuals with autism. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Yale Sch Med, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT USA. Amer Guidance Serv, Minneapolis, MN USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Seattle Univ, Dept Psychol, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. Univ London, MRC, London, England. INSERM, Ctr Alfred Binet, Paris, France. Univ Texas, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Houston, TX USA. Univ N Carolina, Div TEACCH, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Carter, AS (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 287 EP 302 DI 10.1023/A:1026056518470 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 108LD UT WOS:000075267100004 PM 9711485 ER PT J AU Fatemi, SH Realmuto, GM Khan, L Thuras, P AF Fatemi, SH Realmuto, GM Khan, L Thuras, P TI Fluoxetine in treatment of adolescent patients with autism: A longitudinal open trial SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE fluoxetine; autism; adolescents ID DOUBLE-BLIND; DISORDER; ADULTS; FLUVOXAMINE; PLACEBO AB Retrospective chart reviews of seven adolescent and young adults with autistic disorder treated with fluoxetine alone or in combination with other medications were performed. Patient's ages varied from 9-20 years (M +/- SD, = 16 +/- 3.87). Fluoxetine doses ranged from 20-80 mg per day (M +/- SD of final doses 37.14 +/- 21). Duration of treatment ranged from 1.3-32 months (M 18.04 +/- 10.39). Patients' symptoms were monitored using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) rating scale during every visit. Side effects included initial appetite suppression, vivid dreams, and hyperactivity. Improvement from baseline was seen in four subscales: irritability (21%), lethargy (37%), stereotypy (27%), and inappropriate speech (21%). Lethargy subscales improved significantly during treatment (p < .029). Hyperactivity subscale increased by 14% but did not attain statistical significance. Fluoxetine appears to have important behavioral effects in treatment of clinic-referred autistic children. Future double-blind placebo controlled studies evaluating core and associated symptom response with fluoxetine are warranted. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Neuroanat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Psychol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Realmuto, GM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, 420 Delaware St,Box 393 UMHC, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 303 EP 307 DI 10.1023/A:1026008602540 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 108LD UT WOS:000075267100005 PM 9711486 ER PT J AU Schlosser, RW Blischak, DM Belfiore, PJ Bartley, C Barnett, N AF Schlosser, RW Blischak, DM Belfiore, PJ Bartley, C Barnett, N TI Effects of synthetic speech output and orthographic feedback on spelling in a student with autism: A preliminary study SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE assistive devices; auditory stimuli; augmentative and alternative communication; autism; feedback; single-subject design; spelling; speech output; visual stimuli; voice output communication aids ID ALTERNATING TREATMENTS DESIGN; BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS; CHILDREN; COMMUNICATION; IMPAIRMENTS; TECHNOLOGY; VARIABLES; LITERACY AB The effects of speech output and orthographic feedback on spelling performance were evaluated in this preliminary study. A nonspeaking student with autism was taught to spell words under three feedback conditions using a voice output communication aid. In the auditory-visual condition, the participant received speech output and orthographic feedback. In the visual condition, the participant received only the orthographic feedback. In the auditory condition, the student received only speech output. An adapted alternating treatments design was used to evaluate the effects of the three feedback conditions. Although the participant reached criterion and maintained performance in each of the conditions, the provision of speech output alone and in combination with orthographic feedback resulted in more efficient spelling than the provision of orthographic feedback alone. Although replications with other subjects are necessary, findings suggest that speech output contributes to efficient spelling. C1 Bloorview MacMillan Ctr, Commun & Writing Aids Serv, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Speech Pathol, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ball State Univ, Dept Audiol & Speech Sci, Muncie, IN 47306 USA. Mercyhurst Coll, Dept Educ Studies, Erie, PA USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Commun Disorders, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Schlosser, RW (reprint author), Bloorview MacMillan Ctr, Commun & Writing Aids Serv, 350 Rumsey Rd, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada. 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PD AUG PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 344 EP 344 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 108LD UT WOS:000075267100012 ER PT J AU Lord, C AF Lord, C TI What is melatonin? Is it a useful treatment for sleep problems in autism? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Editorial Material ID DISORDERS CR JAN JE, 1995, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V37, P279 JAN JE, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P97 PIERPOLI W, 1995, MELATONIN MIRACLE REITER RJ, 1995, MELATONIN RIMLAND B, 1994, AUTISM RES REV INT, V8, P1 Turek FW, 1996, NATURE, V379, P295, DOI 10.1038/379295a0 NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 28 IS 4 BP 345 EP 346 DI 10.1023/A:1026072922104 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 108LD UT WOS:000075267100013 PM 9711493 ER PT J AU Prosser, H Moss, S Costello, H Simpson, N Patel, P Rowe, S AF Prosser, H Moss, S Costello, H Simpson, N Patel, P Rowe, S TI Reliability and validity of the Mini PAS-ADD for assessing psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mini PAS-ADD; reliability; validity; psychiatric disorders; assessment ID PEOPLE; INFORMATION; DEPRESSION; MODERATE AB The Mini PAS-ADD is an assessment schedule for psychiatric disorders in people with an intellectual disability. It is designed to provide a link between the mental health expertise of psychiatrists and psychologists, and the detailed knowledge of individual service users possessed by support staff. In broad terms, the aim of the Mini PAS-ADD is to enable nonpsychiatrists accurately to recognize clinically significant psychiatric disorders in the people who they care for, so that they can make informed referral decisions. The instrument comprises 86 psychiatric symptoms and generates a series of subscores on: depression, anxiety and phobias, mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, unspecified disorder (including dementia), and pervasive developmental disorder (autism). The present paper reports the results of a study investigating internal consistency, inter-rater agreement and validity in relation to clinical opinion, using a sample of 68 people with intellectual disability who were in contact with psychiatric services. In terms of the instrument fulfilling its main intended function, i.e. accurate case recognition, the crucial question was whether the support workers, with their lesser knowledge of psychopathology, were also able to correctly identify cases identified by expert clinicians. The validity results in this respect (81% agreement on case recognition) were sufficiently good that it is to be anticipated that the Mini PAS-ADD should have a significant impact on the identification of psychiatric disorders in the community of people with intellectual disability. C1 Univ Manchester, Hester Adrian Res Ctr, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. Cent Manchester Hlth Author, Manchester, Lancs, England. Community Healthcare Bolton, Bolton, England. N Mersey Community NHS Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. RP Moss, S (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Hester Adrian Res Ctr, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England. CR Beck A. 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PD AUG PY 1998 VL 37 IS 8 BP 800 EP 801 DI 10.1097/00004583-199808000-00006 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 103ZY UT WOS:000074988800006 PM 9695440 ER PT J AU Kolmen, BK Felman, HM Handen, BL Janosky, JE AF Kolmen, BK Felman, HM Handen, BL Janosky, JE TI Naltrexone in children with autism - Dr. Kolmen et al. reply SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Allegheny Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Kolmen, BK (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Allegheny Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. CR CAMPBELL M, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P1283, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199311000-00024 Kolmen BK, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P1570, DOI 10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66567-9 KOLMEN BK, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P223, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199502000-00018 WillemsenSwinkels SHN, 1996, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V39, P1023, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00297-9 WILLEMSENSWINKELS SHN, 1995, PSYCHIAT RES, V58, P203, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02749-M NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 37 IS 8 BP 801 EP 802 DI 10.1097/00004583-199808000-00007 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 103ZY UT WOS:000074988800007 ER PT J AU Beitchman, J AF Beitchman, J TI Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, 2nd edition. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. Clarke Inst Psychiat, Ctr Family & Child Studies, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada. RP Beitchman, J (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. CR Cohen D. J, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 37 IS 8 BP 893 EP 894 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 103ZY UT WOS:000074988800022 ER PT J AU Bolte, ER AF Bolte, ER TI Autism and Clostridium tetani SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Review ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BOTULINUM NEUROTOXINS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; TOXIN; CHILDREN; RATS; BRAIN; DISORDERS AB Autism is a severe developmental disability believed to have multiple etiologies. This paper outlines the possibility of a subacute, chronic tetanus infection of the intestinal tract as the underlying cause for symptoms of autism observed in some individuals. A significant percentage of individuals with autism have a history of extensive antibiotic use. Oral antibiotics significantly disrupt protective intestinal microbiota, creating a favorable environment for colonization by opportunistic pathogens. Clostridium tetani is an ubiquitous anaerobic bacillus that produces a potent neurotoxin. Intestinal colonization by C. tetani, and subsequent neurotoxin release, have been demonstrated in laboratory animals which were fed vegetative cells. The vagus nerve is capable of transporting tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and provides a route of ascent from the intestinal tract to the CNS. This route bypasses TeNT's normal preferential binding sites in the spinal cord, and therefore the symptoms of a typical tetanus infection are not evident. Once in the brain, TeNT disrupts the release of neurotransmitters by the proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin, a synaptic vesicle membrane protein. This inhibition of neurotransmitter release would explain a wide variety of behavioral deficits apparent in autism. Lab animals injected in the brain with TeNT have exhibited many of these behaviors. Some children with autism have also shown a significant reduction in stereotyped behaviors when treated with antimicrobials effective against intestinal clostridia. When viewed as sequelae to a subacute, chronic tetanus infection, many of the puzzling abnormalities of autism have a logical basis. A review of atypical tetanus cases, and strategies to test the validity of this paper's hypothesis, are included. RP Bolte, ER (reprint author), 705 Misty Creek Dr, New Lenox, IL 60451 USA. 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Retard. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 259 EP 268 DI 10.1352/0047-6765(1998)036<0259:SPAOFC>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA 108HA UT WOS:000075259100001 PM 9713182 ER PT J CA Comm Children Disabilities TI Auditory integration training and facilitated communication for autism SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CONTROVERSIAL THERAPIES; CHILDREN AB This statement reviews the basis for two new therapies for autism-auditory integration training and facilitative communication. Both therapies seek to improve communication skills. Currently available information does not support the claims of proponents that these treatments are efficacious. Their use does not appear warranted at this time, except within research protocols. C1 Social Secur Adm, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. 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RP Park, CC (reprint author), Williams Coll, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. CR MORGAN H, 1996, ADULTS AUTISM GUIDE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU AMER PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION PI WASHINGTON PA 1400 K ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1075-2730 J9 PSYCHIATR SERV JI Psychiatr. Serv. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 49 IS 8 BP 1105 EP 1105 PG 1 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychiatry SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychiatry GA 106KU UT WOS:000075129100039 ER PT J AU Kobayashi, R Murata, T AF Kobayashi, R Murata, T TI Behavioral characteristics of 187 young adults with autism SO PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL); autism in adults; depression; obsession; schizophrenia ID FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; SCHIZOPHRENIA AB A survey was conducted on the present behavioral characteristics of 187 cases of adult autism in patients over 18 years of age employing Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). When their behavioral characteristics were evaluated in relation to Present Language Developmental Level (PLDL) and Present Adaptive Level (PAL), it was seen that greater variation in behavior characteristics was seen among those exhibiting increasingly lower PLDL and PAL scores. Behavior characteristics reminiscent of depression were noted even among those exhibiting high PLDL. Behavior pointing to obsession was found in common among almost all cases of autism irrespective of PLDL or PAL. Psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions were absent in most cases. The results of the present study were indicative not only of the significance of obsessive behavior in autism, but also its significance in terms of delving further into the psychopathology of the disorder. C1 Tokai Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Isehara, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Fac Educ, Fukuoka 812, Japan. RP Kobayashi, R (reprint author), Tokai Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Isehara, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan. 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CR Cohen S., 1998, TARGETING AUTISM WHA NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-9536 J9 SOC SCI MED JI Soc. Sci. Med. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 47 IS 4 BP 548 EP 548 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA ZY866 UT WOS:000074669600015 ER PT J AU Fatemi, SH Sidwell, R Kist, D Akhter, P Meltzer, HY Bailey, K Thuras, P Sedgwick, J AF Fatemi, SH Sidwell, R Kist, D Akhter, P Meltzer, HY Bailey, K Thuras, P Sedgwick, J TI Differential expression of synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa [SNAP-25] in hippocampi of neonatal mice following exposure to human influenza virus in utero SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE human influenza virus; second trimester of pregnancy; mice; hippocampus; SNAP-25; schizophrenia; autism ID OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; RAT; MOUSE; ORGANIZATION; LESIONS; MARKER; MODEL AB We investigated the role of maternal exposure to human influenza virus [HI] in C57BL/6 mice on day 9 of pregnancy on the hippocampal expression of SNAP-25 in postnatal day 0 neonates, and compared them to sham-infected pups. The expression of SNAP-25 in infected neonates varied along the septotemporal axis of hippocampus and in various anatomic layers. Quantitative densitometric analysis of specific immunogold silver-enhanced SNAP-25 immunoreactivity [IR] showed increases of 40-347% over control in all septal-dorsal hippocampal layers except for the subplate layer. In mid septo-temporal hippocampus, SNAP-25 IR increased by 10-114% over control in all layers, except for the hippocampal plate, but the extent of this increase was smaller than in the dorsal-septal area. Finally, in temporal-ventral levels, SNAP-25 expression was reduced in all infected layers by 21-33% below control except for mild increases of 8.8 and 10% in subplate and hippocampal plate layers. Additionally, the infected SNAP-25 maximal density bin shifted to lower values dorsally and to higher values medially, with ventral maximal bins remaining unchanged when compared to controls. The differential expression of SNAP-25 in the hippocampi of infected neonates indicates a variable degree of vulnerability across the septo-temporal axis of hippocampus. It is surmised that while viral infection may induce excitotoxicity in the ventral hippocampus, it may cause reactive synapto-genesis in the medial and dorsal sectors of the developing brains of postnatal day 0 neonates. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Neuroanat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Div Neurosci Res, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Utah State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Inst Antiviral Res, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychiat, Div Psychopharmacol, Nashville, TN USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, BIPL Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Fatemi, SH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Div Neurosci Res, Box 392,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. 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PD JUL 27 PY 1998 VL 800 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00450-8 PG 9 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 107YE UT WOS:000075237900001 PM 9685568 ER PT J AU Hashimoto, T Kawano, N Fukuda, K Endo, S Mori, K Yoneda, Y Yamaue, T Harada, M Miyoshi, K AF Hashimoto, T Kawano, N Fukuda, K Endo, S Mori, K Yoneda, Y Yamaue, T Harada, M Miyoshi, K TI Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in three cases of Rett syndrome: comparison with autism and normal controls SO ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA LA English DT Article DE (1)H-MRS; Rett syndrome; N-acetylaspartate ID MR SPECTROSCOPY; DISORDERS; DEMENTIA; ABNORMALITIES; CHILDHOOD; EPILEPSY; CRITERIA; DISEASE; TUMORS; GIRLS AB Rett syndrome (RS) is a clinically defined disorder characterized by autistic behavior, and cognitive and motor skill loss early in life. We performed (1)H-MRS of the brain in 3 cases of RS in comparison with in autism and controls. The older patient with RS demonstrated decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) and NAA/creatine (Cr) ratios when compared with the autism and control groups, whereas the younger patients did not demonstrate these decreased metabolite ratios. The Cho/Cr ratio did not differ among Rett syndrome, autism and controls. Since the clinical stage did not differ among the 3 cases of RS, it was suggested that NAA was decreased with increasing age and was not related with the clinical stage of RS. The NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios did not differ between autism and controls. The present data suggest that there may be a secondary degenerative process of late onset in RS, which pathophysiologically differs from autism. C1 Natl Ctr Hosp Mental Nervous & Muscular Disorders, NCNP, Dept Child Neurol, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan. Higashi Tokushima Hosp, Natl Sanatorium, Dept Pediat, Tokushima, Japan. Natl Kagawa Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Kagawa, Japan. 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PD JUL PY 1998 VL 98 IS 1 BP 8 EP 14 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZW356 UT WOS:000074402800002 PM 9696521 ER PT J AU Kwiatkowska, J Jozwiak, S Hall, F Henske, EP Haines, JL McNamara, P Braiser, J Wigowska-Sowinska, J Kasprzyk-Obara, J Short, MP Kwiatkowski, DJ AF Kwiatkowska, J Jozwiak, S Hall, F Henske, EP Haines, JL McNamara, P Braiser, J Wigowska-Sowinska, J Kasprzyk-Obara, J Short, MP Kwiatkowski, DJ TI Comprehensive mutational analysis of the TSC1 gene: observations on frequency of mutation, associated features, and nonpenetrance SO ANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX; DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA; CHROMOSOME 9Q34; HETEROZYGOSITY; HAMARTOMAS; FAMILIES; DISEASE; AUTISM; 16P13 AB We performed a comprehensive analysis for mutations in the TSC1 gene using Southern blot analysis, and SSCP and heteroduplex analysis of amplified exons in 13 families with genetic linkage to the TSC1 region, 22 small families without linkage information, and 126 sporadic patients. 17 unique mutations were identified in 21 patients. Mutations were found in 7/13 (54%) TSC1-linked families, 1/22 (5%) small families without linkage, and 13 of 126 (10%) sporadic cases. The mutations were all chain-terminating with 14 small deletions, 1 small insertion, and 6 nonsense mutations. In families with mutations, all individuals carrying a mutation met formal diagnostic criteria for TSC, apart from a 3-year-old girl who had inherited a deletion mutation, and who had no seizures, normal intelligence, normal abdominal ultrasound, and hypomelanotic macules only on physical exam. We assessed the incidence and severity of mental retardation in the 13 sporadic patients with TSC1 mutations versus the entire sporadic cohort, and found no significant difference. The observations indicate that TSC1 mutations are all inactivating, suggest that TSC1 disease occurs in only 15-20 % of the sporadic TSC population, and demonstrate that presymptomatic TSC does occur. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Expt Med & Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Childrens Mem Hosp, Dept Child Neurol, Warsaw, Poland. Vanderbilt Univ, Genet Program, Nashville, TN USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Mol Neurogenet Unit, Charlestown, MA USA. Univ Med Sci, Dept Dev Neurol, Poznan, Poland. Amer Med Assoc, Chicago, IL 60610 USA. RP Kwiatkowski, DJ (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Expt Med & Med Oncol, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. 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Hum. Genet. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 BP 277 EP 285 DI 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6240277.x PN 4 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 159WE UT WOS:000078197700001 PM 9924605 ER PT J AU McDougle, CJ Holmes, JP Carlson, DC Pelton, GH Cohen, DJ Price, LH AF McDougle, CJ Holmes, JP Carlson, DC Pelton, GH Cohen, DJ Price, LH TI A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone in adults with autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders SO ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SCALE; TRYPTOPHAN DEPLETION; CLOMIPRAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; DESIPRAMINE; ADOLESCENTS; SYMPTOMS; CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR AB Background: Neurobiological research has implicated the dopamine and serotonin systems in the pathogenesis of autism. Open-label reports suggest that the serotonin(2A)-dopamine D-2 antagonist risperidone may be safe and effective in reducing the interfering symptoms of patients with autism. Methods: Thirty-one adults (age [mean + SD], 28.1 +/- 7.3 years) with autistic disorder (n=17) or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (n= 14) participated in a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone. Patients treated with placebo subsequently received a 12-week open-label trial of risperidone. Results: For persons completing the study, 8 (57%) of 14 patients treated with risperidone were categorized as responders (daily dose [mean +/- SD],2.9 +/- 1.4 mg) compared with none of 16 in the placebo group (P<.002). Risperidone was superior to placebo in reducing repetitive behavior (P<.001), aggression (P<.001), anxiety or nervousness (P<.02), depression (P<.03), irritability (P<.01), and the overall behavioral symptoms of autism (P<.02). Objective, measurable change in social behavior and language did not occur. Nine (60%) of 15 patients who received treatment with open-label risperidone following the double-blind placebo phase responded. Other than mild, transient sedation, risperidone was well tolerated, with no evidence of extrapyramidal effects, cardiac events, or seizures. Conclusion: Risperidone is more effective than placebo in the short-term treatment of symptoms of autism in adults. C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10032 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, Sch Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP McDougle, CJ (reprint author), Indiana Univ, James Whitcomb Riley Hosp Children, Sch Med, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, 702 Barnhill Dr,Room 3701, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. 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Psychiatry PD JUL PY 1998 VL 55 IS 7 BP 643 EP 644 DI 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.643 PG 2 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA ZZ514 UT WOS:000074737000009 PM 9672055 ER PT J AU Charman, T Campbell, A Edwards, LS AF Charman, T Campbell, A Edwards, LS TI Theory of mind performance in children, adolescents, and adults with a mental handicap SO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID SIMILAR STRUCTURE HYPOTHESIS; DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENT; NONRETARDED PERSONS; FALSE-BELIEF; CONCEPTUAL DEFICIT; AUTISTIC SUBJECTS; PIAGETIAN TESTS; DOWNS-SYNDROME; RETARDATION AB The present study compared theory of mind performance of children, adolescents, and older adults with a mental handicap (but without autism) to that of mental age-matched typically developing children. 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Dev. PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 307 EP 322 DI 10.1016/S0885-2014(98)90013-2 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 104LX UT WOS:000075017500003 ER PT J AU Nass, R Gross, A Devinsky, O AF Nass, R Gross, A Devinsky, O TI Autism and autistic epileptiform regression with occipital spikes SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME; ACQUIRED APHASIA; EPILEPSY SYNDROME; CHILDHOOD; SPEECH; TRANSECTION; DYSPRAXIA; DEFICITS; DISORDER; AGE AB The electroencephalographic abnormalities seen in Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) (language deterioration) are non-specific, and consist of a variety of epileptiform discharge patterns including continuous slow spike-wave discharges during sleep, focal sharp waves with spikes, and centrotemporal (rolandic) spikes. Similarly, the EEG abnormalities seen in autistic epileptiform regression (language and social/behavioral deterioration) are nonspecific and overlap with those seen in LKS. By contrast, distinct epilepsy syndromes in otherwise normal children occur in the EEG-defined benign focal epilepsies of childhood. Occipital spikes or spike-wave present either in the older child with visual symptoms and headache of in the younger child with autonomic symptoms followed by brief or prolonged partial motor seizures. Seven young children (five from a consecutive series of 42) presenting clinically with autism or autistic regression and possible or definite seizures, whose EEGs revealed occipital spikes or spike-wave characteristic of the benign epilepsies, are reported. Although occipital spikes are commonly seen in young children as an age-dependent EEG-defined benign focal epilepsy, their high frequency in this population with cognitive difficulties suggests a possible causal relation. 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Med. Child Neurol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 40 IS 7 BP 453 EP 458 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 103DH UT WOS:000075142500004 PM 9698058 ER PT J AU Carratala, F Galan, F Moya, M Estivill, X Pritchard, MA Llevadot, R Nadal, M Gratacos, M AF Carratala, F Galan, F Moya, M Estivill, X Pritchard, MA Llevadot, R Nadal, M Gratacos, M TI A patient with autistic disorder and a 20/22 chromosomal translocation SO DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIGEORGE; CATCH-22 AB The case history of a 3-year-old boy without speech and who met 10 criteria of an autistic condition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994) is reported. Psychometric evaluation, excluding the verbal scale, resulted in an IQ score of 56. The cytogenetic study showed a 20/22 translocation and an interstitial deletion within the region 22q11: 45,XY, -22, +der (20), t(20;22) (q13.3;q11.2), which was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Although deletions at 22q11 are responsible for the DiGeorge syndrome; clinical, metabolic, sand neurological image studies of the patient were inconsistent with this syndrome. In the clinical examination the patient presented with a mildly dysmorphic facies, pectus excavatum, and a short thumb. A Tc-99m HMPAO brain perfusion SPECT showed a hypoperfusion of the left temporoparietal cortex. As there have been no previous reports of autistic patients with abnormalities involving both chromosomes 20 and 22, these findings merit some discussion either as a possible cause of autism or as accompanying factors. C1 Miguel Hernandez Univ, Dept Pediat, Div Neurol, E-03550 Alicante, Spain. IRO, Ctr Med & Mol Genet, Barcelona, Spain. Miguel Hernandez Univ, Dept Paediat, Div Genet, Alicante, Spain. RP Carratala, F (reprint author), Miguel Hernandez Univ, Dept Pediat, Div Neurol, Campus San Juan, E-03550 Alicante, Spain. RI Estivill, Xavier/E-2957-2012; Estivill, Xavier/A-3125-2013 OI Estivill, Xavier/0000-0002-0723-2256 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BOSCH A, 1993, HUM MOL GENET, V10, P1744 BRUNET O, 1966, DEV PSYCHOL PREMIERE CHIRON C, 1995, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V37, P849 CROSLEY CJ, 1989, PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY, P141 DAWSON G, 1983, BRAIN COGNITION, V2, P346, DOI 10.1016/0278-2626(83)90018-0 DRISCOLL DA, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P813, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.10.813 GILLBERG C, 1989, CLIN DEV MED, V126 HALL JG, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P801, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.10.801 HANSEN A, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P263, DOI 10.1007/BF01539002 LEMIEUX BG, 1989, PAEDIAT NEUROLOGY PR, P263 Nadal M, 1996, HUM GENET, V98, P460, DOI 10.1007/s004390050240 Rapin I, 1997, NEW ENGL J MED, V337, P97, DOI 10.1056/NEJM199707103370206 WILSON DI, 1993, J MED GENET, V30, P852, DOI 10.1136/jmg.30.10.852 WONG VCN, 1992, PEDIATR NEUROL, V8, P272, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(92)90364-5 NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0012-1622 J9 DEV MED CHILD NEUROL JI Dev. Med. Child Neurol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 40 IS 7 BP 492 EP 495 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA 103DH UT WOS:000075142500009 PM 9698063 ER PT J AU Maleval, JC AF Maleval, JC TI From Kanner's autism to the Asperger syndrome. SO EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE LA French DT Article DE Kanner's autism; Asperger's syndrome; autistic object; forclusion; psychosis AB A study of Asperger's syndrome allows us to expose the "mythical deficit" which obscures our understanding of Kanner's autism. Some autistic persons are able to call on very elaborate auto-therapeutic resources which sometimes allow them to pacify their anguish and enter the social field. Autism is an original form of psychosis characterised by a disorder of enunciation, it arises when essential identification fails and when specific defense mechanisms are called upon to try to remedy the situation. Such mechanisms meet various degrees of success. This defense is based on an edge, on an out-of-body object, an autistic object which allows a representation of the autistic subject by functionning as a "double". Sometimes even this object contributes to bringing order to the world by constituting the matrix of a "replacement" symbolic body here refered to as "synthetic Other". The "synthetic Other" is often seen in the form of a machine that is an object generated by the symbolic order but which, like the subject, does not possess the capacity to enunciate. Autistic defenses span from the rough object to the regulating object, from the regulated object to the non-regulated object. The most highly developped form of defense, represented in adults by the Asperger syndrome, manages a degree of restoration of primary identification and enunciation, Grandin, Williams and Joey bear witness to this. The jouissance of the subject is pacified, affect turns towards the signifier whereas the "synthetic Other" is no longer limited to a circumscribed domaine (regulated object of autistic scientists), it becomes capable of participating in the construction of reality. Autism, as Donna Williams rightly says, "is not a form of dementia"; according to her it is rather "the extreme form of the mechanism which protects against madness". Clinicians who actually spend time with autistic persons and listen to them know that autistic constructions move against the chaos of thought and at the same time regulate jouissance. C1 Univ Rennes 2, Lab Clin Psychol, F-35043 Rennes, France. RP Maleval, JC (reprint author), Univ Rennes 2, Lab Clin Psychol, Haute Bretagne,6 Ave Gaston Berger, F-35043 Rennes, France. CR Asperger H, 1944, ARCH PSYCHIAT NERVEN, V117, P76, DOI 10.1007/BF01837709 BERQUEZ G, 1983, AUTISME INFANTILE IN BETTELHEIM B, 1969, FORTERESSE VIDE De Ajuriaguerra J, 1980, MANUEL PSYCHIAT ENFA DOUVILLE O, 1996, PSYCHOL CLINIQUE, V2, P90 Frith U, 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND FRITH U, 1992, ENIGME AUTISME Grandin T., 1997, PENSER IMAGES GRANDIN T, 1994, VIE AUTISTE Howe M. J. A., 1989, FRAGMENTS GENIUS STR Kanner L, 1995, PSYCHIAT ENFANT, V38, P421 KANNER L, 1983, AUTISME INFANTILE LAURENT E, 1992, SERIES DECOUVERTE FR, V8 Maleval JC, 1997, LOGIQUE DELIRE MALHER M, 1973, PSYCHOSE INFANTILE MILLER G, 1984, B PERIODIQUE CHAMP F, V31, P51 MILLER JA, 1983, QUARTO FEV, V10, P27 Sacks O., 1996, ANTHR MARS SAURET MJ, 1996, B ASS CAUSE FREUDIEN, V5, P13 SELLIN B, 1994, AME PRISONNIERE SELLIN B, 1998, SOLITUDE DESERTEUR Tustin F., 1986, ETATS AUTISTIQUES CH WILLIAMS D, 1996, QUELQUUN QUELQUE PAR WILLIAMS D, 1992, SI ON ME TOUCHE EXIS NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0014-3855 J9 EVOL PSYCHIATR JI Evol. Psychiatr. PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 63 IS 3 BP 293 EP 309 PG 17 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 153RP UT WOS:000077846700002 ER PT J AU Allouch, E AF Allouch, E TI Infantile psychosis and autism: two forms of primary identification as echoes of two forms of contact. SO EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE LA French DT Article DE infantile psychosis; autism; body techniques; plastic and figurative thinking; ways for primary identification; "superior unity of contact" AB The author presents a model of infantile psychosis and autism as pathology of contact in terms of the two movements towards primary identification, her work is in harmony with Freud's initial propositions. The study revolves around questions of identification, thinking in figurative and plastic images (primary symbolisation), narcissism and Darstellung (presentification not representation of the object of the drive). Serious disorders of 'sense of body' and of speech found in these pathologies are plastic and figurative equivalents of nightmares, delusions, bodily suffering or psychic non-life; they express the lack of inscription and lack of binding of direct and ideal between representation - things - linked by anaclisis to the sensory and gestual spheres, that is to say of thoughts in image state, of which "motor hallucinations" constitute the basic element. The failures of that thinking which are at the origin of infantile psychosis and autism derived from the disorganisation of the two accesses to primary identification i.e. the direct or economic access of sensations and affects and the access of the ideal vector towards the symbolic. The analytic use of figurative and plastic supports such as body techniques, is likely to relaunch auto-eroticism and precocious secondary narcissism the result of same accesses whose two modes of contact are association of ideas (contiguity and similitude) are the anchor and relaunch points. The articulation of these two associative dynamics which constitute direct and figurative contact leads to the "superior unity of contact". The latter is necessary for the first effective link to be established and to lay the basis for its specifically human character, at the juncture of the economic and the symbolic. This link then opens the way to the perspective of loss which precipitates the acquisitions of both accesses towards depassment in an elaboration of the negative in its origins. C1 Univ Paris 13, F-75012 Paris, France. RP Allouch, E (reprint author), Univ Paris 13, 10 Rue Erard, F-75012 Paris, France. CR ALLOUCH E, 1995, REV PSYCHOTHERAPIE P, P51 ALLOUCH E, 1992, PSYCHANALYSE U, V17, P25 ALLOUCH E, 1991, ADOLESCENCE, V9, P35 BICK E, 1980, EXPLORATIONS MONDE A CASTORIADISAULA.P, 1975, VIOLENCE INTERPRETAT, P54 DAVIDMENARD M, 1983, HYSTERIQUE ENTRE FRE, P118 FEDIDA P, 1978, ABSENCE, P221 FREUD S, 1981, ESSAIS PSYCHANALYSE, P201 FREUD S, 1929, MALAISE CIVILISATION, P10 FREUD S, 1968, INHIBITION SYMPTOME, P100 FREUD S, 1981, ESSAIS PSYCHANALYSE, P55 FREUD S, 1993, TOTEM TABOU, P201 FREUD S, 1969, VIE SEXUELLE, P84 FREUD S, 1967, INTERPRETATION REVES, P267 FREUD S, 1981, ESSAIS PSYCHANALYSE, P167 FREUD S, 1915, METAPSYCHOLOGIE, P122 GAUDILLETALLOUC.E, 1990, THESIS U PARIS 7 Green A., 1993, TRAVAIL NEGATIF GREENBERG BR, 1987, ADDICT BEHAV, V12, P357, DOI 10.1016/0306-4603(87)90049-9 HAAG G, 1991, J PSYCHANALYSE ENFAN, P73 KRISTEVA J, 1983, HIST AMOUR, P52 LACAN Jacques, 1966, ECRITS, P93 MAUSS M, 1985, SOCIOLOGIE ANTHR, P365 RACAMIER PC, SCHIZOPHRENES, P118 TUSTIN F, 1977, AUTISME PSYCHOSE ENF, P96 WINNICOTT DW, 1975, JEU REALITE, P154 NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0014-3855 J9 EVOL PSYCHIATR JI Evol. Psychiatr. PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 63 IS 3 BP 379 EP 392 PG 14 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 153RP UT WOS:000077846700007 ER PT J AU Swettenham, J Baron-Cohen, S Charman, T Cox, A Baird, G Drew, A Rees, L Wheelwright, S AF Swettenham, J Baron-Cohen, S Charman, T Cox, A Baird, G Drew, A Rees, L Wheelwright, S TI The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and nonsocial stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE psychiatric disorder; autism; mental handicap ID JOINT ATTENTION; DEFICITS; CHILDREN; INDIVIDUALS; CAREGIVERS; DISORDERS; DAMAGE; MIND AB Spontaneous shifts of attention were observed in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Three types of attention shifting behaviour were observed; (1) between an object and another object, (2) between an object and a person, and (3) between a person and another person. The two control groups shifted attention more frequently between an object and a person than between an object and another object or between a person and another person. The infants with autism showed a different pattern, shifting attention between an object and another object more than any other type of shift. Furthermore, infants with autism showed fewer shifts of attention between an object and a person, and between person and person, than did the two control groups. They also spent less time overall looking at people and looked more briefly at people and for longer durations at objects, compared to the two control groups. These results indicate an abnormality in social orientation in autism even at the early age of 20 months. C1 Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, England. Guys Hosp, London SE1 9RT, England. RP Swettenham, J (reprint author), Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. RI Charman, Tony/A-2085-2014 OI Charman, Tony/0000-0003-1993-6549 CR AKSHOOMOFF NA, 1992, THESIS U CALIFORNIA AKSHOOMOFF NA, 1994, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V6, P388, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.388 American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY BURACK JA, 1994, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V103, P535, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.103.3.535 COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P848, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 Davis A, 1994, J AUDIOL MED, V3, P35 DAWSON G, 1995, M SOC RES CHILD DEV Fenson L, 1993, MACARTHUR COMMUNICAT Griffiths R, 1986, ABILITIES BABIES Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 Mundy P, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P181 MUNDY P, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P389, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006003 Mundy P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P173, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000365 MUNDY P, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P63 OCONNOR N, 1967, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V8, P167, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1967.tb02192.x OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x PLAISTED K, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P767 Reynell J, 1987, REYNELL DEV LANGUAGE RUTTER M, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P159, DOI 10.1007/BF01495054 SIGMAN M, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P647, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00189.x TOWNSEND J, 1994, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V6, P220, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.3.220 TOWNSEND J, 1992, THESIS U CALIFORNIA TOWNSEND J, 1992, SOC NEUR 1992 ANN M, V18, P64 VERBATEN MN, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P449, DOI 10.1007/BF02206870 Volkmar F. R., 1990, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V2, P61, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000596 WAINWRIGHTSHARP JA, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P1, DOI 10.1007/BF01066415 WHO, 1993, ICD10 WHO NR 31 TC 178 Z9 182 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 5 BP 747 EP 753 DI 10.1017/S0021963098002595 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 101UA UT WOS:000074885500014 PM 9690937 ER PT J AU Ziatas, K Durkin, K Pratt, C AF Ziatas, K Durkin, K Pratt, C TI Belief term development in children with autism, Asperger syndrome, specific language impairment, and normal development: Links to theory of mind development SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE Asperger syndrome; autism; language disorder; communication; language; social cognition ID MENTAL TERMS; VERBAL-ABILITY; STATES; ACQUISITION; PERFORMANCE; DISTINCTION; CERTAINTY; KNOWLEDGE AB This study examined the relationship between the development of theory of mind and the development of the belief terms think, know, and guess. Children with autism and Asperger syndrome, matched to children with specific language impairment and normal development, completed false belief, belief term comprehension, and belief term expression tasks. The autistic group's performance on the false belief, belief term comprehension, and belief term expression tasks was significantly poorer than that of the Asperger, language impaired, and normal groups. Across groups an association was found between false belief and belief term performance. Results support a growing body of literature demonstrating links between the development of theory of mind and communicative competence. C1 Univ Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. La Trobe Univ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. RP Ziatas, K (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Psychol, Mounts Bay Rd, Crawley, WA 6907, Australia. EM kathy@psy.uwa.edu.au CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ASTINGTON JW, 1995, COGNITION EMOTION, V9, P151, DOI 10.1080/02699939508409006 ATTWOOD A, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P241, DOI 10.1007/BF02211950 BaronCohen S, 1997, CHILD DEV, V68, P48 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P113 BARONCOHEN S, 1994, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V12, P397 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Baron-Cohen S, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS Bartsch K., 1995, CHILDREN TALK MIND BISHOP D, 1989, TEST RECEPTION GRAMA BOWLER DM, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x BRETHERTON I, 1982, DEV PSYCHOL, V18, P906, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.18.6.906 CRAIG HK, 1993, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V36, P322 Dahlgren SO, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P759, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01469.x Dunn L. M., 1981, PEABODY PICTURE VOCA EISENMAJER R, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P351 Frith U., 1994, SOCIAL DEV, V3, P108, DOI DOI 10.1111/J.1467-9507.1994.TB00031.X Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FURROW D, 1992, J CHILD LANG, V19, P617 GILLBERG C, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P520 HAPPE FGE, 1995, CHILD DEV, V66, P843, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00909.x HAPPE FGE, 1993, COGNITION, V48, P101, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90026-R JOHNSON CN, 1980, CHILD DEV, V51, P1095, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1980.tb02658.x KAZAK S, IN PRESS J CHILD PSY LAPADAT JC, 1991, J LEARN DISABIL, V24, P147 LESLIE AM, 1988, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V6, P315 LOVELAND KA, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF01531663 MITCHELL P, 1994, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V12, P439 Moore C, 1995, J CHILD LANG, V22, P687 MOORE C, 1990, CHILD DEV, V61, P722, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02815.x Moore C., 1994, 1 LANGUAGE, V14, P1, DOI 10.1177/014272379401404001 MOORE C, 1989, J CHILD LANG, V16, P633 MOORE C, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P167, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02706.x Mundy P., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1107, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00352.x PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x PETERSON CC, IN PRESS EMERGENCE C PETERSON CC, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P459, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x PRIOR M, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P587, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00799.x REED T, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P555, DOI 10.1007/BF02216060 SHATZ M, 1983, COGNITION, V14, P301, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90008-2 SPARREVOHN R, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P249, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01823.x Surian L, 1996, Cogn Neuropsychiatry, V1, P55, DOI 10.1080/135468096396703 SZATMARI P, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P709 TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P161, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03604.x TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1995, APPL PSYCHOLINGUIST, V16, P241, DOI 10.1017/S0142716400007281 Tan J., 1991, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V3, P163, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000055 WELLMAN HM, 1990, COGNITION, V35, P245, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90024-E NR 48 TC 62 Z9 62 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 5 BP 755 EP 763 DI 10.1017/S0021963098002510 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 101UA UT WOS:000074885500015 PM 9690938 ER PT J AU Plaisted, K O'Riordan, M Baron-Cohen, S AF Plaisted, K O'Riordan, M Baron-Cohen, S TI Enhanced discrimination of novel, highly similar stimuli by adults with autism during a perceptual learning task SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; attention; learning ID MIND; CHILDREN; CATEGORIZATION; BELIEF AB High-functioning adults with autism and control adults were tested on a perceptual learning task that compared discrimination performance on familiar and novel stimuli. Control adults were better able to discriminate familiar than novel stimuli-the perceptual learning effect. No perceptual learning effect was observed in adults with autism although they discriminated the novel stimuli significantly better than control adults. This enhanced discrimination learning about novel, but not familiar, stimuli in autism is discussed in relation to two current hypotheses of information processing in autism-weak central coherence and reduced attention-switching-and a new third hypothesis, which suggests that features held in common between stimuli are processed poorly and features unique to a stimulus are processed well in autism. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Plaisted, K (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR Aitken MRF, 1996, J EXP PSYCHOL ANIM B, V22, P43 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ATTNEAVE F, 1957, J EXP PSYCHOL, V54, P81, DOI 10.1037/h0041231 BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P848, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 Courchesne E., 1994, ATYPICAL COGNITIVE D, P101 DONNELLAN AM, 1983, J SPEC EDUC, V17, P317 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 Gibson E. J., 1969, PRINCIPLES PERCEPTUA GIBSON EJ, 1956, J COMP PHYSIOL PSYCH, V49, P239, DOI 10.1037/h0048274 GIBSON JJ, 1955, PSYCHOL REV, V62, P32, DOI 10.1037/h0048826 Hall G., 1991, PERCEPTUAL ASS LEARN HUGHES C, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P477, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 LOVAAS OI, 1971, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V77, P211, DOI 10.1037/h0031015 LOVAAS OI, 1979, PSYCHOL BULL, V86, P1236, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.86.6.1236 LUBOW RE, 1973, PSYCHOL BULL, V79, P398, DOI 10.1037/h0034425 MACKINTOSH NJ, 1991, Q J EXP PSYCHOL-B, V43, P297 MCLAREN IPL, 1994, ATTENTION PERFORM, V15, P889 McLaren I.P.L., 1989, PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED, P102 MIRENDA PL, 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE OZONOFF S, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P415, DOI 10.1007/BF02179376 OZONOFF S, IN PRESS AUTISM EXEC PEARCE JM, 1993, J EXP PSYCHOL ANIM B, V19, P180, DOI 10.1037/0097-7403.19.2.180 PERNER J, 1989, CHILD DEV, V60, P689, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02749.x RINCOVER A, 1975, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V8, P235, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1975.8-235 Russell J., 1997, AUTISM EXECUTIVE DIS, P256 Swettenham J, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P157, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01387.x Wechsler D, 1981, WECHSLER ADULT INTEL WILHELM H, 1976, AM J MENT DEFIC, V81, P227 WOODS TS, 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE NR 31 TC 168 Z9 168 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 5 BP 765 EP 775 DI 10.1017/S0021963098002601 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 101UA UT WOS:000074885500016 PM 9690939 ER PT J AU Plaisted, K O'Riordan, M Baron-Cohen, S AF Plaisted, K O'Riordan, M Baron-Cohen, S TI Enhanced visual search for a conjunctive target in autism: A research note SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; attention; conjunctive search; feature search ID ATTENTION; CEREBELLAR; DEFICITS AB Children with and without autism were compared on two visual search tasks in which a letter target appeared among two sets of letter distracters. In one task, the target shared colour with one set of distracters but was unique in shape-the feature search task. In the other, the conjunctive search task, the target shared colour with one set and shape with another set of distracters. Although search was slower in the conjunctive task than the feature task in normally developing control children, children with autism showed no significant slowing in reaction time in the conjunctive task and were faster than control children in this task. This result is discussed in the light of theories of visual search which state that rate of search is determined by the degree of similarity between target and distracters. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Plaisted, K (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BURACK JA, 1997, AUTISM PERVASIVE DEV COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P848, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 Courchesne E., 1994, ATYPICAL COGNITIVE D, P101 DUNCAN J, 1989, PSYCHOL REV, V96, P433, DOI 10.1037//0033-295X.96.3.433 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN GERHARDSTEIN P, 1997, ANN C SOC RES CHILD Happe F., 1994, AUTISM INTRO PSYCHOL Hayes R, 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE Jolliffe T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P527, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 *NAT SOC AUT CHILD, 1978, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V8, P162 Plaisted K, 1998, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V39, P765, DOI 10.1017/S0021963098002601 POSNER MI, 1980, Q J EXP PSYCHOL, V32, P3, DOI 10.1080/00335558008248231 SHAH A, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P613, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x SHAH A, 1988, THESIS U LONDON SHAH A, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1351, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x Townsend J, 1996, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V8, P563 Triesman A. M., 1980, COGNITIVE PSYCHOL, V12, P97, DOI DOI 10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 Wainwright JA, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P423, DOI 10.1007/BF02172827 WAINWRIGHTSHARP JA, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P1, DOI 10.1007/BF01066415 Wechsler D., 1976, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC WOLFE JM, 1989, J EXP PSYCHOL HUMAN, V15, P419, DOI 10.1037/0096-1523.15.3.419 NR 24 TC 171 Z9 172 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 5 BP 777 EP 783 DI 10.1017/S0021963098002613 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 101UA UT WOS:000074885500017 PM 9690940 ER PT J AU Howlin, P AF Howlin, P TI Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Book Review CR Cohen D. J, 1997, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 5 BP 790 EP 790 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 101UA UT WOS:000074885500021 ER PT J AU Ehlers, S AF Ehlers, S TI Children with autism: A developmental perspective. SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Book Review CR Capps L., 1997, CHILDREN AUTISM DEV NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 5 BP 791 EP 791 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA 101UA UT WOS:000074885500023 ER PT J AU Jacobsen, J King, BH Leventhal, BL Christian, SL Ledbetter, DH Cook, EH AF Jacobsen, J King, BH Leventhal, BL Christian, SL Ledbetter, DH Cook, EH TI Molecular screening for proximal 15q abnormalities in a mentally retarded population SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Angelman syndrome; mental retardation; multiplex PCR; methylation specific PCR ID PRADER-WILLI-SYNDROME; ANGELMAN SYNDROME; UNIPARENTAL DISOMY; DIAGNOSTIC-CRITERIA; AUTISTIC DISORDER; REGION; CHROMOSOME; INDIVIDUALS; MICROSATELLITES; RECOMBINATION AB Paternal or maternal deletions in the 15q11,2-q13 region are known to result in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) or Angelman syndrome (AS), respectively. Maternal duplications in 15q11.2-q13 have been found in patients with autism. A population of adults with moderate to profound mental retardation was studied to examine the usefulness of PCR based molecular methods in screening for proximal chromosome 15 abnormalities. Two hundred and eighty-five subjects were initially screened at five microsatellite markers with average heterozygosity values of 0.74 (range 0.54-0.82). Of these subjects, four had a single allele at all five loci, suggestive of a deletion or uniparental isodisomy. The four samples were further screened with additional markers located within 15q11.2-q13 as well as markers telomeric to this region. One subject had uniparental disomy (UPD) and three subjects had a deletion. To determine the parental origin of the 15q11-q13 region containing the single haplotype, samples were analysed with a newly developed methylation specific PCR technique at the SNRPN locus. Each of the four subjects showed presence of the paternal allele and absence of the maternal allele. All cases had a phenotype consistent with Angelman syndrome as expected for the level of mental retardation, but the subject with UPD was distinct from the other subjects with an absence of a history of seizures and presence of bilateral undescended testes and Parkinsonism, Although Angelman syndrome has an estimated population prevalence of 0.008 %, at least 1.4 % of the moderately to profoundly mentally retarded subjects screened were found to have Angelman syndrome. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Lab Dev Neurosci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat, Lab Dev Neurosci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Human Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Cook, EH (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Lab Dev Neurosci, MC 3077,5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. 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Med. Genet. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 35 IS 7 BP 534 EP 538 DI 10.1136/jmg.35.7.534 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA ZX856 UT WOS:000074562300002 PM 9678696 ER PT J AU Kemper, TL Bauman, M AF Kemper, TL Bauman, M TI Neuropathology of infantile autism SO JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY LA English DT Review DE autism; cerebellar cortex; cerebellar nuclei; limbic system; memory disorders; mental retardation ID CHILDHOOD AUTISM; MENTAL-RETARDATION; MEMORY IMPAIRMENT; BRAIN-STEM; CEREBELLAR; MONKEYS; HIPPOCAMPUS; CORTEX; RECOGNITION; PSYCHOSIS C1 Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Kemper, TL (reprint author), Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, 80 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118 USA. 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PD JUL PY 1998 VL 57 IS 7 BP 645 EP 652 DI 10.1097/00005072-199807000-00001 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pathology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA 105GP UT WOS:000075064600001 PM 9690668 ER PT J AU McBride, A Anderson, GM Hertzig, ME Snow, ME Thompson, SM Khait, VD Shapiro, T Cohen, DJ AF McBride, A Anderson, GM Hertzig, ME Snow, ME Thompson, SM Khait, VD Shapiro, T Cohen, DJ TI Effects of diagnosis, race, and puberty on platelet serotonin levels in autism and mental retardation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE platelet serotonin; autism; mental retardation; race; puberty ID WHOLE-BLOOD SEROTONIN; 1ST-DEGREE RELATIVES; CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR; PLASMA; INDIVIDUALS; PROBANDS; DISORDER; AGE AB Objective: To reevaluate platelet serotonin (5-HT) levels in autism, measuring and controlling for effects of race and puberty. The specificity of hyperserotonemia for autism versus cognitive impairment is also assessed. Method: Platelet 5-HT levels were measured in 77 individuals, aged 2 through 37 years, with autistic disorder; 65 normal controls; and 22 mentally retarded or otherwise cognitively impaired (MR/CI) prepubertal children. Effects of diagnosis, race. and pubertal status were evaluated by analysis of variance in separate pre- and postpubertal groups. 5-HT levels were expressed as ng/mL blood and ng/mu L platelet volume. Results: Among prepubertal children, significant effects of diagnosis (ng/mL; F-2,F-109 = 5.9, p = .004) and race (F-2,F-109 = 14.7, p <.0005) were found. Autistic youngsters had significantly higher 5-HT concentrations than controls, although the elevation (25%) was less than typically reported; MR/CI children had levels very similar to those of controls. White children had significantly lower 5-HT levels than black or Latino youngsters, regardless of diagnosis. Diagnosis and race effects were nonsignificant in the postpubertal group. Postpubertal subjects had lower 5-HT concentrations than prepubertal subjects (ng/mL; F-1,F-114 = 28.5, p <.0005). Conclusions: The data underscore the importance of matching for race and pubertal status in neuropsychiatric research and suggest that the prevalence of hyperserotonemia in autistic individuals may have been overestimated because of a failure to control for both variables. Hyperserotonemia was not found in MR/CI youngsters without autistic features. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Psychiat, Coll Med, New York, NY USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT USA. Columbia Univ, Grad Sch Arts & Sci, New York, NY USA. RP McBride, A (reprint author), New York Hosp, Cornell Med Ctr, 525 E 68th St,Box 147, New York, NY 10021 USA. 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PD JUL PY 1998 VL 37 IS 7 BP 767 EP 776 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA ZW690 UT WOS:000074437300018 ER PT J AU Philibert, RA King, BH Winfield, S Cook, EH Lee, YH Stubblefield, B Damschroder-Williams, P Dea, C Palotie, A Tengstrom, C Martin, BM Ginns, EI AF Philibert, RA King, BH Winfield, S Cook, EH Lee, YH Stubblefield, B Damschroder-Williams, P Dea, C Palotie, A Tengstrom, C Martin, BM Ginns, EI TI Association of an X-chromosome dodecamer insertional variant allele with mental retardation SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE mental retardation; autism; X-chromosome; repetitive DNA; genetics; linkage ID INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; DNA-SEQUENCES; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; DROSOPHILA; OPA; HYDROCEPHALUS; EXPRESSION; SPECTRUM; FAMILIES AB Mental retardation is a prominent feature of many neurodevelopmental syndromes. In an attempt to identify genetic components of these illnesses, we isolated and sequenced a large number of human genomic cosmid inserts containing large trinucleotide repeats. One of these cosmids, Cos-4, maps to the X-chromosome and contains the sequence of a 7.3-kb mRNA. Initial polymorphism analysis across a region of repetitive DNA in this gene revealed a rare 12-bp exonic variation (<<1% in non-ill males) having an increased prevalence in non-fragile X males with mental retardation (4%, P < 0.04, n = 81). This variant was not present in the highly conserved mouse homologue that has 100% amino acid identity to the human sequence near the polymorphism. Subsequent screening of two additional independent cohorts of non-fragile X mentally retarded patients and ethnically matched controls demonstrated an even higher prevalence of the 12-bp variant in males with mental retardation (8%, P < 0.0003, n = 125, and 14%, P < 0.10, n = 36) vs the controls. Multivariate analysis was conducted in an effort to identify other phenotypic components in affected individuals, and the findings suggested an increased incidence of histories of hypothyroidism (P < 0.001) and treatment with antidepressants (P < 0.001). We conclude that the presence of this 12-bp variant confers significant susceptibility for mental retardation. C1 NIMH, Clin Neurosci Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Mol Genet Lab, Dept Clin Chem, Helsinki, Finland. Lab Cytogenet, Espoo, Finland. RP Philibert, RA (reprint author), NIMH, Clin Neurosci Branch, Bldg 49,Rm B1EE16,49 Convent Dr,MSC 4405, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. 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PD JUL PY 1998 VL 3 IS 4 BP 303 EP 309 DI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000442 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 112BP UT WOS:000075474500007 PM 9702738 ER PT J AU Edelson, SB Cantor, DS AF Edelson, SB Cantor, DS TI Autism: Xenobiotic influences SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE autism; brain dysfunction; detoxication; neurotoxicity; xenobiotic ID EARLY INFANTILE-AUTISM; EARLY-CHILDHOOD; CHILDREN; PSYCHOSIS; DISORDER; EXPOSURE; PAIRS; ONSET; AGE AB The advances in medical technology during the last four decades has provided evidence for an underlying neurological basis for autism, The etiology for the variations of neurofunctional anomalies found in the autistic spectrum behaviors appears inconclusive as of this date brit growing evidence supports the proposal that chronic exposure to toxic agents, i.e., xenobiotic agents, to a developing central nervous system may, be the best model for defining the physiological and behavioral data found in these populations. A total of 20 subjects (15 males and 5 females) who received a formal diagnosis of autism by a developmental pediatrician, pediatric neurologist, or licensed psychologist were included.. The mean age for the sample was 6.35 yrs (range = 3-12 years). This study employed several measures that collectively would provide evidence of burden levels of xenobiotic agents and abnormal liver detoxication processes. These included: (Ij Glucaric Acid Analysis, (2) blood analyses for identification of specific xenobiotic agents, and (3) Comprehensive Liver Detoxification Evaluation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov testing for a chi-square and Normal distribution for the Glucaric Acid findings indicates that each of these distributions is significantly different from expected distributions (p <.01), It is most noteworthy that of the 20 cases examined for this study, 100% of the cases showed liver detoxication profiles outside of normal. An examination of 18 autistic children in blood analyses that were available showed that 16 of these children showed evidence of levels of toxic chemicals exceeding adult maximum tolerance. in the two cases where toxic chemical levels were not found, there was abnormal D-glucaric acid findings suggesting abnormal xenobiotic influences on liver detoxication processes. A proposed mechanism for the interaction of xenobiotic toxins with immune system dysfunction and continuous and/or progressive endogenous toxicity is presented as it relates to the development behaviors found in the autistic spectrum. C1 Environm & Prevent Hlth Ctr Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30342 USA. Psychol Sci Inst PC, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Edelson, SB (reprint author), Environm & Prevent Hlth Ctr Atlanta, 3833 Roswell Rd,Suite 110, Atlanta, GA 30342 USA. 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Ind. Health PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 553 EP 563 DI 10.1177/074823379801400406 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZY471 UT WOS:000074624600006 PM 9664646 ER PT J AU Heidary, G Hampton, LL Schanen, NC Rivkin, MJ Darras, BT Battey, J Francke, U AF Heidary, G Hampton, LL Schanen, NC Rivkin, MJ Darras, BT Battey, J Francke, U TI Exclusion of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) locus as a candidate gene for Rett syndrome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE autism; candidate gene exclusion; mutation search; single-strand conformation; analysis; X chromosome ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; TRANSLOCATION; MUTATIONS AB The gene for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has been mapped to a candidate region for Rett syndrome (RTT) on the short arm of the X chromosome. The recent report of a translocation that disrupted the gene in an individual with mental retardation and autistic behavior prompted us to examine GRPR as a possible locus for RTT, Genomic polymerase chain reaction amplification of exons followed by single-strand conformation analysis screening in 25 unrelated RTT-affected individuals and by direct sequencing in 12 others has failed to detect any mutation. No gross structural rearrangements were found by Southern analysis of DNA from six unrelated RTT-affected individuals. A high-frequency biallelic polymorphism caused by two single nucleotide substitutions in exon 2 was discovered. The allele frequencies were identical in the RTT population as compared to 100 normal control X chromosomes. This polymorphism will enable future evaluation of the GRPR locus as a candidate for other X-linked mental retardation or neurobehavioral syndromes. Am. J, Med. Genet. 78:173-175, 1998. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Mol Biol Lab, Rockville, MD USA. Boston Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA USA. RP Francke, U (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. 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J. Med. Genet. PD JUN 30 PY 1998 VL 78 IS 2 BP 173 EP 175 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980630)78:2<173::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-K PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA ZX392 UT WOS:000074511200015 PM 9674911 ER PT J AU Kiln, MR AF Kiln, MR TI MMR vaccination and autism 1998 - Those giving MMR vaccine had no input into editorial SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 Rosendale Surg, London SE21 8EZ, England. RP Kiln, MR (reprint author), Rosendale Surg, London SE21 8EZ, England. CR Nicoll A, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P715 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUN 13 PY 1998 VL 316 IS 7147 BP 1824 EP 1824 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZV258 UT WOS:000074286300038 PM 9652942 ER PT J AU Roberts, R AF Roberts, R TI MMR vaccination and autism 1998 - There is no causal link between MMR vaccine and autism SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 N Wales Hlth Author, Mold CH7 1PZ, Flintshire, Wales. RP Roberts, R (reprint author), N Wales Hlth Author, Mold CH7 1PZ, Flintshire, Wales. CR Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 *NAT AUT SOC, 1997, UPD PREV AUT SPECTR Nicoll A, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P715 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 Wing L, 1996, BRIT MED J, V312, P327 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUN 13 PY 1998 VL 316 IS 7147 BP 1824 EP 1824 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZV258 UT WOS:000074286300037 PM 9624080 ER PT J AU Selway, J AF Selway, J TI MMR vaccination and autism 1998 - Medical practitioners need to give more than reassurance SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 Edensor, Tunbridge Wells TN1 5QL, Kent, England. RP Selway, J (reprint author), Edensor, Tunbridge Wells TN1 5QL, Kent, England. CR Nicoll A, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P715 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUN 13 PY 1998 VL 316 IS 7147 BP 1824 EP 1824 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZV258 UT WOS:000074286300039 ER PT J AU Kates, WR Mostofsky, SH Zimmerman, AW Mazzocco, MMM Landa, R Warsofsky, IS Kaufmann, WE Reiss, AL AF Kates, WR Mostofsky, SH Zimmerman, AW Mazzocco, MMM Landa, R Warsofsky, IS Kaufmann, WE Reiss, AL TI Neuroanatomical and neurocognitive differences in a pair of monozygous twins discordant for strictly defined autism SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; PERINATAL FACTORS; CEREBELLAR; ABNORMALITIES; HIPPOCAMPUS; NEUROBIOLOGY; INDIVIDUALS; IMPAIRMENT; FOREBRAIN; DISORDERS AB In this study, we investigated the neuroanatomical similarities and differences between a pair of monozygotic, 7.5-year-old twin boys discordant for strictly defined autism, to identify neuroanatomical pathways that are impaired in individuals with autism. Although the unaffected twin did not fulfill the traditional diagnostic criteria for autism, he displayed constrictions in social interaction and play that were consistent with the broader phenotype for autism that has been described in nonautistic co-twins. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained for each brother and compared with the scans of 5 age- and sex-matched unaffected peers. Quantitative analysis of brain anatomy revealed that the affected twin had markedly smaller caudate, amygdaloid, and hippocampal volumes, and smaller cerebellar vermis lobules VI and VII, in comparison with his brother. Both twins evidenced disproportionately reduced volumes of the superior temporal gyrus and the frontal lobe relative to the comparison sample. The results suggest the dysfunction of two separate but overlapping neuroanatomical pathways, ie, one subcortical network differentiating the twins from each other that may underlie the traditional neurobehavioral phenotype for strictly defined autism, and a second cortical network differentiating the twins from the comparison sample that may lead to the broader phenotype for autism. C1 Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Kates, WR (reprint author), Kennedy Krieger Inst, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. 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Neurol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 6 BP 782 EP 791 DI 10.1002/ana.410430613 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZR877 UT WOS:000074023800012 PM 9629848 ER PT J AU Baron-Cohen, S AF Baron-Cohen, S TI Superiority on the Embedded Figures Test in autism and in normal males: Evidence of an "innate talent"? SO BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; PHENOTYPE; CHILDREN AB Howe ct al. suggest that most talents can be explained in terms of practice and other environmental effects, and only exceptionally by innate factors. This commentary provides nn illustration of one such exception: performance on the Embedded Figures Test by people with autism and their relatives. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. CR American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994, DSM 4 DIAGN STAT MAN Baron-Cohen S, 1997, ADV INFANCY RES, V11, P193 BaronCohen S, 1997, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V9, P548, DOI 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.548 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x FOLSTEIN S, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P297, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x Gillberg C., 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND Jolliffe T, 1997, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V38, P527, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x LeCouteur A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P785 SHAH A, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P613, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x WITKIN HA, 1962, PERSONALITY PERCEPTI NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0140-525X J9 BEHAV BRAIN SCI JI Behav. Brain Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 408 EP + DI 10.1017/S0140525X98231232 PG 8 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 115TE UT WOS:000075680800052 ER PT J AU Rutter, M AF Rutter, M TI What we learn from highly developed special skills? SO BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material AB Skills cannot be divided into the innate and the acquired. Also, genetic effects may not come into play until well after early childhood, and evocative gene-environment correlations are to be expected. Special talents are common in autism and warrant more detailed study, but whether they have the same meaning as talents in nonautistic individuals is not known. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, Social Genet & Dev Psychiat Res Ctr, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Rutter, M (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. RI Rutter, Michael/C-8570-2013 CR Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BENNETT HL, 1983, HUM LEARN, V2, P157 BLOOM BS, 1982, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V48, P510 Goode S., 1994, 13 BIENN M INT SOC S HEAVEY L, 1997, THESIS U LONDON Plomin R, 1997, BEHAV GENETICS, V3rd Rutter M, 1997, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V9, P335 NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0140-525X J9 BEHAV BRAIN SCI JI Behav. Brain Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 422 EP + DI 10.1017/S0140525X98401237 PG 8 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 115TE UT WOS:000075680800069 ER PT J AU Trepagnier, C AF Trepagnier, C TI Autism etiology: A face-processing perspective SO BRAIN AND COGNITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT TENNET VIII - Theoretical and Experimental Neuropsychology Conference CY JUN 16-18, 1997 CL MONTREAL, CANADA ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC DISORDER; CHILDREN; AGORAPHOBIA; TWIN C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Trepagnier, C (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. 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PD JUN PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1 BP 158 EP 160 PG 3 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA ZZ523 UT WOS:000074737900073 ER PT J AU Skjeldal, OH Sponheim, E Ganes, T Jellum, E Bakke, S AF Skjeldal, OH Sponheim, E Ganes, T Jellum, E Bakke, S TI Childhood autism: the need for physical investigations SO BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE childhood autism; physical assessment; medical tests ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; STEM EVOKED-RESPONSES; WHOLE-BLOOD SEROTONIN; FRAGILE-X-SYNDROME; DSM-III-R; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MENTAL-RETARDATION; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; CHILDREN; ABNORMALITIES AB In this paper the results of an extensive medical investigation of 25 children with childhood autism are presented and compared with those found in a group of non-autistic individuals matched for sex, age and intellectual level, all referred for developmental deviancy of unknown etiology. The examination included a psychiatric assessment and a neurological examination in addition to neurophysiological, chromosomal, metabolic and neuroimaging evaluation. In the clinical examination macrocephaly was found only among the autistic individuals, while the frequency of pathological cerebral CT and clinical parameters such as tendon reflexes and mobility problems was significantly greater in the control group. All the other pathological findings were found to occur with the same frequency in the two groups. Except for research purposes this study did not lend support to those who argue for extensive medical examinations for all children with autism. Based on the present findings, ordinary procedures for assessment of developmentally delayed children should be followed. This should include a systematic clinical neuropaediatric examination, an assessment of vision and hearing and a chromosome study, including that for fragile X. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oslo, Rikshosp, Dept Pediat, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. Natl Ctr Child & Adolescent Psychiat, N-0319 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Rikshosp, Dept Neurophysiol, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Rikshosp, Inst Clin Biochem, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Rikshosp, Dept Neuroradiol, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. RP Skjeldal, OH (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Rikshosp, Dept Pediat, Pilestredet 32, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. 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PD JUN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 4 BP 227 EP 233 DI 10.1016/S0387-7604(98)00031-X PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZV646 UT WOS:000074326700004 PM 9661967 ER PT J AU Minter, M Hobson, RP Bishop, M AF Minter, M Hobson, RP Bishop, M TI Congenital visual impairment and 'theory of mind' SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; REPRESENTATION; AUTISM AB On theoretical grounds, Hobson (1990) suggested that lack of vision might delay the emergence of so-called 'theory of mind' in congenitally blind children. This prediction was tested using tactile versions of theory of mind tasks devised by Perner, Leekam & Wimmer (1987) and Wimmer & Perner (1983). Twenty-one visually impaired children were group matched for chronological age and verbal intelligence with 21 sighted children. All of the children who participated in the study had mental ages over the age of 4 years. Visually impaired children's performance on the two theory of mind tasks was significantly poorer than that of their sighted peers, but most of the children could make some adjustment to another person's false beliefs. The possible sources and implications of these findings are discussed with reference to accounts of 'theory of mind' development. C1 UCL, Sch Med, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, London NW3 5BA, England. Tavistock Clin, London NW3 5BA, England. RP Hobson, RP (reprint author), UCL, Sch Med, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, 120 Belsize Lane, London NW3 5BA, England. 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PD JUN PY 1998 VL 16 BP 183 EP 196 PN 2 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZU403 UT WOS:000074193600006 ER PT J AU Hughes, C AF Hughes, C TI Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YOUNG-CHILDREN; FALSE-BELIEF; MENTAL-RETARDATION; AUTISM; DECEPTION; AGE; DYSFUNCTION; INDIVIDUALS; DIFFICULTY; DEFICITS AB Fifty preschool children (mean age 3:11 years) took part in an investigation of the relations between children's executive function performance, their understanding of mind and their language skills. The study demonstrates the feasibility of testing rudimentary executive function skills among preschoolers, using an original battery of tasks. The results were consistent with those from studies of older children (e.g. Welsh, Pennington & Groisser, 1991), in that three aspects of executive function were distinguished: working memory, attentional flexibility and inhibitory control. In addition, specific links were found between executive function and theory-of-mind performance, even when age and both verbal and non-verbal ability were taken into account. In particular, children's deceptive abilities were closely related to success on tests of inhibitory control. The implications of these results for our understanding of deceit are discussed. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Hughes, C (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, DeCrespigny Pk,Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. 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J. Psychiatry PD JUN PY 1998 VL 172 BP 458 EP 460 DI 10.1192/bjp.172.6.458 PG 9 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA ZU068 UT WOS:000074158000002 PM 9828982 ER PT J AU Fraser, W AF Fraser, W TI Autism: Preparing for adulthood SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil, Cardiff CF4 3BL, S Glam, Wales. RP Fraser, W (reprint author), Welsh Ctr Learning Disabil, Meridian Court,North Rd, Cardiff CF4 3BL, S Glam, Wales. CR Howlin P., 1997, AUTISM PREPARING ADU NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS PI LONDON PA BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1X 8PG SN 0007-1250 J9 BRIT J PSYCHIAT JI Br. J. Psychiatry PD JUN PY 1998 VL 172 BP 544 EP 544 PG 1 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA ZU068 UT WOS:000074158000025 ER PT J AU [Anonymous] AF [Anonymous] TI No link between MMR vaccine and autism SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT News Item CR Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZU252 UT WOS:000074177900006 ER PT J AU Roeyers, H Van Oost, P Bothuyne, S AF Roeyers, H Van Oost, P Bothuyne, S TI Immediate imitation and joint attention in young children with autism SO DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEWBORN-INFANTS; MINDS; MECHANISMS; DEFICITS; LANGUAGE; GESTURES; OBJECTS; MEMORY; DELAY; EYE AB There is growing scientific interest in the precursors to the ability of conceiving other people's minds. The present study investigates two candidate precursors, imitation and joint attention, in young children with autism and a control group of nonautistic children with a developmental delay. Children with autism were found to be impaired or delayed in both abilities. Gestural and procedural imitation were significantly related to mental age and chronological age in subjects with autism. Although the evidence for an autism-specific deficit appears to be stronger in the domain of joint-attention behaviors than it is in the domain of imitation, it seems premature to reject imitation as a possible precursor to the development of mindreading skills. Systematic investigations of the imitation deficit in autism are urgently needed. C1 State Univ Ghent, Res Grp Dev Disorders, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Roeyers, H (reprint author), State Univ Ghent, Res Grp Dev Disorders, H Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. 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However, due to the fact that autism is rarely diagnosed before the age of 3, until now these abilities have only been studied with school-age children, adolescents, or young adults with autism. Taking advantage of a new prospective screening instrument for autism in infancy (Baron-Cohen et al., 1996), the present study compared the performance of 20-month-old infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder to that of children with developmental delay without autism on experimental tasks of empathic response, pretend and functional play, joint attention and requesting behaviors, and imitation. The 20-month-old infants with autism failed to use social gaze declaratively in the joint attention task, they showed poor emphatic response, fewer imitated modelled actions on objects, and none produced spontaneous pretend play. Surprisingly, the infants with pervasive developmental disorder did not perform significantly differently from the infants with developmental delay without autism on any of the measures. The identification of autism-specific impairments in early social cognitive abilities may have important clinical implications, for the early diagnosis of the disorder and for the setting of goals and monitoring of progress in early intervention programs. C1 Inst Child Hlth, Behav Sci Unit, London WC1N 1EH, England. Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, London SE14 6NW, England. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Guys & St Thomas Hosp, Sch Med, London, England. RP Charman, T (reprint author), Inst Child Hlth, Behav Sci Unit, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, England. RI Charman, Tony/A-2085-2014 OI Charman, Tony/0000-0003-1993-6549 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BAIRD G, UNPUB WHAT ARE RATES Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BARONCOHEN S, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P139 BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P113 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY Bondy AS, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P311 BRADLEY L, 1983, NATURE, V301, P419, DOI 10.1038/301419a0 BUTTERWORTH GE, 1987, ANN C DEV PSYCH SECT Charman T, 1998, AUTISM INT J RES PRA, V2, P61, DOI 10.1177/1362361398021006 Charman T, 1997, DEV PSYCHOL, V33, P781, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.33.5.781 CHARMAN T, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P403, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006015 Charman T, 1997, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V9, P1 Cohen D. 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PD SUM PY 1998 VL 19 IS 2 BP 260 EP 275 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199822)19:2<260::AID-IMHJ12>3.0.CO;2-W PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZR790 UT WOS:000074014000012 ER PT J AU Ribas, D AF Ribas, D TI Autism as the defusion of drives SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHO-ANALYSIS LA English DT Article AB The author's metapsychological view of the dismantling and adhesive identification typical of infantile autism is that these phenomena result from the fate of the death drive and the libido in a situation of thoroughgoing defusion of the drives. He notes that Freud's original idea of the defused death drive was tah-en rip by Ferenczi and then by Klein, who applied it to the situation at the very beginning of life. A clinical illustration is given and the author observes that this view has therapeutic consequences that are also relevant to the work of an institution and to the therapists' countertransference, in terms of the value of sadism and masochism in helping to fuse the drives. Fusion of the drives is presented as an important element of Bion's alpha or container function. This conception also tends to modify the therapist's attitude to the parents of autistic children. In the author's view, the fate of the libidinal component in autism has tended to be disregarded but accounts for the phenomena of adhesiveness and auto-sensuality; the latter should in his opinion rather be called dismantled erotism, to emphasise the absence of the unifying function of forms of auto-erotism in integration of the self: The author stresses the lack of projection in autistic pathology and discusses its possible reasons. RP Ribas, D (reprint author), 33 Rue Traversiere, F-75012 Paris, France. 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W., 1958, COLLECTED PAPERS PAE, P194 Winnicott D. W., 1958, COLLECTED PAPERS PAE, P229 Winnicott DW, 1945, INT J PSYCHOANAL, V26, P137 Winnicott D. W., 1965, MATURATIONAL PROCESS, P29 NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INST PSYCHO-ANALYSIS PI LONDON PA 63 NEW CAVENDISH STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 7RD SN 0020-7578 J9 INT J PSYCHOANAL JI Int. J. Psycho-Anal. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 79 BP 529 EP 538 PN 3 PG 10 WC Psychology, Psychoanalysis SC Psychology GA 105GK UT WOS:000075064200007 PM 9717100 ER PT J AU Krantz, PJ McClannahan, LE AF Krantz, PJ McClannahan, LE TI Social interaction skills for children with autism: A script-fading procedure for beginning readers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE autistic children; antecedent control; pictorial cues; social interaction; script fading ID PHOTOGRAPHIC ACTIVITY SCHEDULES; TEACHING-CHILDREN; DELAY AB Engaging in spontaneous social exchanges is a central skill deficit of children with autism, and one that is often difficult to remediate. The 3 boys (ages 4, 4, and 5 years) who participated in this study had acquired small verbal repertoires, but typically spoke only when answering questions or requesting preferred edible items or toys, and did not converse with a familiar teacher during baseline. During teaching, textual cues ("Look" and "Watch me") were embedded in the youngsters' photographic activity schedules; after learning to use the scripts, the children's verbal elaborations and unscripted interactions increased and were maintained when a new recipient of interaction was introduced. After scripts were faded, unscripted interactions not only continued but also generalized to different activities that had not been the topic of teaching. The script-fading procedure enabled children with autism to converse with adults, to benefit: from adults' language models, and to engage in language practice that contributes to fluency. C1 Princeton Child Dev Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. RP Krantz, PJ (reprint author), Princeton Child Dev Inst, 300 Cold Soil Rd, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BAER DM, 1969, BEHAV SOCIOLOGY EXPT, P60 CHARLOP MH, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P155, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-155 CHARLOP MH, 1991, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V24, P747, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-747 COOPER JO, 1987, APPL BEHAV ANAL, P298 Hart B. M., 1982, USE INCIDENTAL TEACH Johnson KR, 1996, BEHAV ANALYST, V19, P281 KRANTZ PJ, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P137, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-137 KRANTZ PJ, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P121, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-121 Lovaas O. I., 1977, AUTISTIC CHILD LANGU MACDUFF GS, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P89, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-89 McClannahan L. E., 1997, ENVIRON BEHAV, P271 MCCORMICK L, 1984, EARLY LANGUAGE INTER MCGEE GG, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P17, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-17 Risley T. R., 1995, MEANINGFUL DIFFERENC Risley T. R., 1977, NEW DEV BEHAV RES, P81 SIMEONSSON RJ, 1987, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P275 WARREN SF, 1993, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V36, P83 NR 18 TC 108 Z9 107 PU JOURNAL APPL BEHAV ANAL PI LAWRENCE PA DEPT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA SN 0021-8855 J9 J APPL BEHAV ANAL JI J. Appl. Behav. Anal. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 191 EP 202 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-191 PG 12 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA ZV623 UT WOS:000074324300002 PM 9652099 ER PT J AU Kelly, S Green, G Sidman, M AF Kelly, S Green, G Sidman, M TI Visual identity matching and auditory-visual matching: A procedural note SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE matching to sample; conditional discrimination; crossmodal matching; autism ID TO-SAMPLE; CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION; EQUIVALENCE-RELATIONS; NEGATIVE STIMULI AB After preliminary computerized training on visual-visual identity matching, a 5-year-old boy with autism (Sam) was given visual-visual and auditory-visual matching-to-sample tests with new stimuli. He did well in matching dictated name samples to 20 pictures, 26 printed upper case letters, and 9 single-digit numbers. In matching the visual stimuli (pictures, letters, or numbers) to themselves, however, he did not perform well. We then increased the number of picture comparisons per trial from two to three. In tests after this three-comparison training, Sam correctly matched on 95% of the original 20-stimulus, four-comparison, identity-matching test trials. He went on to demonstrate accurate identity matching of the numbers, letters, and new pictures. In identity-matching tests on the table top, he performed poorly until the stimulus array was made to resemble the stimulus arrangement on the computer. These findings showed that seemingly small procedural changes can influence performance and demonstrated that successful auditory-visual matching does not guarantee proficiency in visual-visual identity matching. C1 New England Ctr Children, Southborough, MA 01772 USA. Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Kelly, S (reprint author), New England Ctr Children, 33 Turnpike Rd, Southborough, MA 01772 USA. CR CARRIGAN PF, 1992, J EXP ANAL BEHAV, V58, P183, DOI 10.1901/jeab.1992.58-183 CONSTANTINE B, 1975, AM J MENT DEF, V79, P680 DAEHLER MW, 1979, CHILD DEV, V50, P170, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb02991.x DUBE WV, 1992, PSYCHOL REC, V42, P17 DUBE WV, 1993, RES DEV DISABIL, V14, P457, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(93)90038-L JOHNSON C, 1993, J EXP ANAL BEHAV, V59, P333, DOI 10.1901/jeab.1993.59-333 Rosenberger P.B., 1972, LANGUAGE MENTALLY RE, P211 Sidman M., 1987, BEHAVIOR ANAL, V22, P11 NR 8 TC 11 Z9 12 PU JOURNAL APPL BEHAV ANAL PI LAWRENCE PA DEPT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA SN 0021-8855 J9 J APPL BEHAV ANAL JI J. Appl. Behav. Anal. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 237 EP 243 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-237 PG 7 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA ZV623 UT WOS:000074324300005 PM 9652102 ER PT J AU Russell, J Jarrold, C AF Russell, J Jarrold, C TI Error-correction problems in autism: Evidence for a monitoring impairment? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE monitoring impairment; error correction; autism ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; CHILDREN; MOVEMENTS; IMITATION AB With a task involving the launching of missiles at targets, Malenka et al. (1982) and C. Frith and Done (1989) showed that schizophrenic patients with delusions of alien control and auditory hallucinations were likely to leave erroneous responses uncorrected whose outcomes were not visible until the missile hit or failed to hit the target, while being able to correct visible errors adequately. This is consistent with an impairment in the central monitoring of action. Using a similar task, we found that children with autism were more likely than controls to fail to correct both kinds of error. Data are interpreted in terms of difficulties with constructing visual schemata for actions. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 177 EP 188 DI 10.1023/A:1026009203333 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600002 PM 9656129 ER PT J AU Charlop-Christy, MH Haymes, LK AF Charlop-Christy, MH Haymes, LK TI Using objects of obsession as token reinforcers for children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE obsession; reinforcement; aberrant behavior ID BEHAVIORS AB We assessed the effectiveness of using objects of obsession as token reinforcers to increase task performance for children with autism. The use of obsessions as tokens (e.g., letter "A", a picture of a train) was compared with the use of typical tokens (e.g., stars, happy faces). A multiple baseline design across children with a reversal within child was used. Data were collected on percentage correct of task responses and on the occurrence of inappropriate behaviors during work sessions. Results indicated that percentage correct on task performance was higher when objects of obsession were used as tokens as opposed to when typical tokens were used. Concomitant decreases in inappropriate behaviors during work sessions were also noted. Results are discussed in terms of primary versus secondary reinforcement and the effects of saliency and novelty of the reinforcing stimuli. C1 Claremont Mckenna Coll, Dept Psychol, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. Claremont Grad Sch, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. RP Charlop-Christy, MH (reprint author), Claremont Mckenna Coll, Dept Psychol, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BARLOW DH, 1984, SINGLE CASE EXPT DES CHARLOP MH, 1990, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V23, P163, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-163 CharlopChristy MH, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P527, DOI 10.1007/BF02172274 EPSTEIN LJ, 1985, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V13, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF00910648 FORD JD, 1979, BEHAV THER, V10, P295, DOI 10.1016/S0005-7894(79)80046-5 HAWKINS AH, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P359, DOI 10.1007/BF01538323 HEWETT FM, 1969, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V35, P523 HUNG DW, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P355, DOI 10.1007/BF01539637 KOEGEL RL, 1979, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V88, P418, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.88.4.418 Lovaas O. I., 1987, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V20, P45 MANGUS B, 1986, PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL, V63, P97 MILLER LB, 1975, MONOGRAPHS SOC RES C, V40, P170 MOSER AJ, 1974, CORRECT SOC PSYCHIAT, V20, P43 OCONNOR N, 1967, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V8, P167, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1967.tb02192.x OLEARY KD, 1971, PSYCHOL BULL, V75, P379, DOI 10.1037/h0031311 Schreibman L., 1988, AUTISM SUGAI G, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P459, DOI 10.1007/BF01531711 Trabasso T., 1968, ATTENTION LEARNING T WOOLERY M, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P149 YOUNG S, 1969, THESIS U CALIFORNIA NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 189 EP 198 DI 10.1023/A:1026061220171 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600003 PM 9656130 ER PT J AU Boyd, RD AF Boyd, RD TI Sex as a possible source of group inequivalence in Lovaas (1987) SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE behavioral treatment; autism; sex proportions ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CHILDREN; REPLICATION; DISORDER; RATIOS AB The possibility of differential sex proportions as a confounding factor in the Lovaas (1987) study is raised in this paper. It is argued that the chi-square analysis reported in the original study was inadequate and that the appropriate comparison should be made not between the experimental group and primary control group (Control Group 1) utilizing expected cell frequencies estimated from sample data, but between these two groups using population data to estimate expected cell frequencies. Implications of this interpretation are discussed. C1 Golden Gate Reg Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. RP Boyd, RD (reprint author), Golden Gate Reg Ctr, 120 Howard St, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BAER DM, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P373 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x KAZDIN AE, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P377 LORD C, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P317, DOI 10.1007/BF01538320 LORD C, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF01531604 Lotter V., 1966, SOC PSYCHIAT, P124, DOI DOI 10.1007/BF00584048 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 LOVAAS OI, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P165, DOI 10.1037//0022-006X.57.1.165 LOVAAS OL, 1988, ADV CLIN CHILD PSYHC MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MESIBOV GB, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P379 MINIUM EW, 1970, STAT REASONING PSYCH MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 SCHOPLER E, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P162 SMITH T, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V100, P317 SMITH T, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P385 TSAI L, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P165, DOI 10.1007/BF01531682 TSAI LY, 1983, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V142, P373, DOI 10.1192/bjp.142.4.373 VOLKMAR FR, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P579, DOI 10.1007/BF01046103 WING L, 1981, PSYCHIAT RES, V5, P129, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 211 EP 215 DI 10.1023/A:1026065321080 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600005 PM 9656132 ER PT J AU Sponheim, E Skjeldal, O AF Sponheim, E Skjeldal, O TI Autism and related disorders: Epidemiological findings in a Norwegian study using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE childhood autism; pervasive developmental disorders; prevalence; epidemiology ID DSM-III-R; INFANTILE-AUTISM; BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; TOTAL POPULATION; RATING-SCALE; PREVALENCE; CLASSIFICATION; CHILDREN; JAPAN AB Recent studies of the prevalence of autism have suggested higher estimates than previously described. Various diagnostic criteria for autism and related disorders have been applied, with variability in case finding methodology and characteristics of populations as well. In this study, maternal and child health clinics covering 98% of the population were used for screening pervasive developmental disorders. Extensive medical investigation was carried out on the majority of cases. In this Norwegian population of children ages 3-14 years the minimum prevalence estimate for childhood autism was 4-5 per 10,000 using ICD-10 research criteria, and did not confirm the high estimates suggested more recently. Medical disorders identified were associated with mental retardation rather than specifically with autism. C1 Univ Oslo, Natl Ctr Child & Adolescent Psychiat, N-0319 Oslo, Norway. Univ Oslo, Rikshosp, Dept Pediat, N-0027 Oslo, Norway. RP Sponheim, E (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Natl Ctr Child & Adolescent Psychiat, POB 26, N-0319 Oslo, Norway. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BAILEY AJ, 1993, PSYCHOL MED, V23, P7 BRYSON SE, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P433, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00735.x BURD L, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P700, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198709000-00014 CIALDELLA P, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P165, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00775.x EHLERS S, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P1327, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x FINNVOLD JE, 1996, KOIMMUNALE HELSTILBU FOMBONNE E, 1992, SOC PSYCH PSYCH EPID, V27, P203, DOI 10.1007/BF00789007 FOMBONNE E, 1994, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V3, P176 GILLBERG C, 1984, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V25, P35, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb01717.x GILLBERG C, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V158, P403, DOI 10.1192/bjp.158.3.403 GRAHAM P, 1991, CHILD PSYCHIAT DEV A KRUG DA, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P221, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x Lotter V., 1966, SOC PSYCHIAT, P124, DOI DOI 10.1007/BF00584048 Lotter V, 1967, SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY, V1, P163, DOI 10.1007/BF00578950 *NORG OFF UTR, 1989, TJEN TIL AUT RITVO ER, 1990, AM J PSYCHIAT, V147, P1614 RITVO ER, 1989, AM J PSYCHIAT, V146, P194 SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 Sponheim E, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P513, DOI 10.1007/BF02172273 Sponheim E, 1996, NORD J PSYCHIAT, V50, P5, DOI 10.3109/08039489609081381 STEFFENBURG S, 1991, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V33, P495 STEFFENBURG S, 1986, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V149, P81, DOI 10.1192/bjp.149.1.81 SUGIYAMA T, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P87, DOI 10.1007/BF02212720 SZATMARI P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P507, DOI 10.1007/BF01046325 TANOUE Y, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P155, DOI 10.1007/BF02211943 VOLKMAR FR, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P483, DOI 10.1007/BF01046323 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 VOLKMAR FR, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P127, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199001000-00020 *WHO, 1989, MENT BEH DIS DIAGN C, pCH5 WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 Wing L, 1993, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, V2, P61, DOI 10.1007/BF02098832 NR 35 TC 65 Z9 67 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 217 EP 227 DI 10.1023/A:1026017405150 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600006 PM 9656133 ER PT J AU Cohen, SA Ihrig, K Lott, RS Kerrick, JM AF Cohen, SA Ihrig, K Lott, RS Kerrick, JM TI Risperidone for aggression and self-injurious behavior in adults with mental retardation SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE risperidone; mental retardation; aggression ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; INDUCED TARDIVE-DYSKINESIA; POPULATION; THERAPY; AUTISM AB Risperidone has proven efficacy with reduced likelihood of causing extrapyramidal symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. Initial work suggests its utility in the management of aggression and self injury in patients with mental retardation. The use of risperidone in eight adult patients with moderate to profound mental retardation is described. Risperidone in these individuals was associated with significant reduction in aggression and self injurious behavior. Side effects were primarily those of sedation and restlessness. These cases illustrate the possible utility of risperidone in the treatment of aggression and self injury in adult patients with moderate to profound mental retardation. C1 Fircrest Sch, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Washington, Sch Pharm, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Cohen, SA (reprint author), 1315 1st Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. CR ADDINGTON DE, 1995, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P484 AMAN MG, 1985, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V21, P845 Buzan RD, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V153, P734 CHOUINARD G, 1993, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V13, P25 COHEN LJ, 1994, PHARMACOTHERAPY, V14, P253 COHEN S, 1991, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V83, P234, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05530.x COHEN SA, 1994, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V55, P440 Daniel DG, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V153, P734 ETTINGER A, 1990, EPILEPSIA, V31, P211 McDougle CJ, 1995, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V5, P273, DOI 10.1089/cap.1995.5.273 *NAT I MENT HLTH, 1985, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOBY B, V21 PURDON SE, 1994, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V39, P400 RITVO ER, 1970, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V23, P566 VANHEMERT JCJ, 1975, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V52, P237 VANDENBORRE R, 1993, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V87, P167 Woerner MG, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V153, P843 NR 16 TC 33 Z9 33 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 229 EP 233 DI 10.1023/A:1026069421988 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600007 PM 9656134 ER PT J AU Raja, M Azzoni, A Giammarco, V AF Raja, M Azzoni, A Giammarco, V TI Diabetes insipidus and polydipsia in a patient with Asperger's disorder and an Empty Sella: A case report SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Autism; Asperger's disorder; diabetes insipidus; empty sella; polydipsia ID LEARNING-DISABILITIES; PSYCHIATRIC-PATIENTS; WATER-INTOXICATION; RIGHT-HEMISPHERE; AUTISM AB The paper describes a patient with Asperger disorder, Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI) and Primary Empty Sella (ES). His response to vasopressin treatment suggested a concomitant presence of primary polydipsia. This is the first reported case of an autistic spectrum disorder associated with NDI or ES. The implications of the observed cooccurence of these relatively rare disorders are discussed in relation to diagnosis and pathogenesis. C1 Osped Santo Spirito, Dipartimento Salute Mentale, I-00136 Rome, Italy. RP Raja, M (reprint author), Osped Santo Spirito, Dipartimento Salute Mentale, Via Prisciano 26,CAP, I-00136 Rome, Italy. 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P, 1989, NONVERBAL LEARNING D SMALLEY SL, 1988, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V45, P953 SZATMARI P, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1662, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199512000-00017 SZATMARI P, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P709 TANTAM D, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P245, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00713.x VOKES TJ, 1988, ENDOCRIN METAB CLIN, V17, P281 VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 WEINTRAUB S, 1983, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V40, P463 WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 235 EP 239 DI 10.1023/A:1026021506058 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600008 PM 9656135 ER PT J AU Koegel, RL Camarata, S Koegel, LK Ben-Tall, A Smith, AE AF Koegel, RL Camarata, S Koegel, LK Ben-Tall, A Smith, AE TI Increasing speech intelligibility in children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE speech intelligibility; naturalistic approach; analog approach; autism; pivotal response ID LANGUAGE AB Accumulating studies are documenting specific motivational variables that, when combined into a naturalistic teaching paradigm, reliably influence the effectiveness of language teaching interactions for children with autism. However, the effectiveness of this approach has not yet been assessed with respect to improving speech intelligibility. The purpose of this study was to systematically compare two intervention conditions, a Naturalistic approach (which incorporated motivational variables) vs. an Analog (more traditional, structured) approach, with developmentally similar speech sounds equated within and across conditions for each child. Data indicate that although both methods effectively increased correct production of the target sounds under some conditions, functional use of the target sounds in conversation occurred only when the naturalistic procedures were used during intervention. Results are discussed in terms of pivotal variables that may produce improvements in speech sounds during conversational speech. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN USA. RP Koegel, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. 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PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1023/A:1026073522897 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600009 PM 9656136 ER PT J AU Assumpcao, FB AF Assumpcao, FB TI Brief report: A case of chromosome 22 alteration associated with autistic syndrome SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; CHILDREN; ABNORMALITIES; POPULATION C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Child & Adolescent Ctr, Inst Psychiat, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Assumpcao, FB (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Child & Adolescent Ctr, Inst Psychiat, Sao Paulo, Brazil. CR ABRAMS N, 1971, J GENET PSYCHOL, V118, P13 *AM PSYCH ASS, 1989, MAN DIAGN EST DIST M American Psychiatric Association, 1995, MAN DIAGN EST TRANST BEILGUELMAN B, 1982, CITOGENETICA HUMANA BIESELE JJ, 1962, LANCET, V1, P403 BLOOMQUIST HK, 1985, CLIN GENETIC, V27, P113 BOLTON P, 1990, International Review of Psychiatry, V2, P67, DOI 10.3109/09540269009028273 Coleman M., 1976, AUTISTIC SYNDROMES DEYKIN EY, 1980, AM J DIS CHILD, V134, P860 FINEGAN JA, 1979, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V20, P119, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1979.tb00492.x GILLBERG C, 1990, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V81, P209, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06482.x Gillberg C., 1992, BIOL AUTISTIC SYNDRO GILLBERG C, 1992, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCANDI GILLBERG C, 1985, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V27, P293 GILLBERG C, 1989, ACTA PAEDIATR SCAND, V78, P314, DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11076.x HANSEN A, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P263, DOI 10.1007/BF01539002 KERBESHIAN J, 1990, J MENT DEFIC RES, V34, P205 LI SY, 1993, HUM GENET, V92, P441, DOI 10.1007/BF00216447 LOMBROSO PJ, 1994, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V33, P921, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199409000-00001 PUESCHEL SM, 1991, HDB MENTAL RETARDATI RASMUSSEN K, 1976, HEREDITAS, V82, P37 RIIKONEN R, 1981, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V23, P747 RITVO ER, 1990, AM J PSYCHIAT, V147, P1614 RUTTER M, 1981, AM J PSYCHIAT, V138, P1533 SANKAR DVS, 1970, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V12, P572 SHEPARD TH, 1986, MENTAL RETARDATION R, P105 SMITH DW, 1989, SINDROMES MALFORMACO STEFFENBURG S, 1991, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V33, P495 VORHEES CV, 1986, MENTAL RETARDATION R, P49 NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 253 EP 256 PG 4 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600010 PM 9656137 ER PT J AU Volkmar, F AF Volkmar, F TI Ask the Editor SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID DSM-IV; AUTISM CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bristol MM, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P121, DOI 10.1007/BF02172002 Greenspan S. I., 1997, J DEV LEARNING DISOR, V1, P87 LORD C, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P1065 *NAT CTR CLIN INF, 1994, DIAGN CLASS 0 3 Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 RUTTER M, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P139, DOI 10.1007/BF01537863 Volkmar FR, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P779, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01474.x VOLKMAR FR, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1361 *WHO, 1993, INT CLASS DIS DRAFT NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 269 EP 270 DI 10.1023/A:1026033808784 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZX092 UT WOS:000074478600014 PM 9656140 ER PT J AU Rogers, SJ AF Rogers, SJ TI Empirically supported comprehensive treatments for young children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; FOLLOW-UP; DISORDERS; MODEL AB Describes treatment of autism, a severe, chronic developmental disorder that results in significant lifelong disability for most persons, with few persons ever functioning in an independent and typical lifestyle. Within the past decade, a number of studies have reported significant changes in the outcomes of very young children with autism following intensive comprehensive treatment. The criteria for empirically supported treatments, as described by Lonigan, Elbert, and Johnson (this issue), were applied to reports of eight treatment efficacy studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Whereas positive outcomes are reported in every case, the field does not yet have a treatment that meets the present criteria for well-established or probably efficacious treatment. Hypothesized variables affecting outcomes that need to be rigorously tested include age at start of treatment, type of treatment used, intensity of treatment, and IQ and language levels at the start of treatment. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Rogers, SJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Box C-234,4200 E 9th, Denver, CO 80262 USA. EM sally.rogers@uchsc.edu CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 Bondy A. 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I., 1981, TEACHING DEV DISABLE LOVAAS OI, 1973, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V6, P131, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1973.6-131 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MESIBOV GB, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P379 MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 Ozonoff S, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P25, DOI 10.1023/A:1026006818310 Rogers S., 1988, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V10, P135 Rogers S. J., 1987, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V11, P180 ROGERS SJ, 1991, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V11, P29 ROGERS SJ, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P207, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198903000-00010 Schreibman L., 1988, AUTISM Sheinkopf SJ, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P15, DOI 10.1023/A:1026054701472 Smith T., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P45 Strain P. S., 1996, PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATME, P573, DOI 10.1037/10196-022 THORP DM, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P265, DOI 10.1007/BF02179288 NR 35 TC 174 Z9 175 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0047-228X J9 J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL JI J. Clin. Child Psychol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 168 EP 179 DI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_4 PG 12 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZU759 UT WOS:000074231700004 PM 9648034 ER PT J AU Sigafoos, J AF Sigafoos, J TI Assessing conditional use of graphic mode requesting in a young boy with autism SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND PHYSICAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article DE augmentative communication; graphic mode; generalized requesting; conditional discrimination; autism ID SIGN LANGUAGE; COMMUNICATION; ACQUISITION; CHILDREN; STUDENTS; DISABILITIES; RETARDATION AB The present study focused on conditional use of generalized requesting in a 6-year-old boy with autism and severe communication impairment Conditional use was defined as pointing to a generalized request symbol "WANT" when preferred items were placed out of reach, but reaching directly for items that were within reach. Baseline observations indicated that the child reached for, but did not request each of three preferred objects. Generalized requesting was acquired during the subsequent intervention phase. Conditional use was then assessed when preferred items were presented within reach and then out of reach. The child frequently pointed to the "WANT" symbol even when the preferred item was within reach, suggesting overgeneralization of requesting. Conditional use was then established by alternating placement of items on a trial-by-trial basis and with differential reinforcement for reaching and requesting. Results highlight the need to assess conditional use of augmentative communication. CR Albin R. W., 1988, GENERALIZATION MAINT, P99 *AM ASS MENT RET, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Association on Mental Retardation, 1992, MENT RET DEF CLASS S BARLOW DH, 1984, SINGLE CASE EXPT DES Bebko J. 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F., 1957, VERBAL BEHAV Sundberg M L, 1993, Anal Verbal Behav, V11, P99 SUNDBERG ML, 1990, TEACHING VERBAL BEHA Turnell Ruth, 1994, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, V19, P193 WOLFSCHEIN EG, 1992, DEV DIS B, V20, P13 YAMAMOTO J, 1988, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V21, P57, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-57 NR 45 TC 11 Z9 12 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1056-263X J9 J DEV PHYS DISABIL JI J. Dev. Phys. Disabil. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 133 EP 151 DI 10.1023/A:1022813315683 PG 19 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA ZK983 UT WOS:000073387200002 ER PT J AU Hilty, DM Rodriguez, GD Hales, RE AF Hilty, DM Rodriguez, GD Hales, RE TI Intravenous valproate for rapid stabilization of agitation in neuropsychiatric disorders SO JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Letter ID AUTISM C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Hilty, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. CR ALEXOPOULOS GS, IN PRESS J CLIN PSYC AMAN MG, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1672, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199512000-00018 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BIGGS CS, 1992, J NEUROCHEM, V59, P1702, DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb11001.x DUBIN WR, 1988, J CLIN PSYCHIAT S, V48, P5 GILMAN JT, 1995, ANN PHARMACOTHER, V29, P47 HUSSEIN Z, 1993, BIOPHARM DRUG DISPOS, V14, P389, DOI 10.1002/bdd.2510140505 LOTT AD, 1995, J NEUROPSYCH CLIN N, V7, P314 Maes M, 1997, PSYCHIAT RES, V71, P67, DOI 10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00046-2 MAZURE CM, 1992, J AM GERIATR SOC, V40, P914 Silver J M, 1991, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, V3, pS22 NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 PU AMER PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION PI WASHINGTON PA 1400 K ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0895-0172 J9 J NEUROPSYCH CLIN N JI J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 365 EP 366 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA 106GJ UT WOS:000075121300015 PM 9706547 ER PT J AU Koegel, LK Stiebel, D Koegel, RL AF Koegel, LK Stiebel, D Koegel, RL TI Reducing aggression in children with autism toward infant or toddler siblings SO JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PERSONS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS LA English DT Article DE autism; functional assessment; home intervention; parent-professionaI relations; parents ID BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS; STRESS PROFILES; MOTHERS AB Children with autism often lack appropriate means to communicate and may rely an aggression and other disruptive behaviors to express their needs. This may be a particularly serious problem when aggression occurs toward an infant or toddler, who could be severely injured by an older sibling. This study examined the use of functional assessment and individualized parent-implemented intervention plans in the home setting, including functional communication training with relevant ecological manipulations. Data were collected in the context of a multiple baseline design across three families. The results showed that after the intervention there were: (1) large reductions in the children's aggression toward their infant or toddler sibling, (2) increases in parent and child happiness level, and (3) increases in strangers' level of comfort with respect to interacting with the family. The results are discussed in terms of improving the overall quality of life for families of children with autism. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Koegel, RL (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Counseling Clin Sch Psychol Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. CR Albin R. 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Handicap PD SUM PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.2511/rpsd.23.2.111 PG 8 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 144AM UT WOS:000077290300003 ER PT J AU Lombard, J AF Lombard, J TI Autism: a mitochondrial disorder? SO MEDICAL HYPOTHESES LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE AB Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by disturbance in language, perception and socialization. A variety of biochemical, anatomical and neuroradiographical studies imply a disturbance of brain energy metabolism in autistic patients. The underlying etiology of a disturbed bioenergetic metabolism in autism is unknown. A likely etiological possibility may involve mitochondrial dysfunction with concomitant defects in neuronal oxidative phosphorylation within the central nervous system. This hypothesis is supported by a frequent association of lactic acidosis and carnitine deficiency in autistic patients. Mitochondria are vulnerable to a wide array of endogenous and exogenous factors which appear to be linked by excessive nitric oxide production. Strategies to augment mitochondrial function, either by decreasing production of endogenous toxic metabolites, reducing nitric oxide production, or stimulating mitochondrial enzyme activity may be beneficial in the treatment of autism. C1 Westchester Sq Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. RP Lombard, J (reprint author), Westchester Sq Med Ctr, 3175 E Tremont Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA. 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Hypotheses PD JUN PY 1998 VL 50 IS 6 BP 497 EP 500 DI 10.1016/S0306-9877(98)90270-5 PG 4 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZX659 UT WOS:000074541100009 PM 9710323 ER PT J AU Gordon, I AF Gordon, I TI Cerebral imaging in paediatrics SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE brain radionuclide imaging; cerebrovascular circulation; child; neurology; psychiatry; neurosurgery ID EMISSION COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; TC-99M HMPAO SPECT; BLOOD-FLOW; BRAIN-DEATH; TECHNETIUM-99M-HMPAO; MIGRAINE; CHILDHOOD; CHILDREN; PALSY AB Radioisotope brain imaging has focused mainly on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). However the use of Ligands which go to specific receptor sites is being introduced in paediatrics, mainly psychiatry. rCBF is potentially available in many institutions, especially with the availability of multi-headed gamma cameras. The use of this technique in paediatrics requires special attention to detail in the manner of data acquisition and handling the child. The interpretation of the rCBF study in a child requires knowledge of normal brain maturation. The major clinical use in paediatrics is epilepsy because of the advances in surgery and the frequency of complex partial seizures. Other indications in paediatric neurology include brain death, acute neurological loss including stroke, language disorders, cerebral palsy, hypertension due to renovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and migraine. There are paediatric psychological conditions in which rCBF has been undertaken, these include anorexia nervosa, autism, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD). Research using different ligands to specific receptor sites will also be reviewed in paediatrics. C1 Great Ormond St Hosp Children, London WC1N 3JH, England. RP Gordon, I (reprint author), Great Ormond St Hosp Children, Great Ormond St, London WC1N 3JH, England. 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RP Richmond, P (reprint author), Inst Child Hlth, Immunobiol Unit, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, England. 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CR BELTON NR, 1998, FORFAR ARNEILS TXB P, P1928 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 WARD AM, 1996, PRU HDB CLIN IMMUNOC, P335 ZILVA JF, 1989, CLIN CHEM DIAGNOSIS, P315 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1355 EP 1355 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79080-2 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400045 PM 9643816 ER PT J AU Walker, DR AF Walker, DR TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Cty Durham Hlth Author, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Durham DH1 5XZ, England. RP Walker, DR (reprint author), Cty Durham Hlth Author, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Durham DH1 5XZ, England. CR Murch S, 1998, LANCET, V351, P908, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70323-8 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P908, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70322-6 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1355 EP 1355 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)26018-1 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400044 PM 9643815 ER PT J AU Rouse, A AF Rouse, A TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter CR Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1356 EP 1356 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79082-6 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400047 PM 9643818 ER PT J AU Wakefield, AJ AF Wakefield, AJ TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, London NW3 2PF, England. Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Histopathol, London NW3 2PF, England. RP Wakefield, AJ (reprint author), Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, London NW3 2PF, England. CR 1998, GUT, V42, pA86 NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1356 EP 1356 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79083-8 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400048 ER PT J AU Walker-Smith, JA AF Walker-Smith, JA TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Dept Paediat Gastroenterol, London NW3 2QG, England. RP Walker-Smith, JA (reprint author), Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Dept Paediat Gastroenterol, London NW3 2QG, England. CR FOMBONNE A, 1998, LANCET, V351, P955 Lindley KJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P907, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70321-4 LIPSON A, 1990, CLIN RADIOL, V41, P5, DOI 10.1016/S0009-9260(05)80922-5 WALKERSMITH J, 1983, PRACTICAL PAEDIAT GA, P254 WILLIAMS CB, 1994, BAILLIERE CLIN GASTR, V8, P121, DOI 10.1016/S0950-3528(06)80022-9 1997, J PEDIAT GASTROENTER, V25, pS47 1998, GUT, V42, pA24 1997, J PEDIAT GASTROENTER, V25, pS48 1998, GUT, V42, pA85 1998, GUT, V42, pF93 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1356 EP 1357 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79084-X PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400049 PM 9643819 ER PT J AU Bhatt, R AF Bhatt, R TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter RP Bhatt, R (reprint author), 39 Rickmansworth Rd, Pinner HA5 3TE, England. CR CHANARIN I, 1990, MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMI, P34 HERBERT V, 1994, J ENDOCRINOL, V2, P139 LINDENBAUM J, 1994, J ENDOCRINOL, V1, P269 LINNELL JC, 1995, BAILLIERE CLIN HAEM, V8, P567, DOI 10.1016/S0950-3536(05)80221-5 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1357 EP 1357 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79085-1 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400050 PM 9643820 ER PT J AU Fisher, BL AF Fisher, BL TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Vaccine Informat Ctr, Vienna, VA 22180 USA. RP Fisher, BL (reprint author), Natl Vaccine Informat Ctr, 512 W Maple Ave ,206, Vienna, VA 22180 USA. CR Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1357 EP 1358 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79088-7 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400053 PM 9643822 ER PT J AU Linnell, J AF Linnell, J TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Dept Med, Inflammatory Bowel Dis Study Grp, London NW3 2QG, England. RP Linnell, J (reprint author), Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Dept Med, Inflammatory Bowel Dis Study Grp, London NW3 2QG, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1357 EP 1357 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79086-3 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400051 ER PT J AU Tettenborn, MA AF Tettenborn, MA TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Frimley Childrens Ctr, Surrey GU16 5AD, England. RP Tettenborn, MA (reprint author), Frimley Childrens Ctr, Surrey GU16 5AD, England. CR ANTHONY A, 1997, ENV MED CLIN PRACTIC, P263 JACKSON PG, 1981, LANCET, V1, P1285 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1357 EP 1357 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79087-5 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400052 PM 9643821 ER PT J AU Kiln, MR AF Kiln, MR TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Rosendale Surg, London SE21 8EZ, England. RP Kiln, MR (reprint author), Rosendale Surg, 103A Rosendale Rd, London SE21 8EZ, England. CR Payne C, 1998, LANCET, V351, P907, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70319-6 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9112 BP 1358 EP 1358 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79089-9 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZL499 UT WOS:000073439400054 PM 9643823 ER PT J AU Messerschmitt, P AF Messerschmitt, P TI Autism: Exclusion, research SO A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT LA French DT Editorial Material NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU P D G COMMUNICATION PI PARIS PA 30 RUE D ARMAILLE, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0999-792X J9 ANAE JI A N A E-Approche Neuropsychol. Apprentiss. Enfant PD MAY PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 39 EP 39 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 101XX UT WOS:000074894400001 ER PT J AU Roge, B Fombonne, E AF Roge, B Fombonne, E TI Autism: Study on molecular genetics led by an international consortium delivers some preliminary results SO A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT LA French DT Article C1 Univ Toulouse Mirail, Toulouse, France. CHU Toulouse, Unite Daignost & Evaluat Autisme, Toulouse, France. Univ London, MBC, Inst Psychiat, London WC1E 7HU, England. CR Bailey A, 1998, HUM MOL GENET, V7, P571 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU P D G COMMUNICATION PI PARIS PA 30 RUE D ARMAILLE, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0999-792X J9 ANAE JI A N A E-Approche Neuropsychol. Apprentiss. Enfant PD MAY PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 40 EP 41 PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 101XX UT WOS:000074894400002 ER PT J AU Wetherby, AM Prizant, BM Hutchinson, TA AF Wetherby, AM Prizant, BM Hutchinson, TA TI Communicative, social/affective, and symbolic profiles of young children with autism and pervasive developmental disorders SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autism; communicative; social; symbolic; PDD (pervasive developmental disorder) ID JOINT ATTENTION; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; SKILLS; PLAY AB Research on children with autism and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) has identified deficits and differences in social-communicative and related symbolic abilities. This includes a limited range of communicative functions, limited ability to use conventional preverbal and verbal means of communicating, lack of pretend play, and limited use of shared positive affect and eye gaze to regulate communicative interactions. However, most previous research has studied older preschool and school-age children and has measured one aspect of social skills. This study examined developmental profiles of two groups of young children with atypical language development using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS; Wetherby & Prizant, 1993). One group had been diagnosed with PDD (APA, 1994) and the second group had developmental language delays where the diagnosis of PDD had been ruled out. The results indicated that CSBS profiles of the group with PDD reflected a distinct pattern of relative strengths and weaknesses that was substantially different from the other group on 15 of the 22 CSBS scales. Significant differences were found in the clusters of communicative functions, gestural communicative means, reciprocity, social/affective signaling, and symbolic behavior. The younger children in the PDD group showed results similar to the older children, with more pronounced deficits in vocal and verbal means. Correlational findings indicate three clusters of impairments involving joint attention, symbolic play, and social/affective signaling. The implications of these findings are discussed in regard to earlier identification and intervention planning. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Emerson Coll, Boston, MA 02116 USA. Appl Symbolix Publishing Grp, Chicago, IL USA. RP Wetherby, AM (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, RRC-318, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. 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PD MAY PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 79 EP 91 PG 13 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA ZM893 UT WOS:000073586900008 ER PT J AU Bailey, A Luthert, P Dean, A Harding, B Janota, I Montgomery, M Rutter, M Lantos, P AF Bailey, A Luthert, P Dean, A Harding, B Janota, I Montgomery, M Rutter, M Lantos, P TI A clinicopathological study of autism SO BRAIN LA English DT Article DE autism; neuropathology; megalencephaly; cortical dysgenesis ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT; MENTAL-RETARDATION; CEREBRAL-CORTEX; PURKINJE-CELLS; BRAIN; CEREBELLAR; HIPPOCAMPUS; ABNORMALITIES AB A neuropathological study of autism was established and brain tissue examined from six mentally handicapped subjects with autism. Clinical and educational records were obtained and standardized diagnostic interviews conducted with the parents of cases not seen before death, Four of the six brains were megalencephalic, and areas of cortical abnormality were identified in four cases, There were also developmental abnormalities of the brainstem, particularly of the inferior olives. Purkinje cell number was reduced in all the adult cases, and this reduction was sometimes accompanied by gliosis. The findings do not support previous claims of localized neurodevelopmental abnormalities. They do point to the likely involvement of the cerebral cortex in autism. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Psychiat, Dept Neuropathol, London SE5 8AF, England. Inst Child Hlth, Dept Histopathol, London, England. RP Bailey, A (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. RI Rutter, Michael/C-8570-2013; Bailey, Anthony/J-2860-2014 OI Bailey, Anthony/0000-0003-4257-972X CR ARIN D M, 1991, Neurology, V41, P307 BACHEVALIER J, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P627, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90025-6 Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BAILEY A, 1996, BRAIN IMAGING PSYCHI, P301 BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BAILEY A, 1993, LANCET, V341, P1225, DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91065-T BAUMAN M, 1985, NEUROLOGY, V35, P866 BAUMAN ML, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P791 Bauman ML, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P199, DOI 10.1007/BF02172012 Blaschke AJ, 1996, DEVELOPMENT, V122, P1165 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Brodal A, 1940, ARCH NEURO PSYCHIATR, V43, P46 Caviness V. 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Deficits in this area, sometimes known as theory-of-mind (ToM) deficits, have been identified as playing a possible causal role in autism, Asperger's syndrome and schizophrenic disorders, particularly paranoia. Paranoia has also been associated with an abnormal attributional style, an observation that suggests that ToM and attributional processes may be related phenomena. This paper describes a study examining the relationship between attributional processes and ToM deficits. Seventy-seven undergraduate participants completed a ToM task and forty-six also completed the Internal,Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire (IPSAQ). ToM deficits were associated with an increased tendency to identify other individuals as responsible for negative social situations. The implications of the observed relationship between attributions and ToM deficits are discussed. C1 Univ Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirm, Dept Clin Psychol, Manchester M13 9WL, Lancs, England. Univ Liverpool, Dept Psychol, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. Univ Liverpool, Dept Clin Psychol, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Kinderman, P (reprint author), Univ Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirm, Dept Clin Psychol, Rawnsley Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WL, Lancs, England. 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PD MAY PY 1998 VL 89 BP 191 EP 204 PN 2 PG 14 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA ZT199 UT WOS:000074059600002 ER PT J AU Klin, A Volkmar, FR Sparrow, SS Cicchetti, DV AF Klin, A Volkmar, FR Sparrow, SS Cicchetti, DV TI Neuropsychological profiles in high-functioning autism (HFA) and Asperger syndrome (AS) SO CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU SWETS ZEITLINGER PUBLISHERS PI LISSE PA P O BOX 825, 2160 SZ LISSE, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1637 J9 CLIN NEUROPSYCHOL JI Clin. Neuropsychol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 267 EP 267 PG 1 WC Psychology, Clinical; Clinical Neurology; Psychology SC Psychology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 113VH UT WOS:000075574200064 ER PT J AU Celiberti, D AF Celiberti, D TI Children with autism: A developmental perspective SO CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Book Review C1 Rutgers State Univ, Autism Program, Grad Sch Appl & Profess Psychol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Celiberti, D (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Autism Program, Grad Sch Appl & Profess Psychol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. CR Capps L., 1997, CHILDREN AUTISM DEV NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0010-7549 J9 CONTEMP PSYCHOL JI Comtemp. Psychol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 43 IS 5 BP 344 EP 345 PG 2 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA ZM091 UT WOS:000073503800020 ER PT J AU Lee, K Eskritt, M Symons, LA Muir, D AF Lee, K Eskritt, M Symons, LA Muir, D TI Children's use of triadic eye gaze information for "mind reading" SO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JOINT VISUAL-ATTENTION; KNOWLEDGE; INFANTS; MECHANISMS; 2-YEAR-OLD; CONTACT; BELIEFS; AUTISM; FOCUS; FACES AB Five experiments examined children's use of eye gaze information for "mind-reading" purposes, specifically, for inferring another person's desire. When presented with static displays in the first 3 experiments, only by 4 years of age did children use another person's eye direction to infer desires, although younger children could identify the person's focus of attention. Further, 3-year-olds were capable of inferring desire from other nonverbal cues, such as pointing (Experiment 3). When eye gaze was presented dynamically with several other scaffolding cues (Experiment 4), 2- and 3-year-olds successfully used eye gaze for desire inference. Scaffolding cues were removed in Experiment 5, and 2- and 3-year-olds still performed above chance in using eye gaze. Results suggest that 2-year-olds are capable of using eye gaze alone to infer about another's desire. The authors propose that the acquisition of the ability to use attentional cues to infer another's mental state may involve both an association process and a differentiation process. C1 Queens Univ, Dept Psychol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Queens Univ, Dept Psychol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. CR AKHTAR N, 1991, J CHILD LANG, V18, P41 Argyle Michael, 1976, GAZE AND MUTUAL GAZE ASTINGTON JW, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P7 Baldwin D. A., 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS, p131 Baldwin D. 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R., 1984, LOOKING SEEING ROLE SIEGAL M, 1991, COGNITION, V38, P1, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90020-5 SYMONS LA, 1996, INFANT BEHAV DEV, V19, P770 TOMASELLO M, 1995, COGNITIVE DEV, V10, P201, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90009-8 Tomasello M., 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS, P103 VECERA SP, 1995, VIS COGN, V2, P101 Wellman H. M., 1990, CHILDS THEORY MIND WELLMAN HM, 1990, COGNITION, V35, P245, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90024-E NR 56 TC 58 Z9 59 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0012-1649 J9 DEV PSYCHOL JI Dev. Psychol. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 525 EP 539 DI 10.1037//0012-1649.34.3.525 PG 15 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZM034 UT WOS:000073498100013 PM 9597362 ER PT J AU Gupta, S Aggarwal, S Rashanravan, B Lee, T AF Gupta, S Aggarwal, S Rashanravan, B Lee, T TI Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in autism SO JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokines; autism; Th1/Th2 cells; TC1/TC2 cells ID CHILDREN; ANTIBODIES AB Th1-like (IL-2, IFN-gamma) and Th2-like (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) cytokines were examined in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in children with autism. Intracellular cytokines were measured using specific antibodies to various cytokines and anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies by FACScan. Proportions of IFN-gamma(+)CD4(+) T cells and IL-2(+)CD4(+) T cells (Th1), and IFN-gamma(+)CD8(+) and IL-2(+)CD8(+) T cells (TC1) were significantly lower in autistic children as compared to healthy controls. In contrast, IL-4(+)CD4(+) T cells (Th2) and IL-4(+)CD8(+) T cells (TC2) were significantly increased in autism. The proportions of IL-6(+) CD4(+), IL-6(+)CD8(+) and IL-10(+)CD4(+), IL-10(+)CD8(+) T cells were comparable in autism and control group. These data suggest that an imbalance of Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in autism may play a role in the pathogenesis of autism. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Med, Div Basic & Clin Immunol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Gupta, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Med, Div Basic & Clin Immunol, Med Sci C,C-240, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. 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Neuroimmunol. PD MAY 1 PY 1998 VL 85 IS 1 BP 106 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00021-6 PG 4 WC Immunology; Neurosciences SC Immunology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZR945 UT WOS:000074032100013 PM 9627004 ER PT J AU McDougle, CJ Epperson, CN Price, LH Gelernter, J AF McDougle, CJ Epperson, CN Price, LH Gelernter, J TI Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) and obsessive compulsive disorder SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE obsessive-compulsive disorder; linkage disequilibrium; TDT; serotonin transporter; association ID DOUBLE-BLIND; AUTISTIC DISORDER; FLUVOXAMINE; PLACEBO; REGION; FAMILY; ADULTS; SCALE AB Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent and intrusive thoughts that are distressing (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform (compulsions), OCD has a partly genetic basis. For treatment of OCD, potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) drugs (clomipramine (Anafranil), fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil)), which act on the serotonin transporter protein, are uniquely efficacious, A polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene (SLC6A4) encoding this protein,(1) was recently reported to affect protein expression and to be associated with measures of anxiety and depression(2) and with autism (using a family-controlled transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) design).(3) SLC6A4 therefore has strong a priori support for potentially influencing risk for OCD: the protein it encodes is a medication target; a polymorphism in the gene affects function; and that polymorphism has been shown to be associated with behavioral phenotypes. We used the TDT with a set of 34 European-American family trios, 30 unrelated and four drawn from an extended pedigree, to test for linkage disequilibrium between OCD and alleles at the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphic locus. Of 35 heterozygous parents, 24 transmitted the 'I' SLC6A4 allele and 11 transmitted the 's' allele (chi(TDT)(2) = 4.83; P<0.03). Considering only the 13 SRI drug nonresponders, there were 13 heterozygous parents, of whom 10 transmitted the 'I' allele and three the 's' allele (chi(TDT)(2) = 3.77; P<0.052), These data provide preliminary support for association and linkage disequilibrium between the SLC6A4 'I' allele and OCD. C1 VA Ct Healthcare Syst W Haven, W Haven, CT 06516 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT USA. Connecticut Mental Hlth Ctr, Abraham Ribicoff Res Facil, Clin Neurosci Res Unit, New Haven, CT 06519 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Gelernter, J (reprint author), VA Ct Healthcare Syst W Haven, 950 Campbell Ave,W Haven Campus, W Haven, CT 06516 USA. 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Psychiatr. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 3 IS 3 BP 270 EP 273 DI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000391 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZR702 UT WOS:000074005200020 PM 9672904 ER PT J AU David, AS AF David, AS TI Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Book Review RI David, Anthony/C-1315-2011 OI David, Anthony/0000-0003-0967-774X CR Baron-Cohen Simon, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS ESSAY NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0033-2917 J9 PSYCHOL MED JI Psychol. Med. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 749 EP 749 PG 1 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA ZP839 UT WOS:000073793600030 ER PT J AU Aronowitz, B AF Aronowitz, B TI Neuropsychological and soft sign findings in autism and Asperger's disorder SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 43 SU 8 MA 12 BP 4S EP 4S DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)90460-7 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZJ674 UT WOS:000073240700014 ER PT J AU Hollander, E Aronowitz, B DeCaria, C Wong, C Cartwright, C DelGuidice-Asch, G AF Hollander, E Aronowitz, B DeCaria, C Wong, C Cartwright, C DelGuidice-Asch, G TI Neurobiology and treatment of autism SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mt Sinai Med Ctr 1, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 43 SU 8 MA 10 BP 4S EP 4S DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)90458-9 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZJ674 UT WOS:000073240700012 ER PT J AU McDougle, CJ AF McDougle, CJ TI Neuropsychopharmacology of autism-spectrum disorders SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 43 SU 8 MA 11 BP 4S EP 4S DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)90459-0 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZJ674 UT WOS:000073240700013 ER PT J AU Schultz, RT AF Schultz, RT TI Neuroimaging studies in autism SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 43 SU 8 MA 13 BP 5S EP 5S DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)90461-9 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZJ674 UT WOS:000073240700015 ER PT J AU Wakefield, AJ Anthony, A Schepelmann, S Kawashima, H Sim, R Khan, K Murch, SH Dhillon, AP Montgomery, SM Thomson, MA Thomas, J Walker-Smith, JA AF Wakefield, AJ Anthony, A Schepelmann, S Kawashima, H Sim, R Khan, K Murch, SH Dhillon, AP Montgomery, SM Thomson, MA Thomas, J Walker-Smith, JA TI Persistent measles virus (MV) infection and immunodeficiency in children with autism, ileo-colonic lymphonodular hyperplasia and non-specific colitis. SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Inflammatory Bowel Dis Study Grp, London, England. Tokyo Med Coll, Dept Paediat, Tokyo 160, Japan. RI Dhillon, Amar/C-5619-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD APR 15 PY 1998 VL 114 IS 4 SU S MA G1754 BP A430 EP A431 PN 2 PG 2 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA ZH263 UT WOS:000073089601743 ER PT J AU Thomas, SE Kelly, SJ Mattson, SN Riley, EP AF Thomas, SE Kelly, SJ Mattson, SN Riley, EP TI Comparison of social abilities of children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those of children with similar IQ scores and normal controls SO ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE prenatal alcohol exposure; fetal alcohol syndrome; Vineland; social skills ID PRENATAL ALCOHOL; MIND; AUTISM; DEFICITS; EXPOSURE; AGE AB Children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were assessed with items from the social skills domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) via interviews with their caregivers, Their scores were compared with scores from children in two control groups. The control groups included children matched for IQ to the FAS group (specifically on verbal IQ, henceforth, the VIQ group) and children with IQ scores in the average to above-average range (normal control group). Forty-five children (age range, 5 years 7 months to 12 years 11 months) were assessed (n/group = 15). All groups differed with regard to social ability, as measured by the VABS (NC > VIQ > FAS), even when the effects of socioeconomic status were held constant. The three subdomains of the VABS social scale (interpersonal relationship skills, use of play and leisure time, and coping skills) were assessed, and results showed that the children with FAS were most impaired on the subdomain that assessed interpersonal relationship skills. An additional measure was constructed by obtaining an age-equivalent score for the VABS social scale and calculating a difference score by subtracting the child's chronological age from his/her age-equivalent score. There was a significant correlation between chronological age and difference scores for children in the FAS group but not for children in the two control groups. Specifically, in older children with FAS, there was an increased discrepancy between their ages and their age-equivalent scores, a discrepancy that was not present in children in the control groups. These results suggest that social deficits in children with FAS are beyond what can be explained by low IQ scores and indicate that there may be arrested, and not simply delayed, development of social abilities in children with FAS. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Inst Psychiat, Ctr Drug & Alcohol Programs, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Psychol, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. San Diego State Univ, Ctr Behav Teratol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Thomas, SE (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Inst Psychiat, Ctr Drug & Alcohol Programs, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. 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Other chromosome aberrations seen in single cases include a balanced 13;16 translocation, a pericentric inversion 12, a deletion of 20p, and a ring 7, Candidate genes involved in the 15q region affected by duplication and deletion include the ubiquitin-protein ligase (UBE3A) gene responsible for Angelman syndrome and genes for three GABA(A) receptor subunits, In all cases, the deletions or duplications occurred on the chromosome inherited from the mother. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Greenwood Genet Ctr, Greenwood, SC 29646 USA. William Hall Psychiat Inst, Columbia, SC USA. Montgomery Ctr Family Hlth, Greenwood, SC USA. S Carolina Dept Disabil & Special Needs, Div Autism, Columbia, SC USA. RP Stevenson, RE (reprint author), Greenwood Genet Ctr, 1 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646 USA. 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PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 76 IS 4 BP 327 EP 336 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<327::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-M PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA ZD076 UT WOS:000072649000008 PM 9545097 ER PT J AU Ermer, J Dunn, W AF Ermer, J Dunn, W TI The sensory profile: A discriminant analysis of children with and without disabilities SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY LA English DT Article DE attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity; autism; evaluation process, occupational therapy ID DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AB Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine which factors on the Sensory Profile, a measure of children's responses to commonly occurring sensory experiences, best discriminate among children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and children without disabilities. Method. Data for three groups of children 3 to 15 years of age were used: 38 children with autism or PDD, 61 with ADHD, and 1, 075 without disabilities. The researchers conducted a discriminate analysis on the three groups, using group membership as the dependent variable and the nine factors of the Sensory Profile as independent variables. Results. The analysis yielded two discriminant functions: one that differentiated children with disabilities from children without disabilities and another that differentiated the two groups of children with disabilities fr om each other. Nearly 90% of the cases were correctly classified with these two functions. Conclusion. The Sensory Profile is useful for discriminating certain groups of children with disabilities. Children with disabilities are accurately classified into disability categories with the factors described by previous authors. This suggests that patterns of behavior associated with certain developmental disorders are reflected in populations of children without disabilities. It may be the frequency or intensity of certain behaviors that differentiate the groups. C1 Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Child Dev Unit, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Occupat Therapy Educ, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. RP Ermer, J (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Child Dev Unit, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th AYRES AJ, 1980, AM J OCCUP THER, V34, P375 Ayres AJ, 1979, SENSORY INTEGRATION BARANEK GT, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P457, DOI 10.1007/BF02172128 BARKLEY RA, 1992, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V20, P163, DOI 10.1007/BF00916547 Bauer S, 1995, Pediatr Rev, V16, P130, DOI 10.1542/pir.16-4-130 BENNETT D, IN PRESS AM J OCCUPA Dunn W, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P490 CARTER CS, 1995, PSYCHIAT RES, V56, P59, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(94)02509-H DILALLA DL, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF02172092 DUNN W, 1994, AM J OCCUP THER, V48, P967 DUNN W, 1995, UNPUB SENSORY PROFIL Dunn W, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P25 Green S. B., 1997, USING SPSS WINDOWS Kientz MA, 1997, AM J OCCUP THER, V51, P530 LEUNG PWL, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1229, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01231.x Ornitz E. M., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P174 PIAGET J, 1952, ORIGINS INTELLIGENEC Portney L. G., 1993, FDN CLIN RES APPL PR REILLY M, 1974, PLAY EXPLORATORY BEH SCHACHAR R, 1995, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V23, P411, DOI 10.1007/BF01447206 Stevens J, 1992, APPL MULTIVARIATE ST, V2nd NR 22 TC 88 Z9 89 PU AMER OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSOC, INC PI BETHESDA PA 4720 MONTGOMERY LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3425 USA SN 0272-9490 J9 AM J OCCUP THER JI Am. J. Occup. Ther. PD APR PY 1998 VL 52 IS 4 BP 283 EP 290 PG 8 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA ZD566 UT WOS:000072699400007 PM 9544354 ER PT J AU Guerrini, R Bonanni, P Parmeggiani, L Santucci, M Parmeggiani, A Sartucci, F AF Guerrini, R Bonanni, P Parmeggiani, L Santucci, M Parmeggiani, A Sartucci, F TI Cortical reflex myoclonus in Rett Syndrome SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED-POTENTIALS; MAGNETIC STIMULATION; ABNORMALITIES; EPILEPSY; PROFILE; CORTEX; JERKS; BRAIN AB Rett syndrome (RS) is one of the most frequent causes of mental retardation in females. As there are no known biochemical, genetic, or morphological markers, diagnosis is based on clinical phenotype including severe dementia, autism, truncal ataxia/apraxia, loss of purposeful hand movements, breathing abnormalities, stereotypies, seizures, and extrapyramidal signs, Myoclonus, although reported in some series, has never been characterized. We studied 10 RS patients, age 3 to 20 years, and observed myoclonus in 9. Severity of myoclonus did not correlate with that of the other symptoms or with age. Multifocal, arrhythmic, and asynchronous jerks mainly involved distal limbs. Electromyographic bursts lasted 48 +/- 12 msec Burst-locked electroencephalographic averaging generated a contralateral centroparietal premyoclonus transient preceding the burst by 34 +/- 7.2 msec Motor evoked potentials showed normal latencies, indicating integrity of the corticospinal pathway. Somatosensory evoked potentials were enlarged. The C-reflex was hyperexcitable and markedly prolonged (62 +/- 4.3 msec), mainly due to increase in cortical relay time (28.4 +/- 4.5 msec). We conclude that RS patients show a distinctive pattern of cortical reflex myoclonus with prolonged intracortical delay of the long-loop reflex. C1 Univ Pisa, Inst Child Neurol & Psychiat, I-56018 Pisa, Italy. Univ Pisa, Med Res Inst, Stella Maris Fdn, I-56018 Pisa, Italy. Univ Pisa, Neurol Inst, Dept Neurosci, I-56018 Pisa, Italy. Univ Bologna, Inst Neurol, Dept Child Neurol & Psychiat, Bologna, Italy. RP Guerrini, R (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Inst Child Neurol & Psychiat, Via Giacinti 2, I-56018 Pisa, Italy. CR ARMSTRONG D, 1995, J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR, V54, P195, DOI 10.1097/00005072-199503000-00006 BARKER AT, 1985, LANCET, V1, P1106 BAUMAN ML, 1995, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V26, P105, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-979737 BELICHENKO PV, 1994, NEUROREPORT, V5, P1509, DOI 10.1097/00001756-199407000-00025 BROWN P, 1993, MOVEMENT DISORD, V8, P63, DOI 10.1002/mds.870080112 CORNFORD ME, 1994, J CHILD NEUROL, V9, P424 EYRE JA, 1990, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V53, P874, DOI 10.1136/jnnp.53.10.874 FITZGERALD PM, 1990, NEUROLOGY, V40, P293 FITZGERALD PM, 1990, MOVEMENT DISORD, V5, P195, DOI 10.1002/mds.870050303 GUERRINI R, 1996, ANN NEUROL, V39, P699 HAGBERG B, 1986, AM J MED GENET, V24, P47 Hagberg B, 1996, TRENDS IN CHILD NEUROLOGY - A FESTSCHRIFT FOR JEAN AICARDI, P143 HAGBERG B, 1983, ANN NEUROL, V14, P471, DOI 10.1002/ana.410140412 HALLETT M, 1979, NEUROLOGY, V29, P1107 HANEFELD F, 1995, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V26, P60, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-979722 Heinen F, 1996, NEUROPEDIATRICS, V27, P223, DOI 10.1055/s-2007-973794 IKEDA A, 1995, EVOKED POTENTIAL, V96, P300, DOI 10.1016/0168-5597(95)00003-B Marsden C. D., 1982, MOVEMENT DISORD, P196 NIEDERMEYER E, 1986, AM J MED GENET, V24, P195 OBESO JA, 1985, BRAIN, V108, P193, DOI 10.1093/brain/108.1.193 OLDFORS A, 1990, PEDIATR NEUROL, V6, P310, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(90)90022-S PERCY A, 1993, J CHILD NEUROL, V8, P97 Rett A, 1977, HDB CLIN NEUROLOGY, V29, P305 Rett A, 1966, Wien Med Wochenschr, V116, P723 ROLANDO S, 1985, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V7, P290 Rothwell J C, 1986, Adv Neurol, V43, P385 SHIBASAKI H, 1975, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V39, P455, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(75)90046-2 SHIBASAKI H, 1977, J NEUROL SCI, V34, P427, DOI 10.1016/0022-510X(77)90159-9 SHIBASAKI H, 1991, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V81, P31, DOI 10.1016/0168-5597(91)90101-3 SHIBASAKI H, 1985, BRAIN, V108, P225, DOI 10.1093/brain/108.1.225 SHIBASAKI H, 1978, BRAIN, V101, P447, DOI 10.1093/brain/101.3.447 THOMPSON PD, 1994, BRAIN, V117, P1197, DOI 10.1093/brain/117.5.1197 TREVATHAN E, 1988, ANN NEUROL, V23, P425 Uesaka Y, 1996, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V99, P141, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(96)95209-8 UOZUMI T, 1992, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V85, P273 WILKINS DE, 1984, NEUROLOGY, V34, P898 YAMANOUCHI H, 1993, PEDIATR NEUROL, V9, P202, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(93)90085-Q YOSHIKAWA H, 1991, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V13, P36 ZORI RT, 1992, J CHILD NEUROL, V7, P270 NR 39 TC 30 Z9 30 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0364-5134 J9 ANN NEUROL JI Ann. Neurol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 43 IS 4 BP 472 EP 479 DI 10.1002/ana.410430410 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZF997 UT WOS:000072954400009 PM 9546328 ER PT J AU Slaughter, V AF Slaughter, V TI Children's understanding of pictorial and mental representations SO CHILD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID AUTISM; MIND; BELIEFS; REALITY AB Two studies demonstrate dissociation between children's understanding of pictorial representations (photos and drawings) and mental representations (beliefs). In Study 1, 37 preschoolers were tested on false belief, appearance-reality, false photo, and false drawing tasks. The false picture tasks were significantly easier, and no correlation was found between children's performances on false belief and false picture tasks. Ln Study 2, 30 children who failed a false belief pretest were randomly assigned to 3 training groups: Belief (trained on false belief tasks), Picture (trained on false picture tasks), or Control (trained on number conservation tasks). Training was conducted in 2 sessions over the course of 2 weeks, tasks were presented and feedback was provided. All children were posttested on theory of mind tasks, false picture tasks, and a number conservation task. The posttest results showed differential patterns of performance, with the Belief group scoring highest on the theory of mind posttests, the Picture group scoring highest on the false picture posttests, and the Control group scoring highest on the number conservation posttest. Results are discussed with respect to competing models of theory of mind development. C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Psychol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Slaughter, V (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Sch Psychol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. CR Appelton M., 1996, SOCIAL DEV, V5, P275 Astington J. W., 1993, CHILDS DISCOVERY MIN BARONCOHEN S, 1994, CAH PSYCHOL COGN, V13, P513 BROWN AL, 1990, COGNITIVE SCI, V14, P107, DOI 10.1207/s15516709cog1401_6 CHARMAN T, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1105, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00929.x DELOACHE JS, 1991, CHILD DEV, V62, P736, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01566.x Flavell E., 1986, MONOGRAPHS SOC RES C, V51 FLAVELL JH, 1988, DEV THEORIES MIND FODOR JA, 1992, COGNITION, V44, P283, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90004-2 Frye D, 1995, COGNITIVE DEV, V10, P483, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90024-1 Gallistel C. 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L., 1985, CONTRAST ANAL FOCUSE Slaughter V, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P2967, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01898.x Wellman H. M., 1990, CHILDS THEORY MIND Wellman H. M., 1992, MIND LANG, V7, P145, DOI DOI 10.1111/J.1468-0017.1992.TB00202.X ZAITCHIK D, 1990, COGNITION, V35, P41, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90036-J NR 34 TC 41 Z9 42 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0009-3920 J9 CHILD DEV JI Child Dev. PD APR PY 1998 VL 69 IS 2 BP 321 EP 332 DI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06191.x PG 12 WC Psychology, Educational; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZK619 UT WOS:000073343300005 PM 9586208 ER PT J AU Roth, D Leslie, AM AF Roth, D Leslie, AM TI Solving belief problems: toward a task analysis SO COGNITION LA English DT Article DE theory of mind; childhood autism; conceptual development ID FALSE BELIEF; CHILDS THEORY; AUTISTIC-CHILD; MIND; REPRESENTATION; PRESCHOOLERS; UNDERSTAND; IGNORANCE; ATTENTION; DECEPTION AB Solving belief problems develops as a skill in normal children during the preschool years. To understand this process of development, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the tasks used to test preschool 'theory of mind' skills. This analysis should allow us to relate the structure of a given task to the underlying cognitive mechanisms that the task engages. In two experiments, we find that 3-year-old children show a pattern of success and failure on belief tasks that is not consistent with 'conceptual deficit' accounts. Young children possess the concept, BELIEF, but have certain characteristic difficulties with correctly calculating the contents of beliefs. In childhood autism, by contrast, the mechanisms that in normal development bestow conceptual competence in this domain are impaired. In the first experiment, parallel task structures are used to show that 3-year-olds are no better at predicting behavior from a partially true belief than they are at predicting behavior from an entirely false belief. We develop specific proposals about task structural factors that either facilitate or hinder success in belief-content calculation. These proposals are supported in a second experiment, We compare two false-belief tasks, one of which has helpful structural factors, the other of which has hampering factors, with a third task which exemplifies a hampering task structure but without any theory of mind content. We compare 3- and 4-year-olds' patterns of performance with that of autistic children. Each of the three groups shows a distinct performance profile across the three tasks, as predicted for each case by our model. Innate attentional mechanisms provide the conceptual foundations for 'theory of mind' but must be supplemented by a robust executive process that allows false beliefs to achieve 'conceptual pop-out.' Our approach has general implications for the study of conceptual development. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Ctr Cognit Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Psychol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. 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PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 223 EP 238 PG 16 WC Psychiatry; Psychology, Psychoanalysis SC Psychiatry; Psychology GA ZM992 UT WOS:000073597000003 ER PT J AU Gillberg, C AF Gillberg, C TI Neuropsychiatric disorders SO CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; TOURETTES-SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILDREN; ADHD; HYPERACTIVITY; ADOLESCENTS; POPULATION; ADULTS; SPECTRUM AB Neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood include autism spectrum disorders, disorders comprising attention deficits (attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and deficits in attention, motor control and perception), tics (motor or vocal, or both), and obsessions and compulsions (obsessive-compulsive disorder). They affect a small proportion of the child population. They can now reliably be diagnosed, and are valid and clinically meaningful conditions. Effective interventions are available for most of these disorders. (C) 1998 Rapid Science Ltd. 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Opin. Neurol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 11 IS 2 BP 109 EP 114 DI 10.1097/00019052-199804000-00005 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZD791 UT WOS:000072724800005 PM 9551289 ER PT J AU Pitts, DM AF Pitts, DM TI New horizons: family-based short breaks for people with Autism SO DISABILITY & SOCIETY LA English DT Book Review C1 Whitefield Sch & Ctr, Walthamstow E17 4AZ, England. RP Pitts, DM (reprint author), Whitefield Sch & Ctr, MacDonald Rd, Walthamstow E17 4AZ, England. CR CARE S, 1997, NEW HORIZONS FAMILY NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0968-7599 J9 DISABIL SOC JI Disabil. Soc. PD APR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 310 EP 311 PG 2 WC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA ZM526 UT WOS:000073549000016 ER PT J AU Gutierrez, GC Smalley, SL Tanguay, PE AF Gutierrez, GC Smalley, SL Tanguay, PE TI Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE tuberous sclerosis complex; autism; mental retardation; infantile spasms ID PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; INFANTILE SPASMS; FAMILY HISTORY; INDIVIDUALS; BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN; SCHEDULE; DISEASE; VERSION AB The frequency and clinical presentation of autism in 28 probands with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are reported and risk factors that may influence the development of autism in TSC are examined. Eight probands meet ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for autism, an additional 4 meet criteria for pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Twelve TSC probands with autism/PDD are compared to 16 TSC probands without these conditions for factors which may underlie the association of autism and TSC. A specific seizure type, infantile spasms, as well as mental retardation, are increased in the TSC, autistic/PDD group. Furthermore, rates of social phobia and substance abuse are elevated among first-degree relatives of TSC probands with autism compared to first-degree relatives of TSC probands without autism. Implications of these findings in understanding the association of autism and TSC are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Psychiat, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP Smalley, SL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Neuropsychiat, 760 Westwood Plaza,Room 47-438, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. 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PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 97 EP 103 DI 10.1023/A:1026032413811 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600002 PM 9586771 ER PT J AU Piven, J Bailey, J Ranson, BJ Arndt, S AF Piven, J Bailey, J Ranson, BJ Arndt, S TI No difference in hippocampus volume detected on magnetic resonance imaging in autistic individuals SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE hippocampus; magnetic resonance imaging; autism ID BRAIN STRUCTURE; MR-IMAGES; AREA AB Neuropathological and animal studies have implicated the hippocampus as having a potential role in autism. Current imaging methods are well suited to the detailed measurement of the volume of the hippocampus, which has received little attention in previous imaging studies in autism. We report the results of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of 35 autistic and 36 control subjects. 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PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 105 EP 110 DI 10.1023/A:1026084430649 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600003 PM 9586772 ER PT J AU Ghaziuddin, M Greden, J AF Ghaziuddin, M Greden, J TI Depression in children with autism pervasive developmental disorders: A case-control family history study SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE depression; autism; pervasive developmental disorders; family history ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; INDIVIDUALS; LIFE AB Limited information is available about the occurrence of depression in children with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Although depression has been described in autistic children, questions about its validity have often been raised One approach to address this issue is to investigate family histories of those autistic children diagnosed with clinical depression. Based on data available in nonautistic children, autistic children with depression would be expected to show an increased family history of depression. Since studies of this nature have not been attempted in autistic children, we compared the family history of 13 autistic/PDD children with depression (11 male; 2 female; M full-scale IQ 86.2, SD 24.2; M age 10.4 years, SD 2.2) with 10 autistic/PDD children without a history of current or previous depression (9 male; 1 female; M full-scale IQ 67, SD 12.9; M age 10.5 years, SD 1.6). Diagnosis of depression was based on the DSM-III-R criteria and confirmed independently by two psychiatrists. Ten (77%) of the depressed children had a positive family history of depression compared to 3 (30%) of the nondepressed group, t(21) = -2.4; p = .02. These findings lend support to the validity of depression as a distinct condition in some children with autism/PDD and suggest that, as in the normal population, autistic children who suffer from depression are more likely to have a family history of depression. C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Ghaziuddin, M (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Med, Taubman Ctr Box 0390,1500 E Med Ctr Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ANDREASEN NC, 1977, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V34, P1229 CLARKE DJ, 1989, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V155, P692 DELONG GR, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P593 GHAZIUDDIN M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P495, DOI 10.1007/BF02178296 GHAZIUDDIN M, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V159, P721, DOI 10.1192/bjp.159.5.721 Ghaziuddin M., 1992, EUROPEAN CHILD ADOLE, V1, P209 GILLBERG C, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P389, DOI 10.1007/BF01531783 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KRUG DA, 1980, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V21, P221, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x LAINHART JE, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P587, DOI 10.1007/BF02172140 Lord C, 1994, CHILD ADOLESCENT PSY PIVEN J, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P177, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199003000-00004 REALMUTO GM, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P517, DOI 10.1007/BF02206874 Reiss S., 1990, REISS SCALES CHILDRE RUTTER M, 1990, DEV PSYCHOL, V26, P60 SMALLEY SL, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P125 WEISSMAN MM, 1987, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V44, P847 YOUNG JG, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P613, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198709000-00002 NR 20 TC 47 Z9 47 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 111 EP 115 DI 10.1023/A:1026036514719 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600004 PM 9586773 ER PT J AU Hobson, RP Lee, A AF Hobson, RP Lee, A TI Hello and goodbye: A study of social engagement in autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; spontaneous gestures; interpersonal engagement ID SELF-RECOGNITION; JOINT ATTENTION; NORMAL-CHILDREN; EXPRESSION; EMOTION; COMMUNICATION; BEHAVIOR; ADULTS; PEOPLE AB We videotaped 24 children, adolescents, and young adults with autism, individually matched for chronological age and verbal mental age with 24 nonautistic persons with mental retardation, for their spontaneous and prompted greetings and farewells towards an unfamiliar adult. Compared with control subjects, those with autism were less likely to offer spontaneous verbal and nonverbal gestures of greeting and farewell, and were less likely to establish eye contact even when they were offered a greeting. There were also fewer autistic subjects who smiled, or who waved goodbye. Results corresponded with raters' subjective judgments of participants' interpersonal engagement with the stranger. One interpretation of the findings is that they reflect a relative lack of intersubjective engagement by autistic individuals. C1 Tavistock Clin, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, London NW3 5BA, England. UCL, Sch Med, London W1N 8AA, England. RP Hobson, RP (reprint author), Tavistock Clin, Dev Psychopathol Res Unit, 120 Belsize Lane, London NW3 5BA, England. CR Alvarez A., 1992, LIVE CO American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT ATTWOOD A, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P241, DOI 10.1007/BF02211950 Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER Bosch G., 1970, INFANTILE AUTISM CURCIO F, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01539631 DAWSON G, 1990, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V18, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF00916569 DAWSON G, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P383, DOI 10.1007/BF02409829 Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL Gomez J. C., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P397 Hauck M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P579, DOI 10.1007/BF02178189 Hobson R. P., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P204 Hobson R. P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P197, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000390 Hobson R. Peter, 1993, AUTISM DEV MIND HOBSON RP, 1993, PHILOS PSYCHOL, V6, P227, DOI 10.1080/09515089308573090 HOBSON RP, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1135, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00354.x HOBSON RP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P601, DOI 10.1007/BF02212860 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KASARI C, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P87, DOI 10.1007/BF02206859 Klein Melanie, 1975, LOVE GUILT REPARATIO, P219 LANDIS JR, 1977, BIOMETRICS, V33, P159, DOI 10.2307/2529310 Langdell T., 1981, THESIS U LONDON LORD C, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P611 LORD C, 1986, AUSTR J HUMAN COMMUN, V14, P33 Lord C., 1989, AUTISM NATURE DIAGNO, P326 LORD C, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P249, DOI 10.1007/BF01531658 MACDONALD H, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P865, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x MAGILL J, 1987, THESIS U ALBERTA MUNDY P, 1994, ROCHESTER S DEV PSYC, V5, P1 MUNDY P, 1995, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V7, P63 MUNDY P, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P657, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00190.x NEUMAN CJ, 1978, DEV PSYCHOBIOL, V11, P571, DOI 10.1002/dev.420110606 Phillips W, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1383, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01670.x PHILLIPS W, 1992, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V4, P375, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000845 Ricks DM, 1975, LANGUAGE COGNITIVE D, P75 Rogers S. J., 1991, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V3, P137, DOI DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000043 SIGMAN MD, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P796, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01662.x SNOW ME, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P836, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198726060-00006 TANTAM D, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P111, DOI 10.1007/BF01066422 Tantam D, 1992, Acta Paedopsychiatr, V55, P83 Trevarthen Colwyn, 1979, BEFORE SPEECH, P321 VOLKMAR FR, 1990, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P61 YIRMIYA N, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P725, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00785.x NR 43 TC 64 Z9 63 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 117 EP 127 DI 10.1023/A:1026088531558 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600005 PM 9586774 ER PT J AU Bacon, AL Fein, D Morris, R Waterhouse, L Allen, D AF Bacon, AL Fein, D Morris, R Waterhouse, L Allen, D TI The responses of autistic children to the distress of others SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE preschool children; autism; prosocial behavior ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; COMPREHENSION; EMPATHY; ATTENTION; ADULTS; LIFE AB The behavior of preschool children from five groups (developmental language disordered, high-functioning autistic, low-functioning autistic, mentally retarded, and normally developing) were coded in three situations: presentation of a nonsocial orienting stimulus (an unfamiliar noise) and two social situations involving simulated distress on the part of an adult with whom they were playing. Cognitive level was correlated with level of responsiveness to stimuli only for the two retarded groups (mentally retarded and low-functioning autistic). Girls showed more prosocial behavior than boys in both social situations, independent of diagnosis. The language-disordered children showed only mild and subtle social deficits. The low-functioning autistic children showed pronounced deficits in responding in all situations. The mentally retarded and high-functioning autistic children showed good awareness of all situations, but were moderately impaired in their ability to respond prosocially; they rarely initiated prosocial behavior, but did respond to specific prompts. The behavioral feature that marked both autistic groups, in contrast to all other groups, was a lack of social referencing; they did not tend to look toward an adult in the presence of an ambiguous and unfamiliar stimulus. Results are discussed in terms of variability between and among high- and low-functioning autistic children, and implications for the core deficits in autism. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT 06268 USA. Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Trenton State Coll, Trenton, NJ 08650 USA. Yeshiva Univ, Albert Einstein Coll Med, New York, NY 10033 USA. RP Fein, D (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT 06268 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Bachevalier J., 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM, P146 Baron-Cohen S, 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN Bauman ML, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM, P119 Bayley N., 1969, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT BRAVERMAN M, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P301, DOI 10.1007/BF02211848 CAPPS L, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P249, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004569 CAPPS L, 1993, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V61, P475, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.61.3.475 Cohen D. J., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P20 Dunn L. M., 1981, PEABODY PICTURE VOCA EISENBERG N, 1984, CHILD DEV, V55, P1479, DOI 10.2307/1130017 EISENBERGBERG N, 1980, CHILD DEV, V51, P552, DOI 10.2307/1129290 FEIN D, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1157, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00935.x FEIN D, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P198, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60227-2 FEINMAN S, 1982, MERRILL PALMER QUART, V28, P445 GARFIN DG, 1986, SOCIAL BEHAV AUTISM, P103 Hauck M, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P579, DOI 10.1007/BF02178189 Hendrick D. L., 1984, SEQUENCED INVENTORY Hobson R. P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P197, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000390 HOBSON RP, 1983, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V1, P343 HOBSON RP, 1984, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V14, P85, DOI 10.1007/BF02408558 HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P321, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P679 Howlin P, 1986, SOCIAL BEHAV AUTISM Hresko W. P., 1981, TEST EARLY LANGUAGE KASARI C, 1993, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V5, P403, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400004491 KASARI C, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P353, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00997.x Klinnert M., 1983, EMOTIONS EARLY DEV, V2 LORD C, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER LORD C, 1984, ALLIED DEV PSYCHOL, V1 MCHALE SM, 1983, AM J ORTHOPSYCHIAT, V53, P81 MCHALE SM, 1981, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V48, P263 MOORE C, 1994, DEV REV, V14, P349, DOI 10.1006/drev.1994.1014 MUNDY P, 1994, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V6, P389, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400006003 Mundy P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P173, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000365 Radke-Yarrow M., 1976, CHILD DEV, V47, P118, DOI [10.2307/1128290, DOI 10.2307/1128290] RAPIN I, 1996, CLIN DEV MED, V139 Reuter J., 1981, KENT SCORING ADAPTAT RHEINGOLD HL, 1976, CHILD DEV, V47, P1148, DOI 10.2307/1128454 ROSS HS, 1977, ADV STUDY COMMUNICAT, V3, P61 RUTTER M, 1983, HDB CHILD PSYCHOL, V4 RUTTER M, 1984, CHILD ADOLESCENT PSY, V2 SIGMAN MD, 1984, HDB AUTISM ATYPICAL SIGMAN MD, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P796, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01662.x Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE STAUB E, 1970, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V14, P130, DOI 10.1037/h0028752 Thorndike R. L., 1986, STANFORDBINET INTELL TREVARTHEN C., 1978, ACTION GESTURE SYMBO TREVARTHEN C, 1979, SPEECH BEGINNINGS IN TSAI L, 1992, HIGH FUNCTIONING IND UNGERER JA, 1981, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V20, P318, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60992-4 VOLKMAR FR, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER WING L, 1980, EARLY CHILDHOOD AUTI YARROW MR, 1973, DEV PSYCHOL, V8, P240, DOI 10.1037/h0034159 YIRMIYA N, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P150, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03603.x ZAHNWAXLER C, 1990, MOTIV EMOTION, V14, P107, DOI 10.1007/BF00991639 ZAHNWAXLER C, 1992, DEV PSYCHOL, V28, P1038, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.28.6.1038 ZAHNWAXLER C, 1992, DEV PSYCHOL, V28, P126, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.126 NR 58 TC 73 Z9 75 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 129 EP 142 DI 10.1023/A:1026040615628 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600006 PM 9586775 ER PT J AU Pilowsky, T Yirmiya, N Shulman, C Dover, R AF Pilowsky, T Yirmiya, N Shulman, C Dover, R TI The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: Differences between diagnostic systems and comparison between genders SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; diagnosis; Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised; Childhood Autism Rating Scale ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; SEX-DIFFERENCES; INSTRUMENTS; BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN AB Diagnoses for autism based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were examined for 83 individuals with suspected autism. Agreement between systems reached 85.7%. Participants receiving diagnosis of autism based on only one system were significantly younger in age than individuals receiving diagnoses according to both systems. Individuals who did not receive diagnosis of autism on the ADI-R had lower chronological and mental ages and lower CARS scores compared to individuals who received diagnosis of autism based on the ADI-R. Eighteen females and 18 males were matched to examine possible gender differences. No significant findings were revealed, suggesting that the symptoms of autism according to the ADI-R and CARS do not differ between males and females when matched for chronological and mental ages. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychol, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Sch Educ, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Yirmiya, N (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychol, Mt Scopus, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel. CR CATTELL P, 1960, MEASUREMENT INTELLIG Coleman M., 1978, AUTISM REAPPRAISAL C DILALLA DL, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF02172092 FLEISS JL, 1981, APPL PSYCH MEAS, V5, P105, DOI 10.1177/014662168100500115 Krug D. A., 1980, AUTISM SCREENING INS LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P317, DOI 10.1007/BF01538320 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 LORD C, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P197, DOI 10.1007/BF02284760 LORD C, 1985, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V15, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF01531604 LORD C, 1989, INT J REHABIL RES, V12, P113, DOI 10.1097/00004356-198903000-00030 MESIBOV GB, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P538, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198907000-00012 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 SEVIN JA, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P417, DOI 10.1007/BF02206868 TEAL MB, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P485, DOI 10.1007/BF01531713 Thorndike RL, 1986, STANFORD BINET INTEL TSAI L, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P165, DOI 10.1007/BF01531682 VOLKMAR FR, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02211820 VOLKMAR FR, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P579, DOI 10.1007/BF01046103 Wechsler D, 1974, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC WECHSLER D, 1963, WPPSI MANUAL WECHSLE Wechsler D, 1981, WAIS R MANUAL WECHSL WING L, 1981, PSYCHIAT RES, V5, P129, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3 WING L, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P79, DOI 10.1007/BF01550280 World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE YIRMIYA N, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02172227 YIRMIYA N, 1996, HEBREW VERSION AUTIS NR 29 TC 77 Z9 78 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 143 EP 151 DI 10.1023/A:1026092632466 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600007 PM 9586776 ER PT J AU Edelson, SM Rimland, B Berger, CL Billings, D AF Edelson, SM Rimland, B Berger, CL Billings, D TI Evaluation of a mechanical hand-support for facilitated communication SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE facilitated communication; mechanical hand-support system ID AUTISM AB A specially designed hand-support device was evaluated to determine its effectiveness in assisting nonspeaking mentally handicapped children transition from facilitated communication (FC) to independent typing. Six autistic individuals (age range: 5 to 31) participated in the main experiment. All six had been reported to be moderately to highly proficient in the use of FC prior to the study. Pre- and posttraining tasks included pointing to pictures, numbers, and letters as well as copying single words by typing on a keyboard or letterboard. After 8 weeks of training, subjects' ability to point or type on all four tasks was assessed in three different conditions: (a) with an experienced facilitator, (b) independently, and (c) with the mechanical hand-support system. Postassessment measures did not reveal any evidence of independent communication with or without the device. An informal extension of the study, in which four of the original six subjects and three additional subjects were included for 4 additional months, also failed to provide evidence of significant communication. C1 Autism Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. Natl Autism & Commun Res Inst, Eugene, OR 97402 USA. W Suffolk Bureau Cooperat Educ Serv, E Northport, NY 11731 USA. RP Edelson, SM (reprint author), Autism Res Inst, 4182 Adams Ave, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. CR Bebko JM, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P19, DOI 10.1007/BF02276233 BERGER CL, 1994, CATALYST, V11, P8 BERGER CL, 1994, CATALYST, V11, P2 Biklen D., 1993, COMMUNICATION UNBOUN BIKLEN D, 1990, HARVARD EDUC REV, V60, P291 Bomba C, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P43, DOI 10.1007/BF02276234 Crossley R., 1994, FACILITATED COMMUNIC Crossley R., 1980, ANNIES COMING OUT Green G., 1994, FACILITATED COMMUNIC JACOBSON JW, 1995, AM PSYCHOL, V50, P750, DOI 10.1037//0003-066X.50.9.750 OPPENHEIM RC, 1961, SATURDAY EVENING JUN, V23, P56 Oppenheim Rosalind, 1974, EFFECTIVE TEACHING M Shane Howard C., 1994, FACILITATED COMMUNIC NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 153 EP 157 DI 10.1023/A:1026044716536 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600008 PM 9586777 ER PT J AU Reese, RM Sherman, JA Sheldon, JB AF Reese, RM Sherman, JA Sheldon, JB TI Reducing disruptive behavior of a group-home resident with autism and mental retardation SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE disruptive behavior; DRO; autism; mental retardation ID REINFORCEMENT; SCHEDULES; STUDENTS AB A treatment package consisting of a DRO procedure, token fines, and prompted relaxation was used to reduce the agitated-disruptive behavior of a person with autism and mental retardation living in a community group home. The agitated-disruptive behaviors (cursing, hitting, kicking, throwing objects, and verbal threats) were measured during three different activities in a group home. The baseline rates of the agitated-disruptive behavior during one of these activities was relatively low, during another was moderate, and during the third was high. DRO procedures were partially implemented by a peer with Down syndrome and mental retardation during a portion of the study. Effects of the DRO procedures were as follows: During each activity an initial reduction of agitated-disruptive behavior was dependent on choosing an appropriate DRO interval, with shorter DRO intervals required during activities in which the baseline rates of the agitated-disruptive behavior were higher. Once shorter DRO intervals had been used to reduce agitated-disruptive behavior, longer DRO intervals were effective in maintaining those reductions. Reductions were maintained for up to 6 months. C1 Univ Kansas, Kansas UAP, Child Dev Unit, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Human Dev & Family Life, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Reese, RM (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Kansas UAP, Child Dev Unit, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. CR BALLENTINE RM, 1976, SCI BREATH BARRETT RP, 1986, SEVERE BEHAV DISORDE BATES P, 1977, MENT RETARD, V15, P9 BERKOWITZ AJ, 1987, MENT RETARD, V25, P188 BRADDOCK D, 1981, HOSP COMMUNITY PSYCH, V32, P608 DONNELLAN AM, 1988, AUTISM FOCUS FAMILY FOREHAND R, 1976, PROGR BEHAV MODIFICA, V2, P273 Guess D., 1987, USE AVERSIVE PROCEDU HARING TG, 1990, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V23, P235, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-235 HEAL LW, 1980, NORMALIZATION SOCIAL, P215 JOHNSTON JM, 1972, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V5, P223 Koegel L. K., 1996, POSITIVE BEHAV SUPPO LaVigna G. W., 1986, ALTERNATIVES PUNISHM LENNOX DB, 1989, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V14, P304 MATSON JL, 1989, RES DEV DISABIL, V10, P85, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(89)90031-0 MULICK JA, 1980, PSYCHOL REC, V30, P397 POLING A, 1982, BEHAV MODIF, V6, P3, DOI 10.1177/01454455820061001 Repp A. C., 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON REPP AC, 1991, EXCEPT CHILDREN, V57, P417 REPP AC, 1979, MENT RETARD, V17, P221 ROLIDER A, 1990, PERSPECTIVES USE NON, P119 SCHROEDER SR, 1989, MENT RETARD, V27, pR3 SHERMAN JA, 1984, HUMAN SERVICES WORK, P161 STOKES TF, 1976, BEHAV THER, V7, P549, DOI 10.1016/S0005-7894(76)80177-3 STOKES TF, 1977, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V10, P341 STOKES TF, 1978, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V6, P203, DOI 10.1007/BF00919125 WEEKS M, 1981, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V14, P449, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1981.14-449 NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 159 EP 165 DI 10.1023/A:1026096700607 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600009 PM 9586778 ER PT J AU Rimland, B Edelson, SM AF Rimland, B Edelson, SM TI Response to Howlin on the value of auditory integration training SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Letter ID AUTISM C1 Autism Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. RP Rimland, B (reprint author), Autism Res Inst, 4182 Adams Ave, San Diego, CA 92116 USA. CR Bettison S, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P361, DOI 10.1007/BF02172480 HOWLIN, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORDE, V27, P347 Rimland B., 1994, AM J SPEECH-LANG PAT, V3, P16 RIMLAND B, 1991, HEARING SENSITIVITY RIMLAND B, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P61, DOI 10.1007/BF02178168 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 169 EP 170 DI 10.1023/A:1026000901515 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600011 PM 9586779 ER PT J AU Dawson, G AF Dawson, G TI Are there other disorders or disabilities associated with autism? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Editorial Material NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD APR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 171 EP 171 DI 10.1023/A:1026052918354 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZJ710 UT WOS:000073244600012 PM 9586780 ER PT J AU Holopainen, IE Korpilahti, P Juottonen, K Lang, H Sillanpaa, M AF Holopainen, IE Korpilahti, P Juottonen, K Lang, H Sillanpaa, M TI Abnormal frequency mismatch negativity in mentally retarded children and in children with developmental dysphasia SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Congress of the International-Child-Neurology-Association CY 1994 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Int Child Neurol Assoc ID EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS; AUDITORY-DISCRIMINATION; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; EVOKED-POTENTIALS; SENSORY MEMORY; DOWNS-SYNDROME; HUMAN-BRAIN; ATTENTION; AUTISM AB The auditory event-related potential waveform termed "mismatch negativity" was examined in 12 mentally retarded children with delayed development of speech and language (aged 5-8 years) and in 13 children with developmental dysphasia (aged 5-9 years). The mismatch negativity waves were elicited with pure sine-wave tone stimuli using the oddball paradigm. We measured the peak latency and peak amplitude of mismatch negativity responses to frequency (500/553 Hz) difference, The mismatch negativity patterns were compared with those of 10 children with normal development of linguistic skills (aged 5-9 years). Ln both the mentally retarded and dysphasic groups, the peak amplitude of the frequency mismatch negativity was significantly attenuated when compared with the control group, but no significant difference was observed between the mentally retarded and dysphasic groups. Attenuated frequency mismatch negativity was related to impairment of linguistic skills irrespective of the child's cognitive skills, Because the mismatch negativity response reflects central auditory processing and is modal specific for auditory stimuli, this change-specific response can serve as an objective tool to elucidate central auditory deficits in children. C1 Turku Univ Hosp, Dept Pediat Neurol, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. Turku Univ Hosp, Ctr Cognit Neurosci, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. Turku Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Neurophysiol, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. RP Holopainen, IE (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Epilepsy Res Lab, 401 Bryan Res Bldg,Duke Box 3676, Durham, NC 27710 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, P55 Bates E, 1992, Curr Opin Neurobiol, V2, P180, DOI 10.1016/0959-4388(92)90009-A Benton A., 1964, CORTEX, V1, P40 CANTWELL D, 1987, DEV SPEECH LANGUAGE, P74 COURCHESNE E, 1984, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V59, P238, DOI 10.1016/0168-5597(84)90063-7 COURCHESNE E, 1988, ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS, P265 DAWSON G, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P493, DOI 10.1007/BF02211869 DIAZ F, 1995, EVOKED POTENTIAL, V96, P526, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(95)00080-I ELLIOTT LL, 1988, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V53, P467 KORPILAHTI P, 1996, THESIS U TURKU TUR D, V232, P1 Korpilahti P., 1995, SCAND J LOGOP PHONIA, V20, P131, DOI 10.3109/14015439509098740 KORPILAHTI P, 1994, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V91, P256, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(94)90189-9 KUUSINEN J, 1974, PSYKOLINGVISTISTEN K, P234 LANG AH, 1995, EAR HEARING, V16, P118, DOI 10.1097/00003446-199502000-00009 LANG AH, 1990, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL, V1, P294 LINCOLN AJ, 1985, AM J MENT DEF, V89, P403 MOLFESE DL, 1985, INFANT BEHAV DEV, V8, P197, DOI 10.1016/S0163-6383(85)80006-0 NAATANEN R, 1993, NEUROREPORT, V4, P503 NAATANEN R, 1995, EAR HEARING, V16, P6 NAATANEN R, 1978, ACTA PSYCHOL, V42, P313, DOI 10.1016/0001-6918(78)90006-9 NAATANEN R, 1989, NEUROSCI LETT, V98, P217, DOI 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90513-2 NAATANEN R, 1990, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V13, P201 Naatanen R, 1992, ATTENTION BRAIN FUNC, P136 PAAVILAINEN P, 1991, ELECTROEN CLIN NEURO, V78, P466, DOI 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90064-B SCHAFER EWP, 1982, AM J MENT DEF, V87, P332 STARK J, 1988, LANGUAGE SPEECH READ STCLAIR DM, 1987, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V22, P303, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90148-X TALLAL P, 1985, BRAIN LANG, V25, P314, DOI 10.1016/0093-934X(85)90087-2 TIITINEN H, 1994, NATURE, V372, P90, DOI 10.1038/372090a0 VIEREGGE P, 1992, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V32, P1118, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90192-3 WATSON BU, 1991, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V34, P621 Wechsler D, 1974, WECHSLER INTELLIGENC NR 32 TC 26 Z9 27 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0883-0738 J9 J CHILD NEUROL JI J. Child Neurol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 4 BP 178 EP 183 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA ZG534 UT WOS:000073013300006 PM 9568762 ER PT J AU Crescenzi, V AF Crescenzi, V TI Children with autism: A developmental perspective SO JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Pediat, Div Behav & Dev Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Crescenzi, V (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Pediat, Div Behav & Dev Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. CR Capps L., 1997, CHILDREN AUTISM DEV NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0196-206X J9 J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR JI J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. PD APR PY 1998 VL 19 IS 2 BP 133 EP 134 PG 2 WC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics SC Behavioral Sciences; Psychology; Pediatrics GA ZH618 UT WOS:000073129600014 ER PT J AU Hou, JW Wang, TR Chuang, SM AF Hou, JW Wang, TR Chuang, SM TI An epidemiological and aetiological study of children with intellectual disability in Taiwan SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chromosomal aberration; fragile-X syndrome; contiguous gene syndrome; single-gene disorder; mental retardation; molecular cytogenetics ID MOLECULAR CYTOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS; RETARDED SCHOOL-CHILDREN; MENTAL-RETARDATION; PRADER-WILLI; REGION; DIAGNOSIS AB A large-scale cytogenetic study of the causes of intellectual disability (ID) in children from special schools and institutions was made in Taiwan between 1991 and 1996. The screening methods and the identification of subjects with ID consisted of both clinical evaluation (i.e. photographs, questionnaires on family, pre-, peri- and postnatal history, and hospital records, including IQ) and further laboratory studies for diagnosis (i.e. standard chromosome analysis, and if indicated, high-resolution banding, cytogenetic fragile-X study or molecular techniques). A total of 11892 patients were enrolled in this study. After excluding the acquired causes of ID, such as infections and the sequelae of brain insults, or the well-known single-gene disorders and other multifactorial diseases, 4372 (36.8%) cumulative cases were recruited for karyotyping studies according to their phenotypes and medical records. Abnormal karyotypes were noted in 1889 children (43.2% of all selected children). Thus, the overall incidence of chromosomal aberrations in subjects with ID was estimated as 15.9%. Down's syndrome, the most common cause of ID, accounted for 82.4% of all patients with abnormal karyotypes. The causes of ID were considered to be prenatal in 55.2% (n = 6564) of cases, perinatal in 9.5% (n = 1130), postnatal in 3.3% (n = 392) and unknown in 32.0% (n = 3805) of cases. Two large groups were classified: (I) serious ID (37%), including profound, severe and moderate categories; and (2) mild ID (63%). The causes (pre-, peri- and postnatal, and unknown) in these two populations were: 70%, 10.5%, 5.4% and 14.1%, and 46.5%, 8.9%, 2.1% and 42.5%, respectively. Genetic causes accounted for 38.5% (n = 4578) of all cases in this study, including 1557 with Down's syndrome, 233 with fragile-X syndrome, 199 with other various chromosomal abnormalities (i.e. unbalanced translocation, supernumerary markers and structural rearrangements), 238 with a defined or presumed single-gene defect, and 98 with a recognized contiguous gene syndrome (Prader-Willi, 56; Angelman, 34; Williams, 5; and Kallmann, 3); 2120 cases had familial ID. Multiple anomalies of undefined pattern, but without chromosomal aberration, infantile autism, ID of normal phenotype or family history, were of the other categories. Patients with a single-gene disorder or chromosomal aberration, especially those with unbalanced translocated or rearranged chromosomes, had genetic counselling and family studies. Pre-screening with photographs and questionnaires may give a better costbenefit than blind mass cytogenetic studies for each individual with ID. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp, Dept Pediat, Taipei 10016, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp, Dept Med Genet, Taipei 10016, Taiwan. RP Hou, JW (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp, Dept Pediat, 7 Chung Shan S Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan. CR CROCKER AC, 1989, PEDIATR ANN, V18, P623 DITTRICH B, 1992, HUM GENET, V90, P313 GUSTAVSON KH, 1977, J MENT DEFIC RES, V21, P161 HAGERMAN R, 1988, AM J DIS CHILD, V142, P1216 Hou Jia-Woei, 1994, Acta Paediatrica Sinica, V35, P102 Hou Jia-Woei, 1992, Acta Paediatrica Sinica, V33, P332 Hou JW, 1997, J FORMOS MED ASSOC, V96, P137 Hou Jia-Woei, 1994, Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, V93, P205 Hou JW, 1997, PEDIATR NEUROL, V16, P17, DOI 10.1016/S0887-8994(96)00264-0 Hou JW, 1996, J FORMOS MED ASSOC, V95, P686 HOU J-W, 1989, Acta Paediatrica Sinica, V30, P172 Hou JW, 1996, J FORMOS MED ASSOC, V95, P474 KERR B, 1991, J MED GENET, V28, P378, DOI 10.1136/jmg.28.6.378 LI SY, 1988, HUM GENET, V79, P292 MATILAINEN R, 1995, ACTA PAEDIATR, V84, P261, DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13626.x Murray A, 1996, HUM MOL GENET, V5, P727, DOI 10.1093/hmg/5.6.727 MUTIRANGURA A, 1993, HUM MOL GENET, V2, P143, DOI 10.1093/hmg/2.2.143 PERRONI L, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V64, P176 SCHMICKEL RD, 1986, J PEDIATR-US, V109, P231, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80377-8 SCHRANDERSTUMPEL C, 1994, CLIN GENET, V45, P175 SUTCLIFFE JS, 1994, NAT GENET, V8, P52, DOI 10.1038/ng0994-52 Wang Tso-Ren, 1993, Acta Paediatrica Sinica, V34, P105 WUU KD, 1991, JPN J HUM GENET, V36, P267, DOI 10.1007/BF01910545 NR 23 TC 35 Z9 36 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-2633 J9 J INTELL DISABIL RES JI J. Intell. Disabil. Res. PD APR PY 1998 VL 42 BP 137 EP 143 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.00104.x PN 2 PG 7 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 134VF UT WOS:000076763800006 PM 9617697 ER PT J AU Nicolson, R Awad, G Sloman, L AF Nicolson, R Awad, G Sloman, L TI An open trial of risperidone in young autistic children SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autistic disorder; risperidone; treatment ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; DOUBLE-BLIND; BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS; PLACEBO; CLOMIPRAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; DISORDER AB Objective: To assess the benefits and side effects of risperidone in young autistic children. Method: In this open, prospective trial, subjects were treated with risperidone for 12 weeks. All subjects were started at 0.5 mg daily with individual titration to a maximum of 6 mg or 0.1 mg/kg daily. Behavioral ratings, completed by the investigators and the children's parents, included the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI), Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale, Conners Parent-Teacher Questionnaire, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and Abnormal involuntary Movement Scale. Results: Ten boys, aged 4.5 to 10.8 years, were enrolled in the study and all completed the 12-week protocol. The mean final dose was 1.3 mg/day (range = 1 to 2.5 mg/day). On the basis of CGI-rated improvement, 8 of the 10 children were considered to be responders. Improvement was also demonstrated on the other scales. Transient sedation was common, and the children gained an average of 3.5 kg over the 12 weeks of the study There was no evidence of either extrapyramidal symptoms or tardive dyskinesia. Conclusions: These results suggest that risperidone may be safe and leads to improvements in several behavioral symptoms in young children with autism, Controlled studies of risperidone in young autistic children are warranted. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Psychiat, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Nicolson, R (reprint author), NIMH, Child Psychiat Branch, Bldg 10,Room 3N202,10 Ctr Dr MSC 1600, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Nicolson, Robert/E-4797-2011 CR ALPERN GD, 1984, DEV PROFILE, V2 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ANDERSON LT, 1984, AM J PSYCHIAT, V141, P1195 ANDERSON LT, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P227, DOI 10.1007/BF02211843 ANDREW HG, 1994, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V39, pS76 Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x CAMPBELL M, 1978, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V17, P641 Campbell M, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P835, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199706000-00022 Campbell M, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P134, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199602000-00005 CAMPBELL M, 1985, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V21, P1047 Dodt JE, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P582 Findling RL, 1997, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V33, P155 GORDON CT, 1993, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V50, P441 Guy W., 1976, ECDEU ASSESSMENT MAN Horrigan JP, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P313, DOI 10.1023/A:1025854532079 JANSSEN PAJ, 1988, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V244, P685 KOPALA L, 1994, AM J PSYCHIAT, V151, P1714 LEYSEN JE, 1988, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V247, P661 LOCASCIO JJ, 1991, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V27, P119 McDougle CJ, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P1001 McDougle CJ, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P685, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00020 METLZER HY, 1995, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 4, P1277 CAMPBELL M, 1985, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V21, P1063 OVERALL JE, 1988, J CLIN PSYCHOL, V44, P708, DOI 10.1002/1097-4679(198809)44:5<708::AID-JCLP2270440507>3.0.CO;2-T PERRY RI, 1996, 149 ANN M AM PSYCH A Sanchez LE, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P537, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199604000-00021 SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 VANDENBORRE R, 1993, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V87, P167 NR 28 TC 98 Z9 101 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD APR PY 1998 VL 37 IS 4 BP 372 EP 376 DI 10.1097/00004583-199804000-00014 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA ZD162 UT WOS:000072657600014 PM 9549957 ER PT J AU Belsito, KM Kirk, KS Landa, RJ Law, PA Zimmerman, AW AF Belsito, KM Kirk, KS Landa, RJ Law, PA Zimmerman, AW TI Lamotrigine therapy for childhood autism: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD APR PY 1998 VL 50 IS 4 SU 4 MA P02001 BP A85 EP A85 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZJ676 UT WOS:000073240900240 ER PT J AU Inui, N Suzuki, KI AF Inui, N Suzuki, KI TI Practice and serial reaction time of adolescents with autism SO PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS LA English DT Article ID CEREBELLAR AB This study examined effects of practice on timing of serial reactions by 7 adolescents diagnosed with autism by using a task requiring they track a series of timed lights. The adolescents showed significantly slower and more variable mean simple reaction time than 10 normal control subjects of the same age. On a task of tracking a serial light stimulation for 4 days, on the other hand, significant effects of practice on timing of serial reactions were observed for mean serial reaction times of them. In addition, from individual variations in reaction times and anticipatory reaction times, four of seven subjects with autism showed significant effects of practice. Analysis suggested that these autistic adolescents may be chunking together the whole series of responses and are unable to coordinate the timing of individual responses with individual stimuli. Our data indicate that at least some adolescents with autism are able to form and utilise a motor program with practice. C1 Naruto Univ Educ, Fac Hlth & Living Sci, Dept Human Motor Control, Naruto 7728502, Japan. Naruto Univ Educ, Grad Sch Educ, Naruto 7728502, Japan. RP Inui, N (reprint author), Naruto Univ Educ, Fac Hlth & Living Sci, Dept Human Motor Control, Naruto 7728502, Japan. CR Anson J. G., 1992, APPROACHES STUDY MOT, P387 COURCHESNE E, 1988, NEW ENGL J MED, V318, P1349, DOI 10.1056/NEJM198805263182102 COURCHESNE E, 1994, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V108, P848, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.108.5.848 FRITH U, 1974, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V15, P293, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1974.tb01253.x Hermelin B, 1970, PSYCHOL EXPT AUTISTI Inui N, 1995, PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL, V81, P739 KERR R, 1987, AM J MENT RETARD, V91, P591 NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 PU PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS PI MISSOULA PA PO BOX 9229, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA SN 0031-5125 J9 PERCEPT MOTOR SKILL JI Percept. Mot. Skills PD APR PY 1998 VL 86 IS 2 BP 403 EP 410 PG 8 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA ZR057 UT WOS:000073931300010 PM 9638741 ER PT J AU Takase, M Taira, M Sasaki, H AF Takase, M Taira, M Sasaki, H TI Sleep-wake rhythm of autistic children SO PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese-Society-of-Sleep-Research CY JUL 03-04, 1997 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP Japanese Soc Sleep Res DE infantile autism; retiring time; rising time; sleep log; sleep-wake rhythm AB Using a sleep log for 28 days in the summer vacation, 89 autistic children living in a suburb of Tokyo were examined. Only one girl of 13 years showed a tendency of non-24 h sleep-wake syndrome. Most autistic children showed a large variation of total sleep time. Forty per cent of subjects showed 10% or more on coefficient of variation of total sleep time. In the retiring and rising time, many subjects tended to show late retiring and early rising. C1 Univ Tsukuba, Inst Special Educ, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Musashino Higashi Educ Res Inst, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan. Kaijoryo Hosp, Asahi, Japan. RP Takase, M (reprint author), 3-141-92-103 Mukaikogane, Chiba 27001, Japan. CR SEGAWA M, 1985, ADV NEUROL SCI, V29, P140 NR 1 TC 20 Z9 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1316 J9 PSYCHIAT CLIN NEUROS JI Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2 BP 181 EP 182 DI 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb01017.x PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZP818 UT WOS:000073791500032 PM 9628138 ER PT J AU Taira, M Takase, M Sasaki, H AF Taira, M Takase, M Sasaki, H TI Sleep disorder in children with autism SO PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese-Society-of-Sleep-Research CY JUL 03-04, 1997 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP Japanese Soc Sleep Res DE awakening during sleep time; bed-wetting; difficulty falling asleep; early arousal; infantile autism; sleep disorder AB Eighty-eight children with autism, living in a suburb of Tokyo, were examined by questionnaire from 21 July to 31 August. Experienced sleep disorders were observed in 56 children; 44 of whom had sleep disorders before 3 years old. The average age when sleep disorders were seen to have stopped was 5 years old. The most common problem was difficulty falling sleep (n = 23), followed by frequent awakening during sleep time (n = 19), then early morning awakening (n = 11). Bed-wetting was observed in 22 children. C1 Musashino Higashi Educ Res Inst, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Tsukuba, Inst Special Educ, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan. Kaijoryo Hosp, Chiba, Japan. RP Taira, M (reprint author), 3-25-3 Nishikubo, Musashino, Tokyo 180, Japan. NR 0 TC 39 Z9 39 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1316 J9 PSYCHIAT CLIN NEUROS JI Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2 BP 182 EP 183 DI 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb01018.x PG 2 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZP818 UT WOS:000073791500033 PM 9628139 ER PT J AU Militerni, R Bravaccio, C Di Clemente, R Mazzola, E D'Antuono, PS AF Militerni, R Bravaccio, C Di Clemente, R Mazzola, E D'Antuono, PS TI Infantile autism: age and pattern of onset SO RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PEDIATRIA-ITALIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA Italian DT Article DE autism; age at onset; early diagnosis ID CHILDHOOD; DISORDER; MIND AB The report the age and pattern of onset of the symptomatology in 54 patients with infantile autism. The high frequency of disorders such as feeding difficulties, sleep disorders and/or hyperactivity, seem to represent an atypical child's reactivity that made his rearing very difficult. However, the diagnostic behaviors, such as social impairment, communication impairment, and aberrant activities, were more subtle and difficult to define. The variability in age and pattern of onset seem to express the heterogeneity of the biological basis of autism. We suggested a clinical approach To the diagnosis and treatment of the early manifestations of the disorder. C1 Univ Naples 2, Dipartimento Pediat, Cattedra Neuropsichiat Infant, Naples, Italy. RP Militerni, R (reprint author), Policlin 2, Cattedra Neuropsichiat Infant, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P285, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x BERNABEI P, 1995, PSICHIATR INF ADOLES, V62, P267 Cohen D. 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PD APR PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 300 EP 305 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 120DP UT WOS:000075939800024 ER PT J AU Feng, JN Sobell, JL Heston, LL Cook, EH Goldman, D Sommer, SS AF Feng, JN Sobell, JL Heston, LL Cook, EH Goldman, D Sommer, SS TI Scanning of the dopamine D1 and D5 receptor genes by REF in neuropsychiatric patients reveals a novel missense change at a highly conserved amino acid SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE dopamine receptor; schizophrenia; autism; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; alcoholism ID CANDIDATE-GENE; MUTATIONS; IDENTIFICATION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ASSOCIATION; POLYMORPHISMS; ALCOHOLICS; CLONING; DNA; PREDISPOSITION AB In previous analyses of schizophrenic patients, multiple missense changes and one nonsense change were identified in the D5 dopamine receptor (DRD5) gene, but no sequence changes of likely functional significance were identified in the D1 dopamine receptor (DRD1) gene. In the present study, we examined these genes in patients with certain other neuropsychiatric disorders that may be related to dopaminergic dysregulation. The coding regions of the DRD1 and DRD5 genes were examined in 25 and 25 autistic patients, 25 and 28 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients, and 51 and 43 alcoholic patients, respectively. In addition, the DRD5 gene was examined in 75 schizophrenic patients to search for additional variants affecting protein structure or expression (VAPSEs). These patients were analyzed with REF (restriction endonuclease fingerprinting), a hybrid between SSCP and restriction endonuclease digestion, which allows the entire coding sequence to be screened in one lane of a gel. Approximately 800 kb of genomic sequence were examined. No sequence changes were identified in the DRD1 gene among the 101 patient samples analyzed. Two sequence changes were identified in the DRD5 gene among the 171 patient samples. These included one previously identified silent polymorphism at base pair 978 (P326P). The change was identified in patients from all disease categories and from different ethnic backgrounds. One novel missense change, L88F, occurred in transmembrane domain II at a highly conserved amino acid in all dopamine receptors as well as in alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptors. The mutation was identified in a Caucasian male patient with autism. Further analysis is necessary to determine if this missense change is associated with a particular neuropsychiatric phenotype. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Mol Diagnosis, Div Human Genet, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Psychiat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NIAAA, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Mol Diagnosis, Div Human Genet, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. RP Sommer, SS (reprint author), City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Mol Diagnosis, Div Human Genet, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. 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J. Med. Genet. PD MAR 28 PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 172 EP 178 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA ZL510 UT WOS:000073440800009 PM 9613858 ER PT J AU Fombonne, E AF Fombonne, E TI Inflammatory bowel disease and autism SO LANCET LA English DT Article C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. RP Fombonne, E (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC, Child Psychiat Unit, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England. CR Cosgrove M, 1996, ARCH DIS CHILD, V74, P460 FOMBOMME E, 1997, AM ACAD CHILD ADOLES, V36, P1561 Fombonne E, 1998, AUTISM PERVASIVE DEV HILDEBRAND H, 1994, ACTA PAEDIATR, V83, P640 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 5 TC 16 Z9 17 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 28 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9107 BP 955 EP 955 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZE227 UT WOS:000072770900015 PM 9734944 ER PT J AU Muller, RA Chugani, DC Behen, ME Rothermel, RD Muzik, O Chakraborty, PK Chugani, HT AF Muller, RA Chugani, DC Behen, ME Rothermel, RD Muzik, O Chakraborty, PK Chugani, HT TI Impairment of dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway in autistic men: language activation data from positron emission tomography SO NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE autism; language; brain activation; cerebral blood flow; positron emission tomography; dentato-thalamo-cortical pathways ID SEROTONIN; DEPLETION AB Recent evidence suggests disturbances of serotonin synthesis affecting the dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway in autistic boys. We studied possible effects of such disturbances on brain activations for language in autistic adults. Four autistic and five normal men were studied while listening to, repeating, and generating sentences, using [(15)O]-water positron emission tomography (PET), Activation in the right dentate nucleus and in the left frontal area 46 was reduced during verbal auditory and expressive language and enhanced during motor speech functions in the autism as compared to the control group. The thalamus showed group differences concordant with area 46 for expressive language. The results may indicate atypical functional specialization of the dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway and are compatible with a model of region-specific biochemical disturbances in the developing autistic brain. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, PET Ctr,Dept Pediat, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. RP Muller, RA (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Childrens Hosp Michigan, Sch Med, PET Ctr,Dept Pediat, 3901 Beaubien Blvd, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. EM rmueller@.pet.wayne.edu CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ANDERSON GM, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM, P227 Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BENNETTCLARKE CA, 1994, J NEUROSCI, V14, P7594 Binder JR, 1997, J NEUROSCI, V17, P353 CHUGANI DC, 1997, ANN NEUROL, V14, P666 Cook EH, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P247 Gilliam J. E., 1995, GILLIAM AUTISM RATIN LAUDER JM, 1990, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V600, P297, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16891.x Lebrand C, 1996, NEURON, V17, P823, DOI 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80215-9 Leiner HC, 1995, HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, V2, P244 McDougle CJ, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P993 MINOSHIMA S, 1993, INT CONGR SER, V1030, P409 MULLER RA, 1998, IN PRESS J AUSTISM D Muller RA, 1997, NEUROREPORT, V8, P3767 Muzik O, 1997, J CEREBR BLOOD F MET, V17, P659 Schmahmann JD, 1996, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V4, P174, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:3<174::AID-HBM3>3.0.CO;2-0 Talairach J., 1988, COPLANAR STEREOTAXIC Warburton E, 1996, BRAIN, V119, P159, DOI 10.1093/brain/119.1.159 Waterhouse L, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P59, DOI 10.1007/BF02276235 Wechsler D, 1981, ADULT INTELLIGENCE S NR 21 TC 72 Z9 73 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0304-3940 J9 NEUROSCI LETT JI Neurosci. Lett. PD MAR 27 PY 1998 VL 245 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00151-7 PG 4 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZH810 UT WOS:000073149900001 PM 9596341 ER PT J AU Black, D Prempeh, H Baxter, T AF Black, D Prempeh, H Baxter, T TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Barnsley Hlth Author, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Barnsley S75 2PY, England. RP Black, D (reprint author), Barnsley Hlth Author, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Barnsley S75 2PY, England. CR *CDSC, 1998, COMMUN DIS REP CDR W, V8, P41 Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Stevens A, 1997, HLTH CARE NEEDS ASSE Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 WILLIAMS MH, 1994, HLTH CARE NEEDS ASSE, V1 NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 905 EP 906 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70316-0 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500049 PM 9525391 ER PT J AU Lee, JW Melgaard, B Clements, CJ Kane, M Mulholland, EK Olive, JM AF Lee, JW Melgaard, B Clements, CJ Kane, M Mulholland, EK Olive, JM TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 WHO, Expanded Programme Immunizat, Global Programme Vaccines & Immunizat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Mulholland, EK (reprint author), WHO, Expanded Programme Immunizat, Global Programme Vaccines & Immunizat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CR Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Gangarosa EJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P356, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 3 TC 24 Z9 24 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 905 EP 905 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)26012-0 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500048 PM 9525390 ER PT J AU Beale, AJ AF Beale, AJ TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Priests House, Cranbrook TN17 2AB, Kent, England. RP Beale, AJ (reprint author), Priests House, Sissinghurst Castle, Cranbrook TN17 2AB, Kent, England. CR Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Gangarosa EJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P356, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 906 EP 906 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70317-2 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500050 PM 9525392 ER PT J AU O'Brien, SJ Jones, IG Christie, P AF O'Brien, SJ Jones, IG Christie, P TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Scottish Ctr Infect & Environm Hlth, Glasgow G3 7LN, Lanark, Scotland. RP O'Brien, SJ (reprint author), Scottish Ctr Infect & Environm Hlth, Clifton House, Glasgow G3 7LN, Lanark, Scotland. CR Bozosky Zoltan, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P561 CARTER H, 1985, BRIT MED J, V290, P1717 Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Metcalf J, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P166 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 906 EP 907 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70318-4 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500051 PM 9525393 ER PT J AU Bedford, H Booy, R Dunn, D DiGuiseppi, C Gibb, D Gilbert, R Logan, S Peckham, C Roberts, I Tookey, P AF Bedford, H Booy, R Dunn, D DiGuiseppi, C Gibb, D Gilbert, R Logan, S Peckham, C Roberts, I Tookey, P TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 UCL, Sch Med, Inst Child Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England. RP Bedford, H (reprint author), UCL, Sch Med, Inst Child Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England. RI Tookey, Pat /G-2732-2010 CR Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Gangarosa EJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P356, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 907 EP 907 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70320-2 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500053 PM 9525395 ER PT J AU Lindley, KJ Milla, PJ AF Lindley, KJ Milla, PJ TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 UCL, Sch Med, Great Ormond St Hosp Children NHS Trust, Inst Child Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England. RP Lindley, KJ (reprint author), UCL, Sch Med, Great Ormond St Hosp Children NHS Trust, Inst Child Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England. CR Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 907 EP 908 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70321-4 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500054 PM 9525396 ER PT J AU Payne, C Mason, B AF Payne, C Mason, B TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Dept Publ Hlth, Swansea, W Glam, Wales. RP Payne, C (reprint author), Dept Publ Hlth, Lechyd Morgannwg, Swansea, W Glam, Wales. CR Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 1 TC 9 Z9 9 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 907 EP 907 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70319-6 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500052 PM 9525394 ER PT J AU Horton, R AF Horton, R TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter CR Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 Horton R, 1997, LANCET, V350, P1043, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70449-9 Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 908 EP 909 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70324-X PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500057 ER PT J AU Murch, S Thomson, M Walker-Smith, J AF Murch, S Thomson, M Walker-Smith, J TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Dept Paediat Gastroenterol, London NW3 2QG, England. RP Murch, S (reprint author), Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Dept Paediat Gastroenterol, London NW3 2QG, England. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 908 EP 908 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70323-8 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500056 ER PT J AU Wakefield, AJ AF Wakefield, AJ TI Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Univ London, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, Dept Med, London NW3 2PF, England. Univ London, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, Dept Histopathol, London NW3 2PF, England. RP Wakefield, AJ (reprint author), Univ London, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, Dept Med, London NW3 2PF, England. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 908 EP 908 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70322-6 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500055 ER PT J AU Ryan, J AF Ryan, J TI Autism SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Brighton Gastroenterol Associates, Brighton, Vic 3186, Australia. RP Ryan, J (reprint author), Brighton Gastroenterol Associates, 2 Church St, Brighton, Vic 3186, Australia. CR Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V56, P3 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 Wing L, 1997, LANCET, V350, P1761, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09218-0 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 21 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9106 BP 912 EP 912 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70331-7 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD047 UT WOS:000072645500064 PM 9525401 ER PT J AU Hu, Y Maciulis, A Burger, R Warren, L Odell, D Warren, RP AF Hu, Y Maciulis, A Burger, R Warren, L Odell, D Warren, RP TI Analysis of T cell receptor V-beta expression in patients with autism by competitive RT-PCR SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, CPD, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 6342 BP A1096 EP A1096 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006502725 ER PT J AU Bowler, DM Gardiner, JM Grice, S AF Bowler, DM Gardiner, JM Grice, S TI Episodic memory in high-functioning autism. SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 City Univ London, London EC1V 0HB, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU MIT PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 10 SU S BP 49 EP 49 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA ZJ263 UT WOS:000073196500140 ER PT J AU Beversdorf, DQ Anderson, JM Nadeau, S Heilman, KM Manning, S Nordgren, R Felopulos, G Bauman, M AF Beversdorf, DQ Anderson, JM Nadeau, S Heilman, KM Manning, S Nordgren, R Felopulos, G Bauman, M TI Verbal recall in autism: Effects of context & emotion SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Florida, Dept Neurol, Gainesville, FL USA. Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Neurol, Hanover, NH USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU MIT PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 55 HAYWARD STREET, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0898-929X J9 J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI JI J. Cogn. Neurosci. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 10 SU S BP 112 EP 112 PG 1 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA ZJ263 UT WOS:000073196500325 ER PT J AU Rodier, PM AF Rodier, PM TI Embryology of autism SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 2070 BP A356 EP A356 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006402067 ER PT J AU Nicoll, A AF Nicoll, A TI MMR vaccination and autism 1998 (vol 316, pg 715, 1998) SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Correction CR Nicoll A, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P715 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD MAR 14 PY 1998 VL 316 IS 7134 BP 796 EP 796 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZC488 UT WOS:000072584300008 ER PT J AU Nicoll, A Elliman, D Ross, E AF Nicoll, A Elliman, D Ross, E TI MMR vaccination and autism 1998 SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID IMMUNIZATION C1 Publ Hlth Lab Serv, London NW9 5EQ, England. St Georges Hlth Care, London SW17 0QT, England. Univ London Kings Coll, Sch Med & Dent, Mary Sheridan Ctr, London SE11 4QW, England. RP Nicoll, A (reprint author), Publ Hlth Lab Serv, London NW9 5EQ, England. CR Bozosky Zoltan, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P561 Chen RT, 1998, LANCET, V351, P611, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 FOMBOMME E, 1997, AM ACAD CHILD ADOLES, V36, P1561 Gangarosa EJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P356, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1 KULENKAM.M, 1974, ARCH DIS CHILD, V49, P46 Metcalf J, 1998, BRIT MED J, V316, P166 Miller D, 1997, LANCET, V349, P730, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60171-7 MILLER D, 1993, BRIT MED J, V307, P1171 NICOLL A, 1989, BRIT MED J, V299, P808 Salisbury DM, 1996, IMMUNISATION INFECT Wakefield AJ, 1998, LANCET, V351, P637, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 World Health Organization Expanded Programme on immunization, 1998, WER, V73, P33 NR 12 TC 34 Z9 34 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD MAR 7 PY 1998 VL 316 IS 7133 BP 715 EP 716 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZB358 UT WOS:000072463700001 PM 9529392 ER PT J AU Guerreiro, MM Camargo, EE Kato, M Marques-De-Faria, AP Ciasca, SM Guerreiro, CAM Netto, JRM Moura-Ribeiro, MVL AF Guerreiro, MM Camargo, EE Kato, M Marques-De-Faria, AP Ciasca, SM Guerreiro, CAM Netto, JRM Moura-Ribeiro, MVL TI Fragile X syndrome - Clinical, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging characteristics SO ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA LA English DT Article DE fragile X syndrome; MRI; SPECT; autism ID GLUCOSE-UTILIZATION; POSTERIOR-FOSSA; AUTISM; ABNORMALITIES; NEUROANATOMY; CHILDREN; PROFILE AB We studied 11 patients (9 males) with cytogenetic diagnosis of fragile X syndrome (FXS) with the purpose of investigating the neural circuitry involved in this condition. The ages ranged from 8 to 19. All the individuals presented large ears, elongated faces and autistic features. Ten patients had severe mental retardation. Attention disorder was found in 10 individuals. Electroencephalographic recordings were abnormal in 6 of 10 patients examined, showing focal epileptiform discharges predominantly in frontal and parietal areas. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging studies which were abnormal in 8 of them. The most important abnormalities were reduction of the cerebellar vermis and enlargement of the IV ventricle. Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) was performed in 7 patients and was abnormal in all of them, the most frequent finding being a hypoperfusion of the inferior portions of the frontal lobes. Based on the clinical picture, neuropsychological findings and functional and structural imaging studies we suggest that FXS presents with a dysfunction involving a large area of the central nervous system: cerebellum - basal frontal regions - parietal lobes. The literature points to a disturbance involving the same neural circuitry in patients with autism. C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Ciencias Med, Dept Neurol, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Ciencias Med, Dept Radiol, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Univ Estadual Campinas, Fac Ciencias Med, Dept Med Genet, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Univ Estadual Campinas, Med Hosp Clin, BR-13081970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BLOMQUIST HK, 1985, CLIN GENET, V27, P113 BORGHGRAEF M, 1987, CLIN GENET, V32, P179 Brown WT, 1996, AM J HUM GENET, V58, P903 BROWN WT, 1989, NEUROL CLIN, V7, P107 CLAWSON A, 1991, BENDER INFANTIL MANU COURCHESNE E, 1988, NEW ENGL J MED, V318, P1349, DOI 10.1056/NEJM198805263182102 COURCHESNE E, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P781 FINELLI PF, 1985, J NEUROL NEUROSUR PS, V48, P150, DOI 10.1136/jnnp.48.2.150 HORWITZ B, 1987, ANN NEUROL, V22, P118 HORWITZ B, 1988, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V45, P749 JOHNSON VP, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V38, P275, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320380222 MAZZOCCO MMM, 1992, AM J MED GENET, V43, P78, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320430112 MESULAM MM, 1990, ANN NEUROL, V28, P597, DOI 10.1002/ana.410280502 Mesulam MM, 1985, PRINCIPLES BEHAV NEU, P125 MINSHEW NJ, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P774 MINSHEW NJ, 1989, ANN NEUROL, V26, P438 MUSUMECI SA, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V38, P511, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320380276 OOSTRA BA, 1995, PEDIATR RES, V38, P629, DOI 10.1203/00006450-199511000-00001 *PSYCH CORP, 1991, WECHSL INT SCAL CHIL RAPIN I, 1977, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V19, P192 RAPIN I, 1991, PEDIATRICS, V87, P751 REISS AL, 1991, ANN NEUROL, V29, P26, DOI 10.1002/ana.410290107 REISS AL, 1990, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V27, P223, DOI 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90652-I REISS AL, 1991, AM J HUM GENET, V49, P279 STEYAERT J, 1992, AM J MED GENET, V43, P116, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320430117 VIEREGGE P, 1989, J NEUROL, V236, P85, DOI 10.1007/BF00314402 Weintraub S., 1985, PRINCIPLES BEHAV NEU, P71 WISNIEWSKI KE, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V38, P476, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320380267 WISNIEWSKI KE, 1985, ANN NEUROL, V18, P665, DOI 10.1002/ana.410180607 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 27 PU ASSOC ARQUIVOS DE NEURO- PSIQUIATRIA PI SAO PAULO SP PA PR AMADEU AMARAL 47/33, 01327-010 SAO PAULO SP, BRAZIL SN 0004-282X J9 ARQ NEURO-PSIQUIAT JI Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 56 IS 1 BP 18 EP 23 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZC303 UT WOS:000072563500003 PM 9686115 ER PT J AU Da Costa, MIF Nunesmaia, HGD AF Da Costa, MIF Nunesmaia, HGD TI Genetic and clinical diagnosis of infantile autism SO ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA LA Portuguese DT Article DE infantile autism; mental retardation; neuropsychiatric disorders ID BEHAVIOR; SCALE AB The main objectives of this study were to characterize the selected variables for a better understanding and diagnosis of infantile autism such as clinical and image findings, diagnostic criteria, frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders in the subjects' families, familial recurrence and occurrence of consanguinity between the subjects' parents and between other couples in the family. The sample was composed of 36 subjects of both sexes, in the age group from 1 through 20 years old, members of 35 distinctive families, all of which presenting clinical diagnosis for infantile autism. Mental retardation was clinically observed in all subjects of the sample and convulsion in 27.8%; neuropsychiatric disorders were referred in at least one family member of the subjects (97.14% of the families); recurrent autism in 11.42% grandparents and great-grand-parents (2.86%); abnormal findings in computed tomography scan were observed in three subjects. These results support the suggestion of the multifactorial heredity model with differential threshold fold sex in infantile autism. The clinical evaluation of all infantile autism cases should always appraise the neurological, psychiatric and genetic features. C1 Univ Fed Paraiba, CCS, Dept Maternoonfantil, Ctr Estudos & Projetos Saude Maternoinfantil, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. Secretaria Saude Estado Rio Grande Norte, Med Ctr Reabil Infantil, Natal, RN, Brazil. Univ Fed Paraiba, CCS, Dept Maternoinfantil, BR-58059900 Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. 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Neuro-Psiquiatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 56 IS 1 BP 24 EP 31 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZC303 UT WOS:000072563500004 PM 9686116 ER PT J AU Douglas, J AF Douglas, J TI Children with autism: Diagnosis and interventions to meet their needs. SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Book Review CR Trevarthen C., 1996, CHILDREN AUTISM DIAG NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC PI LEICESTER PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER, LEICS, ENGLAND LE1 7DR SN 0007-0998 J9 BRIT J EDUC PSYCHOL JI Br. J. Educ. Psychol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 68 BP 137 EP 138 PN 1 PG 2 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA ZG378 UT WOS:000072995600027 ER PT J AU Gillberg, C AF Gillberg, C TI Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Review ID SCHIZOID PERSONALITY; INFANTILE-AUTISM; FOLLOW-UP; FAMILY HISTORY; ADULT LIFE; SPECTRUM DISORDERS; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; ANOREXIA-NERVOSA; YOUNG-PEOPLE C1 Annedals Clin, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Gillberg, C (reprint author), Annedals Clin, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. 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CLASS MENT BE WILLIAMSON DA, 1995, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V25, P435, DOI 10.1007/BF02179377 Wing L, 1996, BRIT MED J, V312, P327 WING L, 1981, PSYCHIAT RES, V5, P129, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3 WING L, 1980, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V137, P410, DOI 10.1192/bjp.137.5.410 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 WING L, 1981, PSYCHOL MED, V11, P115 Wing L, 1993, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, V2, P61, DOI 10.1007/BF02098832 WOLFF S, 1980, PSYCHOL MED, V10, P85 Wolff S, 1996, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V5, P119 WOLFF S, 1995, LONERS WOLFF S, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P793, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01330.x WOLFF S, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V159, P620, DOI 10.1192/bjp.159.5.620 WOLFF S, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V159, P629, DOI 10.1192/bjp.159.5.629 WOLFF S, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V159, P615, DOI 10.1192/bjp.159.5.615 World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE WURST F, 1974, PADIATR PADOL, V9, P329 NR 128 TC 100 Z9 102 PU ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS PI LONDON PA BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1X 8PG SN 0007-1250 J9 BRIT J PSYCHIAT JI Br. J. Psychiatry PD MAR PY 1998 VL 172 BP 200 EP 209 DI 10.1192/bjp.172.3.200 PG 16 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA ZB927 UT WOS:000072522300004 PM 9614468 ER PT J AU Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T AF Mouridsen, SE Rich, B Isager, T TI Validity of childhood disintegrative psychosis - General findings of a long-term follow-up study SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; DSM-IV; DISORDER AB Background Empirical evidence for the validity or the diagnostic label 'disintegrative psychosis' is sparse. The issue of whether it is a separate form of infantile autism is unresolved. Method To investigate the validity of disintegrative psychosis as defined in ICD-9, the natural history of 13 cases were compared with 39 matched cases of infantile autism on various outcome variables. Average follow-up time was 22 (11-33) years. Results Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of number of admissions to nbn-psychiatric departments, occurrence of comorbid epilepsy social style, and score on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. In most other areas assessed there was a tendency, although statistically insignificant, towards a better outcome in the infantile autism comparison group. Conclusions Our findings provide some support for maintaining a diagnostic category of disintegrative psychosis as distinct from infantile autism. C1 Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. Rehabil & Res Ctr Torture Victims, Copenhagen, Denmark. Glostrup Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Glostrup, Denmark. RP Mouridsen, SE (reprint author), Bispebjerg Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BURD L, 1989, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V31, P609 CORBETT J, 1977, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V18, P211, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00433.x CREAK EM, 1963, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V109, P84, DOI 10.1192/bjp.109.458.84 Doll E. A., 1965, VINELAND SOCIAL MATU GILLBERG C, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P273, DOI 10.1007/BF01495061 GILLBERG IC, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P50 Heller T, 1908, Z ERFORSCHUNG BEHAND, V2, P141 HILL AE, 1986, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V28, P34 KENDELL RE, 1989, PSYCHOL MED, V19, P45 KURITA H, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P175, DOI 10.1007/BF01058149 KURITA H, 1988, JPN J PSYCHIAT NEUR, V42, P785 Leiter R. G., 1969, EXAMINERS MANUAL LEI Malhotra S, 1993, Acta Paedopsychiatr, V56, P37 MOURIDSEN SE, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P387, DOI 10.1007/BF01046227 MOURIDSEN SE, 1998, IN PRESS DEV MED CHI Norusis M., 1993, SPSS WINDOWS ADV STA RIVINUS TM, 1975, ARCH DIS CHILD, V50, P115 SIEGEL J, 1994, STATISTIX VERSION 4 VOLKMAR FR, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P625, DOI 10.1007/BF01046331 VOLKMAR FR, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1092, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199508000-00020 VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P717, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00784.x Wechsler D., 1958, MEASUREMENT APPRAISA Wing L., 1983, AUTISM ADOLESCENTS A, P337 World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 ICD 10 CLASS, V10th World Health Organization (WHO), 1978, INT CLASS DIS MENT D NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 PU ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS PI LONDON PA BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1X 8PG SN 0007-1250 J9 BRIT J PSYCHIAT JI Br. J. Psychiatry PD MAR PY 1998 VL 172 BP 263 EP 267 DI 10.1192/bjp.172.3.263 PG 5 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA ZB927 UT WOS:000072522300015 PM 9614477 ER PT J AU Lunsky, Y Konstantareas, MM AF Lunsky, Y Konstantareas, MM TI The attitudes of individuals with autism and mental retardation towards sexuality SO EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID SEX-EDUCATION; KNOWLEDGE; PEOPLE; ADOLESCENTS; ADULTS; NEEDS AB The sociosexual attitudes of 31 adults with developmental disabilities, 15 with autistic disorder and 16 with mental retardation, were measured by means of a structured interview. These attitudes were compared to the attitudes of 25 nonmatched Canadian undergraduates and to a matched sample of 28 Americans, students as well as not students, of approximately the same sex and age. In addition to examining differences between the four groups, it was of interest to see whether attitudes of participants with disabilities would correspond to attitudes of previous cohorts, as reported in earlier research. Results showed that most of the differences between the four groups were contributed by the individuals with mental retardation. They endorsed significantly fewer than 50% of the sexual activities with which they were presented. Activities individuals with developmental disabilities disapproved of, namely masturbation and homosexuality, were also disapproved by people with disabilities in earlier studies. Results are discussed for their relevance to sex education and developmental disabilities. C1 Univ Guelph, Coll Social Sci, Dept Psychol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Ohio State Univ, Nisonger Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Konstantareas, MM (reprint author), Univ Guelph, Coll Social Sci, Dept Psychol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. 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PD MAR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 24 EP 33 PG 10 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA ZE168 UT WOS:000072765000003 ER PT J AU Zucker, KJ Lightbody, S Pecore, K Bradley, SJ Blanchard, R AF Zucker, KJ Lightbody, S Pecore, K Bradley, SJ Blanchard, R TI Birth order in girls with gender identity disorder SO EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE gender identity disorder; birth order; sibling sex ratio; girls ID SIBLING SEX-RATIO; PARENTAL AGE; REANALYSIS; FEMININE; AUTISM; BOYS; MEN AB This study examined the birth order of girls with gender identity disorder (N=22). Each proband was matched to 3-7 clinical control girls for age at assessment and number of siblings (the mode number of controls per proband was 7) (total N=147). The number of older brothers, older sisters, younger brothers, and younger sisters was recorded. Slater's birth order index showed that the probands were significantly more likely to be early born than were the controls. A modified Slater's index also compared the birth order of the probands and the controls only to their brothers (when they had one or more) and only to their sisters (when they had one or more). Compared to the controls, the probands were born early compared to their sisters, but not to their brothers. These findings are the inverse of two previous studies of boys with gender identity disorder, who were later born relative to clinical control boys (11), an effect that appeared to be accounted for primarily by being born later relative to older brothers, but nor to older sisters (46). C1 Clarke Inst Psychiat, Ctr Family & Child Studies, Child & Adolescent Gender Ident Clin, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada. Clarke Inst Psychiat, Clin Sexol Programme, Gender Ident Clin, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada. 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PD MAR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 1 BP 30 EP 35 PG 6 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA ZF135 UT WOS:000072866200005 PM 9563811 ER PT J AU Wakefield, AJ Anthony, A Schepelmann, S Kawashima, H Sim, R Khan, K Murch, SH Dhillon, AP Montgomery, SM Thomson, MA Thomas, J AF Wakefield, AJ Anthony, A Schepelmann, S Kawashima, H Sim, R Khan, K Murch, SH Dhillon, AP Montgomery, SM Thomson, MA Thomas, J TI Persistent measles virus (MV) infection and immunodeficiency in children with autism, ileo-colonic lymphonodular hyperplasia and non-specific colitis SO GUT LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, London, England. Tokyo Med Coll, Dept Paediat, Tokyo 160, Japan. RI Dhillon, Amar/C-5619-2009 NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0017-5749 J9 GUT JI Gut PD MAR PY 1998 VL 42 SU 1 MA TF341 BP A86 EP A86 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA ZC344 UT WOS:000072567900342 ER PT J AU Bailey, A AF Bailey, A CA Int Mol Genet Study Autsim Consortium TI A full genome screen for autism with evidence for linkage to a region on chromosome 7q SO HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS LA English DT Article ID SIB-PAIR ANALYSIS; GENETIC DISSECTION; FAMILY HISTORY; COMPLEX TRAITS; TWIN; MAP AB Autism is characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and restricted and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities, Developmental difficulties are apparent before 3 years of age and there is evidence for strong genetic influences most likely involving more than one susceptibility gene, A two-stage genome search for susceptibility loci in autism was performed on 87 affected sib pairs plus 12 non-sib affected relative-pairs, from a total of 99 families identified by an international consortium, Regions on six chromosomes (4, 7, 10, 16, 19 and 22) were identified which generated a multipoint maximum led score (MLS) > 1. A region on chromosome 7q was the most significant with an MLS of 3.55 near markers D7S530 and D7S684 in the subset of 56 UK affected sib-pair families, and an MLS of 2.53 in all 87 affected sib-pair families, An area on chromosome 16p near the telomere was the next most significant, with an MLS of 1.97 in the UK families, and 1.51 in all families, These results are an important step towards identifying genes predisposing to autism; establishing their general applicability requires further study. C1 Inst Psychiat, MRC Child Psychiat Unit, London SE5 8AF, England. Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England. Guys Hosp, Newcomen Ctr, London SE1 9RT, England. Fleming Nuffield Unit, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. Booth Hall Childrens Hosp, Manchester, Lancs, England. Univ Cambridge, Sch Clin, Dev Psychiat Sect, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. Guys Hosp, SE Thames Reg Genet Ctr, London SE1 9RT, England. European Ctr Collect Anim Cell Cultures, Salisbury, Wilts, England. Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Genome Anal, Heidelberg, Germany. Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Toulouse Mirail, CHU Toulouse, CERRP, Toulouse, France. Tech Univ Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Bailey, A (reprint author), Inst Psychiat, MRC Child Psychiat Unit, De Crespigny Pk, London SE5 8AF, England. RI Weeks, Daniel/B-2995-2012; Maestrini, Elena/K-7508-2012; Bailey, Anthony/J-2860-2014 OI Bailey, Anthony/0000-0003-4257-972X CR Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x Cohen D. 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Mol. Genet. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 3 BP 571 EP 578 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZB845 UT WOS:000072513800033 ER PT J AU Thompson, RH Fisher, WW Piazza, CC Kuhn, DE AF Thompson, RH Fisher, WW Piazza, CC Kuhn, DE TI The evaluation and treatment of aggression maintained by attention and automatic reinforcement SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE aggression; autism; automatic reinforcement; developmental disabilities; functional analysis ID SELF-INJURY; FUNCTIONAL-ANALYSIS; ABERRANT BEHAVIOR; SLEEP-DEPRIVATION AB In the current investigation, we used direct and indirect methods to assess and treat several topographies of aggression that were hypothesized to have separate operant functions in a young boy with severe mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorder. First, a functional analysis of aggression, using the methods described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994), was conducted and produced inconclusive results. Next, indirect methods were used to develop a second functional analysis, which showed that chin grinding (firmly pressing and grinding his chin against the skin and bones of others) persisted independent of social contingencies and that the other topographies of aggression (e.g., hitting, kicking) were maintained by social positive reinforcement (attention). A treatment designed to decrease aggression maintained by attention-functional communication training with extinction-reduced all forms of aggression except chin grinding. This latter topography of aggression, which we hypothesized was maintained by automatic reinforcement, was reduced when the response-reinforcer relation was interrupted through response blocking and the child was provided with an alternative form of chin stimulation. C1 Kennedy Krieger Inst, Neurobehav Unit, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Fisher, WW (reprint author), Kennedy Krieger Inst, Neurobehav Unit, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. 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PD SPR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1 BP 103 EP 116 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-103 PG 14 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA ZC794 UT WOS:000072618700007 PM 9532754 ER PT J AU Zanolli, K Daggett, J AF Zanolli, K Daggett, J TI The effects of reinforcement rate on the spontaneous social initiations of socially withdrawn preschoolers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE priming; reinforcement rate; social skills ID BEHAVIORAL MOMENTUM; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN AB Social skills priming was used to increase the spontaneous social initiations of 2 socially withdrawn preschoolers, 1 of whom had been diagnosed with autism. During priming sessions, the teacher prompted and reinforced social behaviors (e.g., smiling, verbal initiations). We varied the rate of reinforcement during priming sessions and measured the effects of this manipulation on the rate of spontaneous social initiations during the subsequent classroom activity. Spontaneous initiations were more frequent after high rates of reinforcement than after low rates of reinforcement. C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Human Dev & Family Life, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. RP Zanolli, K (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Dept Human Dev & Family Life, 4001 Dole, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. 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Appl. Behav. Anal. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1 BP 117 EP 125 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-117 PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA ZC794 UT WOS:000072618700008 PM 9532755 ER PT J AU Harris, TA Peterson, SL Filliben, TL Glassberg, M Favell, JE AF Harris, TA Peterson, SL Filliben, TL Glassberg, M Favell, JE TI Evaluating a more cost-efficient alternative to providing in-home feedback to parents: The use of spousal feedback SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE parent training; parent education; autism; feedback; teaching skills AB We evaluated the contribution of spousal feedback to a parent education curriculum designed for parents of children with autism. A modified multiple baseline design across 3 husband-and-wife dyads was used to examine the effects of teaching parents to give each other feedback on their reaching performance. For 5 of 6 participants, improvement in teaching performance occurred following didactic presentations. However, additional improvement was observed for 5 participants when the spousal feedback component was implemented. C1 Delaware Autist Program, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Harris, TA (reprint author), Delaware Autist Program, 144 Brennen Dr, Newark, DE 19713 USA. CR DANIELS AC, 1988, PERFORMANCE MANAGEME KOEGEL RL, 1978, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V11, P95, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1978.11-95 MORAN DR, 1991, CHILD FAM BEHAV THER, V13, P13, DOI 10.1300/J019v13n01_02 ZIARNIK JP, 1982, MENT RETARD, V20, P109 NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 PU JOURNAL APPL BEHAV ANAL PI LAWRENCE PA DEPT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, UNIV KANSAS, LAWRENCE, KS 66045 USA SN 0021-8855 J9 J APPL BEHAV ANAL JI J. Appl. Behav. Anal. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-131 PG 4 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA ZC794 UT WOS:000072618700010 PM 9532757 ER PT J AU Howlin, P AF Howlin, P TI Practitioner review: Psychological and educational treatments for autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Review DE autism; intervention; prevention of problems ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; FOLLOW-UP; SPECTRUM DISORDERS; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; CHILDREN; COMMUNICATION; INTERVENTION; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; INDIVIDUALS AB The review discusses various interventions that have been used in the treatment of children with autism. It concludes that no single mode of treatment is ever likely to be effective for all children and all families. Instead, intervention will need to be adapted to individual needs and the value of approaches that involve a functional analysis of problems is explored. It is suggested that many so called "challenging" behaviours result from the child's fundamental difficulties in communication and social understanding, or from the ritualistic and obsessional tendencies that are also characteristic of autism. Possible ways in which parents and teachers might deal with problems in these areas are discussed. The importance of early diagnosis, and with it early, practical advice for families is stressed. C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, London SW17 0RE, England. RP Howlin, P (reprint author), St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, England. 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H., 1993, ADV HEAT TRANSFER, V23, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0065-2717(08)70005-4 NR 107 TC 97 Z9 97 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 307 EP 322 DI 10.1017/S0021963097002138 PG 16 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA ZB987 UT WOS:000072528300003 PM 9670087 ER PT J AU Leevers, HJ Harris, PL AF Leevers, HJ Harris, PL TI Drawing impossible entities: A measure of the imagination in children with autism, children with learning disabilities, and normal 4-year-olds SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; preschool children; creativity; drawing ID EXECUTIVE FUNCTION DEFICITS; GRAPHIC ABILITIES; VISUAL REALISM; PRETEND PLAY; MIND; PERSPECTIVE AB Contemporary findings suggest that the imagination of autistic children is not as limited as was once thought. In contrast, Scott and Baron-Cohen (1996) claim that children with autism are unable to draw pictures of impossible entities. An experiment showed that children with autism, children with moderate learning disabilities, and normal 4-year-olds were equally successful at identifying real and impossible pictures and at completing pictures to make them look either real or impossible. The previously reported inability to draw "impossible" pictures is unlikely to reflect an imaginative deficit and may instead result from a misunderstanding of the task or limitations in the executive abilities required to plan and draw an unusual picture for the first time. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Aidekman Res Ctr, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. RP Leevers, HJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Aidekman Res Ctr, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, 197 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. EM leevers@axon.rutgers.edu CR BERTI AE, IN PRESS COGNITIVE D Bishop D. V. M, 1982, TEST RECEPTION GRAMM BISHOP DVM, 1993, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V34, P279, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00992.x CHARMAN T, 1993, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V11, P171 COHEN J, 1968, PSYCHOL BULL, V70, P213, DOI 10.1037/h0026256 Cox M. V., 1993, CHILDRENS DRAWINGS H COX MV, 1994, EDUC PSYCHOL, V14, P427, DOI 10.1080/0144341940140405 EAMES K, 1994, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V12, P235 FEIN D, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P263, DOI 10.1007/BF02284723 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN HADWIN J, 1997, UNPUB IMAGING ALTERN HAPPE FGE, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P215, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01159.x Harris P., 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P228 HUGHES C, 1994, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V32, P477, DOI 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 Jarrold C, 1996, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P275 JARROLD C, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1473, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01288.x Karmiloff-Smith A., 1992, MODULARITY DEV PERSP KARMILOFFSMITH A, 1990, COGNITION, V34, P57, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(90)90031-E KAVANAUGH RD, 1994, DEV PSYCHOL, V30, P847, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.847 Kosslyn S. 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V., 1990, INTRO PSYCHOL CHILDR Van Sommers P., 1984, DRAWING COGNITION Zhi Z, 1997, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V15, P275 NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 399 EP 410 DI 10.1017/S0021963097002096 PG 12 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA ZB987 UT WOS:000072528300011 PM 9670095 ER PT J AU Hewitt, LE AF Hewitt, LE TI Introduction - A social interactionist view of autism and its clinical management SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Editorial Material ID DISORDERS C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Hewitt, LE (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, 110 Moore Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT *ASP AUT IND LIV A, 1997, SAM PAG IND LIV Bettelheim B., 1967, EMPTY FORTRESS INFAN GILLBERG C, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P99, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb02275.x GILLBERG CL, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P813, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01959.x Grandin T., 1995, THINKING PICTURES OT Naremore R, 1995, LANGUAGE INTERVENTIO Nelson N. W., 1993, CHILDHOOD LANGUAGE D Ninio A., 1996, PRAGMATIC DEV SACKS H, 1974, LANGUAGE, V50, P1075 WATSON L. R., 1989, TEACHING SPONTANEOUS NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0021-9924 J9 J COMMUN DISORD JI J. Commun. Disord. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 87 EP 92 PG 6 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA ZD331 UT WOS:000072674500001 PM 9549668 ER PT J AU Duchan, JF AF Duchan, JF TI Describing the unusual behavior of children with autism SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; behavior; diagnosis ID GIRL AB The behaviors of children with autism have been described by professionals, by family members, and also by those with autism. This article analyzes four different types of reports that contain descriptions of those with autism: (1) case studies, (2) diagnostic reports and single-subject research studies, (3) family accounts, and (4) autobiographical descriptions. Authors describe the behaviors of those with autism differently depending upon their relationship with the person they are describing, their intended audience, their goals, and the genre they use for conveying their descriptions. Authors were found to use the following types of descriptions, to varying degrees in order to achieve their goals: (1) descriptions of what a child did on a particular occasion; (2) descriptions of what a child typically does or did; (3) descriptions of what a child should have done; (4) descriptions of how behavior was experienced by a child or family member; (5) descriptions of how a third party reported a behavior; (6) metaphoric descriptions of behaviors; and (7) descriptions of how behaviors mesh with traits often associated with autism. A detailed examination of how behaviors of children with autism are described indicates that the way someone with autism is regarded and described is strongly related to what the describer wants to accomplish. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Communicat Disorders & Sci, Ctr Cognit Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. RP Duchan, JF (reprint author), 130 Jewett Pkwy, Buffalo, NY 14210 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1981, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Asperger H., 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P37, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511526770.002 ASPERGER U, 1991, AUTISM ASPERGER SYND, P37 Banfield Ann, 1982, UNSPEAKABLE SENTENCE Barron S., 1992, THERES BOY HERE Bettelheim B., 1967, EMPTY FORTRESS BIKLEN D, 1994, J ASSOC PERS SEVERE, V19, P173 BLANK M, 1981, APPL PSYCHOLINGUIST, V2, P65, DOI 10.1017/S0142716400000667 BONVILLIAN JD, 1976, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V41, P339 Chafe W., 1986, EVIDENTIALITY LINGUI, P261 DUCHAN J, IN PRESS CONSTRUCTIN GILLBERG C, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P369, DOI 10.1007/BF01531665 Grandin T., 1986, EMERGENCE LABELED AU HANSEN A, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P263, DOI 10.1007/BF01539002 Hewitt L. E., 1995, DEIXIS NARRATIVE COG HEWITT LE, 1995, TOP LANG DISORD, V15, P1 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Kanner L, 1971, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V1, P112 Kaufman Barry N., 1994, SON RISE MIRACLE CON KOZAK F, 1986, AUTISTIC CHILDREN WO LAVIGNA GW, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P135, DOI 10.1007/BF01537725 Maurice C., 1993, LET ME HEAR YOUR VOI McDonnell Jane T., 1993, NEWS BORDER MOTHERS MCDONNELL P, 1993, AFTERWORD NEWS BORDE, P326 MIDDLETON G, 1992, REPORT WRITTEN SPEEC NEALE J, 1982, CASE STUDIES ABNORMA, P221 PARK CC, 1968, SIEGE PINNEY R, 1983, BOBBY BREAKTHROUGHT Sacks Oliver, 1995, ANTHR MARS SCHULER A, 1995, TEACHING CHILDREN AU SENIOR R, 1981, BODDY BREAKTHROUGH S, P14 Tustin F., 1992, AUTISTIC STATES CHIL WARD P, 1996, AM SPEECH LANG HEAR WIEBE JM, 1995, DEIXIS NARRATIVE COG, P263 NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0021-9924 J9 J COMMUN DISORD JI J. Commun. Disord. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 93 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0021-9924(97)00084-1 PG 20 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA ZD331 UT WOS:000072674500002 PM 9549669 ER PT J AU Dobbinson, S Perkins, MR Boucher, J AF Dobbinson, S Perkins, MR Boucher, J TI Structural patterns in conversations with a woman who has autism SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; conversation; discourse analysis; repetitiveness ID NORMAL-CHILDREN; LANGUAGE; COMMUNICATION; DISCOURSE; DISORDERS; ECHOLALIA AB The experience of conversing with a person who has autism is often described as unsatisfactory. This article offers some suggestions as to why that might be. Conversation between an adult diagnosed as autistic and a researcher was transcribed and analyzed using the methodology of Conversation Analysis. The analysis highlights differences in conversational style between the two participants based on features such as topic movement, topic maintenance, repairs, interference from earlier structures and common collocations, overlaps, latching, and pauses. It is suggested that many of the features of the subject's talk which result in an overly repetitive style may be cognitively motivated. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Coll Ripon & York St John, Dept Linguist & Modern Languages, York YO3 7EX, N Yorkshire, England. Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Dobbinson, S (reprint author), Univ Coll Ripon & York St John, Dept Linguist & Modern Languages, Lord Mayors Walk, York YO3 7EX, N Yorkshire, England. 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Commun. Disord. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 113 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0021-9924(97)00085-3 PG 22 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA ZD331 UT WOS:000072674500003 PM 9549670 ER PT J AU Hewitt, LE AF Hewitt, LE TI Influence of question type on response adequacy in young adults with autism SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; comprehension; discourse; questions ID EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; DOWNS-SYNDROME; CHILDREN; MIND; COMMUNICATION; ACQUISITION; DISORDERS; DEFICITS; DELAY AB Sources of difficulty in comprehending conversational questions for individuals with autism may be multifarious, given the complexity of the disorder. This study investigated success in responding to naturalistic conversational questions by six young adults with autism, using a quantitative discourse analytic method. Subjects, aged 19-21, who were able to converse in at least simple sentences, were engaged in conversation about events and activities in their lives. From the transcripts of these conversations, four types of questions were isolated for analysis: more than seven words in length; multiclausal; requiring inference; and indirect requests for information. It was predicted that inference-based questions would be more difficult than the other types. Findings did not support this prediction. All four types showed a higher failure rate than the overall failure rate for responses to conversational questions. Clinical implications include the need for conversational assessment of receptive language functioning for individuals with autism. Suggestions for such assessments are provided. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Hewitt, LE (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, 110 Moore Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 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R., 1989, TEACHING SPONTANEOUS WETHERBY AM, 1984, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V27, P364 Wetherby A.M., 1992, AUTISM IDENTIFICATIO, P107 YIRMIYA N, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P150, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03603.x NR 56 TC 7 Z9 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0021-9924 J9 J COMMUN DISORD JI J. Commun. Disord. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 135 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0021-9924(97)00086-5 PG 18 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA ZD331 UT WOS:000072674500004 PM 9549671 ER PT J AU Light, JC Roberts, B Dimarco, R Greiner, N AF Light, JC Roberts, B Dimarco, R Greiner, N TI Augmentative and alternative communication to support receptive and expressive communication for people with autism SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE augmentative and alternative communication (AAC); assessment; autism; intervention AB In this article the authors discuss the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) as used to enhance comprehension and expression of people with autism. A theoretical model for AAC assessment and intervention planning is presented. Application of the model is illustrated through a case report of a 6-year-old boy with autism who had severe expressive and receptive language impairments. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. New Jersey Dept Human Serv, Off Educ, Trenton, NJ USA. W Shore Sch Dist, New Cumberland, PA USA. RP Light, JC (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Commun Disorders, 217 Moore Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DSM 4 DIAGN STAT MAN, V4th American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1989, ASHA, V31, P107 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1991, ASHA S5, V33, P9 Beukelman D., 1988, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V4, P104, DOI 10.1080/07434618812331274687 Beukelman D., 1985, COMMUNICATION AUGMEN Beukelman D. R., 1988, P NAT PLANN C ASS DE, P151 Beukelman DR, 1992, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA BEUKLEMAN D, 1992, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA BIKLEN D, 1990, HARVARD EDUC REV, V60, P291 Bolton S., 1984, INCH INTERACTION CHE Calculator S., 1988, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V4, P94, DOI 10.1080/07434618812331274677 CALCULATOR SN, 1991, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V7, P204, DOI 10.1080/07434619112331275903 CARROWWOLFOLK E, 1985, TEST AUDITORY COMPRE CULP DM, 1988, PARTNERS AUGMENTATIV DOWDEN PA, 1986, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V2, P25, DOI 10.1080/07434618612331273840 Dunn L. 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F., 1995, CLIN ASSESSMENT LANG Mirenda P, 1989, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V5, P3, DOI 10.1080/07434618912331274916 MIRENDA P, 1989, TOP LANG DISORD, V9, P24 NELSON N W, 1992, AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication), V8, P3, DOI 10.1080/07434619212331276003 REICHLE J, 1991, IMPLEMNETING AUGMENT Reichle J., 1991, IMPLEMENTING AUGMENT Romski M. A., 1988, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V4, P83, DOI 10.1080/07434618812331274667 Romski M. A., 1996, BREAKING SPEECH BARR ROMSKI MA, 1993, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V9, P281, DOI 10.1080/07434619312331276701 ROTH F P, 1989, AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication), V5, P165, DOI 10.1080/07434618912331275166 Sigafoos J., 1991, IMPLEMENTING AUGMENT, P61 SIMPSON K, 1996, AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNA, V12, P181, DOI 10.1080/07434619612331277628 Vanderheiden G. C., 1986, AUGMENTATIVE COMMUNI, P49 Weschler D., 1974, WESCHLER INTELLIGENC Wing L., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P3 YORKSTON K, 1986, AUGMENTATIVE COMMUNI, P163 NR 49 TC 38 Z9 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0021-9924 J9 J COMMUN DISORD JI J. Commun. Disord. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 153 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0021-9924(97)00087-7 PG 28 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA ZD331 UT WOS:000072674500005 PM 9549672 ER PT J AU Rollins, PR Wambacq, I Dowell, D Mathews, L Reese, PB AF Rollins, PR Wambacq, I Dowell, D Mathews, L Reese, PB TI An intervention technique for children with autistic spectrum disorder: Joint attentional routines SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; assessment; joint attention; intervention ID NON-OSTENSIVE CONTEXTS; LANGUAGE; COMMUNICATION; ECHOLALIA AB Virtually all children with autism are deficient in joint attentional skills. The impact of this deficit may be understood in the context of pragmatically based explanations of language acquisition. In this view, each step in the ontongeny of joint attention is consequential for language development. Thus, it is important that speech-language pathologists understand the developmental course of joint attention so that intervention may start at the earliest step possible. In this article, we review the literature on joint attention and its relationship with other rule systems of language. We discuss the ontogeny of joint attention in typical children. Finally, we describe the developmental course of joint attention as a framework for language intervention through the study of one case. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Texas, Callier Ctr Commun Disorders, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. RP Rollins, PR (reprint author), Univ Texas, Callier Ctr Commun Disorders, 1966 Inwood Rd, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. CR BARONCOHEN S, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P379, DOI 10.1007/BF02212194 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P113 Bruner Jerome, 1983, CHILDS TALK BRUNER JS, 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS COHEN DJ, 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P41 CURCIO F, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF01539631 FISHER KW, 1981, LANGUAGE BEHAV INFAN FRITH U, 1989, BRIT J DISORD COMMUN, V24, P123 GOLDFIELD B, 1990, FIRST LANGUAGE, V10, P231 HURTIG R, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P57, DOI 10.1007/BF01531674 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 LOVELAND KA, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF01531663 MAYERJOHNSON R, 1994, BOARDMAKER 3 0 MACIN MUNDY P, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF02206861 NINIO A, 1993, CA100 PARENTAL INTER NINIO A, 1978, J CHILD LANG, V5, P1 Ninio Anat, 1996, PRAGMATIC DEV ESSAYS Paul R., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P61 PRIZANT BM, 1981, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V46, P241 PRIZANT BM, 1984, J SPEECH HEAR RES, V27, P183 ROLLINS BM, 1996, AM SPEECH HEAR ASS A ROLLINS BM, IN PRESS J CHILD LAN ROLLINS BM, 1994, THESIS HARVARD GRADU Snow C. E., 1987, CHILDRENS LANGUAGE, V6, P65 Snow CE, 1996, SOC DEV, V5, P56, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9507.1996.tb00072.x SNOW CE, 1983, J CHILD LANG, V10, P551 Tomasello M, 1996, J CHILD LANG, V23, P157 TOMASELLO M, 1992, J CHILD LANG, V19, P311 TOMASELLO M, 1993, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V16, P495 Tomasello Michael, 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS WETHERBY AM, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P225 WETHERBY AM, 1989, J SPEECH HEAR DISORD, V54, P148 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 NR 33 TC 16 Z9 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0021-9924 J9 J COMMUN DISORD JI J. Commun. Disord. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1016/S0021-9924(97)00088-9 PG 13 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA ZD331 UT WOS:000072674500006 PM 9549673 ER PT J AU Mars, AE Mauk, JE Dowrick, PW AF Mars, AE Mauk, JE Dowrick, PW TI Symptoms of pervasive developmental disorders as observed in prediagnostic home videos of infants and toddlers SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID AUTISM; CHILDREN; MOVIES AB Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) to show prediagnostic abnormalities in social and communicative behaviors on home videos of children who later received a diagnosis of one of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) and (2) to demonstrate that prediagnostic abnormalities in social and communicative behaviors for children with PDD not otherwise specified will be less prominent than those in children with autistic disorder but still distinguishable from those of typically developing peers. Study design: Parents of children with PDD each submitted home videos of social events that were made when their child was between the ages of 12 and 30 months, before diagnosis. Two independent observers, unaware of the subjects' diagnoses or purpose of the study, scored the rates of specific anomalies in social and communicative behavior. Two additional observers scored the percentage of time the children were engaged socially or with objects. Data from the experimental group were compared with those of 25 age-matched children with no developmental disabilities. Results: Significant differences were found between the rates of social engagement and 8 of the 25 specific behaviors of the children in whom PDD was later diagnosed and those of the typical children. The children later given the diagnosis of PDD not otherwise specified had mean frequencies of some social interactions and communicative skills that fell between those of children later given the diagnosis of autistic disorder and those of children with typical development. Conclusion: In our sample children in whom PDD was later diagnosed could be differentiated from their typically developing peers on the basis of specific anomalies noted in their social and communicative behaviors, especially joint attention. In our sample children with PDD not otherwise specified could have been further differentiated on the basis of the rates of social interaction. Careful assessment of social interaction and communicative behaviors may help to identify children with PDD before the age of 30 months. C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Robert Wood Johnson Profess Ctr, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Childrens Seashore House, Philadelphia, PA USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Mars, AE (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Robert Wood Johnson Profess Ctr, 97 Paterson St, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. CR ADRIEN JL, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P617, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00019 ADRIEN JL, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P43, DOI 10.1007/BF02206996 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, P65 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 BARONCOHEN S, 1989, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V7, P113 BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P843 CAPUTE A, 1996, DEV DISABILITIES INF, P425 Fenske E. C., 1985, ANAL INTERVENTION DE, V5, P7 Fisher LD, 1993, BIOSTATISTICS METHOD Lord C, 1995, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V36, P1365, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 Lowe M., 1988, SYMBOLIC PLAY TEST McArthur D, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P481, DOI 10.1007/BF02172271 OSTERLING J, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P247, DOI 10.1007/BF02172225 Schopler E., 1986, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SIGMAN M, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P647, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00189.x VOLKMAR FR, 1986, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V25, P190, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60226-0 NR 17 TC 69 Z9 71 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 132 IS 3 BP 500 EP 504 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70027-7 PN 1 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZF241 UT WOS:000072877800027 PM 9544908 ER PT J AU Perkins, MR AF Perkins, MR TI Is pragmatics epiphenomenal? Evidence from communication disorders SO JOURNAL OF PRAGMATICS LA English DT Article ID RIGHT-HEMISPHERE; LANGUAGE; CHILDREN; AUTISM; RELEVANCE; MIND; DYSFUNCTION AB In recent years there has been a converging trend in the study of pragmatics, grammar, language acquisition and neurolinguistics which sees as secondary epiphenomena a wide range of phenomena which were once regarded as primary. Examples of this trend in pragmatics include relevance theory, which explains speech acts and implicatures in terms of a more fundamental principle of relevance, and conversation analysis, which sees notions such as 'topic' as by-products of conversational coherence. In this paper I adopt a similarly 'minimalist' approach which focuses on the cognitive aetiology of pragmatics. Pragmatics is seen as the consequence of interactions between a set of linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive subsystems which determine the crucial balance between how much information is encoded linguistically and how much is left unsaid on the grounds that it is recoverable from the linguistic and nonlinguistic context of utterance. Since it is often only when a complex system goes wrong that we become aware of the individual contributions of its component subsystems, my empirical evidence for the various cognitive entities discussed in this paper is the behaviour of people with communication disorders. Data from of a wide range of developmental and acquired language pathologies are presented in support of my argument. The approach adopted makes it possible to be more precise about the cognitive basis of pragmatics. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. 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S., 1981, CONCEPT ACTIVITY SOV Wilkinson R., 1995, CASE STUDIES CLIN LI, P271 WILLCOX A, 1995, CASE STUDIES CLIN LI, P146 WILSON D, 1991, PRAGMATICS READER, P583 Wing Lorna, 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT, P91 Yamada J. E., 1990, LAURA CASE MODULARIT NR 78 TC 20 Z9 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-2166 J9 J PRAGMATICS JI J. Pragmat. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 29 IS 3 BP 291 EP 311 DI 10.1016/S0378-2166(97)00055-6 PG 21 WC Linguistics; Language & Linguistics SC Linguistics GA YT755 UT WOS:000071641800003 ER PT J AU Stratton, J Gailfus, D AF Stratton, J Gailfus, D TI A new approach to substance abuse treatment - Adolescents and adults with ADHD SO JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT LA English DT Article DE ADHD; sensory integration; adolescents; hyperactivity; dual disorders AB Adolescents and young adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not only at risk for drug and alcohol dependence, but are also difficult to maintain in a chemical dependency facility due to disruptive behaviors. Such patients may be "hyperaroused," a term coined by the field of occupational therapy, but oppositional behaviors hide their physical and emotional overreactivity. Thirty years ago, occupational therapist Dr. Jean Ayres developed Sensory Integration (SI) techniques that are traditionally used with children under 21 years of age who are diagnosed with learning disabilities, autism, and ADHD. Many of the chemically dependent adolescent and young adult patients with ADHD who are in treatment display characteristics similar to those of children traditionally targeted for this therapy. Techniques used by occupational therapists trained in SI were adapted to treat hyperarousal and overreactivity to the environment in chemically dependent adolescents and young adults, in order to maintain them in the treatment environment until they were ready to graduate. The techniques were successful in maintaining and educating patients about ADHD and chemical dependency. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Hazelden Ctr Youth & Families Counseling Clin, Plymouth, MN USA. RP Stratton, J (reprint author), 11505 36th Ave N, Plymouth, MN 55441 USA. CR BARKELY RA, 1991, ATTENTION DEFICIT HY Barkley RA, 1990, ATTENTION DEFICIT HY, V2nd COOL S, 1990, SENSORY INTEGRATION, V13, P4 DOSSEY L, 1993, HEALING WORDS Fisher A. G., 1991, SENSORY INTEGRATION KAJANDER R, 1995, LIVING ADHD PRACTICA Rourke B. P, 1989, NONVERBAL LEARNING D ROURKE BP, 1981, LEARNING DISABILITIE *SENS INT INT, PAR GUID UND SENS IN WILBARGER P, 1990, SENSORY DEFENSIVENES Williams M. S., 1994, DOES YOUR ENGINE RUN NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0740-5472 J9 J SUBST ABUSE TREAT JI J. Subst. Abus. Treat. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 89 EP 94 PG 6 WC Psychology, Clinical; Substance Abuse SC Psychology; Substance Abuse GA ZF393 UT WOS:000072893000002 PM 9561946 ER PT J AU Tanguay, PE Robertson, J Derrick, A AF Tanguay, PE Robertson, J Derrick, A TI A dimensional classification of autism spectrum disorder by social communication domains SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; Asperger's disorder; autism spectrum disorder; diagnosis; social communication ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW; JOINT ATTENTION; CHILDREN; INDIVIDUALS; DELAY AB Objective: To investigate whether "social communication" could be used to assess severity of symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. Social communication refers to the communication of cognitive and emotional information through facial expression, gesture, and prosody and through implicit understanding of pragmatics and of theory of mind. Method: Subjects were evaluated by raters using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and either the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule or the Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Two investigators independently diagnosed autism, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified in 63 subjects. Items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised that were judged to represent social communication behaviors were factor-analyzed, Results: Three factors were identified: affective reciprocity, joint attention, and theory of mind. Comparing this new classification approach to DSM-IV led to suggestions for possible changes in the latter: (1) Vocabulary and grammar deficiencies in autistic persons should be coded under developmental language disorder. (2) The diagnosis of Asperger's disorder may not be needed. (3) Requiring that all persons with autism spectrum disorder have a symptom from the "restrictive, repetitive, and stereotypic" list may need to be reconsidered. Conclusions: The DSM-IV category of pervasive developmental disorder may be ideal for diagnosing "classic" autism, but it may be inadequate for diagnosing less severe forms of the disorder. C1 Univ Louisville, Bingham Child Guidance Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Sch Med,Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. RP Tanguay, PE (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Bingham Child Guidance Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Sch Med,Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, 200 E Chestnut St, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT BARONCOHEN S, 1991, PSYCHIAT CLIN N AM, V14, P33 Baron-Cohen S, 1995, MINDBLINDNESS BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x DAWSON G, 1990, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V18, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF00916569 DISSANAYAKE C, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P451 HOBSON RP, 1986, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V27, P321, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KASARI C, 1990, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V20, P87, DOI 10.1007/BF02206859 LANDA R, 1992, PSYCHOL MED, V22, P245 LANDRY SH, 1988, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V29, P621, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb01884.x LeCouteur A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P785 LECOUTEUR A, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P363 LEWY AL, 1992, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V20, P555, DOI 10.1007/BF00911240 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P185, DOI 10.1007/BF02211841 LORD C, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P659, DOI 10.1007/BF02172145 LOVELAND KA, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P177, DOI 10.1007/BF02284758 Mundy P., 1989, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V1, P173, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000365 NORUSIS M, 1996, SPSS PC PLUS VERSION Piven J, 1997, AM J PSYCHIAT, V154, P185 RUTTER M, 1988, ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS, P408 RUTTER M, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P459, DOI 10.1007/BF01046322 NR 23 TC 82 Z9 83 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 37 IS 3 BP 271 EP 277 DI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00011 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA YY719 UT WOS:000072177000011 PM 9519631 ER PT J AU Mahoney, WJ Szatmari, P MacLean, JE Bryson, SE Bartolucci, G Walter, SD Jones, MB Zwaigenbaum, L AF Mahoney, WJ Szatmari, P MacLean, JE Bryson, SE Bartolucci, G Walter, SD Jones, MB Zwaigenbaum, L TI Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE pervasive developmental disorder subtypes; diagnosis; reliability; accuracy ID LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS; ERROR RATES; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR; DIAGNOSIS; INDIVIDUALS AB Objective: To evaluate the ability of the DSM-IV criteria for the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) to reliably and accurately differentiate PDD subtypes. Method: The sample consisted of 143 children with various types of developmental disabilities. A diagnosis of PDD and PDD subtype was made by one clinician using information obtained from the Autism Diagnostic interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. The raw data from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, clinical notes (excluding diagnostic opinion), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, IQ, and other available data were independently assessed by three experienced raters, each of whom then made a separate, blind diagnosis. If there was any disagreement, a consensus best-estimate (CBE) diagnosis was made after discussion. To assess reliability, the agreement between the three raters was calculated using K. Accuracy was assessed by calculating the agreement between the clinician's diagnosis and the CBE and by calculating the error rates associated with the three raters using latent class analysis. Results: The current DSM-IV criteria show good to excellent reliability for the diagnosis of PDD, Asperger's disorder (AsD), and autism, but they show poor reliability for the diagnosis of atypical autism. The clinician (compared to the CBE) had little difficulty differentiating PDD from non-PDD children and autism from AsD but had more difficulty identifying children with atypical autism. The latent class analysis also showed that the average error rates of the three raters for a differentiation of atypical autism from autism were unacceptably high. Conclusions: Although the psychometric properties of the current DSM-IV criteria for autism and AsD appear quite acceptable, there is likely to be a high rate of misclassification of children given a diagnosis of atypical autism. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Pediat, Hamilton, ON, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Hamilton, ON, Canada. York Univ, Dept Psychol, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Penn State Univ, Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Coll Med, Dept Behav Sci, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Szatmari, P (reprint author), Chedoke McMaster Hosp, Stn A, Patterson Bldg,Room 207,POB 2000, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. 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Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 37 IS 3 BP 278 EP 285 DI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00012 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA YY719 UT WOS:000072177000012 PM 9519632 ER PT J AU Szymanski, LS AF Szymanski, LS TI Children with autism: A developmental perspective. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Book Review C1 Childrens Hosp, Ctr Autism & Related Disorders, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. RP Szymanski, LS (reprint author), Childrens Hosp, Ctr Autism & Related Disorders, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. CR Capps L., 1997, CHILDREN AUTISM DEV NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0890-8567 J9 J AM ACAD CHILD PSY JI J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 37 IS 3 BP 338 EP 339 DI 10.1097/00004583-199803000-00024 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA YY719 UT WOS:000072177000024 ER PT J AU Snyder, AW AF Snyder, AW TI Breaking mindset SO MIND & LANGUAGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cognitive Science Conference on the Minds New Science CY NOV, 1996 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA HO MACQUARIE UNIV AB A fundamental question facing the cognitive sciences is why it is so difficult for us to look at the world in new ways. Experts, in particular, appear to have extreme difficulty in questioning the foundations for their belief. This I argue is because we can only view our world through mental paradigms. Such paradigms, our mindsets, have evolved so that we can respond automatically to things of importance but, by having mindsets, we are intrinsically prejudiced. I suggest that infantile autism provides valuable insight into what a mind would be like if it were not to have paradigms. Because we are constrained to look at the world through our mindsets, the only way to see more is to acquire more mindsets. But, to actually be original, it is also necessary to subvert conventional wisdom and this would appear to be culturally dependent. Accordingly, understanding creativity necessitates examiningthe collective perspectives of diverse disciplines, encompassing abnormal minds as well as the historical transformations of different cultures. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Inst Adv Studies, Ctr Mind, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Snyder, AW (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Inst Adv Studies, Ctr Mind, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. 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A., 1989, EXTRAORDINARY PEOPLE WHITEN A, 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN, P267 Whiten Andrew, 1996, P300 NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-1064 J9 MIND LANG JI Mind Lang. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1111/1468-0017.00061 PG 10 WC Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Psychology GA ZX031 UT WOS:000074473300002 ER PT J AU Currie, G AF Currie, G TI Pretence, pretending and metarepresenting SO MIND & LANGUAGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cognitive Science Conference on the Minds New Science CY NOV, 1996 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA HO MACQUARIE UNIV ID MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; MIND; PLAY; REALITY; IMAGINATION; MEMORIES; AUTISM AB I assess the claim that metarepresentation is a key notion in understanding the nature and development of our capacity to engage in pretence. 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PD MAR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 35 EP 55 DI 10.1111/1468-0017.00064 PG 21 WC Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Psychology GA ZX031 UT WOS:000074473300005 ER PT J AU Gerrans, P AF Gerrans, P TI The norms of cognitive development SO MIND & LANGUAGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cognitive Science Conference on the Minds New Science CY NOV, 1996 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA HO MACQUARIE UNIV ID MIND; REALITY; AUTISM; PLAY AB Once the notion of a precursive relationship between developmental stages is fully articulated in terms of the distinction between 'role' and 'realiser' states, it turns out that the 'Theory of Mind' literature operates with a notion of precursive relationships described at too high a level of abstraction to explain actual mechanisms of development. Furthermore, the tendency within that literature to explain precursive relationships in terms of role states with isomorphic linguistic/computational structures is misleading. Developmental relationships are more likely to exist between states which Flay a similar normative role in the agents's psychology than between states which can be described as sharing a similar computational architecture. C1 Univ Sydney, Dept Gen Philosophy, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Gerrans, P (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Dept Gen Philosophy, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia. EM philip.gerrans@philosophy.su.edu.au CR Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BARONCOHEN S, 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Boyer P., 1993, COGNITIVE ASPECTS RE CURRIE G, 1995, MENTAL SIMULATION CURRIE G, 1997, ART EMOTIONS CURRIE G, 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI CURRIE G, 1986, PHILOS STUD, V50, P195, DOI 10.1007/BF00354588 De Waal F., 1982, CHIMPANZEE POLITICS Evans G., 1982, VARIETIES REFERENCE FIVUSH R, 1987, COGNITIVE DEV, V2, P393, DOI 10.1016/S0885-2014(87)80015-1 Frith U., 1989, AUTISM EXPLAINING EN FRITH U, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P115, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90024-8 GOLDMAN A, 1993, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V16, P16 Golomb C, 1996, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V14, P203 Gopnik Alison, 1995, FOLK PSYCHOL Harris P. L., 1989, CHILDREN EMOTION HUMPHREYS N, 1983, CONSCIOUSNESS REGAIN KAPLAN D, 1975, WORDS OBJECTIONS LESLIE A., 1991, NATURAL THEORIES MIN Leslie A. 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PD MAR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 56 EP 75 DI 10.1111/1468-0017.00065 PG 20 WC Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Psychology GA ZX031 UT WOS:000074473300006 ER PT J AU Coltheart, M Langdon, R AF Coltheart, M Langdon, R TI Autism, modularity and levels of explanation in cognitive science SO MIND & LANGUAGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Cognitive Science Conference on the Minds New Science CY NOV, 1996 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA HO MACQUARIE UNIV AB Over the past century or more, cognitive neuropsychologists have discussed many of the issues raised in this volume. On the basis of this literature, we argue that autism is not a single homogeneous condition, and so can have no single cause. Instead, each of its symptoms has a cause, and the proper study of autism is the separate study of each of these symptoms and its cause. We also offer evidence to support the radical view advanced by Stoljar and Gold in this volume, namely, that in explaining such syndromes the cognitive level of explanation has priority over the neuroscientific. C1 Macquarie Univ, Dept Psychol, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. RP Coltheart, M (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Dept Psychol, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. EM max@currawong.bhs.mq.edu.au CR Bastian HC, 1869, BRIT FOREIGN MED CHI, V43, p[209, 470] Bastian HC, 1869, BRIT FOREIGN MED CHI, V43, p[209, 470] BERNDT RS, 1987, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH BLOCK N, 1995, THINKING INVITATION BOUCHER J, 1996, THEORIES THEORIES MI BROCA P, 1861, B MEMOIRES SOC ANATO, V2, P33 CARAMAZZA A, 1986, BRAIN COGNITION, V5, P41, DOI 10.1016/0278-2626(86)90061-8 Coltheart M, 1987, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH COLTHEART M, 1982, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V298, P151, DOI 10.1098/rstb.1982.0078 Coltheart M, 1996, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH, V13, P749 COLTHEART M, 1985, ATTENTION PERFORMANC, V11 DEROUESNE J, 1985, SURFACE DYSLEXIA ELLIS AW, 1987, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH Frith C., 1992, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH Head H., 1926, APHASIA KINDRED DISO KEAN ML, 1977, COGNITION, V5, P9, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(77)90015-4 Lichtheim L., 1885, BRAIN, V7, P433 Marie P, 1906, SEM MED, V26, P241 PARISI D, 1987, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH Patterson K. E., 1987, COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCH Shallice T., 1988, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY MENT Wernicke C., 1874, BOSTON STUDIES PHILO, V4, P34 YOUNG AW, 1994, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, V27, P226 ZURIF EB, 1974, BRAIN LANG, V1, P167, DOI 10.1016/0093-934X(74)90032-7 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-1064 J9 MIND LANG JI Mind Lang. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 138 EP 152 DI 10.1111/1468-0017.00070 PG 15 WC Linguistics; Psychology, Experimental SC Linguistics; Psychology GA ZX031 UT WOS:000074473300011 ER PT J AU Hawi, Z Gill, M AF Hawi, Z Gill, M TI Report on the Fifth International Congress of Psychiatric Genetics SO MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCUS; VULNERABILITY LOCUS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; CHROMOSOME-18; DISORDER AB The Fifth International Congress on Psychiatric Genetics was held in Santa Fe, New Mexico between 19-23 October 1997. The core of the meeting was clinical and molecular genetics of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, depression, Alzheimer's disease, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Many other aspects such as ethical, legal and social implications were also discussed. C1 Trinity Coll, Dept Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland. Trinity Coll, Dept Psychiat, Dublin 2, Ireland. RP Hawi, Z (reprint author), Trinity Coll, Dept Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland. EM zhhawi@tcd.ie CR BERRETTINI WH, 1994, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V91, P5918, DOI 10.1073/pnas.91.13.5918 Blackwood DHR, 1996, NAT GENET, V12, P427, DOI 10.1038/ng0496-427 COOK EH, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V56, P993 Gill M, 1996, AM J MED GENET, V67, P40, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<40::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-W Kendler KS, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V153, P1534 MOISES HW, 1995, NAT GENET, V11, P321, DOI 10.1038/ng1195-321 PULVER AE, 1994, AM J MED GENET, V54, P36, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320540108 SHAWAB SG, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P156 SHERRINGTON R, 1988, NATURE, V336, P164, DOI 10.1038/336164a0 STINE OC, 1995, AM J HUM GENET, V57, P1384 STRAUB RE, 1995, NAT GENET, V11, P287, DOI 10.1038/ng1195-287 Straub RE, 1997, MOL PSYCHIATR, V2, P148, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000258 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1359-4184 J9 MOL PSYCHIATR JI Mol. Psychiatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 3 IS 2 BP 109 EP 111 DI 10.1038/sj.mp.4000361 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA ZL777 UT WOS:000073470500006 PM 9577833 ER PT J AU Heaton, P Hermelin, B Pring, L AF Heaton, P Hermelin, B Pring, L TI Autism and pitch processing: A precursor for savant musical ability? SO MUSIC PERCEPTION LA English DT Article ID ABSOLUTE PITCH; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; INFANTILE-AUTISM; IDIOT-SAVANTS; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; RECOGNITION; MEMORY; FACE; MIND AB Musically naive autistic children were compared with musically naive mental age-matched control subjects for their ability to identify and remember single-note frequencies or speech sounds. As an analogy to testing for absolute pitch, subjects were asked after two different time intervals to point out animal pictures previously paired with these stimuli. The results showed that although both groups identified and recalled speech sounds equally well, those with autism demonstrated a superior ability for single-note identification over both time intervals. The findings are discussed in terms of an enhanced capacity, characteristic of autistic persons, to process and retain isolated, context-independent elements of stimulus arrays. C1 Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, London SE14 6NW, England. RP Heaton, P (reprint author), Univ London Goldsmiths Coll, Dept Psychol, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, England. 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PD SPR PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 291 EP 305 PG 15 WC Music; Psychology, Experimental SC Music; Psychology GA 128CQ UT WOS:000076388000004 ER PT J AU Bolton, PF Pickles, A Murphy, M Rutter, M AF Bolton, PF Pickles, A Murphy, M Rutter, M TI Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: patterns of familial aggregation SO PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; CHILDS APPRAISAL; HISTORY; STRESS; PARENTS; EMOTION; EXPRESSIONS; RELIABILITY; SIBLINGS; DISEASE AB Background. The liability to autism confers a risk for a range of more subtle autistic-like impairments, but it remains unclear whether it also confers a risk for other psychiatric disturbances. Methods. To investigate this, we studied the pattern of familial aggregation of psychiatric disorders in relatives of 99 autistic and 36 Down's probands, using family history and direct interview measures. Results. Family history data showed that motor ties, obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and affective disorders were significantly more common in relatives of autistic probands and that individuals with OCD were more likely to exhibit autistic-like social and communication impairments. Direct interview data confirmed the increased rate of affective disorders (especially major depressive disorder) in the first-degree relatives. There was no evidence to indicate significant co-morbidity between affective disorders and the broadly defined phenotype of autism. Moreover, the characteristics of the probands' and the relatives' that were associated with the liability to familiality of the broader phenotype of autism differed from those that predicted the liability to the familiality of affective disorders. Examination of the onset of affective disorders suggested that the increased risk was not confined to the period following the birth of the child with autism. Conclusions. 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PD MAR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 385 EP 395 DI 10.1017/S0033291797006004 PG 11 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA ZP356 UT WOS:000073744100014 PM 9572095 ER PT J AU Pottinger, AM AF Pottinger, AM TI Autism in Jamaica SO WEST INDIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Review ID DISORDERS AB This paper reviews childhood autism, a serious psychopathological disorder, with emphasis placed on aetiology and management; and outlines briefly the care of the autistic population in a few well organized programmes existing in Jamaica. There is a need for increased awareness local research and dissemination of information to appropriate personnel and organizations. C1 Univ W Indies, Dept Obstet Gynaecol & Child Hlth, Kingston 7, Jamaica. RP Pottinger, AM (reprint author), Univ W Indies, Dept Child Hlth, Kingston 7, Jamaica. CR AICARDI J, 1992, CLIN DEV MED, V115, P1295 AMAN MG, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P385, DOI 10.1007/BF01538326 American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 Bauer S, 1995, Pediatr Rev, V16, P168, DOI 10.1542/pir.16-5-168 Bauer S, 1995, Pediatr Rev, V16, P130, DOI 10.1542/pir.16-4-130 GILLBERG C, 1990, International Review of Psychiatry, V2, P61, DOI 10.3109/09540269009028272 GILMAN JT, 1995, ANN PHARMACOTHER, V29, P47 GONZALEZ NM, 1993, PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL, V29, P353 JAKAB I, 1993, HDB BEHAV THERAPY PH, pCH10 LECOUTEUR A, 1993, BRIT J HOSP MED, V50, P159 RITVO ER, 1989, AM J PSYCHIAT, V146, P1032 RUTTER M, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P311, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x SCHRIEBMAN L, 1993, HDB BEHAV THERAPY PH, pCH9 SMITH B, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P551, DOI 10.1007/BF02172137 Tantam D, 1992, Acta Paedopsychiatr, V55, P83 WEBSTER C, 1980, AUTISM NEW DIRECTION, pCH1 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 PU UNIV WEST INDIES PI KINGSTON PA KINGSTON 7, JAMAICA SN 0043-3144 J9 W INDIAN MED J JI West Ind. Med. J. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 47 IS 1 BP 10 EP 14 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZQ353 UT WOS:000073852700004 PM 9619089 ER PT J AU Wakefield, AJ Murch, SH Anthony, A Linnell, J Casson, DM Malik, M Berelowitz, M Dhillon, AP Thomson, MA Harvey, P Valentine, A Davies, SE Walker-Smith, JA AF Wakefield, AJ Murch, SH Anthony, A Linnell, J Casson, DM Malik, M Berelowitz, M Dhillon, AP Thomson, MA Harvey, P Valentine, A Davies, SE Walker-Smith, JA TI Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children (Retracted article. See vol 375, pg 445, 2010) SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID CROHNS-DISEASE; MEASLES VACCINATION; AUTISM AB Background We investigated a consecutive series of children with chronic enterocolitis and regressive developmental disorder. Methods 12 children (mean age 6 years [range 3-10], 11 boys) were referred to a paediatric gastroenterology unit with a history of normal development followed by loss of acquired skills, including language, together with diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Children underwent gastroenterological, neurological, and developmental assessment and review of developmental records. Ileocolonoscopy and biopsy sampling, magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and lumbar puncture were done under sedation. Barium follow-through radiography was done where possible. Biochemical, haematological, and immunological profiles were examined. Findings Onset of behavioural symptoms was associated, by the parents, with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in eight of the 12 children, with measles infection in one child, and otitis media in another. All 12 children had intestinal abnormalities, ranging from lymphoid nodular hyperplasia to aphthoid ulceration. Histology showed patchy chronic inflammation in the colon in 11 children and reactive ileal lymphoid hyperplasia in seven, but no granulomas. Behavioural disorders included autism (nine), disintegrative psychosis (one), and possible postviral or vaccinal encephalitis (two). There were no focal neurological abnormalities and MRI and EEG tests were normal. Abnormal laboratory results were significantly raised urinary methylmalonic acid compared with age-matched controls (p=0.003), low haemoglobin in four children, and a low serum IgA in four children. Interpretation We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers. C1 Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Inflammatory Bowel Dis Study Grp, London NW3 2QG, England. Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Histopathol, London NW3 2QG, England. Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Paediat Gastroenterol, London NW3 2QG, England. Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, London NW3 2QG, England. Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, London NW3 2QG, England. Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Radiol, London NW3 2QG, England. RP Wakefield, AJ (reprint author), Univ London Royal Free Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med, Inflammatory Bowel Dis Study Grp, London NW3 2QG, England. RI Dhillon, Amar/C-5619-2009 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Asperger Hans, 1961, ANN PAEDIAT, V197, P146 BHATT HR, 1982, CLIN CHIM ACTA, V118, P311, DOI 10.1016/0009-8981(82)90018-3 DEufemia P, 1996, ACTA PAEDIATR, V85, P1076, DOI 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14220.x DILLON MJ, 1974, CLIN SCI MOL MED, V47, P43 EKBOM A, 1994, LANCET, V344, P508, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91898-8 ENGLAND JM, 1980, LANCET, V2, P1072 Fudenberg HH, 1996, BIOTHERAPY, V9, P13 Fujimura Y, 1996, GUT, V38, P724, DOI 10.1136/gut.38.5.724 Gupta S, 1996, P NATL AUTISM ASS CH, P455 Kawashima H, 1996, ARCH VIROL, V141, P877, DOI 10.1007/BF01718162 Lucarelli S, 1995, PANMINERVA MED, V37, P137 Miller D, 1997, LANCET, V349, P730, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60171-7 MIYAMOTO H, 1995, J GASTROENTEROL, V30, P28, DOI 10.1007/BF01211371 MURCH SH, 1993, LANCET, V341, P711, DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90485-Y PANKSEPP J, 1979, TRENDS NEUROSCI, V2, P174, DOI 10.1016/0166-2236(79)90071-7 Reichelt K L, 1981, Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol, V28, P627 RUTTER M, CHILD ADOLESCENT PSY, P581 SHATTOCK P, 1990, Brain Dysfunction, V3, P328 THOMPSON NP, 1995, LANCET, V345, P1071, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90816-1 WALKERSM.J, 1972, LANCET, V2, P883 WARING RH, C P BIOL PERSP AUT U, pNAS35 WARREN RP, 1991, CLIN EXP IMMUNOL, V83, P438 Warren RP, 1996, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V34, P72, DOI 10.1159/000119295 Wing L, 1996, BRIT MED J, V312, P327 WING L, 1996, AUTISTIC SPECTRUM, P68 NR 26 TC 945 Z9 964 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 28 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9103 BP 637 EP 641 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA447 UT WOS:000072364200010 PM 9500320 ER PT J AU Modahl, C Green, L Fein, D Morris, M Waterhouse, L Feinstein, C Levin, H AF Modahl, C Green, L Fein, D Morris, M Waterhouse, L Feinstein, C Levin, H TI Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children SO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE autism; oxytocin; plasma; social deficits ID BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; PEPTIDES; CLASSIFICATION; MECHANISMS; DISORDER AB Background: Social impairments are central to the syndrome of autism. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has been implicated in the regulation of social behavior in animals but has not yet been examined in autistic subjects, Methods: To determine whether autistic children have abnormalities in QT midday plasma samples from 29 autistic and 30 age-matched normal children, all prepubertal, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for levels of OT. Results: Despite individual variability and overlapping group distributions, the autistic group had significantly lower plasma OT levels than the normal group. OT increased with age in the normal but not the autistic children. Elevated OT was associated with higher scores on social and developmental measures for the normal children, but was associated with lower scores for the autistic children, These relationships were strongest in a subset of autistic children identified as aloof Conclusions: Although making inferences to central OT functioning from peripheral measurement is difficult, the data suggest that OT abnormalities may exist in autism, and that more direct investigation of central nervous system OT function is warranted. (C) 1998 Society of Biological Psychiatry. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Bowman Gray Sch Med, Winston Salem, NC USA. Coll New Jersey, Trenton, NJ USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. Neuropsychol Assoc, Springfield, MA USA. RP Fein, D (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Psychol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th AMICO JA, 1983, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V57, P947 AMICO JA, 1990, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V71, P1531 BANKS WA, 1992, PROG BRAIN RES, V91, P139 BEGLEY DJ, 1994, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V739, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19810.x CAMPBELL M, 1980, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V19, P193, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60697-X CARTER CS, 1995, NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV R, V19, P303 CARTER CS, 1997, ANN NY ACAD SCI CASTELLOE P, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P229, DOI 10.1007/BF01046217 DAWSON G, 1995, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V23, P569, DOI 10.1007/BF01447662 Dunn L. M., 1981, PEABODY PICTURE VOCA FEIN D, 1996, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, P571 Howlin P, 1986, SOCIAL BEHAV AUTISM INSEL TR, 1991, NEUROSCIENCE, V43, P623, DOI 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90321-E INSEL TR, 1995, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V109, P782, DOI 10.1037//0735-7044.109.4.782 INSEL TR, 1992, PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINO, V17, P3, DOI 10.1016/0306-4530(92)90073-G LANDGRAF R, 1995, J NEUROENDOCRINOL, V7, P243, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00754.x LEBOYER M, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P309, DOI 10.1007/BF01058158 LECKMAN JF, 1994, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V51, P782 MODAHL C, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, P449 Nelson E, 1996, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V110, P583 NEWTON N, 1978, P SERONO S, V22, P165 RAPIN I, 1996, CLIN DEV MED, V139 ROGERS S, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V50, P483 SHAPIRO T, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P480, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198707000-00003 SIGMAN M, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P74, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198901000-00014 SIMON GB, 1976, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V110, P104 Sparrow S, 1984, VINELAND ADAPTIVE BE Thorndike R. L., 1986, STANFORDBINET INTELL VOLKMAR FR, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P82, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198901000-00015 VOLKMAR FR, 1993, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V32, P627, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199305000-00020 Waterhouse L, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P59, DOI 10.1007/BF02276235 Waterhouse L, 1996, PSYCHOL REV, V103, P457, DOI 10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.457 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 World Health Organization, 1993, INT CLASS DIS YOUNG LJ, 1996, SOC NEUR WASH DC NR 37 TC 309 Z9 316 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0006-3223 J9 BIOL PSYCHIAT JI Biol. Psychiatry PD FEB 15 PY 1998 VL 43 IS 4 BP 270 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00439-3 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry GA YY700 UT WOS:000072174900005 PM 9513736 ER PT J AU Rossignol, N Adrien, JL Martineau, J Cochin, S Barthelemy, C AF Rossignol, N Adrien, JL Martineau, J Cochin, S Barthelemy, C TI Preliminary research of theory of mind, disorders of regulation of cognitive activity and the function of association in autistic children. SO A N A E-APPROCHE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIQUE DES APPRENTISSAGES CHEZ L ENFANT LA French DT Article DE autism; << theory of mind >>; cognitive regulation; cross-modal association ID EXPLORATION; KNOWLEDGE; DEFICITS; MEN AB The study was included in a global research in order to identify psychophysiological markers in infantile autism. It was concerned with mental ("theory of mind") and neurophysiological (cortical evoked potentials association) functionings of eight autistic children and eight mentally retarded children. "Cerebral modulation insufficiency" (Lelord, 1990) hypothesis in autism was tested with cognitive activity regulation and cortical association function assessment methods. Results showed evidence of dysfunctionings of cognitive regulation processes in autistic children who had no "theory of mind" but no relationship between these types of disturbances and disorders in cortical cross-modal association. C1 CHU Bretonneau, Serv Univ Pedopsychiat, F-37044 Tours, France. CHU Bretonneau, Serv Univ Explorat Fonct & Neurophysiol Pedopsych, INSERM U316, Equipe 3, F-37044 Tours, France. CHU Bretonneau, Reseau INSERM 493001, F-37044 Tours, France. 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Apprentiss. Enfant PD FEB PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 26 EP 31 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZJ460 UT WOS:000073217900004 ER PT J AU Nordin, V Gillberg, C AF Nordin, V Gillberg, C TI The long-term course of autistic disorders: update on follow-up studies SO ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA LA English DT Review DE autistic disorders; long-term course ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; ASPERGERS SYNDROME; FAMILY HISTORY; CHILDREN; LANGUAGE; STABILITY; EPILEPSY; PUBERTY; AGE; BEHAVIOR AB The majority of children with autism show deviance and socially or psychiatrically handicapping conditions throughout life. Only a small proportion of those with classical childhood autism lead independent adult lives. Others, particularly those with 'high-functioning' autism and so-called Asperger syndrome will improve enough to live an independent adult Life. The level of mental retardation and other comorbid conditions (such as medical syndromes and other neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy) is important in predicting outcome. An IQ below 50 around school age predicts severe restriction of social and adaptive functioning in adult life. The absence of communicative speech at 5-6 years of age is indicative of a poorer long-term overall outcome. There is a clear co-variation between IQ and level of communication, but probably there is some prognostic factor in language development apart from this. Measures of flexibility and cognitive shifting abilities tend to be good predictors of social outcome in a few studies. There is a continued need for prospective, longitudinal studies of children with autism spectrum disorders, particularly in Asperger syndrome. The role of interventions of various kinds needs to be addressed in such studies. C1 Gothenburg Univ, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. 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Scand. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 97 IS 2 BP 99 EP 108 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09970.x PG 10 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA YY235 UT WOS:000072126800001 PM 9517902 ER PT J AU Walker, SF AF Walker, SF TI Precursors to theories of mind in nonhuman brains SO BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material ID MIRROR SELF-RECOGNITION; SYNCHRONIC IMITATION; OTHER-AWARENESS; PREMOTOR CORTEX; NEURONS; RESPONSES; OBJECTS; MOTION; AUTISM; PEERS AB Heyes is right that behavioural tests able to distinguish mentalistic from nonmentalistic alternatives should be sought, but the theoretical issue is less about the passing of behavioural tests than it is about the internal mechanisms which allow the passing of the tests. It may be helpful to try to assess the internal mechanisms directly by measuring brain activities. C1 Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Ctr Life Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England. RP Walker, SF (reprint author), Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Ctr Life Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England. 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Brain Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 131 EP + DI 10.1017/S0140525X98420703 PG 0 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZT709 UT WOS:000074116800082 ER PT J AU Bradmetz, J AF Bradmetz, J TI Acquisition of a theory of mind and intellectual development in the child aged 3 to 5 SO CAHIERS DE PSYCHOLOGIE COGNITIVE-CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY OF COGNITION LA English DT Article DE theory of mind; false belief; third-person inference; cognitive development ID BELIEFS; AUTISM AB The acquisition of a theory of mind by the young child is probably one of most widely discussed issues in today's developmental psychology. In an attempt to gain insight into certain empirical points underlying the debate between the nativist and constructivist conceptions of this acquisition, the present article reports the data obtained in a study on the link between intellectual development (assessed on the WPPSI) and the attribution of false beliefs, assessed using classical tasks. Three essential findings were obtained. First, while the level of expertise required for false-belief attribution and third-person inference was clearly correlated with mental age (chronological age held constant), no link in the reverse direction was observed: in a population of children with the same mental age, chronological age was no help at all in predicting false belief behavior. Second, when the false belief items were regressed over the WPPSI subtests (LISREL model) they were mainly linked to verbal subtests. Third, the arithmetic subtest was by far the best predictor of nearly all of the nine third-person inference items. A few ideas for interpreting this finding are proposed. The study was conducted on 260 children aged 3;6 to 5;3. C1 Univ Franche Comte, F-25030 Besancon, France. RP Bradmetz, J (reprint author), Fac Lettres & Sci Humaines, Psychol Lab, 30 Rue Megevand, F-25000 Besancon, France. 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PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 95 EP 113 PG 19 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA ZD276 UT WOS:000072669000005 ER PT J AU Kliewer, C Drake, S AF Kliewer, C Drake, S TI Disability, eugenics and the current ideology of segregation: a modern moral tale SO DISABILITY & SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID FACILITATED COMMUNICATION; PERSPECTIVE; SCIENCE; AUTISM AB Recently, an amalgamation of articles have appeared in a wide range of publications linking together community and school inclusion, and facilitated communication research as an unholy trinity of anti-empiricism eroding the disability fields. The authors of these critiques suggest that there exists a scientific basis for state institutions, segregated learning and a non-critical acceptance of traditional interpretations of expressive ability on the part of people with disabilities. In this article we expose not science, but an ideology of segregated control behind these claims. This ideology permeates the disability-related professions and is cloaked in the language of the natural sciences. We trace this use of the natural sciences to the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century and explore the legacy of the ideology of control as it impacts current understanding of disability. C1 Univ No Iowa, Dept Special Educ, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 USA. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RP Kliewer, C (reprint author), Univ No Iowa, Dept Special Educ, 150A SEC, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 USA. CR AZRIN NH, 1974, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V7, P577, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1974.7-577 BAER DM, 1987, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V20, P313, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1987.20-313 BAER DM, 1968, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V1, P91, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91 BERKSON G, 1977, AM J MENT DEF, V81, P428 Biklen D., 1993, COMMUNICATION UNBOUN BIKLEN D, 1990, HARVARD EDUC REV, V60, P291 BIKLEN D, 1978, MENTAL RETARDATION D, V10, P172 Biklen D., 1997, CONTESTED WORDS CONT Biklen D. 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M., 1995, DISABILITY DEMOCRACY Sobsey D., 1993, DEV DISABILITIES B, V21, P1 Stainback S., 1996, INCLUSION GUIDE ED *STEER COMM, 1993, QUEENSL REP FAC COMM STEVENS EA, 1971, AM J MENT DEF, V76, P76 Trent Jr James W., 1994, INVENTING FEEBLE MIN Uncredited, 1942, AM J PSYCHIAT, V99, P141 VILLA RA, 1995, CREATING INCLUSIVE S WARD R, 1958, NEW ENGL J MED, V258, P407, DOI 10.1056/NEJM195802272580901 Weiss MJS, 1996, MENT RETARD, V34, P220 NR 72 TC 16 Z9 16 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0968-7599 J9 DISABIL SOC JI Disabil. Soc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 95 EP 111 PG 17 WC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Rehabilitation; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA YY862 UT WOS:000072194500006 ER PT J AU Hou, JW Wang, TR AF Hou, JW Wang, TR TI Unusual features in children with inv dup(15) supernumerary marker: a study of genotype-phenotype correlation in Taiwan SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE inv dup(15); supernumerary marker chromosome; Prader-Willi syndrome; Angelman syndrome; autism ID ANGELMAN SYNDROME; PRADER-WILLI; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; UNIPARENTAL DISOMY; CHROMOSOMES; HYBRIDIZATION; LOCALIZATION; BREAKPOINTS; 15Q11-Q13; PROBANDS AB Recent molecular cytogenetic studies have elucidated the origin and nature of extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs) or small supernumerary chromosomes, which are often associated with developmental delay and malformations. We studied the prevalence of inv dup(l5) in a nationwide screening programme for mentally retarded children in Taiwan and tried to correlate the genotype and phenotype in those patients. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using D15Z, D15Z1, and the cosmids from the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome chromosome region (PW/ASCR) was performed on 54 patients (0.45%) with ESACs from 11893 probands within a 5-year period. Of them, inv dup(l5) was confirmed in 25 children (46.3%) by FISH analysis. The PW/ASCR probes were used to clarify the size and DNA composition of the markers. Patients with inv dup(l5) chromosomes, containing only the heterochromatin or little euchromatin of the proximal 15q (i.e., pter --> q11:q11 --> pter) may have a rather mild or nearly normal phenotype (group I). Only one patient had some features suggestive of Angelman syndrome, but was considered to be a result of deleted (15)(q12) in the chromosome 15 homologue. Additional copies within D15S11 through GABRB3 (15q11.2-13) resulted in an abnormal phenotype which involved mental and developmental delay but was different from the classical phenotype of PW/AS (groups 2, 3). Signs of autistic behavior did occur in each group. FISH combined with microsatellite analyses showed that the marker was often of maternal origin in de novo cases (n = 12, 86%), or inherited from the mother in only one familial case. Down-inv dup(l5) was mentioned in two cases. Unusual features including diaphragmatic eventration, hyperlaxity of joints, arachnodactyly, brain atrophy, epilepsy (particularly infantile spasm), ataxia, genital abnormalities, and cleft lip/palate were noted in those patients. This observation expands the range of phenotypic expression associated with this relatively common ESAC. Conclusion. Marked phenotypic diversities exist in children with inv dup(l5), dependent upon the size or genetic composition of the markers, degree of mosaicism, parental origin and familial occurrence or not. Patients with a larger inv dup(l5) marker chromosome including the PW/ASCR may have a higher risk of abnormalities, but not the typical Prade-Willi/Angelman syndrome phenotype. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp, Dept Pediat, Taipei 10016, Taiwan. RP Hou, JW (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp, Dept Pediat, 7 Chung Shan S Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan. 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J. Pediatr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 157 IS 2 BP 122 EP 127 DI 10.1007/s004310050782 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YV709 UT WOS:000071854900007 PM 9504785 ER PT J AU Gresham, FM MacMillan, DL AF Gresham, FM MacMillan, DL TI Early intervention project: Can its claims be substantiated and its effects replicated? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE early intervention; autism; experimental validity; recovery ID YOUNG AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT AB A comprehensive report to the National Institute of Health on the diagnosis, etiology, epidemiology, and treatment of autism indicated that early intervention has the potential of being an effective intervention (Bristol et al., 1996). In spite of this positive outlook, several research and methodological questions remain regarding time of treatment initiation, intensity of treatment and duration of treatment, random assignment, comparative treatment designs, and treatment integrity. Against this backdrop we consider the claims made by the Early Intervention Project (EIP; Lovaas, 1987, 1993; McEachin, Smith, & Lovaas, 1993). The EIP claims to produce recovery from autism in 47% of the cases and to greatly reduce its severity in an additional 42% of cases. This article evaluates the EIP against threats to internal and external validity and is found to suffer from a number of methodological problems. Based on rebuttals to criticisms of their program, the EIP authors seem unwilling to admit any methodological flaws in the sampling, design, and analysis of data of the EIP It is recommended that parents and fair hearing officers adopt an attitude of healthy skepticism before proceeding to an unqualified endorsement of the EIP as a treatment for autism. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Sch Educ, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gresham, FM (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Sch Educ, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Bristol MM, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P121, DOI 10.1007/BF02172002 Campbell M, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P134, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199602000-00005 Cohen J., 1983, APPL MULTIPLE REGRES, V2nd Cook T. D., 1979, QUASIEXPERIMENTATION Crocker L., 1986, INTRO CLASSICAL MODE FEINBERG E, 1997, INFANTS YOUNG CHILDR, V10 Gresham FM, 1997, BEHAV DISORDERS, V22, P185 GUBERNICK L, 1997, FORBES 0210, P69 GUBERNICK L, 1997, FORBES 0210, P66 GURALNICK M, 1995, ANN M AM ASS U AFF P KAZDIN AE, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P377 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P483, DOI 10.1007/BF02212853 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 LOVAAS OI, 1980, TEACHING DEV DISABLE LOVAAS OI, 1993, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V26, P617, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-617 LOVAAS OI, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P165, DOI 10.1037//0022-006X.57.1.165 McCall R., 1979, HDB INFANT DEV, P707 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 Rogers SJ, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF02172020 SCHOPLER E, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P162 SMITH T, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P385 Smith T, 1997, BEHAV DISORDERS, V22, P202 1996, EARLY CHILDHOOD REPO, P1 NR 25 TC 61 Z9 62 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 5 EP 13 DI 10.1023/A:1026002717402 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100002 PM 9546297 ER PT J AU Sheinkopf, SJ Siegel, B AF Sheinkopf, SJ Siegel, B TI Home-based behavioral treatment of young children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Biennial Conference on Human Development CY APR, 1994 CL PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA DE behavioral treatment; autism; early intervention ID SELF-MANAGEMENT; PSYCHOTHERAPY AB This study evaluated the impact of intensive behavioral treatment on the development of young autistic children. The treatment reported in this study was home based and was implemented by parents of autistic children with the assistance of community-based clinicians. Although treatment was unable to be observed directly, parents reported that therapy was based on methods developed by Lovaas et al. (1981). Treatment differed from that described in previous reports of intensive behavior therapy for this population in that it was implemented outside an academic setting and for a shorter period. In addition, children received fewer hours per week of therapy than in previous reports. Children in the experimental treatment group were pairwise matched to children in a control group (who received conventional school-based and brief one-on-one interventions) on the basis of pretreatment chronological and mental age, diagnosis (autism vs. PDD), and length of treatment. The groups did not differ on pretreatment IQ. Children receiving the experimental treatment had significantly higher posttreatment IQ scores. Smaller, but still statistically significant effects on symptom severity were also found, though experimental subjects still met diagnostic criteria for autism or PDD. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Psychol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Sheinkopf, SJ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Psychol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Bayley N., 1969, BAYLEY SCALES INFANT CASEY RJ, 1985, PSYCHOL BULL, V98, P388, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.388 Cattell P, 1940, MEASUREMENT INTELLIG HARRIS SL, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02207325 KAZDIN AE, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P377 KOEGEL LK, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P341, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-341 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 Lovaas O. I., 1981, TEACHING DEV DISABLE MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 SCHOPLER E, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P162 SIEGEL B, 1991, PLAY DIAGNOSIS ASSES STAHMER AC, 1992, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V25, P447, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-447 Stutsman R., 1948, MERRILLPALMER SCALE Wechsler D., 1967, MANUAL WECHSLER PRES WEISZ JR, 1992, AM PSYCHOL, V47, P1578, DOI 10.1037/0003-066X.47.12.1578 WEISZ JR, 1995, PSYCHOL BULL, V117, P450, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.450 NR 18 TC 184 Z9 186 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 15 EP 23 DI 10.1023/A:1026054701472 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100003 PM 9546298 ER PT J AU Ozonoff, S Cathcart, K AF Ozonoff, S Cathcart, K TI Effectiveness of a home program intervention for young children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE home program intervention; autism ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; PARENTS AB This project evaluated the effectiveness of a TEACCH-based home program intervention for young children with autism. Parents were taught how to work with their preschool autistic child in the home setting, focusing on cognitive, academic, and prevocational skills essential to later school success. To evaluate the efficacy of the program, two matched groups of children were compared, a treatment group and a no-treatment control group, each consisting of 11 subjects. The treatment group was provided with approximately 4 months of home programming and was tested before and after the intervention with the Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R). The control group did not receive the treatment but was tested at the same 4-month interval. The groups were matched on age, pretest PEP-R scores, severity of autism, and time to follow-up. Results demonstrated that children in the treatment group improved significantly more than those in the control group on the PEP-R subtests of imitation, fine motor, gross motor, and nonverbal conceptual skills, as well as in overall PEP-R scores. Progress in the treatment group was three to four times greater than that in the control group on all outcome tests. This suggests that the home program intervention was effective in enhancing development in young children with autism. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Psychol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Ozonoff, S (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Psychol, 502 Behav Sci Bldg, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 Bettelheim B., 1967, EMPTY FORTRESS BRISTOL MM, 1993, REHABIL PSYCHOL, V38, P3, DOI 10.1037//0090-5550.38.1.3 BRISTOL MM, 1988, AUSTISM EMOTIONAL SO BRISTOL MM, 1985, REM SPEC EDUC, V6, P46 Campbell M, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P134, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199602000-00005 DAVIS S, 1980, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, V5, P189, DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/5.2.189 FENSKE EC, 1985, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V5, P49, DOI 10.1016/S0270-4684(85)80005-7 Gray David E., 1992, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, V18, P83 GREEN L, 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P13 HARRIS SL, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02207325 HELMSLEY R, 1978, AUTISM REAPPRAISAL C, P379 Hoyson M., 1985, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V8, P157 Lincoln A. J., 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P89 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 Lovaas O. I., 1981, TEACHING DEV DISABLE MARCUS LM, 1978, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V17, P625, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61016-5 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MOROZ KJ, 1989, CHILD YOUTH SERV REV, V11, P265, DOI 10.1016/0190-7409(89)90024-8 PRIZANT BM, 1988, TOP LANG DISORD, V9, P1 ROGERS SJ, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P207, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198903000-00010 Schopler E., 1995, LEARNING COGNITION A, P243 SCHOPLER E, 1982, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V21, P262, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60881-5 SCHOPLER E, 1971, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V1, P87, DOI 10.1007/BF01537746 SCHOPLER E, 1987, AM PSYCHOL, V42, P376, DOI 10.1037/0003-066X.42.4.376 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT Schopler E, 1990, PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL PR SCHOPLER E, 1971, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V24, P416 Shigley RH, 1984, EFFECTS AUTISM FAMIL, P65 SHORT AB, 1984, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V25, P443, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb00163.x SIMEONSSON RJ, 1987, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY NR 32 TC 153 Z9 157 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1023/A:1026006818310 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100004 PM 9546299 ER PT J AU Charman, T Lynggaard, H AF Charman, T Lynggaard, H TI Does a photographic cue facilitate false belief performance in subjects with autism? SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE false belief task; theory of mind; autism ID CHILDRENS KNOWLEDGE; MENTAL-RETARDATION; CONCEPTUAL DEFICIT; MIND; INDIVIDUALS; SPECIFICITY; COMPETENCE; ABILITY; MODELS; STATES AB The posting manipulation, which Mitchell and Lacohee (1991) successfully employed to facilitate false belief (FB) task performance in normally developing S-year-olds, was employed with subjects with autism. There was no autism-specific impairment on the standard FB task, compared to mental handicap and normal controls: All groups performed poorly, with the autism and normal groups performing significantly worse than chance and the mental handicap group performing at chance. However, a facilitative effect was found on the posting FB task for all subject groups. On the posting task the mental handicap and normal controls groups performed significantly better than chance and the autism group performed at chance. The facilitative effect reached significance for the autism and normal groups. The lack of an autism-specific deficit on the standard task is discussed in relation to the somewhat variable findings of past studies of FB performance in autism. The facilitative effect of the posting manipulation may tell us something about the task demands required to pass a false belief task itself, and suggestions are made for future research to clarify how the facilitative effect operates. C1 Univ London Univ Coll, Subdept Clin Hlth Psychol, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Charman, T (reprint author), Univ London Univ Coll, Subdept Clin Hlth Psychol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England. RI Charman, Tony/A-2085-2014 OI Charman, Tony/0000-0003-1993-6549 CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th ASTINGTON JW, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P7 Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER BARONCOHEN S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING MINDS BARONCOHEN S, 1985, COGNITION, V21, P37, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 BENSON G, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V98, P427 Bishop D. V. M., 1989, TEST RECEPTION GRAMM BOWLER D, 1993, BIENN M SOC RES CHIL BOWLER DM, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x BRANDT LJ, 1994, ISSBD C AMST BRISKAM J, 1995, BIENN M SOC RES CHIL CHARMAN T, 1995, COGNITIVE DEV, V10, P287, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90013-6 CHARMAN T, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P1105, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00929.x DELOACHE JS, 1991, CHILD DEV, V62, P736, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01566.x EISENMAJER R, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P351 Fonagy P, 1997, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V15, P51 FREEMAN NH, 1995, COGNITION, V56, P31, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)00654-4 FREEMAN NH, 1995, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V60, P102, DOI 10.1006/jecp.1995.1033 FREEMAN NH, 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE FRITH U, 1991, TRENDS NEUROSCI, V14, P433, DOI 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90041-R Gopnik A., 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE Hadwin J, 1996, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V8, P345 Happe F., 1994, AUTISM INTRO PSYCHOL HAPPE FGE, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P129, DOI 10.1007/BF02172093 HAPPE FGE, 1995, CHILD DEV, V66, P843, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00909.x HAPPE FGE, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P215, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01159.x LESLIE AM, 1992, COGNITION, V43, P225, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90013-8 LESLIE AM, 1994, COGNITION, V50, P211, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90029-9 LEWIS C, 1990, CHILD DEV, V61, P1514, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02879.x Lewis C., 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE LEWIS CN, 1994, BPS ANN C BRIGHT ENG MAYES LC, 1994, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V12, P555 Mayes LC, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P313, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01408.x MITCHELL P, 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE MITCHELL P, 1991, COGNITION, V39, P107, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90040-B OSWALD DP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P119, DOI 10.1007/BF02212723 PERNER J, 1987, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V5, P125 Peterson C. C., 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE PRIOR M, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P587, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00799.x Raven JC., 1956, COLOURED PROGR MATRI ROBINSON EJ, 1994, CHILDRENS EARLY UNDE SIEGAL M, 1991, COGNITION, V38, P1, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(91)90020-5 SULLIVAN K, 1993, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V56, P135, DOI 10.1006/jecp.1993.1029 Swettenham J, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P157, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01387.x Swettenham J G, 1996, Cogn Neuropsychiatry, V1, P73, DOI 10.1080/135468096396712 TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P1059, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01809.x WIMMER H, 1983, COGNITION, V13, P103, DOI 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 YIRMIYA N, 1992, CHILD DEV, V63, P150, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03603.x ZAITCHIK D, 1991, COGNITIVE DEV, V6, P91, DOI 10.1016/0885-2014(91)90008-2 Zelazo PD, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P479, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01429.x NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 33 EP 42 DI 10.1023/A:1026058802381 PG 10 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100005 PM 9546300 ER PT J AU Farrant, A Blades, M Boucher, J AF Farrant, A Blades, M Boucher, J TI Source monitoring by children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; autistic; source monitoring; reality monitoring; memory ID MEMORY; DEFICITS AB The term "source monitoring" refers to the ability to distinguish the origins of memories. One type of source monitoring is reality monitoring-which means distinguishing internally and externally generated memories. This experiment examined reality monitoring by children with autism (with a mean mental age of 7 years 8 months). The children said several words and listened to another person say similar words. The children were then given a surprise memory test and asked to identify which words they had said and which the other person had said. The children with autism were compared to matched groups of normal children and children with mental retardation. There were no differences between the groups and, at least for this task, there was no evidence that children with autism have a deficit in their reality monitoring abilities. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England. Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Blades, M (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TP, S Yorkshire, England. CR Baron-Cohen S, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER Bennetto L, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P1816, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x Bishop D. V. M., 1989, TEST RECEPTION GRAMM BOUCHER J, 1976, BRIT J PSYCHOL, V67, P73 BOUCHER J, 1981, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V11, P293, DOI 10.1007/BF01531512 BOUCHER J, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P99, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00771.x Dunn L M., 1982, BRIT PICTURE VOCABUL Flavell J. H., 1993, COGNITIVE DEV FOLEY MA, 1985, CHILD DEV, V56, P1145, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1985.tb00183.x FOLEY MA, 1983, CHILD DEV, V54, P51, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb00332.x FOLEY MA, 1993, COGNITIVE DEV, V8, P373, DOI 10.1016/S0885-2014(05)80001-2 GORDON BN, 1994, J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL, V23, P239, DOI 10.1207/s15374424jccp2303_2 HASHTROUDI S, 1989, PSYCHOL AGING, V4, P106, DOI 10.1037/0882-7974.4.1.106 HOBSON RP, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P601, DOI 10.1007/BF02212860 JOHNSON MK, 1988, MEM COGNITION, V16, P337, DOI 10.3758/BF03197044 JOHNSON MK, 1993, PSYCHOL BULL, V114, P3, DOI 10.1037//0033-2909.114.1.3 LINDSAY DS, 1991, J EXP CHILD PSYCHOL, V52, P297, DOI 10.1016/0022-0965(91)90065-Z Lorsbach T., 1991, LEARNING INDIVIDUAL, V3, P135, DOI 10.1016/1041-6080(91)90013-Q Minshew N. J., 1993, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, V7, P209, DOI DOI 10.1037/0894-4105.7.2.209 OZONOFF S, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1081, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x RAYE CL, 1980, B PSYCHONOMIC SOC, V15, P405 RUMSEY JM, 1988, J CLIN EXPT NEUROPSY, V10, P210 SCREIBMAN L, 1983, HDB CHILD PSYCHOPATH TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1991, BRIT J DEV PSYCHOL, V9, P417 NR 24 TC 36 Z9 36 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1023/A:1026010919219 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100006 PM 9546301 ER PT J AU Watson, LR AF Watson, LR TI Following the child's lead: Mothers' interactions with children with autism SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; vocalization ID JOINT ATTENTION; LANGUAGE; DELAY AB This study examined the extent to which mothers of preschool children with autism use language that is related to the child's focus of attention. Fourteen mother-child dyads involving preschool children with autism participated in this study, along with 14 matched dyads involving typically developing preschool children. Both groups were observed during 15 minutes of free play. Results revealed that the mothers of children with autism directed verbalizations to something within the child's focus of attention as frequently as the mothers of typically developing children. Thus, children with autism had as many opportunities to benefit from verbal input related to their focus of attention as did typically developing children. However, mothers of children with autism directed verbalizations to something not within the child's focus of attention more frequently than mothers of typically developing children. This nonrelated input may have reflected the mothers' attempts to adapt to their children's difficulties in attention and interaction. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Speech & Hearing Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Watson, LR (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Speech & Hearing Sci, CB 7190,Wing D, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1989, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V30, P285, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x CHAPMAN RS, 1981, EARLY LANGUAGE ACQUI, P201 CLARKESTEWART KA, 1979, CHILD DEV, V50, P777, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb02427.x COHEN J, 1960, EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS, V20, P37, DOI 10.1177/001316446002000104 Cross T. G., 1977, TALKING CHILDREN LAN, P151 Curcio F., 1978, J AUTISM CHILDHOOD S, V8, P282 DAWSON G, 1990, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V18, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF00916569 DONAHUE ML, 1976, 1 ANN BOST U C LANG DUNHAM PJ, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P827, DOI 10.1037//0012-1649.29.5.827 TOMASELLO M, 1986, CHILD DEV, V57, P1454, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00470.x KASARI C, 1988, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V16, P45, DOI 10.1007/BF00910499 KOEGEL RL, 1987, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V17, P187, DOI 10.1007/BF01495055 KONSTANTAREAS MM, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P647, DOI 10.1007/BF02211882 LEWY AL, 1992, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V20, P555, DOI 10.1007/BF00911240 LOVELAND KA, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P335, DOI 10.1007/BF01531663 McArthur D, 1996, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V26, P481, DOI 10.1007/BF02172271 Messer D.J., 1983, TRANSITION PRELINGUI, P147 Miller J. 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PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1023/A:1026063003289 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100007 PM 9546302 ER PT J AU Kemner, C Verbaten, MN Cuperus, JM Camfferman, G van Engeland, H AF Kemner, C Verbaten, MN Cuperus, JM Camfferman, G van Engeland, H TI Abnormal saccadic eye movements in autistic children SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE saccadic eye movement; autism ID NIGRA PARS RETICULATA; OCULOMOTOR FUNCTIONS; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; BRAIN POTENTIALS AB The saccadic eye movements, generated during a visual oddball task, of autistic children, normal children, children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADDH), and dyslexic children were examined to determine whether autistic children differed from these other groups in saccadic frequency. Autistic children made more saccades during the presentation of frequent stimuli (than normals and ADDH children), and between stimulus presentations. Also, unlike the normal and dyslexic groups, their saccadic frequency did not depend on stimulus type. This abnormal pattern of saccades may negatively influence the ability to attend to stimuli, and thereby learning processes. Suggestions are made with respect to possible abnormalities in subcortical mechanisms involved in saccade generation. C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Dept Psychopharmacol, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Kemner, C (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Heidelberglaan 100, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. CR Achenbach T. M., 1983, MANUAL CHILD BEHAV C American Psychiatric Association, 1980, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT Conners C. 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H., 1985, MODELS VISUAL CORTEX, P62 SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 Shea S. L., 1992, ROLE EYE MOVEMENTS P, P239 VERBATEN MN, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P449, DOI 10.1007/BF02206870 Volkmar F. R., 1990, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V2, P61, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400000596 WING L, 1980, SCHEDULE HANDICAPS B NR 25 TC 31 Z9 31 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1023/A:1026015120128 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100008 PM 9546303 ER PT J AU Nordin, V Gillberg, C Nyden, A AF Nordin, V Gillberg, C Nyden, A TI The Swedish version of the childhood autism rating scale in a clinical setting SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE Childhood Autism Rating Scale; autism; mental retardation; diagnosis; interrater reliability ID VALIDITY; DIAGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; ADOLESCENTS; DEFINITION; CHECKLIST; CHILDREN; CARS AB The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is an instrument for screening and diagnosis of autism. The present study was performed to assess the interrater reliability of a Swedish version of the CARS when used in a clinical setting. The procedure used mimicked a frequent form of consultation in neuropsychiatry and pediatric neurology. During a restricted time period, both an interview with the parents and observation of the child take place. Often this assessment is an important screening procedure and directs further investigation. CARS was used for rating autistic behavior by two investigators in 25 children. A variant of the weighted kappa statistic (correcting for chance and for degrees of disagreement) showed values between .53 and .75 (indicating fair to excellent agreement). Aspects of validity and reliability are discussed. C1 Gothenburg Univ, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Nordin, V (reprint author), Gothenburg Univ, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Annedals Clin, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. CR Altman D, 1991, PRACTICAL STAT MED R *AM PSYCH SASS, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT CAREY G, 1978, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V35, P1454 CICHETTI DV, 1981, AM J MENT DEFIC, V86, P127 Creak M., 1964, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V6, P530 CRONBACH LJ, 1951, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V16, P297 DILALLA DL, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF02172092 EAVES RC, 1993, J ABNORM CHILD PSYCH, V21, P481, DOI 10.1007/BF00916315 Fleiss J., 1981, STATISTICAL METHODS GARFIN DG, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P367, DOI 10.1007/BF02212193 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 KURITA H, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P389, DOI 10.1007/BF02212937 MATESE M, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P83, DOI 10.1007/BF02172214 MESIBOV GB, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P538, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198907000-00012 Nordin V, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P314 RITVO ER, 1978, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V17, P565, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61011-6 ROBINS LN, 1985, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V42, P918 RUTTER M, 1978, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V8, P139, DOI 10.1007/BF01537863 Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SCHOPLER E, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P91, DOI 10.1007/BF02408436 SEVIN JA, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P417, DOI 10.1007/BF02206868 SHROUT PE, 1987, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V44, P172 STREINER DL, 1993, CAN J PSYCHIAT, V38, P140 STURMEY P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P321, DOI 10.1007/BF01058159 TEAL MB, 1986, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V16, P485, DOI 10.1007/BF01531713 VANBOURGONDIEN ME, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P493 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1023/A:1026067104198 PG 7 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100009 PM 9546304 ER PT J AU Matson, JL Smiroldo, BB Hastings, TL AF Matson, JL Smiroldo, BB Hastings, TL TI Validity of the autism pervasive developmental disorder subscale of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II SO JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE autism; mental; retardation ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; DASH AB This study was designed to establish the empirical validity of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II) to screen for the presence of autism in severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults. Participants included 51 individuals residing in a large developmental center in Central Louisiana. The Autism/Pervasive Developmental Disorder subscale of the DASH-II was internally consistent. Additionally, the DASH-II was just as likely as the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) to classify autistic and control individuals. Specific items on the subscale were examined to identify those items most associated with a diagnosis of autism. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Matson, JL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Psychol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BORTHWICKDUFFY SA, 1994, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V62, P17, DOI 10.1037//0022-006X.62.1.17 HAMILTON M, 1995, THESIS Matson J. L., 1995, DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMEN MATSON JL, 1994, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V62, P6, DOI 10.1037//0022-006X.62.1.6 MATSON JL, 1991, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V159, P404, DOI 10.1192/bjp.159.3.404 Mulick J.A., 1991, HDB MENTAL RETARDATI Nunnally J. C., 1978, PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY Sattler J. M., 1988, ASSESSMENT CHILDREN Schopler E., 1988, CHILDHOOD AUTISM RAT SCHREIBMAN L, 1989, HDB CHILD PSYCHOPATH Schreibman L., 1988, AUTISM SEVIN JA, 1995, BRIT J CLIN PSYCHOL, V34, P93 STURMEY P, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P321, DOI 10.1007/BF01058159 Whitman T.L., 1983, BEHAV MODIFICATION S NR 15 TC 28 Z9 28 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0162-3257 J9 J AUTISM DEV DISORD JI J. Autism Dev. Disord. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 1 BP 77 EP 81 DI 10.1023/A:1026019221036 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA ZD804 UT WOS:000072726100010 PM 9546305 ER PT J AU Plioplys, AV AF Plioplys, AV TI Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Since autism has been associated with immunologic abnormalities suggesting an autoimmune cause of autistic symptoms in a subset of patients, this study was undertaken to investigate whether intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) would improve autistic symptoms. Ten autistic children with immunologic abnormalities, demonstrated on blood tests, were enrolled in this study. Their ages ranged from 4 to 17 years, with two girls and eight boys. Eight children (1 female and 7 male) historically had undergone autistic regression. Intravenous immunoglobulin, 200 to 400 mg/kg, was administered every 6 weeks for an intended treatment program of four infusions. In five children, there was no detectable change in behavior during the treatment program. In four children, there was a mild improvement noted in attention span and hyperactivity. In none of these children did the parents feel that the improvement was sufficient to warrant further continuation of the infusions beyond the termination of the program. Only in one child was there a very significant improvement, with almost total amelioration of autistic symptoms over the time period of the four infusions. Once the treatment program was completed, this child gradually deteriorated over a 5-month time period and fully reverted to his previous autistic state. In this treatment program, five children had no response to intravenous immunoglobulin. In the four children who showed mild improvements, those improvements may simply have been due to nonspecific effects of physician intervention and parental expectation (ie, placebo effect). However, in one child there was a very significant amelioration of autistic symptoms. There were no distinguishing historic or laboratory features in this child who improved. Given a positive response rate of only 10% in this study, along with the high economic costs of the immunologic evaluations and the intravenous immunoglobulin treatments, the use of intravenous immunoglobulin to treat autistic children should be undertaken only with great caution, and only under formal research protocols. C1 Mercy Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Neurol, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Neurol, Chicago, IL USA. RP Plioplys, AV (reprint author), Mercy Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Neurol, Stevenson Expressway & King Dr, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. 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Child Neurol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 79 EP 82 PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Pediatrics SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics GA YX513 UT WOS:000072048100006 PM 9512308 ER PT J AU Boucher, J Lewis, V Collis, G AF Boucher, J Lewis, V Collis, G TI Familiar face and voice matching and recognition in children with autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Article DE autism; school children; face perception; voice perception; memory ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; COMPREHENSION; PERCEPTION; EMOTION; INFANTS; DISABILITIES; ABILITIES; MOTHERS; SPEECH AB Relatively able children with autism were compared with age-and language-matched controls on assessments of (1) familiar voice-face identity matching, (2) familiar face recognition, and (3) familiar voice recognition. The faces and voices of individuals at the children's schools were used as stimuli. The experimental group were impaired relative to the controls on all three tasks. 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S., 1988, ADV INFANCY RES, P173 Wing Lorna, 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT, P91 NR 40 TC 91 Z9 92 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2 BP 171 EP 181 DI 10.1017/S0021963097001820 PG 11 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA YY873 UT WOS:000072195700005 PM 9669230 ER PT J AU Howlin, P AF Howlin, P TI Autism and learning: A guide to good practice. SO JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES LA English DT Book Review CR Powell S, 1997, AUTISM LEARNING GUID NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0021-9630 J9 J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC JI J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2 BP 283 EP 283 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Psychiatry; Psychology SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA YY873 UT WOS:000072195700027 ER PT J AU Kazdin, AE Weisz, JR AF Kazdin, AE Weisz, JR TI Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments SO JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Review ID COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; CONDUCT-DISORDERED CHILDREN; SERIOUS JUVENILE-OFFENDERS; FAMILY-BASED TREATMENT; META-ANALYSIS; PSYCHOTHERAPY-RESEARCH; ANXIETY DISORDERS; FOLLOW-UP; MULTISYSTEMIC TREATMENT; ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR AB Child and adolescent therapy outcome research findings attest to the efficacy of a variety of treatments. This article illustrates promising treatments for selected internalizing (anxiety and depression), externalizing (oppositional, and antisocial behavior), and other (obesity and autism) conditions, and for other aims (preparation for medical and dental procedures). Studies in these areas illustrate worthwhile characteristics that can help inform the search for empirically supported treatments. These characteristics include randomized controlled trials, well-described and replicable treatments, tests with clinical samples, tests of clinical significance, broad-based outcome assessment including measures of real-world functioning, and others. Continued research progress will depend on greater attention to magnitude and maintenance of therapeutic change, long-term follow-up, moderators and mediators of change, and development and testing of treatment in conditions relevant to clinical practice. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Kazdin, AE (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, POB 208205, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. 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PD FEB PY 1998 VL 66 IS 1 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.19 PG 18 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA YW384 UT WOS:000071929800003 PM 9489260 ER PT J AU Weidmer-Mikhail, E Sheldon, S Ghaziuddin, M AF Weidmer-Mikhail, E Sheldon, S Ghaziuddin, M TI Chromosomes in autism and related pervasive developmental disorders: a cytogenetic study SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th World Congress of the International-Association-for-the-Scientific-Study-of-Intellectual-Disab ilities CY JUL 08-13, 1996 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND SP Int Assoc Sci Study Intellectual Disabil DE chromosomes; autism; pervasive developmental disorders; mental retardation; cytogenetics ID FRAGILE-X; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MENTAL-RETARDATION; ABNORMALITIES; CHILDHOOD; INDIVIDUALS; PREVALENCE; INTERVIEW; FEMALES AB Few studies have examined the occurrence of chromosome abnormalities in a large sample of patients with autism and related pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). In the present report, the authors examined a consecutive series of 92 children with PDDs (DSM-III-R; 75 males and 17 females). A cytogenetic examination, including growth in folate deficient medium, was performed in all cases. Three patients (3.2%) (two females and one male) showed chromosome abnormalities: deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8; tetrasomy of chromosome 15; and XYY syndrome. Only the subject who had tetrasomy 15 met the criteria for autistic disorder, while the others were diagnosed as suffering from a PDD not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Another patient showed an abnormal fragile site at Xq27 in three out of 100 cells. However. subsequent molecular studies did not confirm the presence of fragile-X syndrome. These results suggest that chromosome abnormalities are uncommon in traditional autism and may be relatively more common in people with PDDNOS. C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Weidmer-Mikhail, E (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, 1500 E Med Ctr Dr,TC-Box 0390, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. 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PD FEB PY 1998 VL 42 BP 8 EP 12 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.00091.x PN 1 PG 5 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 155JT UT WOS:000077943900002 PM 9534109 ER PT J AU Ghaziuddin, M Butler, E AF Ghaziuddin, M Butler, E TI Clumsiness in autism and Asperger syndrome: a further report SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th World Congress of the International-Association-for-the-Scientific-Study-of-Intellectual-Disab ilities CY JUL 08-13, 1996 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND SP Int Assoc Sci Study Intellectual Disabil DE autism; Asperger syndrome; clumsiness; mental retardation ID IMPAIRMENT; CHILDREN AB Clumsiness has been proposed as a diagnostic feature of Asperger syndrome (AS), a type of pervasive developmental disorder recently introduced in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV. However, the extent to which this symptom is specific to AS is not clear. To investigate this issue, we compared a sample of AS children with age- and sex-matched groups of children with autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Twelve subjects with AS (ICD-10/DSM-IV; I I males; average age 11.4 years; mean full-scale IQ 104.9) were compared with 12 subjects with autistic disorder(DSM-III-R; I I males; average age 10.3 years; mean full-scale IQ 78.4) and 12 subjects with PDDNOS (DSM-III-R; IO males; average age 10.1 years; mean full-scale IQ 78.2). The BruininksOseretsky test, a standardized test of motor coordination, was administered blind by the same investigator to all the three groups. While coordination deficits were found in all three groups, children with AS were found to be less impaired than those with autistic disorder and PDDNOS. However, no significant relationship was found between coordination scores and diagnosis after adjusting for the level of intelligence. These findings suggest that some patients with AS may be less clumsy than those with autistic disorder and that this difference may be the result of their higher level of intelligence. Studies based on larger samples using multiple measures of coordination are needed to further clarify the role of clumsiness in the classification of pervasive developmental disorders. C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Med, Taubman Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Ghaziuddin, M (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Med, Taubman Ctr, Box 0390,1500 E Med Ctr Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. 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PD FEB PY 1998 VL 42 BP 43 EP 48 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.00065.x PN 1 PG 6 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 155JT UT WOS:000077943900007 PM 9534114 ER PT J AU Gralton, EJF James, DH Lindsey, MP AF Gralton, EJF James, DH Lindsey, MP TI Antipsychotic medication, psychiatric diagnosis and children with intellectual disability: a 12-year follow-up study SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE antipsychotic medication; children; intellectual disability; mental retardation; diagnosis; autism ID MENTAL HANDICAP; PREVALENCE; COMMUNITY; BEHAVIOR; DRUGS AB This study is a follow-up to an original survey carried out in the early 1980s of all children with an identified intellectual disability in Cornwall, England. The purpose of this second study was to review the use of antipsychotic medication in these children and to relate it to their various diagnoses. This is a relatively under-researched area, and the few comparable studies in children have not been designed to specify diagnoses, psychiatric or otherwise. A positive relationship between the diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders in children and the use of antipsychotic medication was one of the important findings which emerged from the research. The possible reasons for this association are discussed. C1 Trecare NHS Trust, Truro TR1 2SS, Cornwall, England. RP Gralton, EJF (reprint author), Trecare NHS Trust, 57 Pydar St, Truro TR1 2SS, Cornwall, England. CR AMAN MG, 1985, APPL RES MENT RETARD, V6, P159, DOI 10.1016/S0270-3092(85)80068-0 AMAN MG, 1989, TREATMENT PSYCHIAT D, V1, P71 AMAN MG, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V99, P500 *BRIT MED ASS ROYA, 1995, BRIT NAT FORM BUCK JA, 1989, AM J MENT RETARD, V93, P618 CAMPBELL M, 1993, PRACTITIONERS GUIDE Creak E. 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PD FEB PY 1998 VL 42 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.00097.x PN 1 PG 9 WC Education, Special; Genetics & Heredity; Clinical Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Genetics & Heredity; Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychiatry; Rehabilitation GA 155JT UT WOS:000077943900008 PM 9534115 ER PT J AU Muris, P Steerneman, P Merckelbach, H AF Muris, P Steerneman, P Merckelbach, H TI Difficulties in the understanding of false belief: Specific to autism and other pervasive developmental disorders? SO PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS LA English DT Article ID ASPERGERS SYNDROME; MIND AB The present study examined the performance on a false belief task of atypical autistic children, i.e., children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (n = 50), socially immature children (n = 50), and normal children (n = 50). Children were shown a chocolate box and its unexpected content, i.e., a pencil, and then required to indicate what a friend would say about the content of the box. Results can be summarized: (1) over-all, 3-year-old children performed less well than children of 6 years. (2) Responses of 3-year-old atypical autistic and socially immature children did not differ significantly from those of normal children of the same age. (3) At age 6, normal children performed better than atypical autistic and socially immature children. (4) In general, no differences in performance between atypical autistic and socially immature children mere found, and (5) their performance was linked to intelligence. The results support prior findings that atypical autistic children find it difficult to understand false beliefs; however, this difficulty does not seem to be specific for (atypical) autism, bur might be a common feature of social immaturity in general. C1 Univ Maastricht, Dept Psychol, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. Ctr Autism S Limburg, Limburg, Netherlands. RP Muris, P (reprint author), Univ Maastricht, Dept Psychol, POB 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. 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RP Griffith, PL (reprint author), 2347 W Wallings Rd, Broadview Hts, OH 44147 USA. CR AARDEMA V, 1977, WHOS RABBITS HOUSE *AUT SOC AM, 1993, ADVOCATE, V25, P3 COHEN M, 1987, PEDIATR NEUROL, V3, P22, DOI 10.1016/0887-8994(87)90049-X Goodman K., 1991, WHOLE LANGUAGE CATAL Hardin MA, 1993, HUMAN EXCEPTIONALITY, P259 KUPPERMAN P, 1987, WHAT IS HYPERLEXIA LOVELAND K, 1989, BIENN M SOC RES CHIL MARTIN R, 1985, FOOLISH RABBITS BIG RICHMAN L, 1982, BRAIN LANG, V12, P203 SIMONS J, 1987, HIDDEN CHILD LINWOOD TAGERFLUSBERG H, 1987, BIENN M SOC RES CHIL VACCA RT, 1990, J READING, V33, P486 WILLIAMS M, 1971, VELVETEEN RABBIT NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 PU INT READING ASSOC PI NEWARK PA 800 BARKSDALE RD P O BOX 8139, NEWARK, DE 19714 USA SN 0034-0561 J9 READ TEACH JI Read. Teach. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 51 IS 5 BP 414 EP 420 PG 7 WC Education & Educational Research SC Education & Educational Research GA YU764 UT WOS:000071751800005 ER PT J AU Messahel, S Pheasant, AE Pall, H Ahmed-Choudhury, J Sungum-Paliwal, RS AF Messahel, S Pheasant, AE Pall, H Ahmed-Choudhury, J Sungum-Paliwal, RS TI Urinary levels of neopterin and biopterin in autism SO NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE autism; neopterin; biopterin; autoimmunity ID SEROTONIN BINDING-SITES; ANTIBODIES; DISORDERS; PTERINS AB The pterins, neopterin and biopterin, occur naturally in body fluids including urine. It is well established that increased neopterin levels are associated with activation of the cellular immune system and that reduced biopterins are essential for neurotransmitter synthesis. It has been suggested that some autistic children may be suffering from an autoimmune disorder. To investigate this further we performed high performance liquid chromatography analyses of urinary pterins in a group of pre-school autistic children, their siblings and age-matched control children. Both urinary neopterin and biopterin were raised in the autistic children compared to controls and the siblings showed intermediate values. This supports the possible involvement of cell-mediated immunity in the aetiology of autism. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Biochem, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Univ Birmingham, Dept Neurol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. Univ Birmingham, Dept Child Psychiat, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Pheasant, AE (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Biochem, Edgbastpm Pk Rd, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. CR ANDONDONSKAJA-RENZ B, 1986, P431 Bailey A, 1996, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V37, P89, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x BAILEY A, 1995, PSYCHOL MED, V25, P63 CURTIUS H-C, 1986, P141 ETO I, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P295, DOI 10.1007/BF01058157 FUCHS D, 1993, INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM, V101, P1 FUCHS D, 1989, CLIN CHEM, V35, P2305 FUKUSHIMA T, 1980, ANAL BIOCHEM, V102, P176, DOI 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90336-X GILLBERG C, 1990, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V31, P99, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb02275.x Harrison KL, 1995, BIOCHEM SOC T, V23, pS603 KAUFMAN S, 1986, P185 LEEMING R J, 1987, Archives Francaises de Pediatrie, V44, P649 MANNA R, 1987, BIOCH CLIN ASPECTS P, V5, P353 NARUSE H, 1987, P JPN ACAD B-PHYS, V63, P231, DOI 10.2183/pjab.63.231 PLOMIN R, 1994, SCIENCE, V264, P1733, DOI 10.1126/science.8209254 ROOTBERNSTEIN RS, 1990, BRAIN RES BULL, V25, P827, DOI 10.1016/0361-9230(90)90178-3 SINGH VK, 1991, CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP, V61, P448, DOI 10.1016/S0090-1229(05)80015-7 SMALLEY SL, 1988, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V45, P953 TODD RD, 1985, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V82, P612, DOI 10.1073/pnas.82.2.612 WEIZMAN A, 1982, AM J PSYCHIAT, V139, P1462 WERNER ER, 1989, BIOCHEM J, V262, P861 Wing L., 1996, AUTISTIC SPECTRUM World Health Organisation, 1992, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE YUWILER A, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P33, DOI 10.1007/BF01046401 NR 24 TC 40 Z9 40 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0304-3940 J9 NEUROSCI LETT JI Neurosci. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 1998 VL 241 IS 1 BP 17 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00976-2 PG 4 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA YV379 UT WOS:000071816900005 PM 9502205 ER PT J AU Koegel, LK Camarata, SM Valdez-Menchaca, M Koegel, RL AF Koegel, LK Camarata, SM Valdez-Menchaca, M Koegel, RL TI Setting generalization of question-asking by children with autism SO AMERICAN JOURNAL ON MENTAL RETARDATION LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS; TIME-DELAY AB We examined whether motivational procedures incorporated into teaching question-asking to children with autism, who lack verbal initiations, would result in generalization without additional teaching, prompting, or reinforcement in other settings. Specifically, we assessed whether such children could learn to use questions and whether the spontaneous use of question-asking would generalize across stimuli, settings, and people. All children learned to use questions in relation to items they had previously been unable to label and demonstrated generalization of spontaneous question-asking to new items and to their home environments with their mothers, with concomitant gains in expressive vocabulary. Results were discussed in terms of teaching response strategies, such as question-asking, to promote spontaneous child-initiated social interactions and expressive language development. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Autism Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. RP Koegel, LK (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Grad Sch Educ, Autism Res Ctr, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. CR CAMARATA SM, 1992, CLIN LINGUIST PHONET, V6, P167, DOI 10.3109/02699209208985528 Carr E. 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PD JAN PY 1998 VL 102 IS 4 BP 346 EP 357 PG 12 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA YU573 UT WOS:000071731400003 PM 9475943 ER PT J AU Rapin, I Katzman, R AF Rapin, I Katzman, R TI Neurobiology of autism SO ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; INFANTILE-AUTISM; CELL COUNTS; CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; HIPPOCAMPUS; REGRESSION; PAIRS AB Autism is a behaviorally defined, life-long static developmental disorder of the brain that is poised for neurobiological investigation. It affects at least 1 or 2 in 1000 persons and has a broad range of severity. It has multiple causes, with genetics playing a major role. According to the DSM-IV, defining features are impaired sociability, language and communication, and range of interests and activities. Mental deficiency is frequent but by no means universal. The cognitive profile is characteristic, occasionally with a superior but narrow talent. Perseveration, concreteness, affective blunting, and lack of insight into other persons' thinking may be conspicuous. The neurological basis of autism's many sensori-motor features, including stereotypies, is unknown. Attention and sleep are affected, and one third of individuals experience epilepsy by adulthood. Whether subclinical epilepsy plays a role in the developmental regression of the one third of the toddlers who lose their language skills and become autistic remains to be determined. Clinical neuroimaging and biochemical investigations are generally unremarkable. Fewer than 35 brains have been examined pathologically, none with modern techniques. The findings thus far suggest subtle prenatal neuronal maldevelopment in the cerebellum and certain limbic structures. Abnormalities in distributed networks involving serotonin and perhaps other neurotransmitters require further documentation. 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PD JAN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 7 EP 14 DI 10.1002/ana.410430106 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA YR531 UT WOS:000071504600002 PM 9450763 ER PT J AU Pascual-Castroviejo, I Roche, C Martinez-Bermejo, A Arcas, J Lopez-Martin, V Tendero, A Esquiroz, JLH Pascual-Pascual, SI AF Pascual-Castroviejo, I Roche, C Martinez-Bermejo, A Arcas, J Lopez-Martin, V Tendero, A Esquiroz, JLH Pascual-Pascual, SI TI Hypomelanosis of ITO. A study of 76 infantile cases SO BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE hypomelanosis of Ito; incontinentia pigmenti achromians; mental retardation; epilepsy; autism; infantile spasms; macrocephaly ID INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI ACHROMIANS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROME; GENETIC MOSAICISM; TRANSLOCATION; ABNORMALITIES; INVOLVEMENT; XP11; MRI; MALFORMATION AB We show the complications observed in a large series of children with hypomelanosis of Ito (HI) or incontinentia pigmenti achromians, studied in a neurology service over 30 years. Of the 76 patients, 35 were male (46%) and 41 female (54%) with ages ranging from newborn to 10 years at the time of the first visit. They were thoroughly studied from the clinical, genetic, psychological, neuroradiological, with computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electroencephalographic (EEG) paints of view, Mental retardation was observed in 43 cases (57%) of whom eight (10%) showed autistic behavior; 16 (21%) were borderline and only 17 (22%) had a normal mental level (IQ > 85). Thirty-seven patients (49%) had seizures, consisting of infantile spasms in six cases (8%). Twelve cases showed macrocephaly and coarse facies, six had microcephaly, and 14 showed hypotonia with pes valgus and genu valgus. Three cases of cerebellar hypoplasia, another of intracranial arteriovenous malformation and another of distal spinal muscular atrophy were observed as well. Some other anomalies, such as syndactyly, clinodactyly, abnormalities of the skeleton, asymmetry of the facies, ears, body and/or extremities, gynecomastia and asymmetrical breasts, short stature, oral alterations, congenital cardiopathies and genital anomalies, were also occasionally found. Three children died, but necropsy was performed only in one. Anatomical and histological studies did not disclose specific findings. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Madrid, Hosp La Paz, Pediat Neurol Serv, Madrid 28046, Spain. Hosp Lanzarote, Dept Pediat, Arrecife, Canary Islands, Spain. RP Pascual-Castroviejo, I (reprint author), Univ Madrid, Hosp La Paz, Pediat Neurol Serv, Paseo Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain. 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PD JAN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 36 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0387-7604(97)00097-1 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZB192 UT WOS:000072445600009 PM 9533559 ER PT J AU Lelord, G Cochin, S Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Martineau, J AF Lelord, G Cochin, S Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Martineau, J TI Latent imitation of human movements presented on a videoscopic screen, disclosed by EEG mapping in the spectators SO BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE LA French DT Article DE autism; infantile; imitative behavior; movement; electroencephalography; alpha rythm; television ID UTILIZATION BEHAVIOR; FRONTAL LOBES AB Trend to imitate human mouvement is studied here by EEG mapping. The effects of three kinds of situations are compared : a movement an a TV screen is presented to the subject, a movement is realized by the experimenter in front of the subject, the subject is asked to perform a movement. These three situations elicited important modifications in alpha 1 rythms over the centroparietal area of the scalp. These results are discussed according to neurophysiological and neuropsychological data, including the possible role of frontal lobe in imitation. Preliminary experiments in psychopathology concern imitation disturbances in autistic children. RP Lelord, G (reprint author), 2 Rue Ferdinand Dubreuil, F-37000 Tours, France. 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Acad. Natl. Med. PY 1998 VL 182 IS 4 BP 833 EP 844 PG 12 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZY064 UT WOS:000074583000004 PM 9673066 ER PT J AU Pollard, NL AF Pollard, NL TI Development of social interaction skills in preschool children with autism: A review of the literature SO CHILD & FAMILY BEHAVIOR THERAPY LA English DT Review ID BEHAVIOR AB One characteristic of autism is inadequate social skills, including behavioral deficits and excesses. Inadequate social skills have been linked by researchers to a number of negative outcomes such as peer rejection, mental health problems and an increased high school drop-out rate. For individuals with autism, inadequate social skills are one of many factors that can lead to institutionalization. To prevent poor outcomes, appropriate means for increasing the social interaction skills of children with autism are required. This review of the literature investigates reports of empirical research designed to increase the social interaction skills of pre-school children with autism. Research to-date has generally involved the training of typically developing children to interact with children with autism; only one study was found that focused training on the child with autism. RP Pollard, NL (reprint author), 922-C W Aaron Dr, State Coll, PA 16803 USA. 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PY 1998 VL 20 IS 2 BP 1 EP 16 PG 16 WC Psychology, Clinical; Family Studies SC Psychology; Family Studies GA ZE782 UT WOS:000072830400001 ER PT J AU Stoiber, KC Gettinger, M Goetz, D AF Stoiber, KC Gettinger, M Goetz, D TI Exploring factors influencing parents' and early childhood practitioners' beliefs about inclusion SO EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID SEVERE DISABILITIES; STUDENTS; PERCEPTIONS; KNOWLEDGE; PROVIDERS; ATTITUDES; EDUCATION; CHILDREN AB To investigate beliefs concerning early childhood inclusion, we developed a 12-item brief scale and 28-item comprehensive measure, My Thinking About Inclusion (MTAI). The 28-item MTAI Total Scale had an internal consistency of .91, and was comprised of three belief subscales: Core Perspectives, Expected Outcomes, and Classroom Practices. MTAI was administered to 415 parents and 128 early childhood practitioners. Parents of children with disabilities were more positive in their beliefs than parents of children without disabilities, and parents' beliefs were related to their level of education, number of children, and marital status. Practitioners held more positive beliefs than did the parent participants. Practitioners' beliefs were associated with their level of education, training background, and years of experience. Practitioners indicated that children with speech and language delays, learning disabilities, and mild cognitive disabilities can be most easily accommodated in early childhood inclusive settings, which corresponded to the children with disabilities for whom they felt most prepared to provide services. in contrast, children viewed to require the greatest accommodation were those with autism and neurological disorders, and similarly, practitioners reported being the least prepared to work with children with these disabilities. 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PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 107 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0885-2006(99)80028-3 PG 18 WC Education & Educational Research; Psychology, Developmental SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology GA ZX530 UT WOS:000074526000007 ER PT J AU Haussler, A Kurtz-Costes, B AF Haussler, A Kurtz-Costes, B TI Child care for preschoolers with autism: An exploration of mothers' beliefs, decision-making, and knowledge SO EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY LA English DT Article AB Forty mothers of preschoolers with autism were interviewed about their children's child care programs and about factors that influenced program selection. Mothers also rated the importance of program features, their knowledge of the care settings, and their frequency of involvement in their children's settings. These mothers of children with autism had many of the same concerns as mothers of typically-developing children: they valued safety; warm, loving, and competent caregivers; and cleanliness. However, these mothers were also concerned about program features that might be especially important for their special-needs children, such as a focus on adaptive skills, the availability of special services, and an individualized program. In spite of relatively low levels of search behavior (e.g., visiting settings before making a decision) and uncertainty about some characteristics of their children's programs, mothers reported high involvement in activities such as field trips, parent-teacher conferences, and observing in the classroom. We highlight the need for additional research in this area. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Haussler, A (reprint author), Westring 255, D-55120 Mainz, Germany. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Atkinson A. 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R., 1987, EARLY CHILDHOOD RES, V2, P103, DOI 10.1016/0885-2006(87)90038-X RASSIN GM, 1991, CLIN PEDIATR, V30, P344, DOI 10.1177/000992289103000602 ROLLETT B, 1994, PRAXISBUCH AUTISMUS Scarr S., 1984, MOTHER CARE OTHER CA SCARR S, 1993, ANNU REV PSYCHOL, V44, P613, DOI 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.003145 SCARR S, 1990, PSYCHOL SCI, V1, P26, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00061.x SHOFFNER SM, 1986, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V14, P521, DOI 10.1007/BF00935356 SPRING MP, 1990, JUST CASE PARENTAL G NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0885-2006 J9 EARLY CHILD RES Q JI Early Childhood Res. Q. PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 485 EP 499 DI 10.1016/S0885-2006(99)80053-2 PG 15 WC Education & Educational Research; Psychology, Developmental SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology GA V2672 UT WOS:000165539300008 ER PT J AU Gutknecht, L Anderson, G Carlier, M Roubertoux, P Tordjman, S AF Gutknecht, L Anderson, G Carlier, M Roubertoux, P Tordjman, S TI Linking the Genetics and Neurochemistry of Autism: focusing on neurotransmitters SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CNRS, UPR 9074, F-45071 Orleans, France. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1018-4813 J9 EUR J HUM GENET JI Eur. J. Hum. Genet. PY 1998 VL 6 SU 1 MA P1144 BP 71 EP 71 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZX500 UT WOS:000074522800245 ER PT J AU Levy, P AF Levy, P TI Autism and genetic: aetiology identification in 44 autistic patients from the Portuguese association for the protection of autistic persons SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Lisbon, Sch Med, Dept Genet, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1018-4813 J9 EUR J HUM GENET JI Eur. J. Hum. Genet. PY 1998 VL 6 SU 1 MA P1147 BP 72 EP 72 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZX500 UT WOS:000074522800254 ER PT J AU Ashburner, J Hutton, C Frackowiak, R Johnsrude, I Price, C Friston, K AF Ashburner, J Hutton, C Frackowiak, R Johnsrude, I Price, C Friston, K TI Identifying global anatomical differences: Deformation-based morphometry SO HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING LA English DT Article DE morphometrics; anatomy; spatial normalization; multivariate analysis ID CHILDHOOD-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA; BRAIN MORPHOLOGY; ABNORMALITIES; ASYMMETRIES; AUTISM AB The aim of this paper is to illustrate a method for identifying macroscopic anatomical differences among the brains of different populations of subjects. The method involves spatially normalizing the structural MR images of a number of subjects so that they all conform to the same stereotactic space. Multivariate statistics are then applied to the parameters describing the estimated nonlinear deformations that ensue. To illustrate the method, we compared the gross morphometry of male and female subjects. We also assessed brain asymmetry, the effect of handedness, and interactions among these effects. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, Funct Imaging Lab, London WC1N 3BG, England. RP Ashburner, J (reprint author), Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, Funct Imaging Lab, 12 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England. RI Friston, Karl/D-9230-2011; Rohlf, F/A-8710-2008; Frackowiak, Richard/I-1809-2013; Ashburner, John/I-3757-2013; Frackowiak, Richard/H-4383-2011; Johnsrude, Ingrid/G-4694-2011 OI Friston, Karl/0000-0001-7984-8909; Frackowiak, Richard/0000-0002-3151-822X; Johnsrude, Ingrid/0000-0002-7810-1333 CR ALTSHULER LL, 1990, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V47, P1029 Ashburner J, 1997, NEUROIMAGE, V6, P344, DOI 10.1006/nimg.1997.0299 ASHBURNER J, 1998, NONLINEAR SPATIAL NO Bartzokis G, 1996, PSYCHIAT RES-NEUROIM, V67, P189, DOI 10.1016/0925-4927(96)02894-6 BLACKWOOD DHR, 1991, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V30, P753 Bookstein F L, 1997, Med Image Anal, V1, P225, DOI 10.1016/S1361-8415(97)85012-8 CAO J, 1997, NEUROIMAGE, V5, P512 CAO J, 1997, ANN STAT CIESIELSKI KT, 1994, ACTA NEUROBIOL EXP, V54, P151 CROW TJ, 1990, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V16, P433 Frazier JA, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V153, P564 FRISTON KJ, 1995, HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, V2, P165 FRISTON KJ, 1995, NEUROIMAGE, V2, P166, DOI 10.1006/nimg.1995.1019 GAFFNEY GR, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V28, P534, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198907000-00011 GESCHWIND N, 1987, CEREBRAL LATERALIZAT, P21 Jacobsen LK, 1996, AM J PSYCHIAT, V153, P355 Krzanowski W. 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Brain Mapp. PY 1998 VL 6 IS 5-6 BP 348 EP 357 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:5/6<348::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-P PG 10 WC Neurosciences; Neuroimaging; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 126DG UT WOS:000076277200004 PM 9788071 ER PT J AU Mundy, P Gomes, A AF Mundy, P Gomes, A TI Individual differences in joint attention skill development in the second year SO INFANT BEHAVIOR & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE joint attention; individual differences; language development; cognition ID VISUAL-ATTENTION; NONVERBAL-COMMUNICATION; INFANT INTERACTION; EARLY LANGUAGE; MOTHER-INFANT; CHILDREN; ACQUISITION; ASYMMETRY; AUTISM AB The development of joint attention skills is considered to be critical to early social, cognitive and language development, joint attention skills refer to the capacity to coordinate attention with others regarding objects and events. While infants and toddlers display systematic, age related gains in joint attention skill development between 6 and 18 months of age, they also may display considerable individual differences in the development of this skill. Little research, however, has been directed toward evaluating the significance of these individual differences. This longitudinal study of 14- to 17-month-olds was designed to examine the hypothesis that individual differences in one type of joint attention skill, the tendency to follow the gaze and pointing of a tester, would be a significant predictor of receptive language development. The second goal of this study was to examine the assumption that different types of joint attention skill reflect the development of a single common cognitive process. The results provided strong support for the primary hypothesis, but equivocal support for the common process assumption. In particular, the results of this study suggested that different types of joint attention skills may reflect partially distinct processes associated with comprehension and expression factors in early social-communication development. The results of this study have implications for current conceptualizations of joint attention development, as well as for understanding the linkage between joint attention and early language development. C1 Univ Miami, Dept Psychol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Mundy, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Dept Psychol, 5665 Ponce De Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. EM pmundy@umiami.ir.miami.edu CR Adamson L. B., 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS, P205 Adamson L.B., 1991, ANN CHILD DEV, V8, P1 BAKEMAN R, 1984, CHILD DEV, V55, P1278, DOI 10.2307/1129997 Baldwin D. 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M., 1982, INFANT MENT HEALTH J, V3, P244, DOI DOI 10.1002/1097-0355(198224)3:4<244::AID-IMHJ2280030406>3.0.CO;2-R SEIBERT JM, 1984, INTELLIGENCE, V8, P11, DOI 10.1016/0160-2896(84)90003-5 Shore C., 1987, HDB INFANT DEV, P149 SLOMKOWSKI CL, 1992, DEV PSYCHOL, V28, P1090, DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1090 Tomasello M., 1983, 1ST LANGUAGE, V4, P197, DOI DOI 10.1177/014272378300401202 TOMASELLO M, 1995, JOINT ATTENTION ITS, P1063 Tomasello M., 1988, LANG SCI, V10, P69, DOI 10.1016/0388-0001(88)90006-X Ulvund SE, 1996, INFANT BEHAV DEV, V19, P441, DOI 10.1016/S0163-6383(96)90005-3 WELLMAN HM, 1993, UNDERSTANDING OTHER, P40 WETHERBY AM, 1993, J CHILDHOOD COMMUNIC, V15, P23 WILLOUGHBY J, 1997, BIENN M SOC RES CHIL NR 48 TC 142 Z9 145 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0163-6383 J9 INFANT BEHAV DEV JI Infant Behav. Dev. PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3 BP 469 EP 482 DI 10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90020-0 PG 14 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 115GJ UT WOS:000075654900006 ER PT J AU Feinberg, E Beyer, J AF Feinberg, E Beyer, J TI Creating public policy in a climate of clinical indeterminancy: Lovaas as the case example du jour SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE applied behavior analysis; autism; behavior therapy; Lovaas; pervasive developmental disorder; public policy ID BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; REPLICATION AB The increase in the incidence and prevalence of young children with autism coupled with the recent popularity of the Lovaas method for intervention have created a variety of dilemmas for public policy makers and families. Questions include the following: Should the Lovaas methodology be considered an entitlement under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? In a family-centered paradigm, how should decisions regarding choice of intervention strategy be made? How should expensive, one-to-one programs be financed? What is the role of the health insurance community in financing this program? Lovaas as a symbol for larger public policy issues is a focus of discussion. C1 Anne Arundel Cty Infants & Toddlers Program, Glen Burnie, MD USA. Georgetown Univ, Ctr Law, Washington, DC 20057 USA. RP Feinberg, E (reprint author), Anne Arundel Cty Infants & Toddlers Program, Glen Burnie, MD USA. CR BEEKMAN L, 1997, 18 NAT I LEG ISS ED BOODMAN SG, 1995, WASHINGTON POST 0105 BRISTOL M, 1996, AUT SECT 619 H COORD COOPER EF, 1996, C RES SERVICE LIB C DAWSON G, 1997, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P2 *FED CHILDR SPEC N, 1996, COAL Q EARL INT B FOXX RM, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P375 GRESHAM F, 1997, IN PRESS J BEHAV DIS HANFT B, IN PRESS INF YOUNG C KAZDIN AE, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P377 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 LOVAAS OI, 1993, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3 LOVAAS OI, 1989, J BEHAV THER EXP PSY, V20, P17 *LRP PUBL, 1996, EARLY CHILD REP, V7, P4 Maurice C., 1993, LET ME HEAR YOUR VOI MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 MUNDY P, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P381 *NEC TAS, 1997, AUT STAT NEED RIMLAND B, 1994, AUTISM RES REV INT, V8, P3 RIMLAND B, 1995, INFORMATIONAL PACKET RUTTER M, 1983, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V24, P513, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00129.x SCHOPLER E, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P162 SHEINKOPF SJ, IN PRESS J AUTISM DE SZATMARI P, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P213, DOI 10.1007/BF02211842 TYSON JE, 1995, SEMIN PERINATOL, V19, P98, DOI 10.1016/S0146-0005(05)80030-8 *U CA DEP PSYCH, PROACT FUND ALT EARL *UT TASK FORC, 1997, UT TASK FORC REP AUT WAGNER AE, 1994, INFANT YOUNG CHILD, V6, P21 WHITE MJ, 1995, LEGRAND APPEAL 1996, EARLY CHILDHOOD BONU, V7, P1 1997, EARLY CHILD REP, V8, P3 NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 54 EP 66 PG 13 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA YP549 UT WOS:000071289000008 ER PT J AU Smith, T Lovaas, OI AF Smith, T Lovaas, OI TI Intensive and early behavioral intervention with autism: The UCLA Young Autism Project SO INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE applied behavior analysis; autism; behavior therapy; early intervention; developmental disorder ID CHILDREN; STABILITY; PARAMETERS; AGE AB Behavior analytic programs for preschool children with autism have developed from extensive, programmatic research conducted continually since the early 1960s. Recently several programs have reported highly favorable outcomes. The article describes one such program, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Young Autism Project. It reviews outcome data, replication and dissemination efforts, frequently Voiced concerns, and future directions. Based on existing scientific evidence, increasing the availability of behavior analytic programs such as the UCLA project is warranted. Still, additional data and research are needed on program outcomes. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Psychol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Smith, T (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Psychol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. CR Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 *AUT NAT COMM, 1995, COMMUNICATOR, V6, P26 Bondy A. S., 1994, FOCUS AUTISTIC BEHAV, V9, P1, DOI DOI 10.1177/108835769400900301 CAMPBELL M, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1124, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199509000-00008 COHEN HG, TEACHING DEV DELAYED, V1 Copple C., 1997, DEV APPROPRIATE PRAC EIKESETH S, 1996, REPLICATIONS UCLA YO FEINBERG E, 1998, INFANTS YOUNG CHILD, P10 FENSKE EC, 1985, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V5, P49, DOI 10.1016/S0270-4684(85)80005-7 FREEMAN BJ, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P459, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60565-3 FREEMAN BJ, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P479, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00020 FREEMAN BJ, 1993, ADVOCATE, V25, P8 Green G, 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P29 Gresham FM, 1997, BEHAV DISORDERS, V22, P185 HALL R, 1994, 1994 REPORT HLTH DAT HARRIS SL, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02207325 HARRIS SL, 1994, PRESCHOOL ED PROGRAM Hoyson M., 1985, J DIVISION EARLY CHI, V8, P157 JACOBSON JW, RISK COST BENEFIT AN KLINGER LG, 1996, CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOG, P315 LORD C, 1989, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V19, P483, DOI 10.1007/BF02212853 VENTER A, 1992, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V33, P489, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x Lotter V., 1978, AUTISM REAPPRAISAL C, P475 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 Lovaas O. 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I., 1981, TEACHING DEV DISABLE LOVAAS OI, 1989, J BEHAV THER EXP PSY, V20, P17 Matson JL, 1996, RES DEV DISABIL, V17, P433, DOI 10.1016/S0891-4222(96)00030-3 MCEACHIN JJ, 1993, AM J MENT RETARD, V97, P359 NEWSOM C, 1989, TREATMENT CHILDHOOD, P286 PECK CA, 1983, SEMIN SPEECH LANG, V4, P93 ROGERS SJ, 1991, TOP EARLY CHILD SPEC, V11, P29 RUMSEY JM, 1985, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V24, P465, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60566-5 RUTTER M, 1970, SEMIN PSYCHIAT, V2, P435 SCHOPLER E, 1982, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V21, P262, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60881-5 SCHOPLER E, 1989, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V57, P162 SCHREIBMAN L, 1988, AUTISAM SIMEONSSON RJ, 1987, EFFECTIVENESS EARLY, P275 SMITH T, 1995, AM J MENT RETARD, V100, P317 SMITH T, 1993, INT REP INT BEH TREA SMITH T, IN PRESS AM J MENT R Smith T, 1997, BEHAV DISORDERS, V22, P202 Smith T.S., 1993, HDB EFFECTIVE PSYCHO, P107 STOKES TF, 1977, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V10, P349, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349 NR 44 TC 26 Z9 26 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 67 EP 78 PG 12 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA YP549 UT WOS:000071289000009 ER PT J AU Cattell-Gordon, D Cattell-Gordon, D AF Cattell-Gordon, D Cattell-Gordon, D TI The development of an effective applied behavioral analysis program for a young child with autism: A parent's perspective SO INFANTS & YOUNG CHILDREN LA English DT Article DE applied behavioral analysis; autism; community; data-driven; discrete trails; early intervention; intensity; Ivar Lovaas; pervasive developmental disorder; treatment AB Research indicates that applied behavioral analysis can make significant improvements in the skills of young children with autism. A shortage of trained professionals need not keep a family from developing an effective program for a young child with autism. The key to implementing an appropriate treatment plan lies in consistency, simplicity, intensity, and precision. Home programming for a young child with autism can achieve positive results; however, a parent-driven, center-based model provides more creative use of resources by allowing for shared training, supplies, space, and fundraising. It also allows for strong mutual support and the opportunity for a greater pool of data from which to advocate. C1 Virginia Inst Autism, Charlottesville, VA USA. RP Cattell-Gordon, D (reprint author), Virginia Inst Autism, Charlottesville, VA USA. CR Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 FENSKE EC, 1985, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V5, P49, DOI 10.1016/S0270-4684(85)80005-7 FREEMAN BJ, 1991, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V30, P479, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00020 GUESS D, 1976, FUNCTIONAL SPEECH LA HARRIS SL, 1991, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V21, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02207325 LOVAAS OI, 1987, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V55, P3, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3 Lovaas O. I., 1981, TEACHING DEV DISABLE MAURICE C, 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y Maurice C., 1993, LET ME HEAR YOUR VOI SHEINKOPF S, 1998, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V28, P1 Smith T., 1996, BEHAV INTERVENTION Y, P45 NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0896-3746 J9 INFANT YOUNG CHILD JI Infants Young Child. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 79 EP 85 PG 7 WC Education, Special; Psychology, Developmental; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Psychology; Rehabilitation GA YP549 UT WOS:000071289000010 ER PT J AU Kerbel, D Grunwell, P AF Kerbel, D Grunwell, P TI A study of idiom comprehension in children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties. Part II: Between-groups results and discussion SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE idiom comprehension; semantic-pragmatic difficulties; language disorders AB Using a play-based methodology and a symptom checklist, this study investigated idiom comprehension in 26 children aged between 6-11 who were considered to have semantic-pragmatic difficulties. This group was compared with two groups of mainstream children and a group of children with (other) language disorders not primarily of a semantic or pragmatic nature. The results indicate that the children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties did, as a group, demonstrate significantly fewer appropriate idiomatic interpretations and significantly more inappropriate interpretations than did any of the other three groups. However, the higher level of inappropriate scores in the semantic-pragmatic difficulties group reflected a larger number of 'fuzzy' actions rather than significantly higher rates of literality. This may indicate an awareness among these children that the literal meaning is inappropriate in the absence of adequate idiom vocabulary. It may also reflect difficulty in retrieving known idioms from memory and/or in selecting the most appropriate meaning from several possibilities in contest. Despite relative weakness, the children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties displayed appropriate interpretations considerably more often than the!: evidenced inappropriate ones. Within-group analysis reveals that the children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism performed less well than did those diagnosed with 'semantic-pragmatic disorder'. Nevertheless, both of these subgroups encompassed a considerable range of comprehension ability with regard to the 12 common idioms tested. Analysis of the pla task performance and symptom checklist suggests that this variation probably reflects differences in the critical semantic and pragmatic skills underpinning idiom comprehension. These include flexibility of thought, theory of mind, attention to contest, prosody and overall coherence, as well as the ability to integrate world knowledge and current contextual information to guide inferencing In combination with definition task data and broader knowledge of symptomatology, the play task may be used to identify the sites and sources of idiom comprehension breakdown in individual children. It is probable that idiom comprehension in this group of children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties was facilitated by the inclusion of only concrete idioms and by the visual support provided by the play set. Nevertheless, the moderate to age-appropriate ability displayed by this group in this context suggests that the characterization of children with semantic-pragmatic difficulties as predominantly literal needs to be revised. Rather than seeking a blanket characterization of an essentially heterogeneous group, it may be more useful to consider idiom comprehension a secondary manifestation of semantic and/or pragmatic difficulties. Since the children who exhibit these difficulties vary in symptomatology and probably, in aetiology, it follows that they will also vary with respect to idiom comprehension and the reasons for its breakdown. C1 De Montfort Univ, Dept Human Commun, Leicester LE7 9SU, Leics, England. RP Kerbel, D (reprint author), De Montfort Univ, Dept Human Commun, Leicester LE7 9SU, Leics, England. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Andersen-Wood L, 1997, WORKING PRAGMATICS Bishop D. V. 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J. Lang. Commun. Disord. PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 23 EP 44 PG 22 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA V2677 UT WOS:000165539800002 PM 9673217 ER PT J AU Boucher, J AF Boucher, J TI SPD as a distinct diagnostic entity: logical considerations and directions for future research SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE semantic-pragmatic disorder; specific language impairment; autism; classification C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. RP Boucher, J (reprint author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Human Commun Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England. CR AARONS M, 1987, IS THIS AUTISM American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BISHOP DVM, 1989, BRIT J DISORD COMMUN, V24, P107 BOLTON P, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P877, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x BROOK SL, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P61, DOI 10.1007/BF01046403 CARON C, 1991, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V32, P1063, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x CRYSTAL D, 1987, CLIN LINGUIST PHONET, V1, P7 JOHNSTON J, 1992, SPECIFIC LANGUAGE DI Naidoo S., 1991, CHILDREN SPECIFIC SP NEWSON E, 1983, COMMUNICATION, V17, P3 Rapin I., 1983, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY LANG RAPIN I, 1988, LANGUAGE COMMUNICATI Rapin I., 1996, PRESCHOOL CHILDREN I Reber A, 1985, PENGUIN DICT PSYCHOL RUTTER M, 1992, SPECIFIC LANGUAGE DI Shields J, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P487 TAYLOR R, 1996, 5 ANN C BIOL ASP AUT *WHO, 1990, ICD, V10 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 Wing L, 1988, DIAGNOSIS ASSESSMENT NR 20 TC 24 Z9 24 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 1368-2822 J9 INT J LANG COMM DIS JI Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 1 BP 71 EP 81 PG 11 WC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation SC Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology; Linguistics; Rehabilitation GA V2677 UT WOS:000165539800004 PM 9673219 ER PT J AU Verdot, L Garreau, B Barthelemy, C Martineau, J Ferrer-Di-Martino, M Muh, JP Hoebeke, J AF Verdot, L Garreau, B Barthelemy, C Martineau, J Ferrer-Di-Martino, M Muh, JP Hoebeke, J TI Immunoreactivity of sera to a peptide derived from the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor in a group of children with developmental disorders: Possible role in non-autistic epilepsy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE autoantibodies; autism; epilepsy; 5-HT1A receptor ID ANTIBODIES; HYPERSEROTONINEMIA; PROTEINS; FAMILY AB The presence of autoantibodies against the serotoninergic 5-HT1A receptor has been reported in serum from an autistic child using radioligand binding studies. It is now well established that, in cardiovascular diseases with an autoimmune component, patients present in their sera autoantibodies directed against the second extracellular loop of some G-protein coupled membrane receptors. We thus investigated by an enzyme-immunoassay method the presence of anti-5-HT1A receptor antibodies in sera of children with developmental disorders using synthetic peptides corresponding to the first and the second extracellular loops of this receptor. The population of children with developmental disorders was divided in autistic children with or without EEG abnormalities, and in non-autistic children with or without EEG abnormalities. We found that 6 out of 10 sera of non-autistic children with an abnormal EEG recognized the second extracellular loop of the 5-HT1A receptor. This is significantly higher than the other groups of children with developmental disorders or a healthy control group. These observations support the existence of an autoimmune component in epilepsy. C1 Fac Pharm Tours, F-37200 Tours, France. CHU Bretonneau, INSERM, U316, F-37044 Tours, France. Lab Enzymol & Chim Prot, F-37032 Tours, France. RP Hoebeke, J (reprint author), Fac Pharm Tours, CJF 93-09,31 Ave Monge, F-37200 Tours, France. CR AARLI JA, 1993, BRAIN DEV-JPN, V15, P41, DOI 10.1016/0387-7604(93)90005-S American Psychiatric Association, 1987, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT CLARK M, 1993, NEUROSCI LETT, V161, P21, DOI 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90130-D ENG H, 1992, J AUTOIMMUN, V5, P213, DOI 10.1016/0896-8411(92)90201-Z FARGIN A, 1988, NATURE, V335, P358, DOI 10.1038/335358a0 GOZLAN H, 1983, NATURE, V305, P140, DOI 10.1038/305140a0 HAMEURY L, 1995, EUR CHILD ADOLES PSY, V4, P123 KOBILKA BK, 1987, NATURE, V329, P75, DOI 10.1038/329075a0 MAGNUSSON Y, 1990, J CLIN INVEST, V86, P1558 MAGNUSSON Y, 1994, CIRCULATION, V89, P2760 MARTINEAU J, 1992, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V34, P593 ROGERS SW, 1994, SCIENCE, V265, P648, DOI 10.1126/science.8036512 Singh VK, 1997, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V41, P753, DOI 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00522-7 STROSBERG AD, 1991, EUR J BIOCHEM, V196, P1, DOI 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15778.x TODD RD, 1985, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V82, P612, DOI 10.1073/pnas.82.2.612 TWYMAN RE, 1995, NEURON, V14, P755, DOI 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90219-8 VERDOT L, 1994, BIOCHIMIE, V76, P165, DOI 10.1016/0300-9084(94)90009-4 VERDOT L, 1995, J NEUROCHEM, V65, P319 WADA Y, 1992, NEUROSCI LETT, V138, P116 WADA Y, 1992, NEUROSCI LETT, V141, P21, DOI 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90325-2 Wallukat G., 1987, BIOMED BIOCHIM ACTA, V46, P634 YUWILER A, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P33, DOI 10.1007/BF01046401 ZIMMERMAN AW, 1993, INT PEDIATRICS, V8, P199 NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 PU PROFESSOR D A SPANDIDOS PI ATHENS PA 1, S MERKOURI ST, EDITORIAL OFFICE,, ATHENS 116 35, GREECE SN 1107-3756 J9 INT J MOL MED JI Int. J. Mol. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 185 EP 189 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 117DT UT WOS:000075765900027 PM 9852218 ER PT J AU Harrison, DW Demaree, HA Shenal, BV Everhart, DE AF Harrison, DW Demaree, HA Shenal, BV Everhart, DE TI QEEG assisted neuropsychological evaluation of autism SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE autism; left cerebrum; electroencephalography; QEEG ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION; DYSFUNCTION; HANDEDNESS; CHILDHOOD; CHILDREN AB The present case study utilizes neuropsychological procedures, quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify neural substrates of "autism" in a 25 year old Caucasian male. A priori hypotheses formed from a neuropsychological evaluation was ere supported by data from QEEG and MRI. Specifically, the neuropsychological evaluation was suggestive of left anterior deactivation and right frontal activation. Consistent with these results, QEEG data revealed relative activation of the right frontal region, while MRI results were suggestive of multiple small focal areas over the left frontal region and a teardrop shaped area of low attenuation across the right frontal region. The possible relation of right cerebral dysfunction and autism is discussed. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Neuropsychiat Inst & Hosp, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Harrison, DW (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Blumer D, 1975, PSYCHIAT ASPECTS NEU Brody B A, 1978, Brain, V101, P607, DOI 10.1093/brain/101.4.607 CIARANELLO RD, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P115, DOI 10.1007/BF01531304 COLBY KM, 1977, J AUTISM CHILD SCHIZ, V7, P3, DOI 10.1007/BF01531110 DAWSON G, 1982, BRAIN LANG, V15, P353, DOI 10.1016/0093-934X(82)90065-7 DAWSON G, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P269, DOI 10.1007/BF01531566 FINEGAN JA, 1979, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V20, P119, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1979.tb00492.x FOLSTEIN S, 1977, NATURE, V265, P726, DOI 10.1038/265726a0 GILLBERG C, 1983, PSYCHIAT RES, V10, P21, DOI 10.1016/0165-1781(83)90025-2 HOFFMANN W L, 1982, Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, V4, P27, DOI 10.1080/01688638208401114 JAMES AL, 1983, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V13, P43, DOI 10.1007/BF01531358 Kanner L, 1943, NERV CHILD, V2, P217 Kolb B., 1990, FUNDAMENTALS HUMAN N ORNITZ EM, 1970, COMPR PSYCHIAT, V11, P159, DOI 10.1016/0010-440X(70)90157-4 ORNITZ EM, 1983, INT J NEUROSCI, V19, P85, DOI 10.3109/00207458309148648 PHELPS L, 1991, J PSYCHOPATHOL BEHAV, V13, P107, DOI 10.1007/BF00961426 ROBINSON RG, 1981, ANN NEUROL, V9, P447, DOI 10.1002/ana.410090506 STARKSTEIN SE, 1987, BRAIN, V110, P1045, DOI 10.1093/brain/110.4.1045 TSAI LY, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P421, DOI 10.1007/BF01538328 TSAI LY, 1983, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V142, P156, DOI 10.1192/bjp.142.2.156 TUCKER DM, 1984, PSYCHOL REV, V91, P185, DOI 10.1037//0033-295X.91.2.185 NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0020-7454 J9 INT J NEUROSCI JI Int. J. Neurosci. PY 1998 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.3109/00207459808986418 PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZH789 UT WOS:000073147800012 PM 9604175 ER PT J AU Parraga, HC Parraga, MI Spinner, LR Kelly, DP Morgan, SL AF Parraga, HC Parraga, MI Spinner, LR Kelly, DP Morgan, SL TI Clinical differences between subjects with familial and non-familial Tourette's Syndrome: A case series SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Tourette's Syndrome; familial; non-familial; clinical differences ID AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT TRANSMISSION; GILLES; SEGREGATION; EXPRESSION; DISORDERS; LINKAGE; AUTISM AB Objective: As many as 35 percent of Tourette's Syndrome patients do not acquire this disorder genetically. Since there has been little research conducted in this area, the purpose of this study was to compare the clinical differences between two groups of patients with Tourette's Syndrome (TS), one with family history of TS and one without. Method: Using data of eight previously diagnosed TS patients, the authors made comparisons of clinical and sociodemographic variables between a group of three patients with family history of TS and five with no family history. Results: There were no differences in clinical presentation, current age, age at diagnosis, gender, and socioeconomic status. There were differences in birth history, developmental milestones, I.Q., and neurological findings between patients with family history and no family history of TS. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for testing the hypothesis of a multidetermined origin of TS, a disorder in which hereditary, neuropsychological, and environmental factors play a role. C1 Fourth St Clin, Springfield, IL USA. So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Parraga, HC (reprint author), Fourth St Clin, 922 S 4th St, Springfield, IL USA. CR American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, P101 BARON M, 1981, AM J HUM GENET, V33, P767 BRUNN RD, 1990, GUIDE DIAGNOSIS TREA, P8 BURD L, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P162, DOI 10.1097/00004583-198703000-00006 Cohen D, 1985, CLIN GUIDE CHILD PSY, P3 COMINGS DE, 1992, TOURETTES SYNDROME H, P45 COMINGS DE, 1984, AM J HUM GENET, V36, P586 DELATOURETTE G, 1985, ARCH NEUROL-CHICAGO, V25, P10 DEVOR EJ, 1984, AM J HUM GENET, V36, P704 EAPEN V, 1993, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V162, P593, DOI 10.1192/bjp.162.5.593 ELDRIDGE R, 1977, NEUROLOGY, V27, P115 FRIEL PB, 1973, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V122, P655, DOI 10.1192/bjp.122.6.655 GOLDEN GS, 1984, J DEV BEHAV PROBLEMS, V5, P226 GOLDEN GS, 1981, MENT RETARD, V19, P17 GOODMAN WK, 1989, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V46, P1006 HAJAL F, 1981, AM J PSYCHIAT, V138, P90 HOLLINGSHED AB, 1958, SOCIAL CLASS MENTAL, P147 HYDE TM, 1992, NEUROLOGY, V42, P652 JAGGER J, 1982, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL, V8, P267 KERBESHIAN J, 1984, J DEV BEHAV PEDIATR, V5, P201 KERBESHIAN Y, 1986, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V149, P731 Kidd K K, 1982, Adv Neurol, V35, P243 LECKMAN JF, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P220, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199003000-00010 LECKMAN JF, 1986, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V43, P1168 LECKMAN JF, 1987, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V44, P100 LECKMAN JF, 1989, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V28, P556 LOWE TL, 1982, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V247, P1729, DOI 10.1001/jama.247.12.1729 LUCAS AR, 1967, J AMER ACAD CHILD PS, V6, P700, DOI 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61698-8 MIKKELSEN EJ, 1981, AM J PSYCHIAT, V138, P1572 PAKSTIS AJ, 1991, AM J HUM GENET, V48, P281 PASAMANICK B, 1956, J PEDIATR-US, V48, P596, DOI 10.1016/S0022-3476(56)80095-4 PAULS DL, 1986, NEW ENGL J MED, V315, P993, DOI 10.1056/NEJM198610163151604 PAULS DL, 1990, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V29, P195, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199003000-00007 PAULS DL, 1991, AM J HUM GENET, V48, P154 PRICE RA, 1985, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V42, P815 SANDERS DG, 1973, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V28, P596 SHAPIRO AK, 1988, GILLES TOURETTE SYND, P79 SILVER L, 1981, COMPREHENSIVE TXB PS, P2573 SVERD J, 1991, AM J MED GENET, V39, P173, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.1320390212 NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 PU BAYWOOD PUBL CO INC PI AMITYVILLE PA 26 AUSTIN AVE, AMITYVILLE, NY 11701 USA SN 0091-2174 J9 INT J PSYCHIAT MED JI Int. J. Psychiatr. Med. PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 341 EP 351 PG 11 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 143CK UT WOS:000077237300008 PM 9844838 ER PT J AU Kohn, Y Fahum, T Ratzoni, G Apter, A AF Kohn, Y Fahum, T Ratzoni, G Apter, A TI Aggression and sexual offense in Asperger's Syndrome SO ISRAEL JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND RELATED SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID VIOLENCE; MIND; AUTISM AB Asperger's Syndrome is one of the diagnostic subcategories of pervasive developmental disorders. It is characterized by a defect in reciprocal social interaction, lack of empathy for others and poor non-verbal communication. Antisocial acts, including aggression and sexual offense, are not considered to be common in this disorder. We describe an adolescent with Asperger's Syndrome whose main problems are his violence and sexual offenses. We assume that these symptoms are secondary to his diagnosis of Asperger's as a manifestation of his difficulties with the "theory of mind" of others. This atypical case report is in contrast with the low prevalence of aggression and sexual offense in Asperger's, as reported in the literature. We discuss the reasons for this low prevalence. Our conclusions are based on one case history and a literature review. We call for further research in this field. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychiat, Hadassah Univ Hosp, Hadassah Med Sch, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Geha Psychiat Hosp, Sackler Sch Med, Adolescent Psychiat Ward, IL-49100 Petah Tiqwa, Israel. Shalvata Psychiat Hosp, Hod Hasharon, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Ramat Aviv, Israel. RP Kohn, Y (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Psychiat, Hadassah Univ Hosp, Hadassah Med Sch, POB 12000, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. CR Allen C. 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J. Psychiatr. Relat. Sci. PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 293 EP 299 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA 164VJ UT WOS:000078484000007 PM 9988987 ER PT J AU Hunt, A AF Hunt, A TI A comparison of the abilities, health and behaviour of 23 people with tuberous sclerosis at age 5 and as adults SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID AUTISM; POPULATION; CHILDREN AB The abilities, health and behaviour of 23 people with tuberous sclerosis were assessed at five years of age and as adults. There was little increase in abilities for those most severely handicapped and epilepsy had fluctuated, with overall control of seizures in the group not changing much even with new medications. Autistic and hyperactive behaviours had decreased, but those with lack of anger control or with few emotional responses remained very similar. The cortical brain tubers in tuberous sclerosis could be responsible for the lack of progress over ten years but education and behavioural treatment that did not take into account the autism and attention deficit problems associated with tuberous sclerosis might also have contributed to this failure. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Psychiat, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Pk Hosp Children, Oxford OX3 7LQ, England. RP Hunt, A (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Psychiat, Sect Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Pk Hosp Children, Old Rd, Oxford OX3 7LQ, England. CR BALTAXE C, 1994, TUB SCLER INT S WASH Critchley M, 1932, BRAIN, V55, P311, DOI 10.1093/brain/55.3.311 CURATOLO P, 1991, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V15, P8 GILLBERG IC, 1994, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V36, P50 Gomez MR, 1988, TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS GREEN AJ, 1994, HUM MOL GENET, V3, P1833, DOI 10.1093/hmg/3.10.1833 Hewett S., 1970, FAMILY HANDICAPPED C HUNT A, 1993, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V23, P323, DOI 10.1007/BF01046223 HUNT A, 1987, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V29, P190 HUNT A, 1993, J INTELL DISABIL RES, V37, P41 *MED RES COUNC, 1982, SCHED HAND BEH SKILL OBRIEN G, 1991, EUROPEAN J PSYCHIA S, V1 RUTTER M, 1994, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V35, P311, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x SMALLEY SL, 1992, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V22, P339, DOI 10.1007/BF01048239 SUDHOF TC, 1993, CELL, V75, P1 WEBB DW, 1992, BRIT MED J, V304, P1647 Webb DW, 1996, DEV MED CHILD NEUROL, V38, P146 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 PU BILD PUBLICATIONS PI CLEVEDON PA FRANKFURT LODGE, CLEVEDON HALL VICTORIA RD, CLEVEDON, AVON, ENGLAND BS21 7SJ SN 1360-2322 J9 J APPL RES INTELLECT JI J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. PY 1998 VL 11 IS 3 BP 227 EP 238 PG 12 WC Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 125TN UT WOS:000076253300004 ER PT J AU Symons, FJ Fox, ND Thompson, T AF Symons, FJ Fox, ND Thompson, T TI Functional communication training and naltrexone treatment of self-injurious behaviour: An experimental case report SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES LA English DT Article ID MENTAL-RETARDATION; AUTISTIC-CHILDREN; ADULTS; INTERVENTION AB The self-injurious behaviour of people with intellectual disabilities, autism, and related developmental disabilities remains one of the most difficult behaviour problems to treat clinically. Two promising approaches to effective treatment involve teaching the person communication skills that are functionally equivalent to the self-injury or administering opiate antagonist medication. Here an experimental case study, in which naltrexone was combined with functional communication training, is reported. Using a within-subject ABCDC experimental design, reductions in rate of self-injury were observed during the naltrexone alone phase as well as during combined treatment phases. The implications of conducting a functional assessment prior to behavioural and pharmacological intervention are discussed. C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Peabody Coll, John F Kennedy Ctr, Nashville, TN 37240 USA. RP Symons, FJ (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Frank Porter Graham Child Dev Ctr, CB8180,105 Smith Level Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. CR Bakeman R., 1992, OBSERVING INTERACTIO BARLOW DH, 1984, SINGLE CASE EXPT DES Barrera F. J., 1994, J DEV PHYS DISABIL, V6, P169, DOI 10.1007/BF02579358 BERNSTEIN GA, 1987, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V26, P886 BIRD F, 1989, AM J MENT RETARD, V94, P37 Borthwick-Duffy S. A., 1994, DESTRUCTIVE BEHAV DE, P3 Bruininks R. H., 1994, DESTRUCTIVE BEHAV DE, P24 Campbell M, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P246, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199602000-00019 Carr E. G., 1994, COMMUNICATION BASED CARR EG, 1985, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V18, P111, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1985.18-111 Casner JA, 1996, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V16, P389, DOI 10.1097/00004714-199610000-00008 COHEN J, 1960, EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS, V20, P37, DOI 10.1177/001316446002000104 DAY HM, 1994, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V27, P279, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-279 Durand V. M., 1990, SEVERE BEHAV PROBLEM DURAND VM, 1982, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V12, P243, DOI 10.1007/BF01531370 FISHER W, 1989, J BEHAV THER EXP PSY, V20, P241, DOI 10.1016/0005-7916(89)90029-3 HAN JS, 1993, OPIOIDS, V2, P105 HELLINGS JA, 1994, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY B, V30, P254 HERMAN BH, 1989, DEV PHARMACOL THERAP, V12, P118 HERSEN M, 1985, PHARM BEHAV TREATMEN IWATA BA, 1982, ANAL INTERVEN DEVEL, V2, P3, DOI 10.1016/0270-4684(82)90003-9 JOHNSON K, 1994, J DEV PHYS DISABIL, V6, P193, DOI 10.1007/BF02579359 Kazdin A. E., 1982, SINGLE CASE RES DESI LALLI JS, 1995, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V28, P261, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1995.28-261 LEWIS MH, 1993, CURRENT OPINION PSYC, V6, P659, DOI 10.1097/00001504-199310000-00010 MACLEAN WE, 1985, J PSYCHOPATHOL BEHAV, V7, P65, DOI 10.1007/BF00961847 O'Neill R. E., 1990, FUNCTIONAL ANAL PROB Piazza CC, 1996, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V29, P569, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1996.29-569 Pomeranz B., 1989, SCI BASES ACUPUNCTUR REPP AC, 1988, J APPL BEHAV ANAL, V21, P281, DOI 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-281 RICKETTS RW, 1994, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V33, P270, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199402000-00017 RICKETTS RW, 1993, J DEV PHYS DISABIL, V5, P17, DOI 10.1007/BF01046595 Sandman C.A., 1990, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V1, P237, DOI 10.1089/cap.1990.1.237 SAUNDERS MD, 1993, RES DEV DISABIL, V14, P1, DOI 10.1016/0891-4222(93)90002-2 SCHAAL DW, 1994, AM J MENT RETARD, V99, P123 SCHROEDER SR, 1980, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V10, P417, DOI 10.1007/BF02414818 Shores R. 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PY 1998 VL 11 IS 3 BP 273 EP 292 PG 20 WC Psychology, Educational; Rehabilitation SC Psychology; Rehabilitation GA 125TN UT WOS:000076253300008 ER PT J AU Schreier, HA AF Schreier, HA TI Risperidone for young children with mood disorders and aggressive behavior SO JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ADOLESCENTS; MANIA AB Open clinical treatment with risperidone was administered to a clinically heterogeneous group of 11 children and adolescents (age range 5.5-16 years, mean 9.8 years) with concurrent presentation of affective symptoms (mostly suggestive of bipolar disorder), aggressive and violent behavior, and marked management problems. These patients had responded inadequately to several mood-stabilizing medications. In this outpatient sample, 8 of 11 children (73%) appeared to have therapeutic responses to risperidone. Risperidone doses were low (0.75-2.5 mg daily) and clinical responses were observed at times within days of receiving the medication. Improvement was clinically judged to be moderate to marked in 7 of 8 children. In addition, the treatment of 2 children was stopped because of drowsiness; one also experienced a weight gain of 6 kg (13 Ibs). An additional child with autism and aggressive behavior who lacked affective symptoms did not respond to risperidone. None of the children showed behavioral deterioration. Seven of the 8 responders were taking concurrent medications; including 4 on mood-stabilizing medications (either lithium, carbamazepine, or valproic acid) in subtherapeutic doses. Even in combination with other medications, side effects at these doses were minimal and limited to mild sedation and, at times, troubling weight gain. Pending controlled studies, these preliminary findings suggest that risperidone-alone or in combination with mood stabilizers-may be of value in treating children and adolescents with mood disorders (especially subthreshold bipolar disorder) and aggressive behavior. C1 Childrens Hosp Oakland, Dept Psychiat, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. RP Schreier, HA (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Oakland, Dept Psychiat, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. CR *AM AC CHILD AD PS, 1995, PRACT PAR ASS TREATM American Psychiatric Association, 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th Armenteros JL, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P694, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00021 Buckley PF, 1997, J AM ACAD PSYCHIATRY, V25, P173 Demb HB, 1996, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V6, P79, DOI 10.1089/cap.1996.6.79 DWIGHT MM, 1994, LANCET, V344, P554, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91952-6 Fisman S, 1996, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V6, P177, DOI 10.1089/cap.1996.6.177 FRAS I, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P833, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199507000-00003 GOODNICK PJ, 1995, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P431 Grcevich SJ, 1996, J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP, V6, P251, DOI 10.1089/cap.1996.6.251 HE H, 1995, INT CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V10, P19, DOI 10.1097/00004850-199503000-00003 Horrigan JP, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P313, DOI 10.1023/A:1025854532079 JACOBSEN FM, 1995, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P423 KECK PE, 1995, J CLIN PSYCHIAT, V56, P455 Khan BU, 1997, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V27, P479, DOI 10.1023/A:1025813607005 KOVACS M, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P715, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199506000-00011 LOMBROSO PJ, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1147, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199509000-00011 Lykes WC, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P405, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199604000-00005 NOTTELMANN ED, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P705 QUINTANA H, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P1292, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199510000-00014 SHULMAN LM, 1995, NEUROLOGY, V45, P1419 SINGH AN, 1994, LANCET, V344, P554 STEMLICHT HC, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD ADOL, V34, P540 WELLER EB, 1995, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V34, P709, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199506000-00010 Wozniak J, 1996, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V35, P826, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199606000-00023 NR 25 TC 56 Z9 56 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1044-5463 J9 J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP JI J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 49 EP 59 DI 10.1089/cap.1998.8.49 PG 11 WC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA ZR696 UT WOS:000074004600005 PM 9639079 ER PT J AU Perry, R Bangaru, BS AF Perry, R Bangaru, BS TI Secretin in autism SO JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Perry, R (reprint author), 55 W 74 St, New York, NY 10023 USA. CR [Anonymous], 1998, PHYS DESK REF Horvath K, 1998, J Assoc Acad Minor Phys, V9, P9 NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1044-5463 J9 J CHILD ADOL PSYCHOP JI J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. PY 1998 VL 8 IS 4 BP 247 EP 248 DI 10.1089/cap.1998.8.247 PG 2 WC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Pediatrics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 181HE UT WOS:000079434800007 PM 10214929 ER PT J AU Yamaguchi, S Tsuchiya, H Kobayashi, S AF Yamaguchi, S Tsuchiya, H Kobayashi, S TI Visuospatial attention shift and motor responses in cerebellar disorders SO JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VISUAL-ATTENTION; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; SPATIAL ATTENTION; BRAIN POTENTIALS; PARIETAL CORTEX; DEGENERATION; ABNORMALITY; IMPAIRMENT; MECHANISMS AB The cerebellum has been implicated in higher cognitive functions including learning, memory, and attention as well as its well-known role in motor programming. Recent studies have suggested that the cerebellum plays a role in shifts of attention. We investigated the contribution of the cerebellum to visuospatial attentional ability in a trial-by-trial cueing task involving the covert orienting of spatial attention. We recorded event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) in patients with cerebellar degenerative disorders affecting mainly the lateral cerebellum and compared them to age matched controls. The RT data demonstrated that both the cerebellar patients and control subjects responded to the valid cues faster than to the invalid cues for both the central and the peripheral cues. Consistent with the RT data, the ERP data showed a comparable generation of attention shift-related negativities during the cue-target interval for both the central and the peripheral cue experiments. The early negative component of the ERP to the target was also comparably modulated in both groups as a function of cue validity, suggesting efficient facilitation of sensory pathways by prior allocation of spatial attention to the cued place. Conversely, the late negative deflection preceding the imperative target stimulus and the late sustained positivity following target presentation, which reflect neural activities for response preparation and selection, were reduced in the cerebellar group. These findings suggest that the lateral cerebellum makes little contribution to visuospatial attention shift in either the voluntary or automatic modes and support a role of the lateral cerebellum in the neural system required for response preparation and selection. C1 Shimane Med Univ, Dept Internal Med 3, Izumo, Shimane 693, Japan. RP Yamaguchi, S (reprint author), Shimane Med Univ, Dept Internal Med 3, Izumo, Shimane 693, Japan. 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Cogn. Neurosci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 95 EP 107 DI 10.1162/089892998563806 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Psychology, Experimental SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Psychology GA YV645 UT WOS:000071848500006 PM 9526085 ER PT J AU Houghton, S Douglas, G Brigg, J Langsford, S Powell, L West, J Chapman, A Kellner, R AF Houghton, Stephen Douglas, Graham Brigg, John Langsford, Shane Powell, Lesley West, John Chapman, Annaliese Kellner, Rick TI An empirical evaluation of an interactive multi-sensory environment for children with disability SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY LA English DT Article AB Seventeen students with severe disability (age range 5 years to 18 years) from one school were assessed on Foundation Outcome Statement Skills (FOS Skills) and subsequently exposed to an interactive multi-sensory environment (MSE). Approximately 40 hours of video recordings were made of the 17 participants interacting in the MSE, and a further recording was made during a school excursion to a local farm school to check for generalisation of behaviour. Six categories of disability were covered in the evaluation, namely children with: severe intellectual disability, severe intellectual disability/autism, severe intellectual disability/visual impairment, severe intellectual disability/hearing impairment, multiple disabilio; and multiple disability/visual impairment. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANO VA) revealed a statistically significant increase in the number of FOS Skills exhibited by the participants from Pre MSE to Post MSE. A further ANOVA demonstrated a significant increase in the number of FOS Skills immediately following exposure to the MSE (i.e., following the first session in the MSE). These increases were particularly marked for a small number of participants and for four main FOS Skills. There was also some evidence of generalisation of FOS Skills to an external setting. C1 [Houghton, Stephen; Douglas, Graham; Brigg, John; Langsford, Shane; Powell, Lesley; West, John; Chapman, Annaliese; Kellner, Rick] Grad Sch Educ, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. RP Houghton, S (reprint author), Grad Sch Educ, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. EM shoughto@ecel.uwa.edu.au RI Houghton, Stephen/H-5067-2014 CR BASCH CE, 1987, HEALTH EDUC QUART, V14, P411, DOI 10.1177/109019818701400404 Burns J., 1991, INTERSENSE EVA UNPUB CROSBIE J, 1993, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V61, P966, DOI 10.1037/0022-006X.61.6.966 DeBunsen A., 1994, SENSATIONS DISABILIT Haggai L., 1991, WHITTINGTON HALL SNO Hepworth M., 1993, THESIS U BIRMINGHAM Long A. P., 1992, BRIT J OCCUPATIONAL, V55, P103 Mount M., 1995, BRIT J SPECIAL ED, V22, P52 Orr R., 1993, EYE CONTACT SUM, P25 Pagliano P., 1995, USE MULTISENSO UNPUB Verheul A., 1987, SNOEZELEN ANOTHER WO Whittacker J., 1992, COMMUNITY LIVING OCT NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1366-8250 J9 J INTELLECT DEV DIS JI J. Intellect. Dev. Dis. PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 267 EP 278 DI 10.1080/13668259800033761 PG 12 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA V25WN UT WOS:000208508200001 ER PT J AU Braithwaite, M AF Braithwaite, Michelle TI Autism and autistic-like conditions in mental retardation SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY LA English DT Book Review C1 [Braithwaite, Michelle] Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Braithwaite, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. CR LISSE DK, 1997, AUTISM AUTISTIC LIKE NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1366-8250 J9 J INTELLECT DEV DIS JI J. Intellect. Dev. Dis. PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 344 EP 345 PG 2 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA V25WN UT WOS:000208508200009 ER PT J AU Braithwaite, M AF Braithwaite, Michelle TI Autism through the lifespan: The Eden model SO JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY LA English DT Book Review C1 [Braithwaite, Michelle] Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Braithwaite, M (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. CR Holmes D. L., 1997, AUTISM LIFESPAN EDEN NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4LQ, ENGLAND SN 1366-8250 J9 J INTELLECT DEV DIS JI J. Intellect. Dev. Dis. PY 1998 VL 23 IS 4 BP 345 EP 346 PG 2 WC Education, Special; Rehabilitation SC Education & Educational Research; Rehabilitation GA V25WN UT WOS:000208508200010 ER PT J AU Carlsson, ML AF Carlsson, ML TI Hypothesis: Is infantile autism a hypoglutamatergic disorder? Relevance of glutamate-serotonin interactions for pharmacotherapy SO JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION LA English DT Article DE autism; glutamate; serotonin; perception; PCP; ketamine ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; 5-HT2A RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LOCOMOTOR STIMULATION; CHILDHOOD AUTISM; NMDA ANTAGONIST; DOUBLE-BLIND; CHILDREN; SCHIZOPHRENIA; THERAPY AB Based on 1) neuroanatomical and neuroimaging studies indicating aberrations in brain regions that are rich in glutamate neurons and 2) similarities between symptoms produced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in healthy subjects and those seen in autism, it is proposed in the present paper that infantile autism is a hypoglutamatergic disorder. Possible future pharmacological interventions in autism are discussed in the light of the intimate interplay between central glutamate and serotonin, notably the serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor. The possible benefit of treatment with glutamate agonists [e.g. agents acting on the modulatory glycine site of the NMDA receptor, or so-called ampakines acting on the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor] is discussed, as well as the potential usefulness of a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Pharmacol, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Carlsson, ML (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Pharmacol, Box 431, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. 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Neural Transm. PY 1998 VL 105 IS 4-5 BP 525 EP 535 DI 10.1007/s007020050076 PG 11 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 100CL UT WOS:000074796500014 PM 9720980 ER PT J AU Breault, JL Gould, R AF Breault, JL Gould, R TI Formative evaluation of a video and training manual on feeding children with special needs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID NUTRITION AB Special Foods for Special Kids (video and manual) was developed to educate child care providers who participate in the Child and Adult Care Food Program on feeding and nutrition issues (nutrient content, food preparation, social impact, and environmental consideration) for children with special needs. To evaluate the appropriateness of the training materials, a preliminary expert panel, modified Delphi panel, and focus groups were used. Composite scores given by the Delphi panel for content, readability, and format were 4.59 +/- 0.61, 4.29 +/- 1.0, and 4.41 +/- 0.64, respectively, on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Suggestions from the latter two evaluation strategies to improve the materials included adding a glossary of terms, a section on autism and a section on choking, statements on safety and sanitation issues, and an explanation of the format of answers (which were upside down). Multiple, formative evaluation methods were used among developers, experts, and users to ensure that these training materials were appropriate and applicable for the end user. C1 Salina Reg Med Ctr, Salina, KS 67401 USA. RP Gould, R (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Hotel Restaurant Inst Management & Dietet, 103 Justin Hall,HRIMD, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. 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Nutr. Educ. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 30 IS 1 BP 58 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0022-3182(98)70276-6 PG 4 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YW484 UT WOS:000071940300011 ER PT J AU Martineau, J Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Lelord, G AF Martineau, J Adrien, JL Barthelemy, C Lelord, G TI Association and regulation disorders in infantile autism SO JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Psychophysiology of Maturation Disorders at the European-Congress-of-Psychophysiology-Societies CY 1995 CL BARCELONA, SPAIN SP European Congress of Psychophysiol Soc DE autism; child; associations; object permanence task; regulation; evoked potentials ID BEHAVIORAL SUMMARIZED EVALUATION; AUDITORY EVOKED-RESPONSES; NORMAL-CHILDREN; RELIABILITY; SCALE; POTENTIALS; VALIDITY; STIMULI; ADULTS; ABBAR AB Infantile autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by disturbances concerning socialization and communication domains, but also abilities to modify and change one's behavior. Our hypothesis is that autism is characterized by a basic regulation disorder in cerebral and cognitive functioning. We tested patient's ability to perform and maintain auditory-visual cross-modal associations and describe the organization and regulation behaviors during the Object Permanence Task. Eighteen autistic and 16 mentally retarded children were tested. The results show that autistic children exhibited a discriminative pattern including a difficulty to maintain action schemes which is related to the difficulty to perform cross-modal associations. The analysis of sequences provides evidence of a regulation disorder in autism. C1 CHU Bretonneau, INSERM U316, F-37044 Tours, France. RP Martineau, J (reprint author), CHU Bretonneau, INSERM U316, 2 Bd Tonnelle, F-37044 Tours, France. 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PD JAN PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1 BP 15 EP 16 DI 10.1097/00004583-199801000-00011 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA YW319 UT WOS:000071922000010 PM 9444894 ER PT J AU Anderson, M AF Anderson, M TI Mental retardation general intelligence and modularity SO LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES LA English DT Review ID SAVANT CALENDRICAL CALCULATORS; FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; INSPECTION TIME; WILLIAMS-SYNDROME; IDIOT-SAVANT; DOWNS-SYNDROME; AUTISM; MIND; INDIVIDUALS; PERFORMANCE AB This article presents a case for distinguishing between mental retardation as a general deficit of thinking and mental retardation that might result from the global effects of a specific: deficit in a cognitive module. Using Anderson's (1992a) theory of the minimal. cognitive architecture of intelligence and developmental, I show how this distinction can explain the pattern of intellectual strengths and weaknesses in Savant syndrome, Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, and autism. In addition, I discuss the developmental versus difference view and the distinction between organic and cultural familial mental retardation in the light of this theory. I conclude that not only is there no inherent incompatibility between the constructs of general intelligence and modularity of mind but that both are essential to understanding the different patterns of abilities and developmental profiles found in individuals with low IQ. C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Psychol, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. RP Anderson, M (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Psychol, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. 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SO LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES LA English DT Article ID ASPERGER-SYNDROME; NORMAL-CHILDREN; NORMAL ADULTS; MIND; INDIVIDUALS; UNDERSTAND; LANGUAGE; DEFICITS; PLAY; RECOGNITION AB Innate modularity is a central question for cognitive neuroscience. One proposal is that a "theory of mind" is a species-specific (human) example of an innate module. The genetic, neurodevelopmental, psychiatric condition of autism is considered in terms of the innate modularity claim. At the opposite extreme, explanations of autism in ter ms of deficits in a general learning mechanism are considered. It is concluded that both of these theories may be untenable, and instead there may be some justification for an intermediate model of social perception: minimalist innate modularity. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. Univ Cambridge, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. RP Baron-Cohen, S (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. 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Individ. Differ. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 179 EP 191 DI 10.1016/S1041-6080(99)80129-0 PG 13 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 230AQ UT WOS:000082229300002 ER PT J AU Tsimpli, IM Smith, N AF Tsimpli, IM Smith, N TI Modules and quasi-modules: Language and theory of mind in a polyglot savant SO LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES LA English DT Article ID AUTISM AB This report provides further evidence from the polyglot savant, Christopher, for the nature of Theory of Mind. In particular, we exploit a distinction between modules as classically defined (Fodor, 1983), and "quasi-modules." While the latter have the domain-specificity of modules, they are not informationally encapsulated and they exploit a nonperceptual vocabulary. We report the results of Christopher's performance on a variety of false-belief tasks, showing that differences inherent in the various tasks allow for an explanation of his apparently inconsistent behavior, which in turn provides evidence for the "quasi-modularity" of his Theory of Mind.(1) C1 UCL, Dept Phonet & Linguist, London WC1E 6BT, England. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, England. RP Smith, N (reprint author), UCL, Dept Phonet & Linguist, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England. CR Andersen H. 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PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 193 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S1041-6080(99)80130-7 PG 23 WC Psychology, Educational SC Psychology GA 230AQ UT WOS:000082229300003 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, AW Jinnah, HA Lockhart, PJ AF Zimmerman, AW Jinnah, HA Lockhart, PJ TI Behavioral neuropharmacology SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Spectrum of Developmental Disabilities Course CY MAR 18-20, 1996 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND HO JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST DE behavior; neuropharmacology; genotype; phenotype; Lesch-Nyhan disease; reductionism; autism; comorbidity; mental retardation; developmental disabilities ID LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME; SELF-MUTILATION; COMORBIDITY; CHILDREN; DISEASE; NEUROTRANSMITTERS; ADOLESCENTS; DISORDER; ADULTS AB Having an appreciation for neurobiologic complexity in developmentally disabled children and adolescents with behavior disorders improves our ability to treat them with drugs that have become increasingly specific in their effects. Reductionist analysis of phenotypic and genotypic disorders improves our understanding of the pathogenesis of unique patterns of adverse behaviors. Although drugs can be effective for treating specific behaviors, the cerebral mechanisms underlying these behaviors are not simple or linear in their pathways from genotype to phenotype. Our emerging knowledge about Lesch-Nyhan disease demonstrates unexpected complexity from a single abnormal gene of purine metabolism and its diverse effects on cells, receptors, and neurotransmitters that produce characteristic self-injurious behaviors. Several hypotheses for pathogenesis suggest ways that a defective gene might affect the developing brain and strategies for treatment. For disorders that have several abnormal genes, such as autism and bipolar disorder, biologic effects are likely to be even more complex due to gene interactions and compounded with added environmental effects, learning, and experience. There is a high incidence of comorbidity in conditions that affect behavior in children with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Accurate diagnoses and follow-up are essential for advanced neuropharmacology to be effective. Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of patients who have comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders are suggested. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Psychiat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Zimmerman, AW (reprint author), Kennedy Krieger Inst, Dept Neurol, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<61::AID-MRDD1>3.0.CO;2-# PG 4 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900001 ER PT J AU Travis, LL Sigman, M AF Travis, LL Sigman, M TI Social deficits and interpersonal relationships in autism SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE emotions; communications ID HIGH-FUNCTIONING CHILDREN; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; JOINT ATTENTION; INTERMODAL PERCEPTION; SELF-RECOGNITION; DOWNS-SYNDROME; COMMUNICATION; EMOTION; EXPRESSIONS; KNOWLEDGE AB In autism, many of the building blocks of interpersonal relationships, such as communication, social cognition, and processing of emotional signals, are impaired. In spite of these deficits, children with autism are able to establish relationships with their parents, siblings, and peers, although these relationships are frequently more limited than those of other children. This paper reviews the literature on the social deficits and interpersonal relationships of autistic individuals, with a focus on the possible impact of the former on the latter. We conclude by suggesting that more information about the effects of social deficits on relationships in autism would expand our view of the disorder and would provide direction for interventions. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Neuropsychiat, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Travis, LL (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Neuropsychiat, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, 760 Westwood Plaza,6-8237, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. EM travis@psych.ucla.edu CR Ainsworth M. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<65::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-W PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900002 ER PT J AU Wilkinson, KM AF Wilkinson, KM TI Profiles of language and communication skills in autism SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE language; communication; autism; syndrome-specific deficit; pragmatics; semantics; syntax; phonology ID INFANTILE-AUTISM; JOINT ATTENTION; CHILDREN; SPEECH; CATEGORIZATION; ACQUISITION; ECHOLALIA; DEFICITS AB Language in autism appears to be best characterized by a selective deficit in applying language forms for purposes of functional communication. This pattern of selective deficit has been called the "form/function dissociation." This article outlines the language characteristics most often associated with autism and considers whether the observed patterns are specific to autism as a syndrome. Those characteristics that appear to be syndrome-specific are analyzed from the perspective of the form/function dissociation. Intervention considerations are briefly reviewed. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat Inc, Psychol Sci Div, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. Northeastern Univ, Waltham, MA USA. RP Wilkinson, KM (reprint author), Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat Inc, Psychol Sci Div, 200 Trapelo Rd, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<73::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900003 ER PT J AU Lewis, MH Bodfish, JW AF Lewis, MH Bodfish, JW TI Repetitive behavior disorders in autism SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE stereotypy; self-injury; compulsions; dyskinesias; akathisia; ties; basal ganglia ID OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; SELF-INJURIOUS-BEHAVIOR; LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME; NEUROLEPTIC-RELATED DYSKINESIAS; INDUCED JUMPING STEREOTYPY; MENTAL-RETARDATION; PERCEPTUAL REINFORCEMENT; CLOMIPRAMINE TREATMENT; STIMULATORY BEHAVIOR; BIOCHEMICAL-EVIDENCE AB Autism is associated with a wide range of repetitive behaviors. These behaviors, although diagnostic for the disorder, have been the subject of far less attention than social and communication deficits. An understanding of the phenomenology, including comorbidity, of various forms of abnormal repetition requires improved methodology, including use of item-independent instruments capable of discriminating categories of repetitive behaviors or movements. The motivation or function of these repetitive behaviors is uncertain, although a number of mechanisms have been advanced including escape, attention, arousal modulation, sensory reinforcement, and stress reduction. Relevant neurobiological studies point to alterations in basal ganglia function and potentially in medial temporal pole as key pathophysiological features of repetitive behavior disorders. In particular, striatal dopamine interactions with serotonin and opioid peptides appear to subserve, at least in part, expression of the behaviors. The efficacy of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and opiate drugs in diminishing repetitive behavior disorders and their effects in relevant animal models supports such a neurobiological basis. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Psychiat, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Western Carolina Ctr, Human Dev Res & Training Inst, Morganton, NC USA. RP Lewis, MH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Psychiat, POB 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 80 EP 89 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<80::AID-MRDD4>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 10 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900004 ER PT J AU Lord, C Risi, S AF Lord, C Risi, S TI Frameworks and methods in diagnosing autism spectrum disorders SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE autism; diagnosis; ADOS; ADI ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; RATING-SCALE; OBSERVATION SCHEDULE; BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; ADOLESCENTS; INDIVIDUALS; INTERVIEW; VALIDITY AB Recent issues and research addressing conceptualizations of diagnostic frameworks for autism spectrum disorders are discussed. Strengths of current systems, including comparability across international criteria, attention to developmental variation, and broader inclusion of individuals with social-communicative dysfunction are highlighted. Controversial issues, including difficulties in identifying thresholds for pervasive developmental disorders other than autism, implications of age of onset, and the appropriateness of diagnostic hierarchies, are also considered. Specific instruments for diagnosis are discussed in terms of current conceptualizations of autism spectrum disorders. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Lord, C (reprint author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychiat, MC3077,5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. EM cathy@yoda.bsd.uchicago.edu CR Aman M.G., 1986, MANUAL ABERRANT BEHA American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, DIAGN STAT MAN MENT, V4th BARONCOHEN S, 1992, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V161, P839, DOI 10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 Baron-Cohen Simon, 1996, British Journal of Psychiatry, V168, P158, DOI 10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 Cohen D. 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Y., 1992, HIGH FUNCTIONING IND, P11 VOLKMAR FR, 1988, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V18, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02211820 VOLKMAR FR, 1993, DSM 4 SOURCEBOOK WHO, 1993, ICD 10 CLASS MENT BE Wing L., 1987, HDB AUTISM PERVASIVE, P3 WING L, 1979, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V9, P11, DOI 10.1007/BF01531288 YIRMIYA N, 1994, J AUTISM DEV DISORD, V24, P281, DOI 10.1007/BF02172227 NR 46 TC 34 Z9 34 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1080-4013 J9 MENT RETARD DEV D R JI Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 90 EP 96 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<90::AID-MRDD5>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900005 ER PT J AU Bryson, SE Smith, IM AF Bryson, SE Smith, IM TI Epidemiology of autism: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and implications for research and service delivery SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE autism; epidemiology; prevalence; mental retardation; associated medical conditions; co-morbid psychiatric disturbance ID PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; SEX-DIFFERENCES; FAMILY HISTORY; CHILDREN; PHENOTYPES; BEHAVIOR; PEOPLE AB We provide an overview of research on the epidemiology of autism and related pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). First, we provide data on the prevalence of autism, which now is estimated to be considerably higher than previously documented. Next, we focus on characteristics associated with autism, including psychosocial correlates, as well as associated physical and medical/psychiatric conditions. In this context, special consideration is given to the coexistence of autism and mental retardation, and to associated conditions that might be the most informative in advancing our understanding of the neurobiology and neuropsychology of autism. Data on outcome are also discussed, with special reference to early intervention and to empirically supported methods. We end by identifying potentially fruitful directions for future epidemiological research on autism/PDD, and by outlining implications of what already is known for the planning and delivery of services for this unique population, (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 York Univ, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Pediat, Halifax, NS, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Psychol, Halifax, NS, Canada. 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Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 97 EP 103 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<97::AID-MRDD6>3.0.CO;2-U PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900006 ER PT J AU Rogers, SJ AF Rogers, SJ TI Neuropsychology of autism in young children and its implications for early intervention SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE autism; early intervention; neuropsychology ID EXECUTIVE FUNCTION DEFICITS; LANGUAGE-DEVELOPMENT; BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT; COMMUNICATION; IMITATION; MIND; PERFORMANCE; INDIVIDUALS; MECHANISMS; ATTACHMENT AB Given a variety of encouraging outcome reports regarding the progress of young children with autism in certain early intervention programs, there is a new emphasis nationally on providing more systematic and focused interventions for these children. There is also considerable national debate regarding the appropriate nature and forms of successful interventions. While published intervention strategies differ with respect to world view, beliefs about intervention, and goals for outcome, successful programs produce better outcomes for children because there are deep similarities between them that address core neuropsychological difficulties of young children with autism. These core difficulties affect development of intersubjectivity, imitation/praxis, possible deficits in executive functioning, emotional functioning, and sensory/arousal functioning. The neuropsychological perspective provides a tool for examining any intervention approach to autism to discriminate: what need(s) the approach addresses, what educational strategies it uses to address the need, and the degree to which it fits with the needs of a given child. Successful intervention approaches: 1) address the individual child's and family's needs, strengths, and preferences, 2) can be delivered by the persons responsible for the child's intervention, and 3) result in satisfying gains for the child and family. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Rogers, SJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, 4200 E 9th Ave,Box C-234, Denver, CO 80262 USA. EM sally.rogers@uchsc.edu CR Anderson S. R., 1987, ED TREATMENT CHILDRE, V10, P352 Ayres A., 1985, DEV DYSPRAXIA ADULT BARONCOHEN S, 1994, CAH PSYCHOL COGN, V13, P513 BARTH C, 1995, DEV NEUROPSYCHOL, V11, P53 Bauman ML, 1994, NEUROBIOLOGY AUTISM, P119 Bennetto L, 1996, CHILD DEV, V67, P1816, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x Bernal M. E., 1971, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, V7, P155, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02222.x Bimbrauer J. S., 1993, BEHAV CHANGE, V10, P63 Bruner J. 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PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 104 EP 112 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900007 ER PT J AU Cook, EH AF Cook, EH TI Genetics of autism SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE autism; genetics; linkage; association; recurrence risk; chromosomal disorders ID HAPLOTYPE RELATIVE RISK; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; DSM-III-R; INFANTILE-AUTISM; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; FAMILY HISTORY; NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS; MENTAL-RETARDATION AB Autism is influenced by complex, yet strong genetic factors. The strongest evidence for genetic factors comes from twin studies that show a high concordance for autism in monozygotic twins and relatively small concordance in dizygotic twins. The strong decrease in risk from monozygotic twins to dizygotic twins and siblings suggests that two or more genes interact to contribute to autism susceptibility. Statistical modeling of the genetics of autism suggests that two to five susceptibility genes are acting in concert. The recurrence risk for siblings (4.5%) is 45-90 times greater than the population risk (0.05-0.1%), providing further evidence for a complex and strong genetic contribution. In addition to an increased risk of autism for relatives, relatives have been found to have an increased frequency of lesser variants of autism including social, language, and cognitive difficulties. Autism has been associated with several single gene disorders, particularly tuberous sclerosis. Several chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in autism, including the fragile X syndrome, Down's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. More recently, duplications of the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region of proximal 15q have been reported in patients with autism. The parent of origin of such proximal 15q duplications may influence the risk for autism. Because of the similarity of the phenotype of 15q11-13 duplications in typical autism, linkage analysis has been conducted in autism, and linkage and linkage disequilibrium have been reported for markers on 15q11-13. Several genome-wide screens are under way, with the first full report suggesting a potential susceptibility locus on 7q. Heterogeneity and the multiplicative nature of autism susceptibility genes increase the number of families needed to demonstrate and replicate linkage. Conversely, when susceptibility genes are identified, there will be several potential targets for conventional pharmacotherapy, which often modifies gene expression, as well as direct gene therapy. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 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PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 113 EP 120 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<113::AID-MRDD8>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 106EX UT WOS:000075117900008 ER PT J AU Rodier, PM Hyman, SL AF Rodier, PM Hyman, SL TI Early environmental factors in autism SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE autism; teratology; environmental factors; gene-environment interactions; developmental disabilities ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; MINOR PHYSICAL ANOMALIES; FRAGILE-X SYNDROME; INFANTILE-AUTISM; SPECTRUM DISORDERS; PERTUSSIS-VACCINE; GENETIC DISORDER; FAMILY HISTORY; CHILDREN; PHENOTYPE AB Genetic and environmental influences are not mutually exclusive as causes of birth defects. Rather, both contribute to the etiology of many congenital anomalies. Recent results from studies of autism in twins argue that this is the case for autism spectrum disorders. Thus, even after the genetic causes of autism are known, it will be necessary to identify environmental factors that contribute to the expression of the symptoms. The first half of this review describes what has been learned from research on exogenous influences in autism, discussing studies of infections, inoculations, general pre- and perinatal factors, family histories, and drug and chemical exposures. The second discusses gene-environment interactions in other birth defects and the methods by which teratogens have been discovered. The role of known genetic syndromes in the etiology of autism is discussed with attention to whether their associations with the disorder are genetic or teratologic in nature. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept OB GYN, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ Rochester, Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. RP Rodier, PM (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept OB GYN, POB 668, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. 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